manuel de référence de la cedeao en hausa

Commission Nationale

UNESCO/ISESCO

NIGER

TTssaarrii nn sshh iimmffiiɗɗaa yyaannaayyii nn zzaammaann ll aaffii yyaa,, ddaa kkaarree hhaakkkkookkii nn ɗɗaann AAddaamm ddaa hhaall ii nn kkaassaanncceewwaa

ccii kkaakkkkeenn ɗɗaann ƙƙaassaa,, ddaa ttaabbbbaattaarr ddaa ddeemmookkaarraaɗɗii yyaa ddaa kkuummaa hhuu llɗɗaa ttssaakkaann ii nn ƙƙaassaasshheenn yyaannkkii nn

LLiittttaaffiinn kkooyyaarrwwaa nnaa ƙƙaassaasshheenn CCEEDDEEAAOO

JJaaggoorraann mmaallaammaann hhoorrooHHaauussaa


UNESCO/ISESCO

NIGER

LLii tttt aaff iinnkkooyyaarrwwaannaaƙƙaassaasshheennCCEEDDEEAAOO

Editions

Gashingo

Abubuwan da ke ciki a taƙaice

1Tsarin shimfiɗa yanayin zaman lafiya, riga-kafin rikice-rikice da tsarin sulhunta su

2Hakkokin ɗan Adam

3Halin kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa da nuna kishin ƙasa

4Dimokuraɗiyya da ingantaccen jagoranci

5Jinsi, kyakkyawar hanyar zaman lafiya da ci-gaba

6Kiwon lafiyar jama’a, kare mahalli da ci-gaba mai ɗorewa

7Hulɗa tsakanin ƙasashen yankin CDEAO

Composition : Editions Gashingo

BP 1 06 Niamey - Tél +227 20 72 58 08

[email protected]

ISBN : 978-2-91 9607-1 8-1

© 4ème Trimestre 201 3

CN-UNESCO/MEP-A-PLN-EC-DGPLN Niger

Shugabannin aikin fassara

Mallam Garba Maman/DGPLN

Issa Namata/CN-UNESCO

Masu fassara

Malama Hasana watara Ibirahim/DGAENF

Mahaman Raji Adamu/INDRAP

Mani Malam Sadiku/DGPLN-DELN

Mahaman Bashir Ibirahim/DGPLN-DREL

TAƘAITATTUN KALMOMI ................................................................4Ƙaddamarwa ...................................................................................6

Godiya .............................................................................................7

Gabatarwa .......................................................................................9

Jigo na 1: Tsarin shimfiɗa yanayin zaman lafiya, rigakafin rikice-rikice da tsarin sulhunta su...........................................................10Ƙaramin jigo na 1: Shimfiɗa yanayin zaman lafiya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Ƙaramin jigo na 2: Tsarin sulhunta rikice-rikice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

Jigo na 2: Hakkokin ɗan Adam .....................................................28

Ƙaramin jigo na 1: Tsare-tsare a fuskar duniya, na yankin CDEAO da naƙasa game da hakkokin ɗan Adam .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

Ƙaramin jigo na 2: Ƙa’idoji game da hakkokin ɗan Adam dabambancinsu da wasu hakkoki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

Jigo na 3: Halin kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa da nuna kishin ƙasa...54

Ƙaramin jigo na 1: Hal in kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

Ƙaramin jigo na 2: Hal in kishin ƙasa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

Jigo na 4: Dimokiraɗiya da ingantaccen jagoranci.......................68

Ƙaramin jigo na 1: Dimokiraɗiya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70

Ƙaramin jigo na 2: Ingantaccen jagoranci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77

Jigo na 5: Jinsi, kyakkyawar hanyar zaman lafiya da ci-gaba .....84

Ƙaramin jigo na 1: Fusa’ar aiki da jinsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87

Ƙaramin jigo na 2: J insi, matsalar girka zaman lafiya da ci-gaba . . . . . . . . . . .96

Jigo na 6: Kiwon lafiyar jama’a, kare mahalli da ci-gaba mai ɗorewa..104

Ƙaramin jigo na 1: Kiwon lafiya da kare mahall i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107

Ƙaramin jigo na 2: Ci-gaba mai ɗorewa .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114

Jigo na 7: Hulɗa tsakanin ƙasashen yankin CEDEAO....................120

Ƙaramin jigo na 1: Manufa da ayyukan da suka rataya wuyan CEDEAO .122

Ƙaramin jigo na 2: CEDEAO don amfanin jama’a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130

Rataye. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145

Abubuwan

dakeciki

ECOWAS

CEDEAO

- 4 -

AMAO: Asusun kuɗi na Afirka ta Yamma

BAD: Bankin ci-gaban Afirka

BIDC: Bankin zuba jari da ci-gaban CEDEAO

BRIC: Bankin zuba jari ta yankin ƙasashen CEDEAO

BM : Bankin duniya

CCDG : Cibiyar CEDEAO don kyautata fannin j insi

CEA: Ƙungiyar tattal in arzikin ƙasashen Afirka

CEAAC: Ƙungiyar tattal in arzikin ƙasashen Afirka ta tsakiya

CEDEAO: Ƙungiyar tattal in arzikin ƙasashen Afirka ta yamma

CEDEF: Yarjejeniya don kauda duk wani bambanci ko wata danniya da ake nuna ma ɗiya mata

CENSAD: Ƙungiyar ƙasashen yankin "Sahel da Sahara"

CER: Ƙungiyar tattal in arzikin yankin ƙasashen CEDEAO

CICR: Ƙungiyar agaji ta "CROIX ROUGE"

CILLSS: Kwamitin ƙasa da ƙasa mai kula da yaƙi da hammada a cikin yankin Sahel

CMS: Kwamitin sasantawa da tsaro

CNDD: Kwamtin ƙasa mai kula da dimokiraɗiya da ci-gaba

COMESA: Kasuwar tarayyar ƙasashen Afirka ta gabas da ƙasashin ƙudancin Afirka

CPCC: Dokokin riga-kafin rikice-rikice

CPI : Kotin shari ’a na duniya

CPLP: Ƙungiyar ƙasashe masu amfani da harshen "Portiganci"

CPS: Kwamitin tabbatar da zaman lafiya da tsaro

DIH : Dokokin duniya na ceton ɗan Adam

DUDH : Shelar Ƙasa da ƙasa a kan hakkin ɗan Adam

ECOMOG ECOWAS Monitoring groupe (Groupe de contrôle de cesser-le-feu de la CEDEAO)gungun kula da tsagaita wuta na CEDEAO

ECOWAS: Ƙungiyar tattal in arzikin ƙasashen Afirka ta yamma

ENOA: Makarantar horar da hafsoshin soja

EPU : Nazarin al ’amurran duniya na lokaci zuwa lokaci

FAO: Ƙungiyar abinci da aikin noma ta majal isar ɗinkin duniya

FAS: Ƙungiyar haɗin kan matan Afirka

FED: Matsayin ɗiya mace cikin ayyukan ci-gaba

TAƘAITATTUN KALMOMI

ECOWAS

CEDEAO

- 5 -

FMI : Asusun ba da lamuni na duniya

FRDC: Asusun ci-gaban ƙasashen CEDEAO

IFD: Sa ɗiya mata cikin ayyukan ci-gaba

IGAD: Hakumar ci-gaba ta ƙasa da ƙasa

IMAO: Ma’aikatar tsarin kuɗaɗe ta Afirka ta Yamma

IUCN : Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa don kariyar mahall i .

MGF: Sal latun ɗiya mata/Kungulum/kaciyar mata

OIF: Ƙungiyar ƙasashe masu amfani da harshen faransanci

OMD: Buri na ƙarni don ci-gaba

OMS: Ƙungiyar kiwon lafiya ta majal isar ɗinkin duniya

OMVS: Ƙungiyar raya kogin Senegal

ONG : Ƙungiya mai zaman kanta.

ONU : Majal isar ɗinkin duniya

OOAS: Ƙungiyar kiwon lafiya ta ƙasashen Afirka na Yamma

OUA: Ƙungiyar haɗin kan Afirka

PNUD: Tsarin raya ƙasashe masu tasowa na majal isar ɗinkin duniya

PRESPFECO: Ƙungiyar tabbatar da zaman lafiya da kariya zuwa ga matan yankin CEDEAO

SADC: Ƙungiyar ci-gaban ƙasashen kudancin Africa

UA: Ƙungiyar haɗin kan Afirka

UE: Ƙungiyar haɗin kan Turai

UEMOA: Ƙungiyar tattal in arzikin ƙasashen Afirka ta yamma masu amfani da kuɗin sefa (CFA)

UNESCO: Ƙungiyar kyautata i l imi da al 'adu, kimiyya ta majal isar ɗinkin duniya

UNIFEM : Asusun ci-gaban ɗiya mata na majal isar ɗinkin duniya

UNODC: Ofishin mai yaƙi da miyagun ƙwayoyi da kisan kai na majal isar ɗinkin duniya

UNFPA: Asusun majal isar ɗinkin duniya mai kula da ci-gaban al’umma

UNOWA: Ofishin majal isar ɗinkin duniya na ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma

ECOWAS

CEDEAO

- 6 -

Wannan littafin ja-gora ne namalaman horo na ƙasashenCEDEAO game da tsarin

shimfiɗa yanayin zaman lafiya, karehakkokin ɗan Adam da halin kasancewacikakken ɗan ƙasa, tabbatar da dimokiraɗiyada kuma hulɗa tsakanin ƙasashen yankin.

An kafa ƙungiyar tattal in arzikin ƙasashenAfirka ta yamma (CEDEAO) bayan watayarjejeniya da aka yi a Lagos (Nijeriya)ranar 28 ga watan mayu na 1975.

Babban burin ƙungiyar shi ne bunƙasa hulɗada ƙarfafa harakokin tattal in arziki tsakaninƙasashen don girka ƙungiyar tattal in arzikida tsarin kuɗaɗe don kyautata rayuwaral’ummomin ƙasashen Afirka.

A kwana a tashi, wannan burin ya ƙarainganci dangance da halin rayuwa na yau,da sababbi al ’amuran da suke aukuwa afuskar duniya da kuma hulɗoɗin da ke akwaitsakanin ƙasashen 15 na ƙungiyar. Wasumuhimman burorin ƙungiyar sun haɗa dadaidaita tsare-tsaren hulɗoɗi dabam-dabamda tabbatar da zaman lafiya tsakaninƙasashen, sulhunta rikice-rikice cikin ruwansanyi, kare hakkin ɗan Adam, da tabbatarda demokaraɗiya, ingantaccen jagoranci dakuma kyautata fannin shari’a.

Cim ma wannan muhimmin buri, aiki ne maiwuya cikin yanki mai yawan ƙabilu da al’aduda tsare-tsaren tattal in arziki da suka shabambam.

