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1

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2

rMumcifu Open Data Inventory 2017 ckESpf ESpfpÚftpD&ifcHpm xGufay:

vmcJhygonf/ Open Data Inventory (ODIN) qdkonfrSm trsKd;om;pm&if;tif;½kH;rsm;\

tifwmeuf pmrsufESm (Website) ay:wGif &&SdEdkifonfh w&m;0ifpm&if;tif;rsm;[k

trsm;u ac:a0:Muonfh Official Statistics \ vTrf;NcHKEdkifrI twdkif;twmESifh

yGifhvif;jrifom&SdrIwdkYtay: wdkif;wmjcif; jzpfygonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf

pm&if;tif;udef;*Pef; tcsuftvufrSefuefrIESifh t&nftaoG; jynfh0rIonf

vufawGUusonfh pDrHudef;rsm;? pDrHcsufrsm; a&;qGJ&mwGifaomfvnf;aumif;?

OD;pm;ay;vkyfief;rsm; owfrSwfqkH;jzwf&mwGifaomfvnf;aumif;? &Sm;yg;onfh

o,HZmwrsm;tm; xda&muf tusKd;&SdpGm pDrHcefYcGJEdkif&efaomfvnf;aumif;? tqdkyg

pDrHudef;ESifh pDrHcsufrsm;tm; xda&mufpGm taumiftxnfazmfaqmifEdkifjcif; &Sdr&Sd

udkaomfvnf;aumif; wdkif;wm&mwGif tvGefta&;ygygonf/

3

ykH(1) Open Data Inventory 2017 ckESpf

ESpfpOftpD&ifcHpm rsufESmzkH; pmrsufESmykH

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csufrSm w&m;0ifpm&if;tif;rsm;&&SdEdkifrIeSifh wpfqifhcH

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xifomjrifom&SdrI 'D*&DwdkYjzifh ODIN udk wdkif;wmygonf/

2017 ckESpf ODIN &v'frsm;udk OECD EdkifiHrsm;

tygt0if EdkifiHaygif; 180 &Sd w&m;0if pm&if;tif;tcsuf

tvufrsm; vTrf;NcHKEdkifrItwdkif;twmESifh yGifhvif;

jrifom&SdrI tay: wdkif;wm tuJjzwfcJhygonf/ tqdkyg

tuJjzwfrIudk 2017 ckESpf ZGefvrS atmufwdkbmv

twGif; jyKvkyfcJhNyD; &v'ftm;vkH;onf EdkifiHrsm;&Sd trsKd;

om;pm&if;tif;½kH;rsm;\ Website rsm;? ¤if;wdkYESifh ESD;EG,f

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okH;oyfjcif;tm; atmufwdkbmvrS 'DZifbmvtwGif;

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vsuf &Sdaeygonf/ pm&if;tif; tcsuftvuf wefzdk;

tm; wdkif;wm owfrSwf&efESifh rl0g'csrSwfolwdkYtm;

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tvuf yGifhvif;vG,fulpGm &&SdaprI[k ac:qdkMuonfh

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tcsuftvuf &&SdrIESifh yGifhvif;jrifom&SdrI\ ta&;ygrI

udk rD;armif;xdk;vsuf &Sdonf/

trsKd;om; pm&if;tif;½kH;rsm;\ Websites rsm;

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avQmuf tcsuftvufrsm;udk tcsdef udef;pOft& xkwf

4

2018 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf

pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f

jyefEdkifjcif; &Sdr&SdESifh yx0Da'oEÅ&tvdkuf tcsuftvuf

rsm;tm; tao;pdwf azmfjyEdkifjcif; &Sdr&SdwdkYESifh wdkif;

wmygonf/ yGifhvif;jrifom&SdrItm; tcsuftvufrsm;

tm; zwf½Ií Download &,lEdkifjcif;? w&m;0if pm&if;

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tm; Scoring Criteria tjzpf owfrSwf yg0ifygonf/

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urÇmhajrykH

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wdk;wufrIrsm;udk vTrf;NcHKxm;onfh pm&if;trsKd;tpm;

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taejzifh trsm;qkH; &&Sdonfh &mcdkifEIef;udk azmfjyygonf/

pm&if;trsKd;tpm; 21 rsKd;tm; t"dutm;jzifh vlrIa&;?

pD;yGm;a&;ESifh obm0 ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pm&if;tif;

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a&; pm&if;tif;tydkif;wGif trsKd;om; pm&if;tif;rsm;?

vkyftm;ESifh aps;EIef;qdkif&m ñTefudef;rsm;? tpdk;& b@m

a&;qdkif&m pm&if;tif;rsm;? aiGaMu;ESifh bPfvkyfief;

qdkif&m pm&if;tif;rsm;? ukefoG,fa&;ESifh tjynfjynf

qdkif&m aiGay;aiG,l&Sif;wrf;wdkY yg0ifygonf/ obm0

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csrI? obm0ywf0ef;usif tokH;jyKrI? pGrf;tiftokH;jyKrI?

obm0ywf0ef;usif npfjirf;rIESifh obm0 ywf0ef;usif

tm; jyefvnf xlaxmifrIydkif;qdkif&mwdkY yg0ifygonf/

tqdkyg vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif

qdkif&m pm&if;tif; w&m;0ifpm&if;tif;tcsuftvuf

rsm; vTrf;NcHKEdkifrI twdkif;twmESifh yGifhvif;jrifom&SdrItm;

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wpfcsdefodkY ajymif;vJ wdk;wufjcif; &Sdr&SdESifh tjcm;EdkifiH

rsm;ESifh EdIif;,SOfEdkifrIrsm; aqmif&GufEdkifygonf/

ykH (3) urÇmha'orsm;tvdkuf ODIN Score

ykH (4) 0ifaiGtqifh tenf;trsm;tkyfpktvdkuf

EdkifiHrsm;\ ODIN Score

txuf azmfjyygykHwGif 0ifaiGtqifh tenf;

trsm;tkyfpktvdkuf EdkifiHrsm;\ ODIN Score rsm;tm;

5

twJG(5)? trSwf-1


azmfjyxm;ygonf/ 0ifaiGtqifhedrfhaom EdkifiHrsm;\

ODIN Score onf 27? tv,ftvwf 0ifaiGedrfhaom

EdkifiHrsm;taejzifh ODIN Score onf 34? tv,ftvwf

0ifaiG jrifhaomEdkifiHrsm;\ ODIN Score onf 39? 0ifaiG

jrifhrm;aom EdkifiHrsm;\ ODIN Score onf 55 jzpfonf

udk awGU&Sd&ygonf/ 2017 ckESpftwGuf EdkifiHrsm;\

tv,ftvwf &rSwfrSm 37.4 jzpfNyD; trsm;qkH; &&Sd

onfhEdkifiHrSm 'def;rwfEdkifiH (80 rSwf) ESifh tenf;qkH;&&Sd

onfh EdkifiHrSm cswf'for®wEdkifiHjzpfum (3 rSwf) jzpf

ygonf/ Lower Middle Countries rsm;\ ysrf;rQ&rSwf

rSm 34 jzpfNyD; jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh tqdkyg ysrf;rQ&rSwfudk

ausmfvGefum 2017 ckepf ODIN Score tjzpf 39.2 &&Sd

um EdkifiHaygif; 180 teuf tqifh 81 ae&modkY a&muf&Sd

vmcJhygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH\2016 ckESpf ODIN Score

onf 31 omjzpfcJhNyD; EdkifiHtqifh 115 om&&SdcJhojzifh

wpfESpftwGif; ododomom wdk;wufrIrsm; jzpfay:vm

cJhNyD; tqifh 30 ausm fckefwufcJhygonf/

jrefrmEdkifiH\ tcsuftvufvTrf;NcHK&&SdedkifrI (Coverage)

tcsuftvufvTrf;NcHK&&S dEd kifrIudk tcsuf

tvuf&&SdrIESifh oifhwifhonfh tao;pdwf tcsuftvuf

txd&&SdedkifrI? 5 ESpfqufwdkuf pm&if;&&SdEdkifrI? 10 ESpf

qufwdkuf pm&if;&&SdEdkifrI? tkyfcsKyfa&; yxrOD;qkH;

tqifhtxd pm&if;&&SdEdkifrIESifh tkyfcsKyfa&; 'kwd,tqifh

txd pm&if;&&Sd EdkifrI ponfh (5) rsKd;jzifh wdkif;wmygonf/

jrefrmEdkifiHonf tqdkyg Coverage Score tjzpf 31.8

jzifh EdkifiHaygif; 180 teuf tqifh 123 ae&m ü &Sdaeyg

onf/ xdkYaMumifh jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh pm&if;tif;qdkif&m

tcsuftvufvTrf;NcHK&&SdEdkifrItaejzifh ,ckxuf ydkí

wdk;wufatmif aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfvsuf&Sdygonf/

jrefrmEdkifiH\ tcsuftvufrsm;yGifYvif;jrifom&SdrI (Data Openness)

tcsuftvufrsm;yGifhvif;jrifom&SdrI (Data

Openness) wGif tydkif;(5) ydkif;yg0ifNyD; ¤if;wdkYrSm

pm&if;tcsuftvuftm; pufjzifhzwf½IrSwfom;Edkifjcif;

(Machine Readable)? ydkifqdkifrI owfrSwfcsufr&Sdaom

ykHpHjzif h xkwfjyefjcif;? Application Programming

Interface (API) odkYr[kwf vifhcf tajrmuftrsm;rS

Download jyKvkyfEd kifjcif;? wGufcsufrIenf;vrf;

(Metadata) rsm; azmfjyyg&Sdjcif;ESifh vGwfvyfpGm tokH;

jyKcGifhtm; &Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyxm;jcif;wdkY jzpfMuygonf/

jrefrmEdkifiHonf tqdkyg Openness Score tjzpf 46.1

jzifh EdkifiHaygif; 180 teuf tqifh 67 ae&mü &Sdaeyg

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tvufrsm; yGifhvif;jrifom&SdrI e,fy,fESpfckvkH;aygif;

twGuf ODIN Score tjzpf 39.2 &&Sdum EdkifiHaygif;

180 teuf tqifh 81 &&SdcJhjcif; jzpfygonf/

ykH (5) jrefrmEdkifiH\ ODIN Score

ykH (6) ta&SUawmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;\ ODIN Score

ta&SUawmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;teuf ODIN Score

\ trsm;tenf;udk EdkifiHtvdkuf azmfjy&mwGif pifumyl?

6



tif'dkeD;&Sm;? zdvpfydkif? rav;&Sm;NyD;ygu jrefrmEdkifiH

jzpfNyD; ta&SUawmif tm&SEdkifiHrsm;teuf tqifh 5 ü &yf

wnfvsuf&Sdonf/ rdrdwdkYEdkifiHtaeESifh pm&if;tif;

tcsuftvufrsm;tm; ydkrdk yGifhvif;xifom jzpfapa&;

twGuf jrefrm pm&if;tif;qdkif&m owif;tcsuftvuf

pepf (Myanmar Statistical Information System- www.

mmsis.gov.mm) tm; xlaxmifaqmif&GufcJ hjcif;?

vdktyfonfh udef;*Pef; pm&if;tif;rsm; tcsuftvuf

vTrf;NcHK&&SdEdkifrItwGuf vlOD;a& oef;acgifpm&if;ESifh

u@rsm;pGmtwGuf ppfwrf;rsm; aumuf,ljcif;?

