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Megha Aggarwal

Dr. (Prof.) Sanjay Gupta

School of Planning & Architecture, New Delhi

Contents

• Introduction

• Delhi – Scenario

• Literature Review

• Survey Details & Findings

• Scenario Development

• Conclusions

Introduction - Background

URBAN TRANSPORT SCENE

• Motorization Rate (India)

• 1991-2001 – 10%

• 2001-2005 – 12.3%

• 2005-2011 – 16-18%

2010 – No. of Registered Motor

Vehicles = 136.8 million.

Source: SIAM (2012)

Delhi – Highest level of motorization; as well

as highest no. of cars (106 cars / 1000

population; 0.31 cars per HH in 2011)

83%

17%

% Cars

Registered

MV other

than Cars

Cars

Research Need & Objectives

Research Need

• There is an alarming increase in

car ownership levels resulting in

increased congestion levels,

pollutions , safety issues, etc.

• While national policies do

emphasize on public transport

usage there is very little thrust on

ways to achieve restraint on car

ownership and its usage

• Insignificant empirical studies in

mega cities like Delhi on measures

to restraint car ownership and its

use.

Objectives of the Study

• To review the best practices for

restraining car ownership & usage.

• To assess the socio-economic and

mobility patterns of car-users.

• To study the attitudinal behavior

of car users in selected case study

locations in Delhi towards using of

cars & the deterring factors

prohibiting their public transit

usage.

• To evolve alternate policies &

strategies for restraining car

ownership and its use.

Car Ownership Scenario

• 2011 – 17.8 lakh cars (106

cars / 1000 popn.)

• AAGR in no. of cars –

• 1990s – 8%p.a.

• 2000-2010 – 13%.

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00

10.00 12.00 14.00

1 9 9 0 -9

1

1 9 9 1 -9

2

1 9 9 2 -9

3

1 9 9 3 -9

4

1 9 9 4 -9

5

1 9 9 5 -9

6

1 9 9 6 -9

7

1 9 9 7 -9

8

9 8 -9

9

9 9 -0

0

2 0 0 0 -0

1

2 0 0 1 -0

2

2 0 0 2 -0

3

2 0 0 3 -0

4

N o

. o f

C a rs

( in

L a k

h s)

Year

Car Ownership Trend - Delhi

no. of

cars (in

lakhs)

Mode Share

• Car constituted

almost 40% of the

total traffic but has

only 9% modal share. Source: RITES (2007)

Car Usage (Car Travel Characteristics)

• Average Trip Length by Car – 15.5 km.

• Av. Car Utilization Rate per day – 36km. – 45 km.

Delhi - Scenario

What is happening on Delhi Roads??

Only 1 lane

left for moving

vehicles

2 lanes

encroached

upon by parking

Lajpat Nagar Market

Traffic Jam at Ashram Flyover Traffic Jam at Mathura Road

Karol Bagh Market

More than half of the

carriageway is under

parking

Literature Review - Car Ownership

Restraint Policy Examples:

1. Car License Quota

No intervention on car

ownership policy

Rigidly limited quota of car

license Eg. Beijing Eg. Shanghai

C ar

o w

n e rs

h ip

1986

2009

1.4 cars / 1000 pop. 0.90 cars / 1000 pop.

220 cars / 1000 pop. 80 cars / 1000 pop.

2. Vehicle Quota System, Singapore Fixed growth rate of car/annum

-1990 – 3% P.A.

- 2009 - 1.9% P.A.

Certificate of Entitlement (Coe)

Bidding Process

3. Increase in Taxes on Car Price, Japan

Car Ownership Restraint Policies

Licensing System Taxation (Excise

Duty, Road Tax,

Etc.)

Increasing

Interest Rate On

Car Loans

 Have only short-term effect,

 Delays purchase of car,

 Leads to shift from higher to lower

model of particular make

 Based on fixed saturation level for

the city

 License plates are auctioned or

given on certain other criteria like

availability of parking space at

residential area

Relevance in Delhi’s Scenario:

1. Fixing up of Saturation level can be done, but ensuring a transparent &

equitable bidding system will be a challenge.