A halin yanzu, a fuskar duniya baki ɗaya ansan CEDEAO ƙungiya ce wadda take takarawar gani a fannin ƙarfafa hulɗa tsakaninƙasashenta. Wannan matsayi ya ɗaukotushe ne daga ƙoƙarin shugabannin da sukagirka ta, da kuma kuzarin shugabannin nayanzu.

Domin tabbatar da zaman lafiya da daidaitayanayin siyasa, ƙungiyar CEDEAO ta yiamfani da matakan riga-kafi da na tabbatarda zaman lafiya har ma da sa ƙarfin damtseinda abin ya yi ƙamari dangance da dokokinda ba su saɓa wa yarjejeniyar shekarar 1999bisa riga kafi, tsari da ciwo kan rikici, dayarjejeniya ta 2001 bisa tabbatar dadimokiraɗiya da ingantaccen jagoranci dadokokin riga kafin rikice-rikice na (2008), dakuma yarjejeniyar ƙungiyar CEDEAO ta 2003a game da tarbiyya da horo.

A tsawon shekaru 37 da kafa ƙungiyarCEDEAO musamman ma cikin shekaruntaashirin na farko, waɗannan dokokin da akazana, an ƙarfafa su da matakan siyasa dafusa’o’i dabam-dabam masu muhimmanci.Wannan ya kawo sulhunta rikice-rikice natsakanin al’ummomi da ƙabilu har ma dayaƙe-yaƙe na tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa.

Majal isar dokokin ƙungiyar, kotin shari’arta,da rundunan sojan ko-ta-kwana suna cikintsare-tsaren da babban taron shugabanninƙasashen suka kafa don ƙarfafa dokokin dakuma tsarin shimfiɗa zaman lafiya dakwanciyar hankali .

Duk da ingancin matakan da aka ɗauka, yacancanta a kimanta su, ko kuma a hangowasu fusa’o’i da dabarun da za su ba dadamar samun sakamako nagari a fannin ciwokan matsalol i . Game da haka, yin amfani datarbiya da horo ya zama tamkar ginshiƙinbunƙasa al’adu da zaman lafiya a cikinyankin Afirka ta Yamma.

Wannan abu ne mai ɗimbin muhimmancisaboda yawan matasa a cikin yankin, kumaya zama wajibi a horar da su cikinmakarantu a fannin zaman lafiya (yaramanyan gobe).

Ƙaddamarwa

ECOWAS

CEDEAO

- 7 -

A game da haka ne aka wallafa wannan ja-gora na haron malaman makaranta tare dataimakon abokan hulɗa musamman makungiyar kyautata il imi, kimiya da al’aducewa da UNESCO-BREDA ta majal isar ɗinkinduniya wadda take da cibiya a DAKARbabban birnin Senegal da kuma bankin ci-gaban Afirka (BAD).

Wannan littafi yana da muhimmanci ga dukama’abutan shimfiɗa zaman lafiya dakwanciyar hankali a cikin yankin ƙungiyarCEDEAO.

Littafin ya ƙunshi j igo bakwai (7) kamarhaka: tsarin shimfiɗa yanayin zaman lafiya,riga kafin rikice-rikice da tsarin sulhuntashi; hakkokin ɗan Adam; hal in kasancewaɗan ƙasa da nuna kishin ƙasa; dimokuraɗiyada ingantaccen jagoranci; jinsi, kyakkyawarhanyar zaman lafiya da ci-gaba; kiwonlafiyar jama’a, kare muhall i da ci-gaba maiɗorewa da hulɗa tsakanin ƙasashen yankin.Kowane jigo ya ƙunshi ƙananan jigogiwaɗanda suke farawa da gabatarwa, dal ittattafai na ja-gara, da manyan buroridomin taimaka wa malaman horo, da kuma

tsare-tsaren koyarwa waɗanda ake iyaamfani da su cikin duka ƙasashen CEDEAO.Haka zal ika, wannan ja-goran ya dace daduka ayyukan horon malammai makarantu.

Burin ƙarshe na wannan ja-gora, shi ne nahorar da mafi yawan ƴan ƙasashen CEDEAOa fanni dabam-dabam kamar kyawawanhalayen shimfiɗa zaman lafiya cikin yankin.

Ana gabatar da wannan jagora ga malamanhoro dabam-dabam don ƙasashen da ba suda irin wannan tsari su yi koyi da shi,waɗanda suke da kwatankwansa kuma sukyautata shi.

JJ aawwaabbii nn sshhuuggaabbaann

KKwwaammii tt ii nn ƙƙuunngg ii yyaarr CCEEDDEEAAOO

MMaall aamm KKaaddrréé DDééssii rréé OOuuééddrraaooggoo

Godiya

Ƙungiyar CEDEAO tana isar da matuƙar godiyarta zuwa ga BAD da UNESCO waɗanda suka kawo sahihin ƙoƙarinsuwajen wallafa wannan ja-gora.

Har ila yau CEDEAO tana isar da cikakkar godiyarta zuwa ga ƙwararrun ma’aikata na duka ƙasashe mambobinta dasuka taimaka wajen wallafa wannan ja-gora .

Muna kuma isar da godiyarmu musamman ma zuwa ga shuagabanni a fannin siyasa da na hukuma na ƙasashenCEDEAO da suka sauƙaƙa ayyukan tarurruka da aka gudanar a Dakar ,Lome, Wagadugu da Abuja.

Zuwa ga duka waɗannan abokan hulɗa muna nuna babban farin cikinmu dangance da burin da muka sa gaba donkyautata rayuwar al’ummominmu na CEDEAO.

ECOWAS

CEDEAO

- 8 -

Tunanin kafa ƙungiyar tattal in arzikinkasashen Afirka ta Yamma, abu newanda ya hana warwatsuwar

ƙasashen Afirka bayan samun ƴancin kai.

Da ma, wannan yarjejeniyar wadda ƙasashe15 na Afirka ta Yamma suka rattaba hannukanta a Lagos ranar 28 ga watan mayu 1975ta fara saƙa hulɗa tsakanin ƙasashen.

Burin shi ne na yaɗa hulɗa tsakaninƙasashen ta fannin tattal in arziki da al’aduda rayuwar al’umma har ma ta fanninsiyasa. Wannan hanya ce mafi kyau ta sakegina Afirka ta Yamma.

CEDEAO ta ɗauki nauyin bunƙasa hulɗartattal in arziki, ( kasuwar tarayyar da kuɗinna bai ɗaya), da bun ƙasa h u l ɗar s i yasa(majal isar dokokin ƙasashen, kwamitintattal in arziki da kyautata rayuwar al’umma,da kotin shari’a) da bunƙasa fannin tsaro(yarjejeniyar ECOMOG ta 1999).

A cikin matakai masu muhimmanci daƙungiyar ta dogara kansu akwai:

• Kare hakkin ɗan Adam;

• Tabbatar da dimokuraɗiya;

• Daidaita tsare-tsaren ci-gaba.

Sai dai akwai matsalol i da yawa masu kawocikas wajen cim ma wannan burin: saɓaninra’ayi tsakanin ƙasashen ƙungiyar danganceda rikicin siyasa da jagoranci, talauci darashin kwanciyar hankali da suka ɗaukotushe daga yaƙe-yaƙe a cikin ƙasashe dayawa na yankin.

Bayan wannan akwai ƙarancin tattal in arzikida rashin ingantattun hukumomi aƙasashen. Bayan wannan akwai kuma rashinaiki da dokoki dangance da zirga-zirgatsakanin ƙasashe.

Domin magance rikice-rikicen da suka kasaƙarewa, da matsalol in jagoranci, da kumatake hakkokin ɗan Adam, wajibi ne a sakehango wasu hanyoyi nagari. Saboda haka,koyar da kyawawan halaye da tabi’u amakarantu hanya ce mai muhimmanci.

Wannan ja-goran malaman horo na ƙasashenCEDEAO a game da tsarin shimfiɗa yanayinzaman lafiya, kare hakkokin ɗan Adam, halinkasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa, tabbatar dadimokuraɗiya da kuma hulɗa tsakaninyankin, an wallafa shi ƙarƙashin jagorancinofishin yanki na UNESCO da ke Dakar ƙasarSenegal tare da ban hannun bankin ci-gabanAfirka.

An wallafa shi don amfanin malaman horo namakarantun ƙasashen CEDEAO, an fassarashi da faransanci, ingil ishi da portiganci,kuma yanzu da harshen hausa.

A cikin wannan littafin, malami ko malamarhoro za su tsamo abubuwan da za ya/tataimaka masa/mata wajen ba da horo dagirka kyaukyawan halaye.

A ƙarshe, ana nufin horar da al’ummominƙasashen Afirka domin su samu cikakkuntabi’u waɗanda za su sukaka girkuwarzaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali donshimfiɗa yanayin ci-gaba mai ɗorewa.

Wannan ja-goran ya ƙunshi j igo 7, kowanejigo ya kasu gida biyu, kowane daga cikinƙananan jigogi yana nuna wani kyakkyawanhali da ya kamata a mallaka don cim maburin da ya ƙunsa.

An yi tsarin ɓangarorin koyarwa a cikin wanial lo mai fasalta jigo, sannan ga kowaneƙaramin jigo an ba da misal in darasinkoyarwa wanda mai ba da horon za yaamfani da shi dangance da halin da yakeciki.

Gabatarwa

ECOWAS

CEDEAO

- 9 -

A cikin jigogi daga na 1 zuwa na 7 ananeman girka muhimman halaye 3:

• Iya zama tare da jama’a don nemancim ma burin ci-gaba da kyautatahalayen zamantakewa a cikin yankinCEDEAO.

Ga sakamakon da ake jira:

Ya kasance kowane ɗan yankin CEDEAO yamallaki halaye kamar amincewa da ƙa’idarzaman tare da daidaita halayensa da nasauran ƴan ƙungiyar don cim ma burin daaka sa gaba.

• Tabbatar da kasancewarsa cikakkenɗan ƙungiyar ta hanyar yin amfani datunaninsa don samun cin gashin kansa


Ya kasance kowane ɗan yankin yana nazarinbayanan da yake samu, sannan ya aminceda abin day a dace don tafiyar da nauyin daya rataya wuyansa, a matsayinsa na ɗanCEDEAO.

• Kawo gudummawarsa tare da sauranƴan yankin wajen girka tsare-tsare datafiyar da su tare da kare hakkinsa dana sauran al’ummomi.


Ya kasance kowane ɗan yankin ya sanmanufar kowace ma’aikata ta CEDEAO kumaya kawo ƙoƙarinsa wajen kare hakkin ɗanAdam da kare demokuraɗiya da shimfiɗarda zaman lafiya, cikin ƙasarsa da kuma cikinyankin.