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ykH (7) jrefrm pm&if;tif;qdkif&m owif;tcsuf

tvufpepf (Myanmar Statistical Information

System- www.mmsis.gov.mm)

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7

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8

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9

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w,f -

10



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11

twJG(5)? trSwf-1


OD;pD;XmeESifh Organization for Economic Cooperation

and Development – OECD wdkY yl;aygif;NyD; jrefrmEdkifiH\

&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI rl0g' okH;oyfrIudk 2012 ckESpf? ZGefvrS

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12



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13

twJG(5)? trSwf-1


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14

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15

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16



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onf/

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17

twJG(5)? trSwf-1


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cJholrsm;jzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkY\ tawG;tac:rsm;onf abm*aA' tawG;tac:rsm;udk

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jzifhvnf;aumif;? um;vfrmhcfpfonf tydkwefzdk;ESifh t&if;&Sif0g'udk wdkufzsufrI

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oifhonf/

18

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vlrsKd; 'óeynm&Sif? usrf;½dk; abm*aA'*k½kBuD;jzpf

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vyfvyf vIyf&Sm;cGifhay;xm;zdkY vdkonf/ aps;uGufxJ&Sd

tiftm;pkrsm;udk rnfolrQ 0ifa&mufpGufzuf&ef rvdk?

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vkyfom;wdkh\ vkyftm;crS acgif;yHkjzwf&,lxm;jcif;

jzpfonf[k olu ½Ijrifonf/

19

twJG(5)? trSwf-1


vnf; a0zefcJhNyD; tpdk;&u pD;yGm;a&;wGif 0ifa&muf

ulnDoifhonf[k ,lqolvnf; jzpfonf/ pD;yGm;a&;

taqmufttHkwGif;ü tpdk;&onf vlxk0ifaiGESifh 0,f

vdktm;wdk;aprnfh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsKd;udk udk,fwdkifaqmif

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pD;yGm;a&;ysufuyf jzpfyGm;aomtcg prpfof\ rjrif&

aomvuf t,ltqudk ,HkMunfrIuif;rJhoGm;cJhonf/

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tcsde favmufu ay:xGef;cJ honfh abm*aA'*k½k

tuf'rfprpfof awG;ac:cJhonfh ]rjrif&aomvuf}qdk

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jcm;bJ tcsdefwdkif;? ae&mwdkif; toHk;csEdkif&efrSmrl rjzpf

Ekdifay/

20



2018 ckESpfwGif tmqD,H\ pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wufaumif;rGefrnfjzpfaMumif;

cefYrSef;oHk;oyfxm;onfrsm;udk awGU&Sd&onf/ odkYaomfvnf; tmqD,HtwGuf

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aomenf;vrf;rSm pD;yGm;a&;aygif;pnf;rI (Economic Integration) udk t&Sdefjr§ifh

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acsmypönf;rsm; (Manufacturing Products)ESifh NydKifqdkif&rnfjzpfonf/

tmqD,H\ ,Ofaus;rIrwluGJjym;jcif;udk taMumif;jyKí ]]rwluGJjym;jcif;

onf tiftm;jzpfonf}}(There is Strength in Diversity) [lí ajymprSwfjyKMuonf/

xdkenf;wlpGmyif tmqD,H\ pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrItqifhtwef;onfvnf; wpfEdkifiH

ESifh wpfEdkifiHuGJjym;vsuf&Sdonf/ xdkuJhokdY pD;yGm;a&;rwluGJjym;rI (Economic

Diversity) onfvnf; ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'o\ tBuD;rm;qHk;tiftm;jzpfaMumif;

awGU&onf/

21

ukefoG,frIaygif;pnf;jcif; (Trade Integra-

tion) rSqufvufí pD;yGm;a&; aygif;pnf;jcif; (Eco-

nomic Integration) udk tmqD,HpD;yGm;a&;todkuft0ef;

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netary Policy) ykdrdkwif;usyfvmzG,f&Sdonf/ txuf

wGifazmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; NydKifqdkifrIudk&ifqdkif&ef? pdefac:

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erfonf awmifudk&D;,m; tDvufxa&mepfvkyfief;&Sif

rsm;twGuf pufypönf;rsm; wyfqifxkwfvkyfrIudk

ododomom wdk;wufaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf/ awmif

udk&D;,m;EdkifiHrS LG ukrÜPDonf AD,uferfEdkifiH Hai

Phon g NrdKUwGif puf½Hkwnfaxmifxm;NyD; w½kwfpm;oHk;

olrsm;twGuf OLED Screen rsm; xkwfvkyfaeygonf/

xdkYtwl Samsung ukrÜPDonfvnf; AD,uferfEdkifiH

Hanoi NrdKUteD;wGif ,if;\zkef;wyfqifrI 50 &mcdkifEIef;

udk aqmif&GufaecJhygonf/ þuJhodkYaom tmqD,H\

xkwfvkyfrIwdk;jcif;onf w½kwfEdkifiH\pD;yGm;a&;jyef

vnf wdk;wufNyD; 0,fvdktm;wkd;vmjcif;aMumifh jzpf

onf/ txl;ojzifh 2017 ckESpfwGif w½kwfEdkifiH\

tdrfjcHajraps;uGuf jyefvnfOD;armhNyD; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI

odompGm wdk;wufcJhaomaMumifhjzpfygonf/

tmqD,HEdkifiHrsm;onf ,kwfavsmhvsuf&Sdaom

obm0o,HZmwxkwf,lwifydkYrItay: rSDcdktm;xm;rI

avQmhcsaeMuygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh rav;&Sm;EdkifiH

onf Downstream Industries wGif tajrmuftrsm;

&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHvsuf&Sdygonf/ Downstream Industries

qdkonfrSm ukefMurf;rSukefacsmypönf; (Finished

Product) xkwfvkyfjcif;ESifh tqdkygukefacsmypönf;rsm;

udk pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;? tpdk;&ESifh pm;oHk;olrsm;odkY a&mif;

22



csonfhjzpfpOfjzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh a&eHESifh obm0

"mwfaiGUxkwfvkyfrIonf qufvufusqif;zG,f awGU&Sd

&aomaMumifh Downstream vkyfief;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;

vmjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkenf;wlpGmyif tif'dkeD;&Sm; EdkifiH

onfvnf; jynfwGif; oHow¬Kwl;azmfa&;vkyfief;wGif

ukefMurf;twdkif; wifydkYjcif;xuf wefzdk;jr§ifh xkwfvkyf

jcif; (Value-add) udkyd krd kOD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufaeyg

onf/

0efaqmifrIu@ESifh yk*¾vdupm;okH;rItmqD,H\ trsm;qHk;wifydkYvsuf&Sdaom ukef

ypönf;rsm; (Commodity Exports) rSm pm;tkef;qDESifh

ausmufrD;aoG;jzpfonf/ tmqD,Htaejzifh pm;tkef;qD

ESifh ausmufrD;aoG;uJhodkYaom ukefpnfrsm;udk avQmhcs

wifydkYoGm;rnfjzpfonf/ vuf&SdtcsdefwGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;

EdkifiHonf w½kwfEdkifiHodkY ausmufrD;aoG; tajrmuf

trsm; wifydkYa&mif;csvsuf&Sdonf/ w½kwfEdkifiHonf

,if;\ obm0ywf0ef;usifay:vpDopfrsm; (New

Environmental Policies) aMumifh ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;udk

0,f,lwifoGif;vsuf&Sdygonf/ vlOD;a&jrefqefpGm

wdk;wufvsuf&Sdaom tdEd,ESifh tmz&duwdkYu pm;tkef;

qDudk ydkrdk0,f,lEdkifaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ tif'dkeD;

&Sm;ESifh rav;&Sm;EdkifiHwkdY\ pm;tkef;qDxkwfvkyfrIonf

urÇmhpkpkaygif; pm;tkef;qDxkwfvkyfrI\ 80 &mcdkifEIef;

&Sdygonf/

tmqD,Hpm;oHk;olrsm;udk avhvm&mü 2017

ckESpfwGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;ESifh zdvpfydkifuJhodkYaom EdkifiHrsm;

wGif yk*¾vdupm;oHk;rI (Private Consumption) usqif;

cJhaMumif; awGU&onf/ xdkuJhodkYusqif;&jcif;rSm tif'dk

eD;&Sm;wGif tcGefwdk;jr§ifhaumufcHjcif;ESifh tpdk;& toHk;

p&dwf avQmhcsjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? zdvpfydkifwGif

jynfyaiGvTJvkyfief; rwnfNidrfrIESifh vkyfom;aps;uGuf

tajymif;tvJaMumifhvnf;aumif; jzpfygonf/ þjzpf

&yfrsm;onf cPyef; odkYr[kwf ay:yifudpö&yfrsm;

(Ephemeral Factors) jzpfaomaMumifh 2018 ckESpfwGif

tqdkygudpö&yfrsm;onf yHkrSeftajctaeodkY jyefvnf

a&muf&Sd aumif;rGefoGm;Edkifonf/ umv&SnfwGif aumif;

rGefaom arc½dkpD;yGm;a&;ay:vpD (Conducive macro

Policies) ESifh vlOD;a&wdk;wufrI (Strong Population

Growth) wdkYaMumifh tmqD,H\ pm;oHk;ol0,fvdktm;

qufvufjrifhwufEdkifonf/ umvwdkwGifvnf; a&G;

aumufyGJrsm;&SdaomaMumifh toHk;p&dwfrsm; jrifhwuf

Edkifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh 2018 ckESpfwGif usif;yrnfh

rav;&Sm;EdkifiH\ taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJaMumifh tajccH

0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm; (Breadand-butter Services)

tay: oHk;pGJonfhtoHk;p&dwfrsm; ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmEdkif

onf/

jynfoloef; 90 cefYqE´rJay;rnfh tif'dkeD;&Sm;

EkdifiH\ a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifh or®wa&G;aumufyGJ rJqG,f

pnf;½Hk;rIrsm;onfvnf; 2018 ckESpf? ZGefvESifh atmufwdk

bmvwdkYwGif pwifrnfjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh tpdk;&

toHk;p&dwfrsm; jrifhwufvmzG,f&Sdygonf/

tmqD,H\ 0ifaiGtrsm;pkonf 0efaqmifrI

u@rS &&Sdjcif;jzpfaomaMumifh 0efaqmifrIu@onf

tvkyftudkiftcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk zefwD;ay;aeonf/

tmqD,H\ pufrIukefacsmxkwfvkyfrI wdk;wuf½HkrQjzifh

vkyfom;aps;uGuf\ vdktyfcsufudk jznfhqnf;ay;Edkif

rnfr[kwfay/ pufrIukefacsmxkwfvkyfrI wdk;wufjcif;

ESifhtwl 0efaqmifrIu@wdk;wufjcif;ESifh yk*¾vdupm;

oHk;rIjrifhrm;jcif;wdkYaMumifh tmqD,Ha'o\ ydkYukefrsm;

ododomom wdk;wufaejcif;jzpfygonf/ pifumyl\

pufrIukefacsmxkwfvkyfrIudk Oyrmtjzpf avhvmMunfh½I

Edkifygonf/ pifumyl\ vQyful;ypönf;xkwfvkyfrI

(Semiconductor Production) onf EkdifiH GDP wdk;wuf

rI\ 50 &mcdkifEIef;&Sdygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; ,if;vQyful;

ypönf;xkwfvkyf&mwGif pkpkaygif; vkyfom;tiftm;\

wpf&mcdkifEIef;om oHk;pGJygonf/ xdkYaMumifh 0efaqmifrI

u@ESifh yk*¾vdupm;oHk;rI wdk;wufjcif;u tvkyftudkif

&&SdrIudkrsm;pGm taxmuftuljyKaMumif; awGUjrifEdkif

onf/

23

twJG(5)? trSwf-1


wdk;wufrI\ armif;ESiftm;ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'o wdk;wuf&eftwGuf

ydkYukefESifh yk*¾vdu pm;oHk;rIwdk;wufjcif;tjyif &if;ESD;

jr§KyfESHrIwdk;wuf&efvnf; vdktyfygonf/ txl;ojzifh

tajccHtaqmufttHkwGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHjcif; (Publici-

