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 RETICULAR RETICULAR FORMATION FORMATION By Dr. Bernadett Pua Velasco

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RETICULARRETICULAR

FORMATIONFORMATIONBy

Dr. Bernadett Pua Velasco

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Reticular Formation

Resembles a net (reticular) that isResembles a net (reticular) that is

made up of nerve cells and nervemade up of nerve cells and nerve

fibersfibers

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Reticular Formation

Consists of clusters of Consists of clusters of 

interconnected neuronsinterconnected neurons

throughout the BSthroughout the BS

Has projections to the SC,Has projections to the SC,

hypothalamus, cerebellum andhypothalamus, cerebellum andcerebral cortexcerebral cortex

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General Arrangements

MedianMedian

MedialMedial

laterallateral

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Afferent projections

SpinoreticularSpinoreticular SpinothalamicSpinothalamic Medial lemniscusMedial lemniscus Vestibular, acoustic, visualVestibular, acoustic, visual

pathwayspathways

CerebelloreticularCerebelloreticular Subthalamic, thalamic,Subthalamic, thalamic,

hypothalamic nuclei and corpushypothalamic nuclei and corpus

striatumstriatum ºº

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Efferent projections

Reticulobulbar to motor nuclei of Reticulobulbar to motor nuclei of 

CNCN

Reticulospinal to AHCReticulospinal to AHC

ANSANS

Corpus striatum, cerebellum, redCorpus striatum, cerebellum, red

nucleus, substantia nigra, tectumnucleus, substantia nigra, tectum

 Thalamus, subthalamus, Thalamus, subthalamus,

hypothalamushypothalamus

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Functions

Modulate muscle tone and reflexModulate muscle tone and reflexactivityactivity

– Reciprocal inhibitionReciprocal inhibition Maintain the tone of antigravityMaintain the tone of antigravity

muscle when standingmuscle when standing–

Vestibular apparatus of the inner earVestibular apparatus of the inner earand vestibulospinal tractand vestibulospinal tract

Serve as respiratory centerServe as respiratory center

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Functions

Gate control mechanism of painGate control mechanism of pain

Control of ANSControl of ANS

Control of activity of Control of activity of 

hypothalamic-pituitary systemhypothalamic-pituitary system

Influence the biologic rhythmInfluence the biologic rhythm

Influence the state of wakefulnessInfluence the state of wakefulness

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LIMBIC SYSTEMLIMBIC SYSTEMBy

Dr. Bernadett Pua Velasco

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Limbic system

““border or origin”border or origin”

Forms the border betweenForms the border between

diencephalon and telencephalondiencephalon and telencephalon

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Structures

AmygdalaAmygdala– Forms the uncus on theForms the uncus on the

parahippocampal gyrusparahippocampal gyrus– Located above and in front of Located above and in front of 

inferior horn of lateral ventricleinferior horn of lateral ventricle

– Almond shapeAlmond shape

– Damage: dec in aggressiveDamage: dec in aggressivebehavior, inc appetite,behavior, inc appetite,hypersexuality, emotional instability,hypersexuality, emotional instability,restlessnessrestlessness

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Structures

Parahippocampal gyrusParahippocampal gyrus

– Lies between hippocampal fissureLies between hippocampal fissure

and collateral sulcusand collateral sulcus– Medial edge of temporal boneMedial edge of temporal bone

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Structures

Hippocampal formationHippocampal formation

– Located at the floor of the inferiorLocated at the floor of the inferior

horn of lateral ventriclehorn of lateral ventricle– Consists of dentate gyrus,Consists of dentate gyrus,

hippocampus proper, subiculanhippocampus proper, subiculan

– Receives highly processed sensoryReceives highly processed sensoryinformation about the external andinformation about the external and

internal environmentinternal environment

– Important in learning and memoryImportant in learning and memory

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Structures

HippocampusHippocampus

– Group of cell bodies at the floor of Group of cell bodies at the floor of 

the inferior horn of lateral ventriclethe inferior horn of lateral ventricle– Sea-horse shapesSea-horse shapes

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Structures

Dentate gyrusDentate gyrus

– Narrow, notched band of grayNarrow, notched band of gray

matter that lies between the fimbriamatter that lies between the fimbriaof the hippocampus andof the hippocampus and

parahippocampal gyrusparahippocampal gyrus

HypothalamusHypothalamus– Major ouput pathwayMajor ouput pathway

thalamusthalamus

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Structures

AmygdalaAmygdala– Forms the uncus on theForms the uncus on the

parahippocampal gyrusparahippocampal gyrus– Located above and in front of Located above and in front of 

inferior horn of lateral ventricleinferior horn of lateral ventricle

– Almond shapeAlmond shape

– Damage: dec in aggressiveDamage: dec in aggressivebehavior, inc appetite,behavior, inc appetite,hypersexuality, emotional instability,hypersexuality, emotional instability,restlessnessrestlessness