Kowace ƙasa mamba ta CEDEAO ta yi aiki dawannan littafin tare da ta daidaita shi datsare-tsarenta na koyarwa. A ƙarshe dai kara manta da burin da ƙungiyar CEDEAO ta sagaba.

Jawabin

Ann Thérèse NDONG-JATTA

Babbar daraktar UNESCO DAKAR.

1Tsarin shimfiɗayanayin zamanlafiya, rigakafinrikice-rikice datsarin sulhunta su

Jigo

“Yaƙe-yaƙe suna ɗaukar tushe a cikin kawunan mutane,

Kuma cikin kawunan mutane ne ya kamata a kiyaya zaman lafiya…”

Wata ayar daka ta kundin aikin UNESCO, 1945

EC O WA S

C

EDE AO

- 1 1 -

Tsarin shimfiɗa da yanayin zaman lafiya, riga-kafin rikice-rikice da tsarin sulhunta su

Tsarin shimfiɗayanayin zamanlafiya, rigakafinrikice-rikice datsarin sulhunta su

1. Shimfiɗa yanayin zaman lafiya.

2. Tsarin sulhunta rikice-rikice.

Gabatarwa

Zaman lafiya ya zamanto tsari ne na jama’a, ba a haifi ɗan Adam da shiba. Wani karin magana da ya samo tushe daga wajen Roma wadda atarihi ta shahara wajen yaƙi yakan danganta zaman lafiya da rikice-

rikice har ma da yaƙi: «maso zaman lafiya shi yake shirya yaƙi» ake faɗa.Amma kalmar shimfiɗar zaman lafiya ba ta dace ba da irin wannan maganarba. Saɓanin haka za a iya cewa natsuwa ita take haifar da zaman lafiya.

Duk da cewa ɗan Adam shi yake haddasa rikice-rikice, waɗanda suka samotushe daga fannoni dabam-dabam (na al’adu, na siyasa, na tattalin arziki, nazama cikin jama’a, na nuna launin fata, na ƙabilanci, na addini da saurasu.),wannan halin natsuwa yana ganar da cewa ya dace a koyi amfani dahanyoyin sulhunta rikice-rikice cikin ruwan sanyi don samun zaman lafiyamai ɗorewa. A ƙarshe wannan yake hujjanta alaƙar da ke tsakanin shimfiɗazaman lafiya da samun hanyoyin sulhunta rikici cikin ruwan sanyi.

Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u da kalmomi da halaye da kuma fusa’o’i don tabbatarda zaman lafiya da hanyar sulhunta rikice-rikice.

Ƙananan jigogi:

1. Shimfiɗa yanayin zaman lafiya.

2. Tsarin sulhunta rikice-rikice.

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Karamin jigo na 1: Tsarin shimfiɗa yanayinzaman lafiya

Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u, da kalmomi da halayen iya yi da wasu halaye don naƙaltar halayen zamanlafiya.

Maƙasudin darasi

• Naƙaltar al’adu da kalmomin da suka danganta da zaman lafiya da gudummawaral’ummar yankin.

• Kyautata fusa’o’in bunƙasa yanayin zaman lafiya da gudummawar al’ummar yankin.

• Tafiyar da ayyukan koyarwa dangance da zaman lafiya.

• Nuna kyawawin halaye na shimfiɗa zaman lafiya.

Abubuwan da darasin ya ƙunsa

Kalmar zaman lafiya

Ana iya ba da ma’anar zaman lafiya tamkar wani tsari na shimfiɗa al’adu, i l imi da nunahalaye, hazaƙa, na kyautata wa kai, da kyautatawa al’umma da kewaye.

Ma’anar zaman lafiya

Zaman lafiya ma nufin:

• Hal in ƙasashen da ba su cikin yaƙi: shimfiɗar da zaman lafiya a cikin duniya baki ɗaya;

• Barin kashe-kashe tsakanin ƙasashe biyu (2) ko fiye da haka da suka tsunduma cikinyaƙi: tattaunawa cimma yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya

• Halin haɗin kai da amincewa tsakanin ƴan ƙasa da, gungun jama’a da ke zaune wuriguda, rashin tashe-tashen hankulan jama’a: zaman lafiyar jama’a.

• Hal in gungun jama’a da ba su cikin sa-in-sa ko cikin rikici: zaman lafiya da lumana daabokan zama.

• Hal in kwanciyar hankali da lumana

• Halin matsuwa, kwanciyar hankali : samun kwanciyar hankali .

• Rashin kwaramniya da kwakwazo cikin wuri: kwanciyar hutawa.

Ire-iren zaman lafiya:

Zaman lafiya ya kasu gida biyu:

– Rashin muzgunawa ko rashin tashin hankali ,

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– yin tsayin daka don ƙarfafa zaman lafiyar, wannan irin zaman lafiyar ya haɗa da ayyukanshimfida shi da ake yi don kyautata rayuwar jama’a baki ɗaya, amma ba za a iya kiranshi bakwantaccen zaman lafiya. Har da haka waɗannan kyawawan halaye suna buƙatar a ƙarfafasu da tarbiya Girka irin wannan halin zaman lafiya yana buƙata waɗansu halaye nagari kamarhaka :

• Yahe wa juna;

• Sauraren juna;

• Tattaunawa;

• Yarda da ra’ayin game da kan wani al ’amari;

• Aiki da jinsi;

• Gaggauta shawarwari idan matsala ta ɓul lo kai;

• Hulɗa;

• Karfin nazari;

• Nauyin da ke kan al’umma.

Shimfiɗar zaman lafiya

"Tsari ne da ke ba da damar zaunar da yarda da hulɗa tsakanin al’ummomi da tsakanin ƙasashe. Wannan tsariyana sa a gano hanyoyin magance rikice-rikice cikin ruwan sanyi da ke iya tashi tsakanin al’ummomi ko kumatsakanin ƙasashe musamman ma ta hanyar amfani da tattaunawa maimakon ɗaukar makamai. [. . .Burin zamanlafiya ba sulhunta rikici ba ne ta kowane hali, amma yana nufin ciwo kan rikice-rikicen cikin kwanciyar hankaliba tare da muzgunawa ba. Shimfiɗa zaman lafiya yana nufin kare hakkokin ɗan Adam, haƙuri da juna, amfanida hanyoyi nagari na sulhunta rikice-rikice da kuma ci-gaban ɗan Adam da na al’umma."

A manufar majalisar ɗinkin duniya, shimfiɗar yanayin zaman lafiya halaye ne da tabi’u waɗanda suke yinAllah wad da halin muzgunawa kuma suke yin riga-kafin tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin al’ummomi da ƙasashe(matakan majalisar ɗinkin duniya).

"Shimfiɗa yanayin zaman lafiya hali ne na canza halaye da wasu tabi’u wajen mutane da tsare-tsaren jagorancita yadda za a samu girkuwar zaman lafiya da kauce wa rikice-rikice don bunƙasa zaman lafiya."

Horo game da zaman lafiya

Koyar da halayen zaman lafiya, horo ne don samun cikakken ɗan ƙasa mai bayar da haɗin kai,wanda ya san matsayinsa cikin al ’umma, mai darajanta al’adun wasu, wanda ya san amfaninƴanci, mai girmamawa da kiyayewa, wanda yake iya riga-kafin rikice-rikice ko sulhunta sucikin ruwan sanyi.

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Kamar shimfiɗar zaman lafiya, koyar da halayen zaman lafiya ya dogara ga halaye na tarihi,al ’adu da tattal in arzikin kowace ƙasa. Ana iya cewa koyar da halayen zaman lafiya ya ɗaukoasal i daga tsare-tsaren hana yaƙi: ɗokar farko wadda ta hana yaƙi a faɗin duniya ita cebabbar yarjejeniya ta barin yaƙi a matsayin dokar siyasar ƙasa wadda aka fi sani da sunan«Pacte Briand-Kel log» na 1928 da Faransanci.

Sanin kowa ne an girka majal isar ɗinkin duniya a shekarar 1945 don yi wa al’ummar gobekariya game da bala’in yaƙi da samo hanyoyi nagari don tabbatar da shari’a da bin dokokin dasuka ɗauko tushe daga wasu yarjeniyoyi da kuma wasu dokoki a fuskar duniya, bunƙasa ci-gaban al’umma da kyautata rayuwa.

Koyar da halayen zaman lafiya yana sa fahintar juna, yi wa juna ragowa, aminci, zumunci,soyayya tsakanin ƙasashe, ƙabilu ko addinai dabam-dabam da ba majal isar ɗinkin duniyardamar gudanar da ayyukanta na tabbatar da zaman lafiya (ayar doka ta 26 cikin dokokin karehakkin ɗan Adam).

Koyar da halayen zaman lafiya ya kasance a yau wani muhimman nauyin da ya rataya wuyanmajal isar ɗinkin duniya da ƙasashe mambobinta.

Dal i l in tsarin koyarwa, malaman horar da halayen zaman lafiya suna ba da ƙoƙari wajen yaƙida cin mutunci da ke tare da talauci, zato, danniya, fyaɗe, muzgunawa da yaƙi.

Can da ana amfani da koyar da zaman lafiya don kiyaye barazanar halakar da duniya tahanyar yaƙi da makaman nukil iya, yau babban burin da aka sa gaba shi ne na shimfiɗar dayanayin zaman lafiya.

Matsalolin da ke iya kawo cikas wajen shimfiɗa zaman lafiya

Wasu daga cikin matsalolin da ke iya kawo cikas wajen shimfiɗa zaman lafiya:

• Rashin tattaunawa;

• Rashin kare hakkin ɗan Adam;

• Rashin kare mahalli;

• Rashin aiki da jinsi;

• Rashin ingantaccen jagoranci;

• Rashin yin aiki da al’amuran da suka wuce;

• Rashin bin matakan dimokuraɗiya;

• Rashin tsaro;

• Rashin biyan bukatun yau da kullum na al’umma;

• Rashin yin hukumci;

• Rashin tafiyar da al’amuran da suke faruwa kai tsaye.

Babban cikas na shimfiɗa zaman lafiya cikin yankin CEDEAO ya haɗa da miyagun ayyuka waɗandasuke kawo jimuwar jiki, asarar rayuka, dukiyoyi da tashin hankalin al’umma, tsoro da razana.

Dabarun bunƙasa ayyukan shimfiɗa zaman lafiya

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Bunƙasa ayyukan shimfiɗa zaman lafiya yana buƙatar daga ƙasashen CEDEAO abubuwa kamarhaka:

• Tabbatar da adalci ta fannin shari’a zuwa ga duka ƴan ƙasa;

• Tal lafa wa ƙungiyoyin da ke kawo gudummawarsu wajen tabbatar da zaman lafiya,misal i ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na ƙasa da na duniya, rassan majal isar ɗinkin duniya;

• Ƙarfafa hukumomin dimokuraɗiya na ƙasa da girmama yarjejeniyoyin da aka ɗaukialkawali a kansu a fuskar duniya baki ɗaya;

• Bin dokoki da ƙa’idoji ;

• Kare mahall i ta hanyar ƙarfafa hulɗa tsakanin mutane da mahall in;

• Koyar da halaye da ba da sanin da za su ba da damar ƙarfafa zaman lafiya, dabaru dafusa’o’in tattaunawa don jin daɗin rayuwar kai da kai da kuma tsakanin kai da mutane;

• Kare hakkin ɗan Adam.