Investment in Infrastructure) onf a'otwGuf

ta&;BuD;aom wdk;wufrI\ armif;ESiftm; (Growth-

Driver) jzpfonf/ þ&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItwGuf vdktyfaom

aiGaMu;trsm;pkudk A[dktpdk;&bwf*sufrS uscHoHk;pGJyg

onf/

w½kwftpdk;&u uscHoHk;pGJ taumiftxnf

azmfaeaom ]&yf0ef;ESifhvrf;tpDtpOf} (Belt and Road

Initiative) onfvmrnfh 5 ESpftwGif; tmqD,HpD;yGm;a&;

tay: aumif;usKd;rsm; oufa&mufvmEdkifygonf/

txl;ojzifh rav;&Sm;? tif'dkeD;&Sm;ESifh zdvpfydkifEdkifiH

rsm;onf ]&yf0ef;ESifh vrf;tpDtpOf} \ aumif;usKd;

rsm;udk ydkrdkcHpm;&zG,f&Sdonf/ t"dutm;jzifh ydkufvdkif;?

rD;&xm;vrf;? pGrf;tifxkwfvkyfrIpuf½H k (Energy

Generation Plants) ESifh qdyfurf; (Port Facilities) wnf

aqmufa&;pDrHudef;BuD;rsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHMu&rnf

jzpfonf/ xdkodk Ywnfaqmuf&mwGif w½kwfEdkifiH\

pufrIukefMurf;ypönf;rsm;udk 0,f,l&rnf jzpfaom

aMumifh oufqdkif&m tmqD,HEdkifiHtwGuf ukefoG,fa&;

vdkaiGjyrI jzpfay:Edkifonf/ odkYaomfvnf; tmqD,H\

vdktyfaeaom tajccHtaqmufttHkudk jznfhqnf;&m

a&mufaomaMumifh a&&SnfzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIudk rsm;pGm

taxmuftuljyKEdkifygonf/

wif;usyfaomaiGaMu;ay:vpDtmqD,H\ jynfwGif;0,fvdktm; (Domestic

Demand) wdk;wufvmonfESifhtnD vkyfom;aps;uGuf

rsm;onfvnf; ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmaMumif; awGU&onf/

A[dkbPfrsm;\ aqmif&GufcsufaMumifh tmqD,HpD;yGm;

a&; ydkrdkwnfNidrfus,fjyefUvmouJhodkY jynfolvlxk\

,HkMunfrItñTef;udef;vnf; aumif;rGefvmonf/ xdkY

aMumifh A[dkbPfrsm;onf ajzavQmhxm;aom aiGaMu;

ay:vpDudk wjznf;jznf; jyefvnf wif;usyfoGm;rnf

jzpfonf/ rav;&Sm;? pifumylESifh zdvpfydkif A[dkbPf

rsm;onf 2018 ckESpf yxrESpf0uftwGif;rSmyif

wif;usyfaom aiGaMu;ay:vpD (Tightening monetary

policy) udk csrSwfusihfoHk;Edkifonf/

a'oqdkif&mpdefac:rIrsm;w½kwfEdkifiHonf tmqD,Ha'oqdkif&m tajccH

taqmufttHkwnfaqmuf&mwGif aiGaMu; axmufyHh

Edkifonfh ta&;ygaomEdkifiHjzpfygonf/ odkYaomfvnf;

w½kwf\ pufrItqifhjr§ifhwifjcif; (Industrial upgrading)

onftmqD,H\ orm½dk;us tDvufxa&mepfvkyfief;ESifh

xkwfvkyfa&mif;csrI uGif;quftwGuf pdefac:rIwpf&yf

jzpfonf/ w½kwfEdkifiH\ vQyful;ypönf;xkwfvkyfrI

twGuf tar&duefa':vm 150 bDvD,H &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH

onfh pDrHudef;onf tmqD,HEdkifiHrsm;twGuf tcuf

tcJjzpfapygrnf/

xdkUaMumifh tmqD,Honf wefzdk;jr§ifhxkwfukef

rsm; xkwfvkyfjcif; (High-end manufacturing)? ydkrdk yl;

aygif;jcif;? a'owpf0ef;&Sd xkwfvkyfrIA[dkXmersm;

(Production Centres) udk xdef;xm;jcif;? &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH

rIESifh e,fpyfjzwfausmf0efaqmifrIqdkif&m t[efYtwm;

rsm; xyfrHavQmhcsjcif;wdkYudk aqmif&Guf&ygrnf/ þodkY

aqmif&Gufjcif;onfomtmqD,H\ ,SOfNydKiftm;om

csuf (Competitive Advantage) udk xdef;xm;EdkifNyD;

a&&Snfwdk;wufEdkifrnfh enf;vrf;jzpfygonf/ txl;

ojzifh AEC t& pD;yGm;a&;aygif;pnf;rIudk jrefjrefESifh

eufeufeJeJ aqmif&GufrSomvQif tmqD,H\ tvm;

tvmaumif;rsm;udk &&SdcHpm;Edkifrnfjzpfygonf/

Source: CNA/sl

24



rdwfqufOD;pGmwifjyvdkonfrSm þaqmif;yg;udk a&;om;rdjcif; taMumif;&if;yg/

aejynf awmfwGif wm0efpwifxrf;aqmif&onfh tcsdefwGif vrf;ab;axmifxm;aom

qdkif;bkwfwpfckudk rSwfrSwfxifxif owdxm;vdkufrdonfrSm yifvkHjzifhvGwfvyfa&;

&cJhonf/ 21 &mpkyifvkHjzifh 'Drdkua&pDzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwnfaxmifrnf/

ponfaqmifyk'fyifjzpf&m zuf'&,ftjrif? zuf'&,f EdkifiHa&;? zuf'&,f

jynfaxmifpk? zuf'&, fpD;yGm;a&;ponfhtawG;aygif;rsm;pGm csJUxGifvsuf OD;aESmuf

wGif tpDt&Day:vmrdonf/ þaqmif;yg;azmfjycsufrsm;tay:wGif oabmxm;

rwdkufqdkifonfrsm; &Sdaumif;&Sdrnf rSefaomfvnf; pma&;ol\ jynfolwpfa,muf

taejzifhvGwfvyfpGm EdkifiHawmftusKd;&SdpdrfhaomiSm &nfoefvsuf a&;om;vdkuf&

jcif;jzpfygonf/

25

ed'gef;'Drdkua&pDudktajcjyKvsuf Nidrf;csrf;aom?

zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufaom 'Drdkua&pD zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpk

wpfckudkatmifjrifpGm wnfaxmif&mwGif EdkifiHom;wdkY\

tusKd;pD;yGm;udk a&S;½Ivsuf jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;

rsm;twGif; tMum;tvyfr&Sd zGHNzdK;rIrusef&pfzdkY&efrSm

EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rS OD;wnfoGm; aeaom EdkifiHa&;vrf;

aMumif;ay:wGif rlwnfaeouJhodkY ,if;udktaumif

txnfazmfaqmifrI? zGJUpnf;ykHtajccH Oya't& cGifhjyK

xm;rI? EdkifiHawmf wnfNidrfat;csrf;rIay:wGif rsm;pGm

wnfrSDaeayrnf/

þaqmif;yg;udka&;om;&mwGif tu,fíom

'Drdkua&pDzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkqDodkY csDwufonfh

c&D;vrf;wpfavQmuf EdkifiHawmfrS BudK;yrf;rIwGif wpfzuf

wpfvrf;rS zuf'&,f pD;yGm;a&; tjrifwcsKdUESifh jzpfay:

oifhaom? jzpfay:vmEdkifaom tusKd;quf? rdrda'o

zGHUNzdK;rItwGuf pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&may:vpDrsm; csrSwf&m

wGif taxmuftuljyKap&eftvdkYiSm ÓPfrSDoavmuf

wifjyKvdkuf&jcif;omjzpfygonf/

zuf'&,fpD;yGm;a&;tjrifjrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;&&Sd&eftwGuf ta&;yg

aom atmifqef;-tufwvD? yifvkHpmcsKyf? Ek-tufwvD

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atmifyef;qifEdkifcJhMuNyD;jzpfonf/ vGwfvyfa&;ESifh

twl ,aeYtcsdefxd Nidrf;owf&ef BudK;pm;aeqJ jynfwGif;

ppfrD;udk tqkH;owf edXdwefaprnfh wpfckwnf;aom

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'Drdkua&pDzuf'&,fEdkifiHa&;pepfwpfckudk xl

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EdkifiHa&;c&D;jzihf qufvuf Nidrf;csrf;aom jynfaxmifpk

udk OD;wnfaeonfhtcsdefvnf;jzpfay&m vuf&Sd atmif

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um jrefrmjynfESifh awmfoifhrQwaom zuf'&,f pD;yGm;

a&;udk wnfaxmifEdkifrnfqdku rnfonfhEdkifiHESifhrQ

rwlaom zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwpfcktjzpf jzpfxGef;

ay:aygufvmrnfvnf;jzpfonf/

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zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIudk aqmif&GufEdkifcJhaom EdkifiHhtpdk;&

tkyfcsKyfolrsm;taejzifh tkyfcsKyfrIwGif rdrdwdkYyx0D0if

EdkifiHa&;ESifh yx0D0if pD;yGm;a&;udk tajcjyKvsuf jynfolU

tusKd;a&S;½I xlaxmifcJhMuNrJjzpfonfudk avhvm awGU&Sd

Edkifygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;udk

xlaxmif&mwGif EdkifiH\ yx0D0iftaetxm;? jynfol

vdktyfcsuf? urÇmhaps;uGufvdktif? rdrdEdkifiHrS aps;uGuf

vdktyfcsuftay: rnfonfhu@u yg0ifjznfhwif;ay;

rnf ponfh pepfwus a&;qGJxm;aom pDrHcsuf pDrHudef;

rsm;tvdkuf ESpfpOfvdktyfcsuf vdkvm;csufrsm;udk jznfh

qnf;vkyfaqmifoGm;Muonfudkvnf; awGU&Sd&ayrnf/

xdkodkYqdkvQif 'Drdkua&pDzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk

tb,fhaMumifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif usifhokH;oifhoenf;

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oavmuf tajz&SmMunfh&vQif rdrdwdkYjynfe,f^wdkif;

a'oBuD; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIonf rdrdwdkYudk,fydkif tkyfcsKyf

cGifhESifh rdrdwdkYa'opD;yGm;a&;udk rdrdwdkYzefwD;EdkifcGifh&SdrSom

'Drdkua&pDpHEIef;rsm; touf0ifvsuf EdkifiHwpf0ef; zGHUNzdK;

rI nDrQvmEdkifrnfvnf;jzpfonf/

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vsuf a&SUc&D;udkqufum EdkifiHwumtv,fwGif aemuf

usrusef&pfaprnfh enf;vrf;wpfcktjzpf &Ijrifvsuf

26



,aeYjrefrmEdkifiHtaetxm;t& 'Drdkua&pDzuf'&,f

jynfaxmifpkc&D;onf awmfoifhrSefuefrnf[k ,lqMu

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udk avhvmvQif OD;aqmifonfh tpdk;&\ jywfom;aom

rl0g'? oabmw&m;rsm;? jynfe,f^wdkif;a'oBuD;rsm;

tay: tkyfcsKyfrI? vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmay;tyfrI? o,H