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Functions

Gate control mechanism of painGate control mechanism of pain

Control of ANSControl of ANS

Control of activity of Control of activity of 

hypothalamic-pituitary systemhypothalamic-pituitary system

Influence the biologic rhythmInfluence the biologic rhythm

Influence the state of wakefulnessInfluence the state of wakefulness

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Functions

Gate control mechanism of painGate control mechanism of pain

Control of ANSControl of ANS

Control of activity of Control of activity of 

hypothalamic-pituitary systemhypothalamic-pituitary system

Influence the biologic rhythmInfluence the biologic rhythm

Influence the state of wakefulnessInfluence the state of wakefulness

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Functions

Gate control mechanism of painGate control mechanism of pain

Control of ANSControl of ANS

Control of activity of Control of activity of 

hypothalamic-pituitary systemhypothalamic-pituitary system

Influence the biologic rhythmInfluence the biologic rhythm

Influence the state of wakefulnessInfluence the state of wakefulness

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Functions

Gate control mechanism of painGate control mechanism of pain

Control of ANSControl of ANS

Control of activity of Control of activity of 

hypothalamic-pituitary systemhypothalamic-pituitary system

Influence the biologic rhythmInfluence the biologic rhythm

Influence the state of wakefulnessInfluence the state of wakefulness

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Functions

Gate control mechanism of painGate control mechanism of pain

Control of ANSControl of ANS

Control of activity of Control of activity of 

hypothalamic-pituitary systemhypothalamic-pituitary system

Influence the biologic rhythmInfluence the biologic rhythm

Influence the state of wakefulnessInfluence the state of wakefulness

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Functions

Gate control mechanism of painGate control mechanism of pain

Control of ANSControl of ANS

Control of activity of Control of activity of 

hypothalamic-pituitary systemhypothalamic-pituitary system

Influence the biologic rhythmInfluence the biologic rhythm

Influence the state of wakefulnessInfluence the state of wakefulness

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Functions

Gate control mechanism of painGate control mechanism of pain

Control of ANSControl of ANS

Control of activity of Control of activity of 

hypothalamic-pituitary systemhypothalamic-pituitary system

Influence the biologic rhythmInfluence the biologic rhythm

Influence the state of wakefulnessInfluence the state of wakefulness

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AUTONOMICAUTONOMICNERVOUSNERVOUS

SYSTEMSYSTEMBy

Dr. Bernadett Pua Velasco

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ANS

Part of the nervous system thatPart of the nervous system that

controls visceral functionscontrols visceral functions

Responsible for neural controlResponsible for neural control

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ANS

Consists of nerve fibers thatConsists of nerve fibers that

innervate the smooth muscles,innervate the smooth muscles,

cardiac muscles and glands of thecardiac muscles and glands of thebodybody

Special division of the biggerSpecial division of the bigger

peripheral nervous systemperipheral nervous systemcontrolling visceral effectorcontrolling visceral effector

organsorgans

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Two neural chain

Effector organAutonomic ganglia

Autonomic gangliaBrainstem CN nucleiSC lateral graycolumn

Secondary neuronPrimary neuron

Postsynaptic neuronPresynaptic neuron

Post-ganglionicPreganglionic

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Two neural chain

AchNorepinephrine

Ach

ManyFew

UnmyelinatedMyelinated

Post-ganglionicPreganglionic

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Divisions of ANS

AchAch

Craniosacral Thoracolumbar

CN III, VII, IX, X, XI

S2-S4

 T1-L2 spinal cord

Cholinergic systemAdrenergic system

ParasympatheticSympathetic

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Divisions of ANS

cholinergicAdrenergic

AchNorepinephrine (Ach)

Various plexusesVarious plexuses

Near the muscularcoats of effectororgan

Paravertebralganglion

prevertebral

ParasympatheticSympathetic

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Divisions of ANS

Well localizedReferred pain

Conserves energyFight, fright, flight

Entirely visceralBlood vessels,pilomotor musclesand sweat glands

Visceral organs

ParasympatheticSympathetic

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Paravertebral gangliaParavertebral ganglia

Cervical GangliaCervical Ganglia

– SuperiorSuperior

– MiddleMiddle– LowerLower

Stellate gangliaStellate ganglia

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Prevertebral gangliaPrevertebral ganglia

Aorticorenalganglia

 Thoracicsplancnic

Small and

large intestine

Superior

mesentericganglia

 T10-T12

Stomach, liver,pancreas,

spleen,adrenalmedulla

Celiac ganglia T5-T9

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Prevertebral gangliaPrevertebral ganglia

Sex organsHypogastricganglia

Lumbarsplancnic

Distal half of large intestine,rectum, kidneyand urinary

bladder

Inferiormesentericganglia

L1-L2

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ParasympatheticParasympathetic

Parotid glandOtic ganglionInferiorsalivary

IX

Mucousmembrane innose, air

sinuses, palate,pharynx,lacrimal gland

Pterygopalatine

Submandibula

r

Superiorsalivary

VII

Ciliary andsphincter ms of the eye

Ciliaryganglion

Edingerwestphal

Oculomot

or

III

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ParasympatheticParasympathetic

Urinary and

reproductivesystem,descendingcolon, sigmoid,

rectum

Hypogastric

plexuses

S2-S4

Heart, lung andabdominalviscera

Cardiac andpulmonaryplexuses,esophagealand celiacplexuses

Dorsalmotornucleus

X

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ConstrictAbdominalarteries

ConstrictBronchialarteries

GlycogenolysisLiver

Stimulatesecretion

Adrenalmedulla

ConstrictsArteries

ContractsErector pili ms

IncSweat gland

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

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DecIncHeart rate

Inc secretionDec secretionSalivary glandInc secretionDec secretionLacrimal gland

ContractRelaxCiliary ms

ConstrictDilatePupil

DilateConstrict/dilateCoronary

arteries

ConstrictSkeletal msarteries

Parasympatheti

c

Sympathetic

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ContractRelaxGallbladder

IncDecGI secretions

RelaxConstrictGI sphincters

IncDecGI motility

DecIncForce of ventricularcontraction

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

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relaxUB externalsphincter

ContractDetrusor ms

Stimulatesecretion

Respiratoryglands

ConstrictDilateBronchi

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

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 Thank You for listening…….. Thank You for listening……..