CEDEAO tana daya dga cikin ƙungiyoyin yankunan Afirka wadda ta fi ba da ƙarfi wajentabbatar da zaman lafiya da tsaro. Duk da cewa CEDEAO ta taka rawar gani wajen samar dazaman lafiya cikin wasu ƙasashenta (Liberiya, Sal iyo, Gine Biso, Kwadibuwa, ƙungiyar taƙirƙiro matakai da dokoki na tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa don magance waɗannan matsalol in. Misal i :yarjejeniya kan dokokin tsarin riga-kafi da rikice-rikice, sulhunta, da kuma tabbatar dazaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali da tsaro (waɗanda aka amince da su a watan disamba na1999) kuma aka ƙara ƙarfafa ta ta hanyar ƙarin wata yarjejeniya kan dimokuraɗiya daingantaccen jagoranci (a watan disamba 2001) da ya haskaka hulɗar da ke tsakanin burin yinriga-kafi da hanyoyin magance rikice-rikicen.

Takardar fasali

J igo na 1 : Tsarin shimfiɗa yanayin zaman lafiya, riga-kafi rikice-rikice da tsarin sulhuntasu

Karamin jigo na 1 : Tsarin shimfiɗa yanayin zaman lafiya.

Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u da kalmomi da halayen naƙaltar haleyen zaman lafiya.

Maƙadarsur koyarwa/koyo

– Zaunar da tabi'u da kalmomi da halaye dangance da yanayin zaman lafiya.

– ƙarfafa fusa'a' in bunkasa halayen zaman lafiya ta hanyar yin anfani da gudunmawargungaye dabam dabam na jama'a.

– gudanar da ayyukan koyarwa dangance da halayen zaman lafiya.

– amincewa da halaye da zu su ba da damar shinfida zaman lafiya.

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Allon fasali

lokaci: awa 14

Kayan aiki / madogara/ l ittattafai .

• Tsare-tsare da littattafan karantarwa na sashen darasin karatu.

• Ja-goran CEDEAO na koyarwa

• Finafinai

• Hotuna da zanen hoto

• Takardu da matanan da suka dace

• Yanar gizo.

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Misalin takardar tafiyar da darasi

Ƙaramin jigo 1: shimfiɗar yanayin zaman lafiya

Hazaƙa

• Zaunar da tabi’u da kalmomi, hikimomi iya yi da halaye nagari dan nakaltar fusa’o' inshimfiɗa zaman lafiya.

MaƘasudin karantarwa/koyo

Naƙaltar kyawawan tabi’u da kalmomi dangance da zaman lafiya

Kan darasi/ halin koyo

Ƙyawawan tabi’u dangance da zaman lafiya

lokaci: awa 2

Kayan aiki / Madogara/ littattafai

• Hotuna masu nuna halayen rikice-rikice ko yaƙe-yaƙe cikin wani yanki.

• Hotuna masu nuna halayen cuɗuwar juna da fahinta.

• Tsare-tsaren koyarwa na ƙasashen CEDEAO

• Littattafan koyarwa na ƙasashen CEDEAO

• Jaridu da mujal lu

• Zanen tambarin zaman lafiya

• Wasu hotuna dabam.

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Tafiyar da kashin karantarwa/koyo

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Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u, kalmomi da halaye don naƙaltar hanyar tsarin sulhunta rikice-rikice

Maƙasudan karantarwa / koyo

• Gane kalmomi da bayanai dangance da rikice-rikice da kuma tsarin sulhunta su.

• Naƙaltar hanyoyin riga-kafi da na tsarin sulhunta rikice-rikice.

• Ingantar da fusa’o’in riga-kafi, tsarin sulhunta rikice-rikice da magance su ta yinamfani da tabi’u da hanyoyi nagari cikin amincewa da bambance-bambancen da ke akwai.

• Gudanar da ayyukan koyarwa dangance da riga-kafi, tsarin sulhunta rikice-rikicenkuma da magance su.

• Tabbatar da ƙyawawan halaye na riga-kafi, tsarin sulhunta rikice-rikice da kumamagance su (haƙuri da juna kuma da zaman lafiya).


Rikici

Rikici wata ƙin yarda ce game da wata magana wadda ke iya haddasa tashe-tashen hankulako buge-buge. Wata adawa ce, saɓanin ra’ayi, ƙin yarda game da tunani, ra’ayi, hujja,addinnai, son kai, ƙabila, launin fata da buƙatun ɗan Adam. Akwai wuya a ƙauce masa sabodarikici abu ne da ke cikin jinin dan Adam, kuma akwai shi a cikin dukkan tsare-tsare na rayuwacikin jama’a:

• Iyal i ;

• Gwamnatoci;

• Hukumomi;

• Ƙungiyoyi.

Ire-iren rikice-rikice

Ana samun rikice-rikice iri-iri :

• Yaƙi da makamai tsakanin ƙasashe,

• Yaƙi da makamai cikin ƙasa guda

Yaƙi da makamai tsakanin ƙasashe rikici ne da ke haɗa sojojin gwamnati da wasu gungaye dasuka ɗauki makamai, ko rikicin da ke haɗa gungaye dabam-dabam wanɗanda suka ɗaukimakamai tsakaninsu.

Ƙaramin jigo na 2: Tsarin sulhuntar darikice-rikice

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Rikice-rikicen mutane

Rikici ne tsakanin mutum da mutum, babbar ƙin yarda tsakanin mutane biyu (saboda wanimugun zato kan ɗan uwansa, maganganu marar digi, ƙaramcin tattaunawa, d.s). Yakanfaruwa mutum ya tsinci kansa cikin hal in rashin yarda da kansa.

Dalilai/ Yanayi dabam dabam/ tushesshikan rikice-rikice

Dali lan da ke haddasa rikice-rikice:

Mafi yawan lokaci dal i lan rikice-rikice sun kasance:

• Abubuwa marasa hujja da mutane ke amfani da su a gargajiyance. ( siffa, camfe-camfe, zama da jama’a, rashin hankali , ƙabilanci);

• Wariya da bambanci (zato, rashin haƙuri da juna, hare-hare, rashin yafewa,muzgunawa, wariyar jinsi, bambancin launin fata, ƙyamar baƙi, rashin haƙuri da juna afanni addinai, tsattsauran ra’ayi, sonkai, rashin adalci, wariya d.s.);

• Miyagun halaye (munafici, sonkai, shakku, zari, ƙwaɗayi, kishi, gaba, ƙin yarda,ƙwaɗayin mulki, tsoro, …);

• Saɓanin ra’ayi (rashin jittuwa, wulanƙanci);

• Ƙaramcin tattaunawa (zato, j ita-jita, rashin gane wa juna);

• Rashin ingantaccen jagoranci da ƙaramcin dimokuradiya (cin hancin hukumomi, rashinhakumtawa, taka doka, talauci;

• Lalacewar ƙasa;

• Taɓarɓarewar ƙasa da iyaka dali l in ɓarakar iyakokin da kuma yadda yin amfani dahanyar yaƙe-yaƙe ke bunƙasa don neman arziki.

Yanayin rikice-rikice

• Rikice-rikicen zama cikin jama’a

• Rikice-rikicen tattal in arziki

• Rikice-rikicen addinai

• Rikice-rikice tsakanin ƙabilu/rikice-rikicen launin futa

• Rikice-rikicn al’adu

Fusa’o’i da dabaru don sulhunta ko yin riga-kafin rikice-rikice.

In ana zaman lafiya yana yiyuwa a iya zama da rikice-rikice ta hanyar koyar da fusa’o’i dadabarun tsarin sulhunta rikice-rikice cikin makaranta da cikin wuraren horo. Fusa’o’i dadabarun na taimakawa wajen shimfidar da kyawawan halaye da tabi’u kamar su: tabbatawa,ƙwarewa, gaskiya, hulɗa tsakanin juna, adalci, muhimmiyar tattaunawa, gane juna.

Il lol in yaƙe-yaƙe da rikice-rikice da makamai suna da yawa: hasarar rayuka da ta dukiyoyi,taɓarɓarewar tsarin zaman da jama’a, taɓuwar hankali , rabuwa, kisan kai, shashanci,

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lalacewar muhall i , wurare da kayan aiki, ƙauraa-ƙauracen mutane, cututtuka, fyade,taɓarɓarewar ma’aikatun amfanin jama’a, makarantu, gidajen l ikita d.s.

In ana cikin yaƙi , dokar duniya ta ceto, (DIH da faransanci), ita ke ƙayyade yanayinrikice-rikice. DIH na kare rayuwa da mutuncin mutanan da suka samu kansu cikin rikici daamkammai, da kuma sauƙaƙa wahalol in da yaƙin ya janyo. Dokoki ne kuma na fuskar duniyada ke taƙaita makamai da nayin yaƙi, da kuma kare mutunen da suka ƙauyace wa yaƙin.Dokar DIH, an ƙirƙira ta masumman don saboda rikice-rikice da makamai, amma ba ta shigakambacin dokar kare hakkokin ɗan Adam wadda ake, aiki kawane lokaci. Dokokin guda biyuna taimako wa junansu. Akwai wani tsari na koyar da dokar DIH wanda ƙungiyar agaji ta "CROIX ROUGE" a ƙirƙiro, ita ce da faransanci ake kira mu bincike dokar ceton ɗan Adam.

Riga-kafin rikice-rikice na ɗaya daga cikin muhimman burori dabam-dabam namajal isar ɗinkin duniya kamar yadda ayar doka ta 1 ta usular majal isar ta nuna. Sai dai, tunƙarshen shekaru na 1980, yanayin rikice-rikice ya canza ƙwaran gaske. Rikici tsakaninƙasashe ya sauƙaƙa sosai kan rikice-rikicen cikin ƙasashe.

Ƴan farar hula su ne ko-da-yaushe ke tsakanin wuta biyu, su ne kuma na farko waɗanda kefuskantar barazanar bala’i .

Riga-kafin rikice-rikice ya kawo wani sabon yunƙuri a farkon shekaru na 199O tahanyar tsarin da ake ce wa da ingil ishi “An agenda for Peace” ko da faransanci, "Agendapour la paix" na babban magatakarda Boutros Boutros Gaali . Muhimamanci shirin shi ne“Diplomasiyar riga-kafi wadda ma’anarta ita ce “matakkan riga-kafin matsalol in da ketsakanin ɓangarori, hana matsalol in su koma rikice-rikice da kuma hana yaɗuwarsu, idanbala’in ya faru.