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27

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taumif;qkH; pHjyEdkifiHtjzpf ,aeYwdkif wnfwHhvsuf

28



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aMumif;udk rrSdwfrokef ,kHMunfrdygawmhonf/

29

twJG(5)? trSwf-1


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rsm;t& a,bk,stm;jzifh pdkufysKd;a&;u@ yxr OD;pm;ay; aqmif&Guf&ef r[mAsL[m Agricul-

tural First strategy? zm;ckefykHpHr[m AsL[m Leap frogging ESifh zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufapa&;twGuf zufpyf

ykHpH r[mAsL[m Joint Development Strategy paom r[mAsL[mykHpH (3) rsKd;tm; aqG;aEG;Mu

ygonf/

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rsm;tm; avhvm&mwGif-

30

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31

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32



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rSDjirf;Ä 2016/2017 Knowledge Sharing Program with

Myanmar: Beyond Economic Liberalization: New

Policy Challenges for Myanmar

Ä tdktD;pD'D zGHUNzdK;rIvrf;aMumif;rsm;? jrefrmEdkifiH tay:

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(2) tao;pdwf pdppfavhvmrIESifh rl0g' tBuHjyK

csufrsm;/

Ä Myanmar Unlocking the Potential : Country

Diagnostics Study: Asian Development Bank

33

twJG(5)? trSwf-1


1/ Survey wpfck\ Foundation Stage jzpfaom Data Collection Stage

ESifhywfoufNyD; avhvmMunfhMuygpdkY/ ,aeY rsufarSmufumvwGif Face to Face

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2/ xdkYaMumifh tqdkyg Method (2)ck\ uGmjcm;csufrsm;udk qufvuf

avhvmMunfh&ef vdktyfygonf/

34

Face to Face interview \ tm;omcsufrsm;rSm -

(u) Enumerator rsm;taejzif h Respondent xHodk Y

vludk,fwdkif oGm;a&mufjcif;jzpf ojzifh Respon-

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ydkrdkwdusrI &SdvmEdkifjcif;/

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35

twJG(5)? trSwf-1


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36



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41

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42



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w,f? &Gma&mufa&mufcsif;yJ? OD;pD;----------

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43

twJG(5)? trSwf-1


]]Gender ESihf Sex &JU t"dyÜm,fudk &Sif;vif;Muyg&JUvm;&Sihf}} [lí rdkuf

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a&;0efBuD;XmerS 0efxrf;rsm;odkY vma&mufum todynmay;a[majymaejcif;

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44

cGJjcm;rI yaysmufa&;qdkif&m ukvor*¾ oabmwlpmcsKyf

(Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of

Discrimination Against Women- CEDAW)udk jrefrm

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Plan for the Advancement of Women( NSPAW)

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45

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olwdkYtwGuf w&m;0if ajrBuD;udkifcGihf &THUudkifaqmhcGihf&

onhftcsdefyif/ uav;wdkY\ wGwfwD;wGwfwm ar;cGef;

rsm;udk ajzMum;&if; vdk&moif½dk;ñTef;wrf;yef;wdkifudk

ta&mufESifaejuonhf q&mr i,fav;rsm;udk awGUjrif

&onfrSm tm;&zG,f pdwfauseyfzG,f jrifuGif;jzpfayawmh

onf/

xdkYjyif wuúodkvfausmif;0if;&Sd abmvkH;tm;

upm;uGif;rSmvnf; olwdkYtwGuf tm;upm;enf;rsKd;pkH

,SOfNydKif&mupm;uGif;BuD;yif/ toHukefatmf[pfum

qifETJMuonfrSm aysmfp&mtwd/ ausmif;wGif; wuúodkvf

pmjunhfwdkuf&Sd wdwfwdwfqdwfqdwf pmzwfenf;rsm;jzihf

zwf½Iavhvmvsuf&Sdaom ausmif;om;^olrsm;eSihfvnf;

&if;ESD;uRrf;0ifapjyefonf/ ausmif;0ef;udk taESmihf

t,SufrjzpfapbJ tkyfpkvdkuf wdwfwqdwf csDwuf

aeylpmvIH&if; vrf;ywfavQmufaeMuonfrSm vGefpGm

cspfp&m aumif;vSonf/ txl;ojzihf KDI School wGif

wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom 0efxrf;rdbrsm;\ rsufpd

atmuf&Sd udk&D;,m;EdkifiH &ifaoG;rsm;\ ynma&;tprSm

b0ifus ESpfNcdKufzG,fyif/

olwdkYav;rsm;udk ai;arm&if; uRefr ESpfNcdKuf

pGJrufpGm zwfzl;onhf q&mjrihfoef;a&;onhf ]awmhwdk;csef}

[lonhf 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;rwdkifrDu rD;&xm;wGJ

a[mif;BuD;wGif zGihfvSpfxm;onhf *syefrlvwef; ynm

a&;pepfudk bmomjyefxm;onhf pmtkyfudk vnf;aumif;?

q&matmifoif;\ ]uHhulvufvSJY}udkvnf;aumif;?

q&mcspfOD;ndK\ ]a':{MuifESihftuf*sLau;&Sif;} 0w¬K

wdkYudkvnf;aumif; Munfel;pGm trSwf&aerdonf/

xdkYaMumihf jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd Xmeqdkif&m½kH;rsm;wGif

&ifcGifydkuft&G,frSpwifNyD; EdkifiHwumtqihfrD t&nf

taoG;jynhf0aom aeYuav;xdef;Xmersm; zGihfoihf

aMumif;/ odkYrSom rdcifrsm;taejzihf t[m&jynhf0aom

rdcifEdkYcsKdwdkufauR;&if; oufarG;0rf;aMumif; vkyfief;

wm0efrsm;udk pdwfajzmifhajzmihfjzihf wm0efausyGefpGm

xrf;aqmifEdkifrnfjzpf&m EdkifiHhtem*wf uav;oli,f

ESihf 0efxrf;rdbrsm;tm; yHhydk;ulnDoihfonfh rl0g'rsm;

udk atmifjrifpGm taumiftxnfazmfaqmifoihfyg

aMumif; ed*kH;csKyftaejzihf tBuHjyKwdkufwGef; a&;om;tyf

ygonf/

46



rdom;pkwpfck\ pD;yGm;a&;? vlaerItqihftwef;udk odvdkygu xdkrdom;pk

aexdkif&m tdrf\ {nhfcef;udkMunhf½kHjzihf od&SdEdkifygonf/ tvm;wlpGmyif edkifiHwpf

EdkifiH\ vlrI pD;yGm;a&;tajctae wdk;wufrIudk odvdkygu ¤if;EdkifiH\ jy,k'f tajccH

taqmufttkHrsm;udk avhvmjunhfu od&SdEdkifygonf/ Oyrm tdrfwpftdrf\

{nhfcef;ESihfwlaom EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ avqdyfudk pwifa&muf&SdonfESihf tuJcwf

avhvmEdkifygonf/

tajccHtaqmufttkHqdkonfrSm tb,fenf;/ jynfolUtajccHtaqmuf

ttkHqdkonfrSm EdkifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlrIa&;qdkif&m vkyfief;rsm;? 0efaqmifrIrsm;

tvG,fwul vkyfaqmifEdkif&eftwGuf vdktyfaom taxmuftuljyKypönf;rsm;udk

qdkvdkygonf/ a,bk,stm;jzihf jynfolUtajccHtaqmufttkHudk ESpfrsKd; cGJjcm;

xm;Edkifygonf/ “Hard Infrastructure” ESihf “Soft Infrastructure” [lí jzpfyg

onf/ Hard Infrastructure qdkonfrSm pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlrIa&;qdkif&m taxmuftyHhrsm;

jzpfapEdkifaom taqmuftOD; (odkY) ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m taxmuftuljyKypönf;rsm;udk

qdkvdkygonf/ (Oyrm vrf;? wHwm;? avqdyf? oabFmqdyf? tusOf;axmif)/ Soft

47

Infrastructure qdkonfrSm vlrI pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m tajccH

taqmufttkHrsm;twGuf 0efaqmifrIrsm;ay;jcif;wdkY

jzpfygonf/ (Oyrm vrf;? oefY&Sif;a&;? ynma&;

odkYr[kwf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;twGuf oifwef;rsm;

ay;jcif;ESihf tjcm;aom vlrIa&;qdkif&m 0efaqmifrIrsm;/)

jynfolUtajccHtaqmufttkHrsm; zGHUNzdK; wdk;

wuf&efrSm rnfolü wm0eftrsm;qkH; &Sdonf[k xifyg

oenf;/ jynfolUtusKd;udk a&S;½Iaom? EdkifiHzGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf

a&;udk tav;xm;aom tpdk;&üom wm0ef&Sdonf

r[kwfygavm/ rSefygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; xdktajzonf

(100) &mcdkifEIef; vkH;0{uefrSefonf [krqdkvdkEdkifay/

tb,hfaMumihfqdkaomf EdkifiHwGif;ü tpdk;&omru pD;yGm;

a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESihf jynfolvlxkvnf; aexdkifaeMu

jcif;aMumihf EdkifiH\ tajccHtaqmufttkHrsm; zGHUNzdK;wdk;

wuf&efrSm aexdkifoltm;vkH;ü wm0ef&Sdí twlwuG

yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&GufMu&efrSm tvGefta&;BuD;

ygonf/

tpdk;&taejzihf pnf;rsOf;? Oya'rsm;a&;qGJjcif;?

pDrHudef;rsm;csrSwfjcif;ESihf taumiftxnfazmfjcif;rsm;

udk jynfolUtusKd;twGuf aqmif&GufonfrSefaomfvnf;

tm;enf;csufrsm;? vdktyfcsufrsm; &Sdaejcif;aMumihf

jynhf0aom jynfolU0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;udk taumif

txnfrazmfEdkifay/ Oyrm tpdk;&\ b@ma&; tajc

taet&aomfvnf;aumif;? uRrf;usifvkyfom;rsm;

taetxm;t&aomfvnf;aumif;? vkyfief;aqmif&GufrI

tqihfrsm;t&aomfvnf;aumif;? txl;ojzihf enf;ynm

ydkif;qdkif&m tokH;jyKrIt&aomfvnf;aumif;/ xdkvdktyf

csufrsm;udk ukpm;&efrSm yk*¾vduu@ jr§ihfwifjcif;

enf;vrf;onf tokH;t0ifqkH;jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf

vnf; yk*¾vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;onf tjrwftrsm;qkH;

&&Sda&;udkom a&S;½IaomaMumihf obm0oHZmwrsm;

xkwf,l okH;pGJjcif;ESihf jynfolUtusKd;jyKvkyfief;rsm;

aqmif&Gufjcif;wdkYwGif tqifrajyrIrsm; &SdvmEdkifyg

onf/ jynfolUtajccHtaqmufttkHrsm; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf

atmifaqmif&Gufjcif;onf a&&SnftusKd;jyef&csufrsm;

udk arQmfudk;í &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIjyKjcif;jzpfonf/ yk*¾vdu

u@onf ,SOfNydKifrItm;aumif;NyD; jyifyoufa&mufrI

rsm; (Externalities)ESihfywfoufí wm0ef,l aqmif&Guf

Edkifjcif;r&Sday/

xdkodkYaom tajctaet&yf&yfudk tajccHí

jynfolUtajccHtaqmufttkHrsm; taxmuftyHhjyKa&;

wGif EdkifiHrsm;tm; vkyfaqmifoihfaom enf;vrf;ESpf&yf

udk EdkifiHwum oabmwlnDrIrsm;tjzpf tBuHjyKxm;yg

onf/ (1) tpdk;&rS wdkuf½dkuf axmufyHhrIESihf (2) yk*¾vdu

u@jr§ihfwifa&;wGif vG,fultqifajyacsmarGUap&ef

taxmuftyHhay;a&;wdkY jzpfygonf/ xdkenf;vrf;