2. Fixing up of quota according to availability of parking space at residential

area.

3. Increasing interest rates on car price can only be feasible if the interest

rate is increased annually according to the increase in per-capita income.

Expert’s Opinion:

1. Vehicle Quota System, Resident Parking Permit Program may prove to be

relevant and feasible for car ownership restraint in Delhi.

• Summary:

Literature Review - Car Ownership

Restraint Policy (cont.)

Impact:

- 32% reduction in travel times

- 8.75 – 10 lakhs passenger / day

- decrease in air pollution - 43% reduction in SO2, 18%

reduction NO2, & 12% reduction in particulate matters

- Fatality rate dropped by 42%.

Car Use Restraint

Examples:

1. Congestion Charging – London, Singapore

Impact:

1. Total Traffic Volume

decreased by upto

14% in 1 year.

2. Modal share of car

has decreased by

over 36% in the

cordoned zone

3. PT usage has

increased by over

30%

CORDONED ZONE

CONGESTION

CHARGING

SIGNS AT THE

EDGE OF THE

ZONES

PUBLIC TELEPHONES

WITH INTERNET

PAYMENT OPTION

CAMERAS

WITHIN THE

ZONE

SIGNAGE & USE OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE CORDONED ZONE

CHANGES IN THE VOLUME OF INBOUND

TRAFFIC DURING THE MORNING & EVENING

PEAK HOURS SINCE 1975.

LOCATION OF ALS

RESTRICTED ZONE,

SINGAPORE

AREA LICENSING SCHEME, SINGAPORE

ALS RESTRICTED ZONE

WARNING SIGN

Impact:

1. Total Traffic

Volume decreased

by upto 37% in 1

year.

2. Modal share of car

decreased by over

70% in the ALS

zone.

2. Oxford Park & Ride System

Dedicated bus service from park & ride

sites to all activity areas – segregated

bus lanes, bus priority system

- 2 in 5 cars shifted to the system (1.3

million car/day less on road)

- Modal share of bus increased from

50% to 80% (in 12 years)

3. Enhancing PT supply & coverage (Bogota’s Transmillenio)

Relevance in Delhi’s Scenario:

1. Congestion charging can be adopted in places like CP, Chandni Chowk,

ITO which have good connectivity by metro & bus.

2. Park & Ride strategy is highly relevant. (Park & Ride sites can be

proposed at various regional parks, stadiums, etc. and these should be

complemented with shuttle service to the activity area.)

3. Enhancing PT supply & coverage would be highly relevant, if supported by

feeder service, pedestrian pathways, state of art infrastructure, multi-

modal integration, etc.

Expert’s Opinion:

1. Hiked & variable parking fees, park & ride facility, enhancing PT supply &

coverage have been rated as relevant policies by experts. Whereas

congestion pricing, car pool, etc. were regarded as not efficient policies

for restraining car use.

Survey Details and Findings –

Case Study Area

• Case Study Selection criteria – Car Trip Attraction Intensities,

access to Public Transport, Hierarchy of use zone.

MAP: Car OD Pattern – Delhi

(Source: RITES, 2007)

Use Type / Activity

Node

Access To PT

Bus Only Bus + Metro

Commercial Areas South Ex. Lajpat Nagar

G.K. Market Connaught Place

Work Zone

Bhikaji

Cama

Place

I. P. Estate

Nehru Place

Saket

Lodi Institutional Area

Table: Case Study Selection

Case Study - Information

Aspect Commercial Centers

Lajpat Nagar Connaught Place

No. of Establishments 234 462

Footfalls / day 16000 250000

Parking Space 2621 E.C.S. 10326 E.C.S.

Aspect Work Zones

Bhikaji Cama

Place

I.P. Estate

Footfalls / day 17500 15000

Surveys Conducted & Sample Covered

S.No. Aspect

1 Personal or HH Information (HH Income, Vehicle Ownership Details,

Car usage)

2 General Car Use (ATL, CU, Trip Purpose)

3 Attitudinal Survey (Reason for choosing Car & not PT; willingness to

shift to PT)

4

Pre