Burin diplomasiyyar riga-kafi shi ne tsayar da tashe-tashen hankula da tabbatar da hanyoyincikin na warware matsalol i cikin ruwan samfi kuma tsakanin ƙasasshen ta hanyarkyakkyawan aiki, shiga tsakani, sasantawa da sauƙaƙawa ta hanyar tattaunawa da alkalanci

waɗanda ake amfani da su don haka. Ana aiki da diplomasiyar riga-kafi wajen tsarin sulhu,magance rikice-rikice, kuma da tabbatar da zaman lafiya.

A shekarar 1977, wani kwamiti na riga-kafinrikice-rikice da ke haddasa hasarar rayuka yanuna bambancin da ke tsakanin riga-kafin rikice-rikice da tsararren riga-kafi.

Riga-kafi na aikace ya danganta cikin yankin CEDEAO, da ayyuka na musamman don tunkararmatsalar da ta ɓul lo kai har da na shiga tsakani, sasantawa, riga-kafin masu rikici damakamai, ɗaukar matakan tsaro, ko aika sojojin ko-ta-kwana na CEDEAO.

Tsararren riga-kafin ake yi wani lokaci don tsarin zaman lafiya na yaƙi da matsolol i na ainihida suke haddasa rikice-rikicen da kuma kawo gyaran huska ga wasu tsare-tsare, jagoranci dagyaran huska a fannin ci-gaba, ƙarfafa halaye da kuma yin tsari na musamman don shimfiɗazaman lafiya.

Wajen riga-kafin rikice-rikice, ana iya amfani da tsare-tsaren diplomasiyar riga-kafi da aikatawagar bincike da tilasawa ta hanyar diplomasiya da sasantawa.

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Ya kamata, ƙungiyoyi na duniya da na ƴankuna, da gwamnatocin ƙasashen CEDEAO su samatakan riga-kafin cikin tsare-tsarensu, kuma ya zamanta an aikata tsare-tsaren ta hanyargirƙa wani kwamitin ma’abutan rigakkafin.

A taƙaice hanyoyin riga-kafin rikice-rikice sun ƙumshi:

• (a) ayyukan ba da labaru da na tsaro daga shugabannin addinai, sarakan gargajiya,manyan mutane, kyakkyawan aiki cikin yankin don kimanta hal in da ake ciki da kumaneman hanyoyin riga-kafin rikice-rikicen (taron ƙara wa juna il imi don gano hanyoyinmagance matsalol i tsakanin ɓangarorin.

• (b) Tattaunawa

• (c) sasantawa da ƙirƙira hanyoyin tattaunawa tsakanin abokan gaba.

• (e) ɗaukar matakan tsaro.

• (f) ɗaukar alkawali.

Misalan ingantattun ayyukan yankuna sun haɗa da :

• (a) fasal in zaman lafiya da na tsaro

• (b) tsarin yanki na taron gaggawa: hulɗa da jakadun ƙasashen ƙungiyar da ƴan fararhula cikin neman ƙarin bayanai da nazari.

• (c) ayyukan shiga-tsakani na kwamitin dattawa da wakil in shugaban CEDEAO.

• (d) Sa baki na manyan mutane: wakilai na musamman don sasantawa.

• (e) Tsaida ƙa’idoji ta hanyar kafa wani kwamitin raga-kafin rikice-rikicen na CEDEAO

• (f) Sauƙaƙa hanyoyin girka kwamitocin yankuna, na hukumomin kare hakin ɗan Adam,hakumomin yaƙi da cin-hanci, ƙungiyoyin da ke kula da tsara zaɓe da jam’iyyun siyasa donƙarfafa su.

CEDEAO na cikin girka wani ɓangaren tal lafa wa tsarin shiga-tsakani don ƙarfafa hukumomindiplomasiyar riga-kafi kamar su, kwamitin dattawa, wakilan shugaban ƙungiyar. Haka naƙarfafa yarda wadda za ta inganta riga-kafin rikice-rikice cikin yankin.

Yanayin tsarin sulhunta rikici da na magance shi

Ƙididdigar tushesshikan rikici

Ya kamata da farko a ƙwanƙwance tushesshikan rikici.

Rikici na iya samo sanadiya daga matsala guda ko fiye da haka (kamar yadda muka gani cikindal i lai can baya).

Nazarin amfanin da illoli na ire-iren yanayin tsarin sulhunta rikice-rikice

Tsarin sulhunta rikici da na maganci shi na nazarin a cikin wannan fanni na biyu, hanyoyidabam dabam wanda mutane ke amfani da su don sulhunta rikicin da magance shi har abada.Ya dace a yi nazarin amfani da il lol in kowane yanayin a matsayin:

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• La’akari ko rashin la’akari daga ɓangarorin biyu da ke cikin rikice-rikicen.

• Hulɗa ko rashin hulɗa tsakanin ɓangarorin biyu da ke cikin rikice-rikice.

• Magance ko rashin magance rikici.

• Na ci nasara/Ka ci nasara ko na rasa/ka rasa, ko na ci nasara/ka rasa.

• Gane kanka da kanka da gane waɗansu

• Amfani da ƙarfin tunani da na magance matsalol i

• Ingantaccen tsarin da ƙarfafa hulɗoɗi

acikin yanayin tsarin sulhunta rikice-rikice ana iya zana:

– Ƙarfi/iko: Tilasta wa ɓangare guda ra’ayin wancan ɓangaren. Shi ne nuna ƙarfi, na cinasara/ka rasa, matsala ba ta warwaru ba.

– Yanke hukumci: ya danganta da wani tsari na gaskiya da ke gudana a tsarin rayuwarjama’a: juju ya yanke shari’a. Wani ya ci nasara/wani ya ƙaɗi ta hanyar doko

– Alƙalanci: lokacin da ɓangarori biyu suka zaɓi wani mutum can dabam dan magancematsala kuma sun amince da hakumci da zai yanke. Abunda da ya zaɓa shi ne dimun.

– Tattaunawa: Duk lokacin da ɓangarorin biyu suka amince a kan abubuwa da sukabambanta su. Tattaunawar ta kawo gaskiya, wannan shi ne « ka ci nasura na ci masari. »

– Shiga tsakani: tattaunawa sauƙaƙe wadda a cikinta ɓangarorin suka amince da sumagance rikicin har abada ta hanyar yin amfani da dukan matakan da suka cancanta. Maishiga tsakanin na dogara ne da jakorancin tsarin. Wannan, shi ne « ka ci nasara/Na cinasara.»

– Halin sasantawa: Duk lokacin da ke akwai mafita mai ɗorewa ga mutsala. A lokacin nanne cikakken zaman lafiya ke tabbata.

– Tsayayyar shawara: wani yanƙuri ne na magance matsala ta yadda za a ingantahulɗoɗi.

– Sauyi: ɓangarorin biyu na ɗaukar wani mataki don girka sababbi da muhimman hulɗoɗi.

Tattaunawa, shiga-tsakani, tsayayyar, tsaidaddar shawara, sauyi sun zamanto yanayi dabamdabam mafi amfani na tsarin sulhunta rikice-rikice ga ɓangarorin da ke cikin rikice-rikicen.

Matakai goma don magance rikice-rikice cikin ruwan sanyi.

1. Ku ƙwanƙwance abubuwan da ke haddasa rikici kuma kar ku hasala. Ku kumaƙwanƙwance cikin halayenku waɗanɗa suke hasala wasu.

2. Ku ƙarfafa yunkurinku na saurare. Ku nemi labaru, haske, ku yi tambayoyi game daal’amarin

3. Ku ƙwanƙwance irin amfanin da za ku samu. Ku san me ke saɓa amfaninku da iya-faɗinku ko wani ra’ayinku na can da.

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4. Ku ba da ƙarfi bisa dal i l in da ya kawo matsalar, amma ba mutanen da ta haɗa ba.

5. Ku yi nazarin hanyoyi da dama na magance matsala. Me kuke tsammani ya zamantomuhimiyar hanya mafi kyau ta warware matsala? Ku samu dabaru waɗanɗa ba sai ayanke hukumci ba tsakanin ɓangarori.

6. Ku yi amfani da ingantattun sharuɗɗa don kimanta adadin hanyoyin magancematsalar. Me waɗansu mutane suka yi lokacin da suka shiga irin waɗannan halayen?

7. Ku ƙwankwance hanyoyin magance matsala wadda ɓangarori biyu suka amince da su.

8. Ku amince a kan muhimmiyar hanya.

9. Ku amince da komawa kan teburin shawara idan hanyar magance matsala da aka yiamfani da ita ba ta gamsar da ku ba.

10. Ku riƙe hulɗa tsakaninku.

Takardar fasali

Babban jigo: shimfidar yanayin zaman lafiya, riga-kafin rikice-rikice da tsarinsulhuntar da su

Ƙaramin jigo 2: Riga-kafin rikice-rikice da tsarin sulhuntar da su

Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u, kalmomi, halaye don nakaltar hanyar sulhuntar da rikice-rikice

Maƙasudan karantarwa/koyo:

Gano kalmomi da muhimman bayanai dangance da rikice-rikice da tsarin sulhunta su

-Naƙaltar dabarun riga-kafi da na tsarin sulhunta rikice-rikice

-Ƙarfafa dabarun riga-kafi da na tsarin sulhunta rikice-rikice tun tushensu

-Gudanar da ayyukan koyarwa dangance da riga-kafi, tsarin sulhuntar da rikice-rikice dakuma na sulhunta su

-Amincewa da halaye na gari don cim ma burin riga-kafi, tsarin sulhunta rikice-rikicen dana magance su.

lokaci: awa 16

Kayan aiki/koyan aikin koyarwa/litattafai

-Tsare-tsaren da littattafan ƴan makaranta na shashen koyarwa

-Littattafan koyarwa na ƙasashen CEDEAO

-finafinai, hotuna, zane-zane

-Littattafai da ingantattu dokoki

-Yanar gizo

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Allon fasali

Misalin Takardar koyarwaJigo: Shimfiɗar yanayin zaman lafiya, riga-kafin rikice-rikice da tsarin sulhuntar da suƘaramin jigo na 2: Riga-kafi da tsarin sulhunta rikice-rikice

HazaƙaZaunar da tabi’u, kalmomi da halaye don mallakar yadda ake sulhunta rikice-rikice damagance su.

Kan darasi/halin koyo

zaman lafiya, haƙuri da juna da taimakan juna.

Maƙasudin karantarwa/Koyo– Mallakar kalmomi da bayanai dangance da rikice-rikice da tsorin sulhunta su.

– Mayar da niyya wajen ayyukan riga-kafin tsarin sulhunta rikice-rikice da na magance su.