ESpfoG,fteuf yxrenf;vrf;rSm zGHUNzdK;qJESihf zGHUNzdK;rI

tm;enf;aom EdkifiHrsm;twGuf rjzpfEdkifay/

rQwí enf;pepfusaom yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIrSonf tem*wf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIqDodkY

xdktcuftcJrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&ef tpdk;&yk*¾vdu

yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI (Public Private Partnership –

PPP) enf;vrf;udk tokH;jyKvmMuygonf/

tpdk;& yk*¾vduyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif; (PPP)

qdkonfrSm jynfolUtusKd;jyK tajccH taqmufttkHrsm;ESihf

0efaqmifrIrsm;udk tpdk;&eSihf yk*¾vduu@wdkYrS umv

&Snf pmcsKyfcsKyfqdkNyD; tusKd;wlyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;

jzpfonf/ vkyfudkifaqmif&Guf&rnhf wm0efrsm;ESihf

pDrHcefYcGJrIrsm;udk tpdk;&eSihf yk*¾vduu@tMum; wdwd

usus cGJa0owfrSwf aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYjyif

yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&mrS jzpfay:vmEdkifonhf pGefYpm;rI

rsm;? aumif;usKd;? qdk;usKd; oufa&mufrIrsm;udk tpdk;&

ESihf yk*¾vduu@rsm;tMum; rQa0cHpm;jcif;rsKd;vnf;

jzpfonf/ xdkYjyif United Nation Economic Commission

for Europe tzGJUrS Mr. Marek Belka (Executive Secretary)

uvnf; PPP onf taumif;qkH; urÇmESpfck jzpfonhf

aumif;rGefaom oGif;tm;pkrsm;? xda&mufaom pDrHcefY

cGJrIt&nftaoG;ESihf acwfrDaom enf;ynmrsm; ydkifqdkif

onhf yk*¾vduu@ESihf pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm; udkifwG,f

48



Edkifaom? jynfolUtusKd;a&S;½Iaom? qdk;usKd;rsm; umuG,f

ay;Edkifaom tpdk;&u@wdkY aygif;pnf;aqmif&Gufjcif;

enf;vrf;jzpfonf[k rSwfcsufjyKxm;ygonf/ PPP

onf tpdk;&ESihf yk*¾vdutzGJUESpfcktMum; Oya'tjrift&

yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;rsKd;r[kwfbJ pmcsKyfay:wGif

tajccHí pmcsKyftjrifoabmt& yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf

jcif;rsKd;vnf; jzpfonf/

tpdk;& yk*¾vdu yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;

a0g[m&onf tar&duefEdkifiHrS pwifay:aygufvmyg

onf/ (1950) ckESpf ueOD;wGif ynma&;tpDtpOftwGuf

tokH;csrI&efykHaiGtjzpf tpdk;&ESihf yk*¾vdu csdwfquf

aqmif&GufrIrS pwifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf(1960)

aemufydkif;wGif NrdKUjyjyefvnf wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;

rsm;twGuf tpdk;&jynfol yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;udk

us,fus,fjyefYjyefY jyKvkyfvmjuonf/ tpdk;&r[kwf

aom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS vlrIa&;0efaqmifrIrsm;twGuf

jynfolU&efykHaiGrsm;udk pepfwuspDrHcefYcGJ taumiftxnf

azmfjcif;[kvnf; ½Ijrifvmjuygonf/

aemufydkif;wGif tjynfjynfqdkif&m zGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf

rIaqmif&Gufcsufrsm; (Oyrm - attdkif'Dtufpfa&m*g

umuG,fa&;? iSufzsm;a&m*g) ESihf pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;wdk;

wufrI aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;wGif aqmif&GufvmMuyg

onf/ tpd k;&ESi h f cs dwfqufaqmif& Gufr I (Joint

Government) ? taxmuftyH hay;a&;tzG J U (Aid

Agency)? yk*¾vduu@\ yPmrajcvSrf; (Private-

Sector-Initiative) ponhfenf;vrf;rsm;udk tokH;jyKcJhyg

onf/ tqdkygenf;vrf;trsm;pkonf PPP \ rl0g'udk

tajccHjcif; (Policy-Based) ESihf tpDtpOfrsm; tajccH

jcif; (Programme-Based) [lí ESpfrsKd;cGJEdkifygonf/

PPPs ESihf ywfoufí tzGJUtpnf;toD;oD;?

EdkifiHtoD;oD;rS ynm&yfqdkif&m ac:a0: aom a0g[m&

tokH;tEIef;trsKd;rsKd;&Sdygonf/

Ä urÇmhbPfrS Public Participation in Infrastructure

(PPI)

Ä zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIbPfqdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;wGif

Private-Sector Participation (PSP)

Ä ajrmuftar&dutokH;teIef; P3

Ä MopaMw;vs tokH;tEIef; Privately-Financed

Projects (PFP)

Ä pD;yGm;a&;tokH;tEIef; P-P Partnership (Purchasing

Power Parity- PPP EdkifiHtoD;oD;&Sd aiGaMu;vJvS,f

rIEIef;xm;rsm; EdIif;,SOfjcif;)

Ä NAdwdef\tokH;tEIef;jzpfNyD; ,cktcg *syefESihf

rav;&Sm;üvnf; tokH;jyKvmaom tokH;tEIef;

Private Finance Initiative (PFI)

PPP a0g[m&onf topfjzpfaomfvnf;

yk*¾vdu\ t&if;tESD;rsm;udk tpdk;&\ jynfolhtajccH

taqmufttkHrsm;twGuf taxmuftyHhay;jcif;[laom

oabmw&m;rSm tqef;wMu,fr[kwfay/ (18) &mpk

ESihf (19) &mpkaESmif;ydkif;wGif NAdwdefEdkifiH&Sd pD;yGm;a&;

vkyfief;&SifBuD;rsm;rS vrf;wHwm;jzwfoef;c (Turnpike

Trusts) ESihf ywfoufí ykHpHa&;qGJcJ hjcif;jzpfonf/

¤if;rSm yk*¾vdu&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;xHrS vrf;? wHwm;

rsm;udk jyKjyif&eftwGuf aiGacs;iSm;cJhNyD; ¤if;acs;aiGudk

jyefvnfay;qyfEdkif&eftwGuf xdkvrf;? wHwm;udk tokH;

jyKolrsm;xHrS usoihfaiG (tzdk;tc)udk jyefvnf aumufcH

cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ t*FvefEdkifiH&Sd vrf;? wHwm;trsm;pk

wnfaqmufjyKjyifa&;wGif ¤if;enf;vrf;udk tokH;jyKcJh

Muygonf/ (19) &mpkaESmif;ydkif;wGif tar&duefEdkifiH?

e,l;a,mufNrdKU&S d b&Gefuvif;wHwm;onfvnf;

yk*¾vduaiGt&if;tESD;jzihf aqmufvkyfcJhjcif; jzpfyg

onf/ yk*¾vduaiGt&if;tESD;jzihf wl;ajrmif;rsm; azmuf

vkyfjcif;vkyfief;udkvnf; jyifopfEdkifiHwGif (17) &mpk

rS pwifvkyfaqmifcJhygonf/

(a&SUvquf&ef)

49

twJG(5)? trSwf-1


rl0g'udk tm½kHrpdkufbJ udef;*Pefrsm;udkom tm½kHpdkufjcif;onf zGHUNzdK;a&;

pDrHudef;wpfcktwGuf tEÅ&m,ftrsm;qkH;udpö&yfwpfckjzpfaMumif; W.Arthur Lewis

\ Development Planning pmtkyfwGif zwf½IavhvmrSwfom;zl;ygonf/ zGHUNzdK;rI

pDrHudef;rsm;udk atmifjrifatmif a&;qGJaqmif&Guf&mwGif ta&;BuD;aom taMumif;

t&mtrsm;tjym;&Sdonhfteuf udef;*Pef;rSm wpfcktygt0ifjzpfaomfvnf; udef;

*Pef;yg0ifrIudk t"du OD;pm;ay;vkyfaqmifaeygu atmifjrifEdkifrnf r[kwf

aMumif; azmfjyvdk&if;jzpfonf/ jynhfpkHaumif;rGefaom pDrHudef;wpfckudka&;qGJ&mwGif

udef;*Pef;rsm; jynhfpkHaumif;rGef½kHESihf rjzpfEdkifyg/ zGHUNzdK;a&;pDrHudef;wpfck a&;qGJ

&eftwGuf ta&;BuD;aomudpö&yfrSm pDrHudef;wpfckESihfwpfck [efcsufnDa&;? pDrH

udef;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufrnhf oufqdkif&mtzGJUtpnf;rsm;? vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;tcsif;csif;

yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;wdkYrSm t"dutaMumif;tcsufrsm; jzpfonf/ xdkYtjyif

aqmif&Gufrnhf pDrHudef;oufa&mufrnhf{&d,m\ yuwdtajctaeudk od&Sd&ef

vnf; tvGefta&;BuD;ygonf/ zGHUNzdK;a&;pDrHudef;wpfcka&;qGJ&mwGif t"dutm;jzihf

vuf&SdpD;yGm;a&;tajctaeudk od&SdEdkif&ef ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif;? jynfolUb@maiG

tokH;p&dwfpm&if;rsm;? yk*¾vduu@ zGHUNzdK;rI? arc½dk pD;yGm;a&; jzpfay:rI tajctae

rsm;tjyif? tpdk;&\rl0g'rsm;tay:wGif avhvmokH;oyfcsuf rsm;vnf; yg0ifoihf

50

ajumif; EdkifiHwumtawGUtBuHKrsm; u azmfjyMuonf/

xdktajctaet&yf&yfudk od&SdNyD; rSomvQif pDrHudef;\

pD;yGm;a&;t&omru vlrIa&;t& yg tusKd;oufa&mufrI

&Sdr&SdESihf jzpfEdkifajc &Sdr&SdwdkYudk BudKwifcefYrSef; od&Sdxm;

Edkifrnfjzpfonf/

pDrHudef;wpfckESihfwpfck [efcsufnDa&;onf

atmifjrifaompDrHudef;rsm;twGuf t"duaomhcsuf

jzpfonf/ [efcsufnDaom pDrHudef;rsm;ra&;qGJEdkiforQ

xdkEdkifiH\ pDrHudef;rsm;ratmifjrifEdkif[kyif ajymEdkifyg

onf/ Oyrm-a&&&Sda&;ESihf ausmif;usef;rma&;pDrHudef;

jzpfygonf/ ausmif;usef;rma&;pDrHudef;rsm;onf

ig;ESpfatmuf uav;aoqkH;rI? tajccHynmtqihf

tvdkuf twef;ynmoif,lNyD;qkH;rI wdk;wuf&&SdEdkifa&;?

vlUpGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;txd ta&;

ygaomajumihf ausmif;usef;rma&;pDrHudef;rsm;udk pepf

wus xda&mufpGm aqmif&Guf&ef ta&;BuD;ygonf/

ausmif;usef;rma&;udpörsm; aqmif&Guf&mwGif tdrfom

oefY&Sif;a&;? vufoeYf&Sif;a&;ponhf udpö&yfrsm; aqmif

&Gufavh&Sdonf/ aomufokH;a&oefY&Sif;a&;onfvnf;

ta&;ygonf/ xdkYaMumihf ausmif;usef;rma&; udpö

&yfrsm; aqmif&Gufjcif;udk ausmif;twGif;a&&&Sda&; ESihf

wGJzufvkyfaqmifoihfygonf/ oefY&Sif;a&;ESihf oefYav;

oeYf pDrHudef;udk aqmif&Guf&mwGifvnf; a&udk tajccH

&onf/ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;tm; tdrfomrS xGufvm

wdkif; vufaq;&ef? tpmrpm;rD vufaq;&ef ponf

tm;jzihf ynmay;rIrsm; jyKvkyfaomfvnf; vufawGU

vdkufemusihfokH;&eftwGuf ausmif;wGif oefY&Sif;aom

aomufokH;a&? vufaq;&efa&ESihf qyfjym wdkYudk tvG,f

wulxm;&Sdjcif;udk raqmif&GufEdkifvQif xdkpDrHudef;rsm;

atmifjrifEdkifrnfr[kwfyg/ xdkYtwl ydkYukefoGif;ukef

rl0g'ESih f jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfrItajctae? tcGef

aumufcHjcif;ESihf arc½dkpD;yGm;a&;tajctaersm;onf

vnf; csdwfqufaeonhftwGuf pDrHudef;wpfck a&;qGJ

onhftcgwdkif; qufpyfaeaomu@rsm;udk avhvm

okH;oyf&ef vdktyfaeonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf jynfwGif;

qefpyg; xkwfvkyfrIusqif;aecsdefwGif jynfy ydkYukefrsm;

wifydk Ya&;twGuf qefpyg;udk t"duxm; wifydk Y&ef

ydkYukefvdkifpifrsm; vG,fulpGm&&Sdatmif aqmif&Gufay;

aomfvnf; qefpyg;ydk Yukefu@rS 0ifaiGodompGm

wdk;wufvm&ef rarQmfvihfEdkifay/ rl0g'wpfckESihf wpfck

pDrHudef;wpfckESihfwpfck csdwfqufrIrsm;udk xda&mufpGm

avhvmokH;oyf&efvnf; ta&;BuD;ygonf/

pDrHudef;rsm;atmifjrifa&;twGuf ta&;BuD;

aom aemuftcsufwpfckrSm u@tvdkuf csdwfqufrI

jzpfygonf/ pDrHudef;wpfckudk aqmif&Guf&mwGif Xme

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&ef vdktyfygonf/ ppfwrf;aumuf,ljcif; udpö&yfrsm;

wGifvnf;aumif; tjcm;enf;vrf;wpfrsKd;rsKd;jzihf pm&if;

tif;aumuf,l&mwGifvnf;aumif; wlnDaom pm&if;

tif;tcsuftvufwpfckudk tzGJUtpnf;XmeESpfck?

51

twJG(5)? trSwf-1


okH;ckrS jyKvkyfaqmif&Guf&ef rvdktyfbJ Xmewpfckwnf;rS

aqmif&Guf½kHESihf vkHavmuf Edkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif

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tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk &&Sdrnfjzpfygonf/

,ckaemufydkif;wGif yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;ESihf

yufoufí Cooperation? Coordination ESihf Collabo-

ration wdkYudkvkyfief;atmifjrifa&;twGuf C3 rlabmif

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ration: Defining the C3 Framework,Breanna Weaver,

2011) tqdkyg (C3 )pDo&D;rlabmifudk tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif

vnf;aumif;? ukrÜPDrsm;wGifvnf;aumif; tokH;jyK

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aqmif&GufMuygpdkY[k wdkufwGef;a&;om;vdkuf&ayonf/

52



t&G,fokH;yg;wGif yxrt&G,f ynm&Sm? 'kwd,t&G,f Opöm&Sm? wwd,

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53

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(198) OD;&Sdygonf/ ( 5-3-2018) &ufaeYwGif jynf

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vrf;ñTefrSmMum;cJhonf/

ajymif;vJwdk;wufaeonfh acwfumvESifhtnD

54



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wnfaqmufMu&ef qE´jyKa&;om;vdkuf&ygonf/

55

twJG(5)? trSwf-1


jrefrmEdkifiHwGif aejynfawmftygt0if jynfe,fESihf wdkif;a'oBuD; (15)

ck&Sdonhfteuf jrefrmEdkifiH\ awmifzuftpGefqkH;ESihf atmufzuftusqkH;a'o?

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wifjyí tvnfwacguf vma&mufMuyg&ef zdwfac:

vdkuf &ygonf/

60



'Dwpfywf bmtaMumif;t&mudk a&;&rvJ awG;

Munhfrdawmh uRefreJY qufpyfawGUBuHK&wJh rdcifESpfa,muf&JU

Gender eJY ywfoufNyD; t,ltqjcif;rwlykHudk owd&rdcJhw,f/

olwdkYESpfa,muf&JU t,ltq[m rdcifawGtm;vkH;udkawmh

udk,f pm;jyKcsifrS jyKrSmyg? 'gayrJh taygif;bufra&mufbJ

tEkwfvu©Pmbufa&mufaewJh tawG;awGrdkY owdjyKrdcJhjcif;

jzpfygw,f/ 'geJYyJ tcsuftvufudk &SmMunhfcJ hygw,f?

tJ'Dawmh ,aeY rsufarSmufacwf? t"duae&mrSm&SdaewJh

pOfqufrjywf zGHUNzdK;rI yef;wdkifrsm; (Sustainable Development

Goals – SDGs) rS yef;wdkif (5) (Gender Equality) jzpfwJh usm;^r

wef;wl nDrQrI&&Sda&;ESihf trsKd;orD;rsm;? trsKd;orD;i,frsm;

tm;vkH;pGrf;yum;wdk;jrihfapa&;eJY ywfoufNyD; aqmif;yg;

wpfyk'ftjzpf qufpyf a&;om;vdkuf&ygw,f/

61

usm;^rwef;wlnDrQrI (Gender Equality)

2016 ckeSpf Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufaeYrS pwifí

touf0ifcJhaom urÇmh acgif;aqmifrsm; tm;vkH;rS

axmufcHtwnfjyKcJhMuwJh pOfqufrjywf zGHUNzdK;rI

yef;wdkifrsm; (Sustainable Development Goals - SDGs)

rS yef;wdkif (5) jzpfygonf/ 2015 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif

urÇmhEd kifiHtoD;oD;\ axmifpkESpf &nfrSef;csuf

yef;wdkifrsm; (Millennium Development Goals - MDGs)

NyD;qkH;oGm;cJhygNyD? odkYaomfvnf; zGHUNzdK;qJEdkifiH trsm;

tjym;ESihf rdrdwdkY jrefrmEdkifiHuJhodkY zGHUNzdK;rIedrhfusonhf

EdkifiHrsm; (Least Developing Countries - LDCs) wGif MDGs

onf ,ckxufwdkif rNyD;qkH;Edkifao;onhf tpDtpOf

wpf&yftjzpf usef&pfqJjzpfaeygonf/ tqdkyg usef&Sd

aeonhf &nfrSef;csufrsm;twGuf ,cktcg 2030 jynhf

ESpf urÇmvkH;qdkif&m zGHUNzdK;rItpDtpÚftjzpf yef;wdkif 17

ck? &nfrSef;csuf 169 ckESihf tñTef;udef; 230 eD;yg;cefY

&Sdonhf pOfqufrjywf zGHUNzdK;rIyef;wdkifrsm; (Sustainable

Development Goals - SDGs) udk csrSwfcJhygonf/

yef;wdkif(5)onf trsKd;orD;rsm;ESihf trsKd;orD;

i,frsm;udk cGJjcm;qufqHonhf ykHpH tm;vkH;ae&mwdkif;wGif

tqkH;owfa&;? trsm;jynfolESihf oufqdkifaomae&m

rsm;ESihf yk*¾vduESihf oufqdkifaomae&mrsm;wGif trsKd;

orD;rsm;ESihf trsKd;orD;i,frsm;udk vlukeful;jcif;? vdif

qufqHjcif;ESihf tjcm;tokH;csrIrsm; tygt0if tMurf;

zufrI ykHpHtm;vkH; yaysmufapa&;? uav;oli,frsm;udk

vufxyfaprI? t&G,fra&mufcif vufxyfaprI? twif;

t"r®vufxyfaprIESihf trsKd;orD;vdift*FgzsufpD;jcif;

uJhodkYaom trsKd;orD;rsm;ESihf trsKd;orD;i,frsm;udk

tEÅ&m,fjzpfaponhf tjyKtrl? "avhxkH;pHrsm; yaysmuf

a&;? rdom;pkESihf tdrfaxmifpktwGif; wm0ef,lrI wdk;jr§ihf

&eftwGuf vkyftm;cr&&Sdonhf jyKpkapmihfa&SmufrI tvkyf

rsm;ESihf tdrftultvkyfrsm; vkyfudkifolrsm;udk jynfolU

a&;&m 0efaqmifrIay;jcif;? tajccHtaqmufttkHESihf

vlrIa&;&mtumtuG,fay;rI rl0g'rsm; csrSwfjcif;?

aqmif&Gufjcif;tm;jzihf tav;xm;todtrSwfjyKa&;?

EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESihf jynfolUa&;&m udpö&yfrsm;wGif

qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwfEdkifonhf tqihfwdkif;wGif trsKd;orD;

rsm; tjynhft0yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifNyD; wef;wltcGihf

ta&;&&Sda&;? vdifqufqHrIESihf rsKd;qufyGm; usef;rma&;

ESihf tcGihfta&;rsm;udk vlOD;a&ESihf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI

tjynfjynfqdkif&mnDvmcH\ vkyfief;tpDtpOf (Program

of Action of the International Conference on

Population and Development)ESih f ab*sif;rl0g'

vrf;pOf aqmif&GufrI (Beijing Platform of Action)

nDvmcHwdkYrS oabmwlnDxm;onhftwdkif;ESihf nDvmcH

2 cktm; okH;oyfxm;rIrS xGufay:vmonhf &v'frsm;

twdkif; trsKd;orD;wdkif;&&SdEdkifa&;? pD;yGm;a&; t&if;tjrpf

rsm; (Economic Resources) udk trsKd;orD;rsm; wef;wl

tcGihfta&;&&Sda&;? ajr,mESihf tjcm;ykHpH&Sdonhf ypönf;

rsm; obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;? tarGqufcHjcif;rsm;?

b@ma&; 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk ydkifqdkifcGihfESihf xdef;csKyfcGihf

&&Sda&;twGuf EdkifiHawmfrS jy|mef;xm;onhf Oya'rsm;

udk jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; aqmif&Gufa&;? trsKd;orD;rsm;

\ pGrf;yum;wdk;jr§ihf&ef twGuf owif;tcsuftvufESihf

qufoG,fa&;enf;ynmuJhodkYaom enf;ynmtokH;jyK

EdkifrIudk jr§ihfwifa&;wdkYyifjzpfygonf/

tawG;tac:rsm; ajymif;vJjcif; (Changing Thoughts)