Basirar da za a ƙarfafa

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Kayan aiki da littattafai

• Hotunan fagage shida na labarin wasu jakai biyu

• Dokar tsarin milki

• ƙa’idojin tafiyar da tsarin makaranta na horon


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In ka san murmushi ya fi makami ƙarfi,

In ka san ƙarfin da ke ban hansu hannu,

In ka san da abin da ke tara mutane, ya fi abin da ke raba su mahimmanci,

In ka san bambancinka da wancan arziki ne, amma ba haɗari ba

In ka iya amincewa a maka nasiha ka ci amfaninta ba tare da ka mayar da martani ko kare kanka.

In ka iya kallon wancan da ƙwarar ƙauna,

In ka san kai ne ya kamata ka faro fuskantar wancan ba shi ba, amma ba wancan ba,

In kullum yaro na iya samfafa zucciyarka,

In kana iya jin daɗin farin cikin ɗan uwanka,

In ka san "baƙonka Allanka, ne"

In ka iya ba da damarka don ƙauna;

In ka iya amincewa da wancan ya maka rana;

In kana raba abincinka da wani, kuma ka iya haɗa shi dan guntun zurciyarka,

In ka san da gafara ta fi ramuwar gayya,

In ka san kyakkyawan zato ya fi zatan

In ka iya waƙe farin cikin waɗansu kuma ka yi rawa domin murnarsu

In ka san wancan ɗan uwa ne,

In a wurin ka baƙin rai, ƙanƙanci ne ba hujjar ƙarfi ba,

In ka fi son a ƙware ka da ka ƙwari wani,

In ka san da ƙauna ita kaɗai ce makamin razanawa,

In ka san zaman lafiya yana yiyuwa,

Haƙiƙa zaman lafiya za ya samu.

Rubutattar waƙa Kan Zaman lafiya

2Hakkokin ɗanAdamJigo na

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Hakkokin ɗanAdam

Gabatarwa

Yau da gobe, ƙasashen duniya suna fuskantar rikice-rikice, musammanma cikin wasu yankuna Afirka inda ake kashe-kashen ƙare dangi dayaƙe-yaƙen da suka danganta da bambancin ƙabila waɗanda ko da

yaushe barazanarsu tana taɓarɓare zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankalinƙasashe.

A game da haka ne aka gano cewa, ya cancanta a girka matakan bunƙasazaman lafiya a cikin ƙasasen CEDEAO sabili da haka, a sake duba manufaralaƙoƙi a cikin ƙasashen da kuma tsakanin ƙasashe, ta hanyar yin babbarkariya zuwa ga hakkokin ɗan Adam.

Hazaƙar jigo

Zaunar da tabi’u da kalmomi da husa’o’in yin aiki da kuma halayedon kyautata dokoki da hanyoyin tafiyar da ayyukan, da ƙa’idodi dadokokin hakkokin ɗan Adam ta hanyar tsare-tsaren a fuskar duniya,na yankuna da na ƙasashe.

Ƙananan jigogin babban jigo na 2

1- Tsare-tsare a fuskar duniya, a yanki da a ƙasa game dahakkokin ɗan Adam.

2- Ƙa’idoji a game da hakkokin ɗan Adam da bambancinsu dawasu hakkoki.

1-Tsare-tsare a fuskar duniya, yanki daƙasa game da hakkokin ɗan Adam

2-Ƙa’idodi game da hakkokin ɗan Adam dabambancinsu da wasu hakkoki.

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Hakkokin ɗan Adam

Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u, kalmomi, dubaru da halaye don bunƙasa tsare-tsare a fuskar duniya,yankuna da ƙasashe don girmama dokokin kare hakin ɗan Adam.

Maƙasudin karantarwa/koyo

• Naƙaltar tabi’u da kalmomi da suka danganta da tsare-tsare a fuskar duniya, yankunada ƙasashe game da hakkokin ɗan Adam;

• Ƙarfafa fusa’o’in aikin bunƙasa tsare-tsare a fuskar duniya, yankuna da ƙasashe gameda hakkokin ɗan Adam.


1. Manyan labaru

a. Ma’ana

Hakkokin ɗan Adam

Hakkokin ɗan Adam, hakkoki ne halal iyar kowane mahaluki a matsayinsa na ɗan Adam. Su ne:“Hujjoji da aka tanada a fuskar duniya don yi wa mutane da rukunai kariya game da duk waniabun da ke iya kawo saɓani dangance da ƴancinsu da mutuncinsu.”

Cewar wani mai i l imin shari’a Malam J. Mourgeon, Hakkokin ɗan Adam ƴanci ne da dokoki daaka tanada waɗanda suka zama halal iya ga kowane mutum cikin alaƙarsa da kowane mutumcikin alaƙarsa ta zama da wasu mutane da kuma da zama tare da iko. Sun kasance muhimmantushasshakan ɗa’a a fannin siyasa ta zamani.

Hakki, hal i ne da doka ta amince da shi wajen aikata wani abu, rashin aikata wani abu, cinmoriyar wani abu, samun wani abu ko tilasa samun wani abu daga wani mutum.

Hakkokin ɗan Adam suna cikin irin waɗannan halayen da doka ta amince wa kowane ɗanAdam da su. Su ne hakkokin da aka tanada wa ɗan Adam, waɗanda kowane ɗan Adam ke datun daga ranar haifuwarsa kuma su ne suke tabbatar masa da mutumcinsa. Dangance dahaka, hakkoki ne waɗanda ba a iya ƙwacewa, sun gama duniya baki ɗaya kuma ba a iya rabasu da junansu

Hakkokin ɗan Adam

Gungun ƴanci ne wanda ya kamata kowane ɗan Adam ya ci moriyarsu. Waɗannan hakkokinna ainahi, da suka gama duniya, kuma halal iyar ɗan Adam, mafi yawan lokaci an amince masune ta hanyar dokoki ko shirin dokoki masu matsayi kamar na tsarin mulki, waɗanda a cikin suan fi sanin kalamin duniya na kare hakkin ɗan Adam da na ɗan ƙasa na 1789. Ƙamus naharshen Faransanci.

Ƙaramin jigo na 1: Tsare-tsare a fuskarduniya, yankuna da ƙasashe a game dahakkokin ɗan Adam

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Hakkokin ɗan Adam

b. Tushen Kalmar

Fusa’ar kare hakkin ɗan Adam ta hanyar rubutattun dokoki ta daɗe.

Ɗaya daga cikin shirin dokokin da aka fi sani ita ce babbar usular (Maya Kanta)1215 ta Ingilawadda take ba da tabbaci bisa hakkin walawa na mutane. A lokaci guda ne a yankin Afirka taYamma usular “Mande” ko KURUKAN FUGA ta ba da ma’anar alaƙa ta tsakanin al’ummomibisa ƙa’idodin aƙida don girka halaye na zaman lafiya.

A ƙasar Ingila an kawo ƙarin bayani ga usular 1215 ta hanyar dokoki na 1628 (wadda tatsayar da da ƴancin da ba na a tilastawa ba ga sarakuna) da kuma wata doka da ake kira daingl ishi “Bil l of Rights” ta 1689.

A cikin canje-canjen da aka yi a Ƙarni na 16 wani gungun cocina masu aiki da tauhidi iri gudaya girka dokar cewa duka mutane daidai suke a wajen Allah (swt), kuma a 1625 wani alkal inshari’a ya bayana cewa lal le ɗan Adam yana da nauyin da ya rataya wuyansa, amma kumayana da hakkokin da ba za su iya goguwa ba. Juyin-juya-hal i da aka yi Ingila ya nuna hanyata musamman ta wallafa Kalmar kare ɗan Adam, ya zamanto ta hanyar bayyanawa ne kobayan canje-cajen shekarar 1660, da zaɓen da majal isar dokokin Ingila ta yi a shekarar 1679wanda ya haramta duk wasu kame-kamen mutane ba na kan ka’ida ba. Tun daga shekarar1688 aka fara aiki da dokoki a ƙasar Ingila dangance da juyin-juya-hal i da aka yi.

A cikin wata yarjejeniya bisa gwamnatin farar hula, wani shahararren mai i l imin falsafaMalam J. Locke ya nuna cewa babu halaltaccen iko il la wanda aka samu ta hanyar yarjejeniyata tsakanin waɗanda abun ya shafa kuma hakkoki na ainahi suna rage ƙarfin mulkin hukuma.

Duka tsawon ƙarni na 18, sanarwar ba da ƴancin kai ga ƙasar Amerika a shekarar 1776 dashelar ranar 26 ga watan ogusta na 1789 daga Faransawa, sun tabbatar da cewa ƴancihalal iya ce ta mutum. Burin shelar shekarar 1789 shi ne tabbatar wa mutane ƴancin kansu dana abin da suka mallaka ƙarƙashin jagorancin hukuma. Wannan ƴancin ya kasance: “ƴancinyin” waɗanda ake kira hakkoki zamani na farko waɗanda suka danganta da cikakken ƴanci.Hakkoki na zamani na biyu su ne “hakkokin samun” (hakkin samun aiki, na amfani da al’ada…)waɗanda yake hukuma ita take iya tabbatar da su. Su ne na kyautata zaman al’umma.

A halin yanzu kuma ana zancen hakkoki na zamani na uku (3) su ne misal i hakkin rayuwacikin muhall i nagari, hakkin samun zaman lafiya, hakkin samun haɗin kai. Girkuwar wannanKalmar ta hakkokin ɗan Adam da ta ɗauko tushe daga yammacin Turai, ta kawo zancenyaɗuwar hakkokin ɗan Adam a fuskar duniya baki ɗaya, wani lokaci da nuna ƙin yarda dagawajen ƙasashen larabawa da Cana. Wata sanarwa kan hakkokin ɗan Adam a fuskar addininislam da usular Afirka kan hakkokin ɗan Adam da na al’ummomi suna nuna kamargudummawarsu ce ga wannan tsari. Duk da haka mafiyawa, an amince da matakan da kecikin shelar duniya ta shekarar 1948.

“Yarjejeniyar da aka yi a shekarar 1325 ta kawo sa-rai a lokacin amincewa da ita. Sa-ran samunmatakan da za su ba da damar amincewa take-yanke da hanyoyin ba ɗiya mata da maza sa’a iri gudawajen warware rikici. Wannan sa-rai shi ne ya sa kwamitin tabbatar da tsaro na majalisar ɗinkin duniyaya amince da yarjejeniyar 1820, da kuma ta 1888 da kuma ta 1889 waɗanda dukan su suna magana kanyin amfani nagari da hakkokin ɗiya mata cikin ƙoƙarin girka halin kwanciyar hankali da tsaro.

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Hakkokin ɗan Adam

Hakkin ɗan Adam da hakki na gargajiya a yankin Afirka.