½kH;oGm;zdkY tdrfatmufrSm BudK^ydkYum;udk qif;

apmihfae&if; tjzLESihf tpdrf;av;rsm; 0wfqifxm;onhf

62



ausmif;om;? ausmif;olav;rsm; ausmif;oGm;Muwmudk

awGUawmh cspfp&m aumif;vdkufwm[k jrifaerdonf/

t&G,ftvdkuf? twef;tvdkuf a,muFsm;av;? rdef;

uav; rcGJjcm;bJ twlwuG &,farm aysmf&TifaeykHu

vnf; tjypfuif;pifvGef;vSonf/ xdktjypfuif;pifrIrsm;

onf rdbrsm;\ oGefoifqkH;rrIjzihf ,Ofaus;pGm BuD;

jyif;rI tay:rSmvnf; rlwnfygonf/ tdrfwGif rdb?

ausmif;wGifq&mqdkouJhodkY xdkuav;rsm;\ b0tm;

aeYpOfrjywf teD;uyfMuyfrwfaerItay:wGif vdkufí

ajymif;vJaernf jzpfygonf/

wpfaeY uRefrqDodkY i,foli,fcsif;jzpfol &efukef

rS oli,fcsif;rwpfa,muf vmvnfygonf? ol\

trsKd;om;aejynfawmfwGif wm0efxrf;aqmif&ojzihf

a,mifaemuf qHxkH;ygtwdkif; rvdkufcsifbJ vdkufcJh&

jcif; jzpfygonf/ olu NrdKU ESpfNrdKUudk EdIif;,SOfí tm;om

csuf? tm;enf;csufrsm;udk a0zefajymjyaeygonf/

olu wpfOD;wnf;aomorD;? csrf;omonhf rdbtodkif;

t0ef;rS arG;zGm;vmonhfol? bGJUvnf;&cJhí ynmwwf

onf[kvnf; ajymEdkifygonf/ olUtrsKd;om;ESihfvnf;

uRefrwdkYu oli,fcsif;rsm;jzpfcJhí ol\tEdkif,l vTrf;

rdk;rIonf ,aeYtxd &Sdaeao;aMumif; awGUjrifcJh&yg

onf/

oluom;av;wpfa,mufom arG;xm;onf/

wpfOD;wnf;aom orD;jzpfayr,fh arG;csif;rsm;rsm;

vdkcsifonfr&SdcJh? olUvdkyif wpfOD;wnf; tukefvkH; pkNyHK

&apcsifonhf qEESihf jzpfcJhonf/ twåu uav;arG;wm

rSmawmif BuD;cJhonf/ olUtay: tcspfa&m? tMuifemyg

ykHatm ay;xm;onhf cifyGef;udkvnf; tavQmhay;jcif;

r&SdcJh? om;udkvnf; olUykHpH0ifatmif aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sd

onf? olUom;us&ifawmh rdef;r,l&if ynmwwf? aqGrsKd;

*kPfjrihfNyD; olUom;tay: c,atmufusKdUwwfwJh rdef;

uav;rsKd;eJ YrS ay;pm;csifonf[k qdkvmavonf/

rnfonhf rdef;uav;rQ wefonf[k rxif? olom;u

wpfOD;wnf;aomom;rdkU rdef;r,l&ifvnf; olwdkYESihfom

ae&rnf? olUom;udkvnf; bk&ifwpfqlvdk xm;&rnf?

olUom;u rSm;ae&ifawmifacR;ru onf;cH&rnfwJhav/

uRefr olajymwmudk em;axmif&if; pdwfxJu

ajymaerdonf/ b,frdef;uav; rdbu udk,hforD;udk

ynmwwf? tqihfjrih fjrih f wnfaxmifay;xm;NyD;

a,mu©rtdrfwuf? a,musfm;rsufESmMunhfNyD; tESdrfcH

b0rSm aecdkif;rSmvJ/ 'Dacwf&JUtaetxm;udkvnf;

enf;enf;avmuf avhvmMunhfygOD;oli,fcsif;[k ajym

vdkufcsifonf/ 'gayrJh i,fi,fuwnf;rSpí wuú

odkvftxd twlwufcJhwJhol? oli,fcsif;awGxJrSmvJ

tm;vkH;u olUudk tavQmhay;onf;cHcJh&wJhol? tEdkif,l

wwfonfhtusifhav;rSvGJí tppt&m&m pdwfa&m?

udk,fa&m tultnDay;wwfolrdkY ajymrxGufEdkifcJh/

olvnf;rdef;ryJ[m rdef;uav;awGudk ESdrfESdrf

cscs ajymwmawmh vGefvGef;onf/ ckacwf rdef;uav;awG

urÇmrSmyg &ifabmifwef;aeEdkifNyDudk rodava&mh

ovm;? tEdkifusifhpdk;rdk;onfh taMumif;w&m;rsm;ESihf

trsKd;om; OD;pm;ay;0g'jzihf urÇmBuD;tm; rwnf

aqmufoihfaMumif; rodava&mhovm;? tESdrfcHb0

trsKd;orD;awG? rdef;cav;i,fawGtwGuf qkH;jzwfcsuf

csrSwfEdkifrnhf tcef;u@rsm;tm;vkH;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;

yg0ifEdkif&rnfudk yef;wdkif (5) u OD;pm;ay;taumif

txnfazmfaqmif&Gufaewm rodava&mhovm;? olU

usawmh rajymvdkufcsifbl;[k pdwfxJu ajymaerdonf/

xdkYtwlyif tvkyfxJ0ifrS oli,fcsif;jzpfvmol

orD;wpfa,mufrdcifESihf pum;pyfía&mufwwf&m&m

ajymMunhfrdawmh olu olUorD;\ ynma&;udk txl;

tav;xm;í oifay;rnfqdkonhftaMumif;? ynm

wwf? tvkyftudkif aumif;aumif;&Sdaeygu tdrfaxmif

us&ifawmifrS a,musfm;a&m? a,mu©ra&m *½kpdkufp&m

rvdkonhftaMumif;? ypönf;uvnf; oihfwihfoavmuf

&Sdaeonfqdkawmh ESdrfcsqufqHonhf tdrfaxmifESihf

awGUygu csufjcif;uGJvm&rnfqdkonhf taMumif;awGudk

olu ajymaeayonf/ pdwfxJwGifawmh i,foli,fcsif;

jzpfoludk ajy;jrifaerdonf/ rdbawGawmh t,ltqawG

tawmfvGJaeMuNyD? tawG;tac:awGu taumif;buf

63

twJG(5)? trSwf-1


odkY OD;wnfjcif;r&SdbJ tqdk;bufodkY a&mufaeMuNyD

jzpfygonf/

*g&a0gpw&m; tav;xm;onhf uRefrwdkY

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif BuD;oludk½dkao? &G,fwludk av;pm;?

i,foludk oem;[lonhf pum;pkrsm;onf pmtkyfxJ

rSmyif usefaecJhavNyDvm;? a,musfm;av;&Sifa&m?

rdef;uav;&Sifa&m twåudkyJ udk;uG,faeMuNyDvm;?

oihfwihfrQwaom t,ltqwpfckavmufjzihf uav;

rsm;em;vnfatmif ajymjyoihfonf/ rdrdtwåudkyJ

tav;rxm;oihf? tckawmh 'DykHpHtwdkif; em;oGif;xm;

&ifjzihf odwwfp a,musfm;av;\ pdwfwGif igu

a,musfm;av;yJ jrihfw,f? jrwfw,f ydkwefzdk;&Sdw,f?

rdef;r,l&ifawmhigajymwm? igvkyfwmcH&rSmyJ[lonhf

pdwf½dkif;rsKd;0ifoGm;EdkifNyD; pmem oem;wwfonhfpdwf?

cspfcifMuifemwwfonhfpdwfonf ykef;vQKd uG,faysmuf

oGm;rnf jzpfygonf/

xdkodk Yyif rdef;uav;\ pdwfxJwGifvnf;

ckacwfu rdef;rawGuvnf; tvkyfvkyfae&wmyJ?

igvnf; ynmwwfw,f? tvkyftudkifvnf;aumif;

w,f? a,mu©rvnf; *½kpdkufp&m rvdkbl;? a,mufsm;

vnf; *½krpdkufbl;? uav;u taESmiftzGJUyJ? uav;

vnf; arG;csifrS arG;rSmaygh? tdrftvkyfvnf; vkyfcsifrS

vkyfrSmayghqdkonhf tawG;rsm;jzihf nOhfeufoef;acgifrS

tdrfjyefvm? tdrfaxmifOD;pD;qdkonhf tav;xm;&rnhf

ae&mudkvnf; rodcsifa,mifaqmifum ESpfa,mufom;

o[Zmw rjzpfEdkifrIrsm;vnf; &SdvmEdkifovdk aemuf

rsKd;quf&Sm;yg;jcif;yg BuHKawGU&Edkifygonf/

ajymif;vJvmonhf acwfa&pD;aMumif;xJwGif

urÇmonf &GmBuD;wpf&GmjzpfvmcJhNyD jzpfygonf/

rdkbdkif;zkef;? tifwmeufponfwdkYrS ,Ofaus;rIcsif;?

"avhp½dkufcsif;? tajymtqdkcsif;? tpm;taomufcsif;

ponfwdkYonf ul;vl;qufEG,fvsuf&SdvmNyDjzpfonf?

xdkodkY ul;vl;qufqHvmjcif;rSwpfqihf usm;^r wef;wl

nDrQrI&&Sda&;tm; wpfvGJrawG;oihfay/ aygufuGJxGuf

vkrwwfjzpfaeonhf urÇm\ tcsKdU? tcsKdUaomae&m

rsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;? trsKd;orD;i,frsm;? rdef;uav;

i,frsm;onf rwlnDonhf "avhxkH;wrf;rsm;? rQwrI

r&Sdonhf Oya'rsm;? pD;yGm;a&;rajyvnfonfh qif;&JwGif;

eufrIrsm;udk tajccHí 'ku©vdIif;wHydk;atmufwGif epf

jr§Kyfvsuf&Sdovdk trsKd;om;rsm;ESihf wef;wltcGihfta&;

r&&SdEdkif jzpfaeMuygonf/ xdkodkYaom taMumif;w&m;

rsm;twGuf yef;wdkif (5)udk csrSwfcJhí taumiftxnf

azmf&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfygonf/

a,musfm;av;rsm;\ pdwfxJwGif rdef;uav;

rsm;tm; Edkifpm;jcif;? ESdrhfcsjcif;? rwlrwefjcif; ponhf

r[mtiftm;BuD; ]]zdk}}0g' rusihfokH;oihfovdk? rdef;

uav;rsm;\ pdwfxJwGifvnf; a,musfm;av;rsm;tm;

*½krpdkufjcif;? tav;rxm;jcif;? zufNydKif wkyjcif;rsm;

jzihf zm;wkvdkY c½kckefjcif;rsm; r&Sdwef&may/ tdrfaxmif

wpfck xlaxmifcJh&ifjzihf a,musfm;av;uvnf; zcif

jzpfcGihfudk t&,lapcsifovdk zcifwm0efudkvnf; &J&J

0Hh0Hh ,lapcsifygonf/ xdkodkYyif rdef;uav;bufuvnf;

vlUtoufwpfacsmif;tm; b0wpfckodkY ac:aqmifay;

Edkifonhf jrihfjrwfonhf rdcifb0tm; vspfvsLr½IapcsifbJ

rdcif wm0eftm; raMumufr&GHU xrf;aqmifoihfygonf/

uav;b0qdkonfu jzLpifvGef;vSonf/

xdkodkY taetxm;rsm;udk rdbrsm;u rzsufpD;apcsif?

xdkjzLpifrIrsm;twGif; rdbwdkY\ tawG;rSm;? t,ltq

rSm;pum;rsm;jzihf OD;aESmuftdk;xJodkY tqdyfa&avmif;

xnhfovdk rjzpfoihfay/ rdbrsm;\ pdwfxJwGifawmh

udk,hfom;orD;onf tzdk;wefonfcsnf;yif/ b,folu

b,fvdk ydkwefzdk;&Sdonf rajymapcsif? tjzLa&mifudk

tpGef;txif;rjzpfapcsif? ½dkif;pdkif;rIudk oifwef;ray;

oihf? uRefr\ pdwfxJwGifawmh a,musfm;av;rsm;a&m?

rdef;uav;rsm;a&m yef;cif;xJu yef;uav;rsm;uJhodkY

ta&miftaoG;pkHnDpGm? &eHYrsKd;pkHoif;ysHUpGm yGihfvsuf

avmuBuD;udk tvSqifaeMuonf[k jrifrdygaMumif;/

64



ed'gef;,aeYacwf vli,frsm;taejzifh pmzwfonfh tavhtx tvGefenf;yg;

vmMujyD; enf;ynmzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIa&pD;aMumif;twdkif; aeYpOfpD;arsmvdkufyg

vsuf&Sdygonf/ ,cktcsdeftcgwGif taMumif;t&mwpfckESifhywfoufí odvdkaom

tcsuftvufrsm;udk tifwmeufwGif vG,fvifhwul &SmazGavhvmvdkufpm;í

&aomtcsdefvnf;jzpfygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; vli,ftrsm;pktaejzifh pmzwfjcif;

xuf tjcm;aomt&mrsm; (Oyrm- abmvkH;yGJMunfhjcif;? vufzuf&nfqdkifxdkifjcif;?

azhpfbGwfokH;jcif;ESifh *drf;upm;jcif;)wGif ¤if;wdkYtcsdef\ okH;ykHESpfykHtm; jzKef;wD;

vmMuonfudk avhvmawGU&Sd&ygonf/

65

pmzwfrSomvQif taumif;^tqdk;udk a0zef

ydkif;jcm;odjrifEdkifrnfjzpfyg onf/ odkYjzpfygí a0zefrI

r&SdvQif pmay;a&;om;rIrsm; rjynfhpkHEdkifojzifh vli,f

rsm; a0zefa&;pmrsm; a&;om;&ef vdktyfygaMumif;?

ra0zefvQif rnfolrS tjynfhtpkH rjrifEdkifygaMumif;?

a0zefrSomvQif ,if;½Iaxmif hudkodjrifrSmjzpfNyD;

vdktyfcsufrsm; udk jznfhpGufEdkifrnf jzpfygaMumif;

a0ze fa&;pmayynm&Si fr sm;u qd k Muygonf/

b0twGuf a&G;cs,fp&mjzpfonfh Triple C Change

(ajymif;vJrI)? Chance (tcGifhta&;)? Choice (a&G;cs,frI)

udk rSefrSefuefuef qkH;jzwfa&G;cs,fwwf&ef pmzwfjcif;

jzifh jywif;aygufjyifywGif&dSaombufqDrS zGHUNzdK;wdk;

wufrIqDodkY ta&mufavQmufvSrf;Edkifrnfjzpfygonf/

pmzwfjcif;\ tusKd;aus;Zl;(10)rsKd;pmzwfjcif;\ tusKd;aus;Zl;(10)rsKd;udk atmufyg

twdkif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/

1/ OD;aESmuf,dk,Gif;rIudk umuG,fay;Edkifjcif; (Mental

Stimulation)?

2/ pdwfzdpD;rIudk avQmhcsay;Edkifjcif; (Stress Reduction)?

3/ rSwfÓPfudk wdk;jr§ifhay;Edkifjcif; (Memory Impro-

vement)?

4/ pum;a0g[m&<u,f0í b0aexdkifenf;udk ydkif;

jcm;odwwfjcif; (Vocabulary Expansion) ?

5/ tm½kHpl;pdkufrIESifh awG;awmEdkifjcif; (Improved

Focus and Concentration)?

6/ vGwfvyfaomazsmfajzrIjzpfonfhtwGuf rouf

romaom cE¨mudk,fudk cPwmtm½kHvGJapedkif

jcif;ESifh emusifrIudk ajzazsmufEdkifjcif; (Free

Entertainment)?

7/ jyif;jyif;xefxef pdppfawG;ac:EdkifrIpGrf;&nfjzifh

pdwf"mwfus tm;i,frIrsm;udk ukpm;ay;Edkifjcif;

(Stronger Analytical Thinking Skills)?

8/ A[kokwrsm;<u,f0NyD; udk,fcsif;pmw&m;rsm;

jynfh0vmjcif; (Knowledge)?

9/ um,uH 0pDuH raemuHrsm;udk tapmwvsifrjyKbJ

xdef;odrf;wwfjcif; (Tranquility)?

10/ pmay\wefzdk;udk ydkíodwwfjcif;jzifh aumif;rGef

aom pma&;om;rIpGrf;&nf wdk;wufvmjcif; (Better

Writing Skills)/

wdkufyGJrsm;tpm; Nidrf;csrf;jcif;udk o,faqmifay;Edkifaom pmzwfjcif;

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70



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71

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t&nftcsif; wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmap&eftwGuf jyKrl

tyfaomt&mrsm;tm; tBuHKjyKwifjyvdkygonf/

(1) Self-access (rdrdudk,fwdkif &SmazGa&G;cs,f oif,lrI)

(2) Self-appointed (rdrdudk,fwdkif owfrSwfxm;aom

rdrd\ae&m)

(3) Self-confidence (rdrdudk,frdrd ,kHMunfrI)

(4) Self-educated (rdrdudk,fwdkif avhvmwwfajrmuf

jcif;)

ponhf tcsufrsm;jzihf jynhfpkHap&ef BudK;pm;Mu

&rnf/

(1) Self-access

(rdrdudk,fwdkif &SmazGa&G;cs,f oif,lrI),aeYacwfonf IT (Information Technology)

acwfjzpfaomaMumihf enf;ynm tokH;jyKrI uRrf;usif&ef

vdktyfonf/ Computer tokH;jyK&mwGif Word , Excel ,

Power Point rsm;omru Website tokH;jyKykH? Google

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vdktyfonf/ xdkYjyif t*Fvdyfbmompum; ajymqdk a&;

om;zwf½IEdkif&efvnf; ta&;BuD;onf/

xdkt&mrsm; uRrf;usifwwfajrmuf&eftwGuf

Computer Training Center , Language Training Center

rsm;odkY oGm;a&muf oifMum;Edkifaomfvnf; tpOfwpdkuf

avhvmrIrjyKvkyfygu oifwef;wufrIonf tcsnf;ESD;

yif jzpfayonf/ Training Center rsm;rS ydkYcsoifMum;rIrsm;

onf Theory ydkif;t& trsm;qkH;jzpfNyD; Practical ydkif;

wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmap&ef rdrdudk,fwdkif avhusihf

oif,lrI jyK&ayrnf/

Computer Skills wdk;wufvmap&eftwGuf

Word File wGif Typing avhusihfívnf;aumif;? Excel

File wGif Calculation avhusihfüvnf;aumif;? Power

Point File wGif Own Thinking Key Note Design rsm;

a&;qGJ avhusihfívnf;aumif; aeYpOf Practice jyKvkyf

&ef vdktyfonf/

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vmap&eftwGufvnf; Grammar rsm; avhvmjcif;?

Phonetic rsm; avhvmjcif;wdk Ytjyif Listening Skill

aumif;rGefvmap&eftwGuf English Songs , Dialogue ,

Conversation rsm;tm; &SmazG em;axmifrIrsKd; jyKvkyfoihf

ayonf/

(2) Self-appointed

(rdrdudk,fwdkif owfrSwfxm;aom rdrd\ae&m)]]ae&m}}qdkaom pum;vkH;onf vlwpfa,muf

\ b0twGuf vGefpGm ta&;BuD;onf/ rdrd ydkifqdkifxm;

aom b0ae&m? rdrdydkifqdkifcsifaom b0 ae&m ponf

wdkYtm; aocsmpGm od&Sdxm;oihfonf/ odkYrSom rdrd

jzpfcsifaom pdwful;tdrfrufrsm; taumiftxnf

ay:aygufvmap&eftwGuf rnfrQBudK;pm;&rnfudk

cefYrSef; od&SdEdkifrnf jzpfonf/

xdkYtwlyif rdrd\cH,lcsuf? pdwfaepdwfxm;

Self-educated (rdrdudk,fwdkif avhvmwwf ajrmufjcif;)

qdkonfrSm rnfol wpfOD;wpfa,mufrS

oifMum;ay;jcif;rsKd;r[kwfbJ rdrdbmom

pOf;pm;awG; ac: jcif;jzihf tawG;opf? tjrifopfrsm;

zefwD;jcif;udk qdkvdkonf/

72



rsm;udk xm;&Sd&mae&monf jzLpifoefY&Sif;aeap&ef vdk

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wpfckay;tyfaom tcsdefwGif rdrdudkyJapcdkif;onf[laom

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BuD;onf/

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vkyfazmfudkifzuf rsm;\ av;pm;rI? ,kHMunftm;udk;rItm;

ydkifqdkif&vdrhfrnf jzpfygonf/

(3) Self-confidence (rdrdudk,frdrd ,kHMunfrI) ,kHMunfrIonf vlwpfOD;ESihfwpfOD;tMum;

aygif;oif;qufqH&mwGif &mEIef;jynhf ta&;ygaom

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us½IH;rIonf xdk,kHMunfrIay:wGif rlwnfaeonf/ vkyf

ief;udpöwpfck aqmif&Guf&mü rdrdudk,frdrd ,kHMunfrI

jzpfay:ap&eftwGuf rdrdwGif t&nftcsif;rsm; jynhf0

ae&ef vdktyfonf/

xdkYaMumihf ysif;&dNiD;aiGUwwfaom tusihfqdk;

rsm;udk z,f&Sm;í vkyfief;wm0efrsm;tm; pdwf0ifwpm;

avhvmjcif;jzihf rdrdudk,frdrd ,kHMunfrIrsm; wnfaqmuf

Edkifygonf/

(4) Self-educated

(rdrdudk,fwdkif avhvmwwfajrmufjcif;) Self-educated (rdrdudk,fwdkif avhvmwwf

ajrmufjcif;) qdkonfrSm rnfol wpfOD;wpfa,mufrS

oifMum;ay;jcif;rsKd;r[kwfbJ rdrdbmom pÚf;pm;awG;

ac:jcif;jzihf tawG;opf? tjrifopfrsm; zefwD;jcif;udk

qdkvdkonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&; ponf

wdkYtm; trSeftrSm;? taumif;tqdk;? tem*wfwGif

jzpfay:Edkifacs&Sdaom t&mrsm;tm; udk,fydkiftawG;

tac:rsm;jzihf a0zefqef;ppfEdkifrIudk qdkvdkygonf/

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tawG;tac:onf &ihfusufrIESihf A[kokw jynhf0ae&ef

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jyKvkyfoihfayonf/

pma&;ol\ tBuHjyKtrSmpum;Management oifwef;rsm; rwufcif rdrd\

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LCCI oifwef;rsm; rwufcif rdrd\ udk,fydkifaiG

tm; Balance nDrQpGm tokH;jyKwwfEdkifap&ef BudK;pm;yg/

73

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csif;jynfe,f\ trsKd;om;aeYudk ESpfpOfazazmf0g&Dv (20) &ufaeYwGif

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76



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