Kuskure ne a ce al’ummomin dauri ba su amfani da hakkin ɗan Adam. Afirka tana da tsohin al’adunkare hakkin ɗan Adam. A Afirka ta gargajiya hakki yana tamkar doka ce ta ƙarfafa da tilasa wata niyya.Ba a iya raba hakki da kariya da kuma nauyi. A Afirka mutuwar tsoho tamkar babbar asara ce game dasani da dattijantaka. Ƴan magana sukan ce ba a bambanta sawun bawa, da na ubangiginshi.

Hakkin gargajiya da ake ɗauka tamkar gurin tsarin neman ƴanci da darajanta tabi’u’i da al’adungadin-gadin wajen bunƙasa yankin Afirka, ya damƙa wa kowa muƙaminshi, ɗiya mata su ne shaidarhaifuwa, maza masu yin kariya, da yara su kuma su ne shaida ci-gaban rayuwa da kyautato ta, sukuma tsohi su ne shaidar bidawa bisa hanya tagari da samun dawwamammar rayuwa.

c. Bambancin da ke akwai tsakanin shela da yarjejeniya:

A fannin shari’a akwai bambanci tsakanin shela da yarjejeniya a game da hakkokin ɗan Adam.

• Shela takarda ce da take magana kan ƙa’idodi da kawo ƙarin bayani kan matakan daƙasashe mambobin wata ƙungiya a fuskar duniya suka tsayar da tsakaninsu, waɗandakuma ya kamata su jagoranci ayyukan gwamnatocin ƙasashen, kuma a kansu suke dogarawajen tafiyar da wasu ayyuka nasu. Shela ba doka ba ce kuma ba tilas ba ce, kuma badole ba ne ƙasa ta sa hannu kanta, ko ta ɗauki alkawalin aiki da abinda ta ƙunsa. Ta gabaɗaya ake amince mata.

• Yarjejeniya (usula) kan hakkokin ɗan Adam, amincewa ce ta tsakanin ƙasashe a fuskarduniya, wadda take ba da damar ƙirƙiro wasu matakai a fannin shari’a, da ƙasashen suketilasa ma kanunsu. Ƙasashe suna ɗaukar alkwalin yin aiki da ita (yarjeniya) kuma ana aikida ita a lokacin da yawan waɗanda za su ɗauki alkawalin ya yi daidai da yadda akatanada. Tana da matakai na musamman na tafiyar da ayyukan.

d. Lokutta dabam-dabam da suke ba da damar sanin nufin ƙasa game da dokoki afuskar duniya:

Amincewa: lokaci ne da ƙasashe suke yin na’am ta baka da abubuwan da yarjejeniyar ta ƙunsa.

Sa-hannu: lokaci wanda a cikin shi ne ƙasashe suke yarda da kasancewar yarjejeniyar: ƙasa tana sa-hannu don nuna niyyarta ta hana kanta yin abubuwan da suke iya saɓa wa dokokin. Ƙasa tana iyawakilta wani ya sa-hannu da sunanta.

“Sa-hannu kan yarjejeniya ko kuma ɗaya daga cikin tsare-tsarenta yana daidai da amincewar farko.Yin aiki da ita (yarjejeniya) bai zama tilas ba, amma tana nuna niyyar kasa ta yin nazari kanta a fuskarƙasa tare da niyyar ɗaukar alkawalin aiki da ita. Ko da yake wannan sa-hannu ba yin alƙawalin aiki dayarjejeniyar ba ne, tana ɗora wa ƙasa nauyin kar ta aikata abubuwan da suke saɓa wa burorin kodalilan girka yarjejenniya.”

Ɗaukar alkwalin yin aiki: yana nuna niyyar ƙasa ta shiga tsari, abin za ya tilasa mata yin aiki damatakan yarjejeniyar. Mafi yawan lokaci wakillan al’umma ko majalisar dokoki suke ɗaukar alkawalin yinaiki da matakkan yarjejeniyar, bayan sun duba in matakan sun saje da na kundin tsarin mulki nƙasa.

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Hakkokin ɗan Adam

Wannan dubawar tana ba ƙasa damar, ƙin ɗaukar alkawalin yin aiki da wasu abubuwan da sukan iyasaɓawa tsarin mulkin ƙasa.

“Ɗaukar alkawalin yin aiki da yarjejeniya ko goyan bayanta suna nufin ƙasa ta yarda da ƙulla hulɗa tafannin shari’a kan matakan yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ɗaukar alƙawali da goyon baya duka aikinsu gudane, hanyoyin yin su sun bambanta. Game da zancen ɗaukar alkawali da farko ƙasa tana sa-hannu kanyarjejeniyar, sannan ta ɗauki alkawalin yin aiki da ita. Hanyoyin goyon bayan ko, zama guda akegudanar da su, ba a farawa da sa-hannu.

Hanyoyin kan ka’ida na ɗaukar alkawali ko na goyon baya sun bambanta daga wajen ka’idodin ƙasa.Kamin ƙasa take ɗaukar alkwali ko goyon bayan yarjejeniya, sai ta yi nazarin yarjejeniyar don gani inka’idodinta sun saje da nata matakai, da kuma don ƙayyade matakan da ya kamata a ɗauka don kawosauƙi wajen yin aiki da ita.”

A riƙe: Ƙasa tana iya ɗaukar alkawalin yin aiki da yarjejeniya tare da ta keɓe wasu matakkai da ba sugyara ta.

Soma aiki: Lokaci wanda bayan shi ana iya amfani da yarjejeniya a fuskar duniya. Akwai adadin daake ƙayyadewa don a fara aiki da yarjejeniya. Bayan an soma aiki da ita sai kuma zancen tsarinbiyayyar dokoki. Babbar dokar farko, a cikin mafi yawan ƙasashe ita ce tsarin mulkin ƙasa. Kenan za ayi aiki da abu biyu game da hakki a fuskar duniya:

• Tsarin shari’a ta duniya ba ta sa shi ya sha bamba ba da na ƙasa. Game da haka, dole ne ƙasashe su yiaiki da dokoki da matakan tsarin shari’a ta duniya. Suna cikin tsarin dokoki na ƙasa kuma mutane sunaiya amfani da su, wajen yi ma kanunsu kariya idan an tauye masu hakkinsu.

• Tsare-tsaren dokokin ƙasashe, ya sha bamban ƙwarai da tsarin shari’a ta duniya. Wannan ya saƙasashe ba su yin na’am da tsarin shari’a ta duniya sai ta hanyar yarjejeniya. Yana da mahimmanci gamalamin makaranta a lokacin da za ya aikin waye kanu tare da rukuninshi, ya sa su yi aiki bisa zancenƙayyade nufin ƙasa dangance da tsarin shari’a ta duniya.

2. Tsare-tsare a fuskar duniya, yankuna da ƙasashe na karehakkokin ɗan Adam: dokoki da hanyoyin tafiyar da aiki

Shelar ƙasa da ƙasa kan hakkin ɗan Adam ta shekarar 1948 ita ce ginshiƙin girka tsarin dokokin shari’a taduniya game da hakkokin ɗan Adam. shelar ƙasa da ƙasa ta samu galaba sosai a fuskar ƙasasehn duniya koma da yake ba ta da wani hali na dole a game da shara’a. Bayanta, an yi yarjejeniyoyi da yawa dangance dakariyar hakkin ɗan Adam a duniya baki ɗaya.

Shelar majalisar ɗinkin duniya ta kare hakkokin ɗan Adam ta shekarar 1948.

A cikin watan Afirilu na shekarar 1945, wakilan ƙasashe 48 sun haɗu don girka ƙungiyar majalisar ɗinkinduniya (ONU) da Turanci ta hanyar wata usula. An girka ONU don tsayar da yaƙi tsakanin ƙasashe da girkatsarin tattaunawa.

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Wasu daga cikin ƙasashe “manyan ƙasashe” a ONU ba su so ba a tattauna kan hakkokin ɗan Adam. Ba su yitsammani ba da wasu ƙasashe (ko al’ummar duniya) za su iya tsoma bakunansu cikin irin halin da ƙasatake muzguna ma ƴaƴanta. Sun yi tsammani irin waɗannan zantuttukan, zantutuka ne da suka shafisiyasar ƙasar ne. Amma wasu daga cikin ƙananan ƙasashe sun ci nasara, da taimakon ƙasar Amerika kumabayan tattaunawa, suka sa kalmar “hakkokin ɗan Adam a cikin gabatarwar usular ta majalisar ɗinkinduniya. Amma a cikin takardar kundin, babu inda aka nuna cewa waɗanne ne hakkokin, kuma babu abinda yake tabbatar da duka ƙasashe za su amincewa da hakkokin.

Kwamitin kare hakkokin ɗan Adam, an girka shi don wallafa kundin da za ya fayyace hakkokin ɗanAdam, wanda kowa za ya bi sau da ƙafa a ko’ina cikin duniya. Wanda kuma kowa yake iya amince wa.Malama ELEANOR ROOSEVELT ta shugabanci kwamitin kuma ta girka shelar ƙasa da ƙasa kan hakkokinɗan Adam ko DUDH da Faransanci.

shela: kundi ne mai ƙunshe da matakan da ƙasashe za su tabbatarwa, amma ba ta da wani matsatsi afannin shari’a;

Shela DUDH tana ƙunshe da ayoyin doka 30 na hakkokin ɗan Adam. Ayoyin dokar sun kasu biyu:

• Hakkoki a fannin ƴan ƙasa na farar hula, da na siyasa: hakkoki da ƴanci masu kare ƴan ƙasa daganuna ƙarfi daga mahakunta kuma masu ba ƴan ƙasa ƴancin kansu.

• Hakkoki a fannin tattalin arziki, na al’umma da al’adu: hakkoki masu tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali afannin tattalin arziki, al’umma da al’adu.

Kamar yadda aka faɗi a cikin gabatarwar shelar ƙasa da ƙasa , kare hakkokin ɗan Adam yana ba da damarsamun ƴanci, yin aiki da gaskiya da kuma kwanciyar hankali cikin duniya; waɗannan hakkokin suna yinkariya game da muzgunawa da danniya kuma suna ba kowa damar gudanar da kyakkyawar rayuwa.

Hakkoki a fannin ƴan ƙasa/ suna kare mutane daga zaƙewa cikin yin hukunci daga ma’ikota kuma sunatabbatar da bunƙasar ƴancin ɗan Adam. Akwai su cikin waɗanga ayoyin doka: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 , 12, 14, 15,18, 19, 20, 21 .

Hakkoki a fannin tattalin arziki, na al’umma da al’adu suna tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali a fannintattalin arziki, na al’umma da na al’adu.

Ana samun su a cikin waɗanga ayoyin doka: 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27.

Tabi’un da suke ƙarfafa DUDH sun kunshi mutunci, daidaici, ƴanci, gaskiya da ban girma tsakanin ƴanAdam.

Marubuta maza da mata na hakkokin ɗan Adam:

Rene Kasin farfesa na hakki, ƙasar Faransa

Peng-Shun Shang, mai ilimin falsafa ɗan asulin ƙasar Cana, mataimakin shugaba.

Eleanor Roozevelt, Amerika, shugaba mace.

Farfesa Valentin Teplikov farfesa na hakki a fuskar duniya, ƙasar Rasha.

Sharl Malik, mai ilimin falsafa ɗan asulin ƙasar Liban.

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Dokoki a fuskar duniya sun kasance yarjejeniyoyi ne da ƙasashe biyu ko fiye suka haɗu sukawallafa, suka sa hannu a kansu, suka ɗauki alkawalin yin aiki da su, kuma duka ƙasashen sukatilasa ma kanunsu yin aiki da su a fannin shari’a.

Akwai yarjejeniyoyi iri-iri game da hakkin ɗan Adam waɗanda suke ba da damar ganewuraren da ake amfani da su, da abubuwan da suka ƙunsa.

Na farko dai, akwai babbar yarjejeniya wadda ta ƙunshi duka hakkokin ɗan Adam ko wanirukuni mai mahimmanci na ƴan Adam; waɗannan yarjejeniyoyi su ne na tushe.

1. A fannin duniya (ONU), akwai yarjejeniyoyi biyu (2) da suke tabbatar da hakkokin da akazana a cikin shelar ƙasa da ƙasa duniya kan hakkokin ɗan Adam, waɗannan hakkokin sunhaɗa ƴancin ƴan ƙasa da hakkoki a fannin al’umma a cikin taƙaitaccen tsari kuma cikindaidaici.

• Yarjejeniyar duniya kan hakkoki a fannin tattal in arziki, na al’umma da na al’adu.

2. A fannin yanki,

Yarjejeniyoyi suna kawo ƙari ga tsarin duniya na kare hakkokin ƴan Adam. Ana ganin irinwaɗannan hanyoyin tafiyar da ayyuka na yanki a Turai, cikin yankunan Amerika da Afirkada kuma ƙungiyoyinsu na larwai.

A Afirka, akwai usular Afirka kan hakkin ɗan Adam da na al’umma (1981), dahukumominsu na kwamitin Afirka na kare hakkokin ɗan Adam. Kotin Afirka na hakkokiɗan Adam da na al’umma yana kawo gudummawarshi wajen bunƙasa da kare hakkokinɗan Adam a Afirka

Akwai kuma wani tsari kan hakkokin ɗiya mace, wanda a halin yanzu ba a amince mashi ba,amma ƙungiyar haɗin kan ƙasashen Afirka tana amfani ƙwarai da shi. Har ila yau, akwaiusular Afirka ta kare hakkin da jin daɗin rayuwar yara da aka amince wa a shekarar 1990.

Daga wajen CEDEAO, akwai tsare-tsare masu muhimmanci kamar su:

- Tsarin CEDEAO na shekarar 1999 kan zaman lafiya da sulhunta rikice-rikice.

- Tsarin shekarar 2001 kan iko cikin adalci.

- Tsarin shekarar 1979 kan ƴancin yin zirga-zirga ta mutane, ƴanci zama ko ina cikinƙasashen yankin da na gudanar da wasu harkoki.

- Tsari kan dokokin kasancewa ɗan ƙasa na ƙungiyar na shekarar 1982.

Wani rukuni na biyu yana ƙunshe da yarjejeniyoyi na musamman waɗanda gurinsu yadanganta da hakkoki na musamman da suka shafi: kisan ƙare dangi, ƙazamin kisan kai lokacinyaƙi, kisan kan bil Adama, bauta, fataucin mutane, aikin badala, gudun hij ira tsaro najama’a/kariyar jama’a, muzgunawa da wasu halayenta, na rashin imani ko na kada daraja.

Misal i :

• Yarjejeniya kan riga kafi da yin hukunci game da kisan ƙare dangi.

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• Yarjejeniya don kauda duk wani hal in bambancin launin fata.

• Yarjejeniyar yin kariya game da muzgunawa da wasu halayen muzgunawa na rashinimani ko na kada daraja.

Rukuni na uku (3) ya ƙunshi yarjejeniyoyin da suka shafi kariya a fanni dabam-dabam,waɗanda suka danganta da bukatun musamman na wani gungu mutane da aka ƙayyade:ƴan gudun hij ira marasa matsayin ɗan ƙasa, baƙi, ƴan ƙaura, ma’aikata, mata, yara damutane masu nakkasa a jikinsu: misal i

• Yarjejeniya kan hakkin yaro

• Yarjejeniya kauda duk wani hal in bambancin zuwa ga ɗiya mace.

• Yarjejeniyar duniya kan kariyar hakkokin duka ma’aikata ƴan ƙaura da iyalansu.

A ƙarshe ana iya harhaɗa yarjejeniyoyin da suka danganta da bambanci, wuri ɗaya, waɗandasuke yaƙi game da: bambancin launin jinsi, bambanci a fannin koyarwa aiki da albashi.Kowace yarjejeniya ta yi tanadin ƙayyadaddun alkawulla da aka girka don ƙasashe da kumahanyoyin tafiyar da su, waɗanda suka ƙunshi matakai iri-iri na yin larwai.

Mafiyawan yarjejeniyoyin suna girka tsarin yin rahotonni waɗanda ƙasashen suke ɗaukaralkawalin rubutawa lokaci zuwa lokaci. Rahotonin sun ƙunshi matakan da ƙasashen sukaɗauka, da irin ci-gaban da suka samu don bin matakan da wata yarjejeniyar ta ƙunsa.Waɗannan rohotonni, wani kwamiti da ya ƙunshi shahararrun ma’aikata yake yin nazarikansu kuma ya kimanta su (misal i kwamitin hakkokin ɗan Adam wanda yarjejeniya bisahakkokin ƴan ƙasa da na siyasa ya girka) ya ba da ra’ayinsa kansu, ya kuma ba bashawarwarinshi kansu, kwamitin yana iya tambayar ƙarin bayani ga wata ƙasa bisa ga yaddatake ba da ƴancin cin moriyar hakkokin.

Game da haka, a fannin duniya akwai tsare-tsaren da suke ba da damar duba koke-koke datakardun tambayar wani abu na mutum ɗaya ko na ƙasa don ba da labari kan hakkoki da akatake.

Tun shekarar 2007, nazarin duniya na lokaci zuwa lokaci (EPU) ya kasancesabuwar hanya ce mai ba kwamitin hakkokin ɗan Adam (hukumar gwamnatin ƙasa da ƙasamai kula da hakkokin ɗan Adam), damar yin nazarin hal in da hakkokin ɗan Adam suke cikigame da kowace ƙasa. Kowane shekaru huɗu (4) ta hanyar nazarin waɗannan rahotonnin anataimaka wa ƙasashe ɗari da gomiya tara da uku (193) mambobin majal isar ɗinkin duniya,wajen kyautata hal in da hakkokin ɗan Adam suke ciki a ƙasashen, kuma da ƙara masu kuzariwajen ƙarfafa hulɗa da musanyar tabi’u nagari. Burinsa girka tsarin tattaunawa tsakanin shida ƙasashe don cika aikin ayyuka hukumar.

3. Tilasin da ya rataya wuyan ƙasashe a fuskar duniya.

Tilas game da girmamawa: ya kamata gwamnati ya daina sa hannunshi cikin zancen cinmoriyar hakkoki. Misal i : - Tilas game da yin kariya: ya kamata ƙasa ta yi riga-kafin take-taken hakkoki daga wajen mutane tsakaninsu misal i ta hanyar kare manyan hakkokin ɗiyamata daga miyagun tabi’u.

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- Tilas game da aikatawa: ya kamata ƙasa ta amince da matakai da ƙa’idadin, na hakuma, nashari’a, kasahin kuɗi waɗanda suke iya isa don bunƙasa da yin amfani da hakkokin ɗan Adam.

Rashin girmama waɗanga matakan da aka tilasa tamkar taka hakkoki ne.

4. Fusa’o’in ƙasashe a fannin kare hakkokin ɗan Adam

Idan ana son ƙarfafa dimokuraɗiya cikin al ’umma, sai dole kowa ya samu hanyar yin aiki dadokoki. Ya cancanta ƙasashen su yi matuƙar ƙoƙari wajen ɗaukar matakan da suka dace donganin an yi aiki da hakkokin ɗan Adam. Kowace ƙasa ta ba da isassun halaye wato kuɗi kokayan aiki don yin amfanin gaske da wani hakki. Ta hanyar dokoki, ya kamata ƙasa ta hukuntawaɗanda aka kama da laifi, ta sa kuma a fanshi waɗanda aka ƙwara, da yin yaƙi da rashinhukuntawa.

Ma’aikatun ƙasa na kare hakkokin ɗan Adam suna nazarin koke-koken, ba tare da hukumarshari’a ba.

5. Daidaita dokokin ƙasa da hakkokin ɗan Adam

Nauyin daidaita dokokin ƙasa da daidaitattun hakkokin ɗan Adam a fuskar duniya.

Yarjejeniya game da hakkokin ɗan Adam, abu ce da ta shafi kowa saboda burinta shi netabbatar da sanannun hakkokin da aka tanada wa kowane ɗan Adam. Kenan sai an samohalayen tabbatar wa ƙasashe da ƴan ƙasa nauyin da ya rataya wuyansu.

Yin aiki sabil i da hakkokin ɗan Adam, abu ne da ya kamata kowa ya kawo tasa gudummawagare shi, ruƙunai, ƙungiyoyi masu kula da kare hakkin ɗan Adam, waɗanda suke fafatukarganin an riƙe alkawullan da aka ɗauka, kuma kowa ya ci moriyarsu.


Jigo: hakkokin ɗan Adam

Ƙaramin jigo: tsare-tsare a fuskar duniya, yankuna da ƙasashe game da hakkokin ɗan Adam

Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u, kalmomi, da fusa’o’in aiki da kuma halayen da za su ba da damar bunƙasatsare-tsare a fuskar duniya, yankuna da ƙasashe game da girmama hakkokin ɗan Adam.

Maƙasudin karantarwar/Koyo

Naƙaltar tabi’u da kalmomin da suka danganta da tsare-tsare a fuskar duniya, yankuna daƙasashe game da hakkokin ɗan Adam.

Kan darasi: Hal in koyo: biɗar hakkoki.

Basira dabam dabam da za a ƙarfafawa.

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Tsawon lokaci: Awa 2

Kayan aiki/Kayan aikin koyarwa

Kayan aiki a fannin duniya, nahiya, yankuna (yarjejeniya, usula, tsare-tsare), tsarin mulkinƙasa, dokoki, da sauran dokoki a fannin shara’a. Hotuna da wasu kayan aiki na kal lo(misal italbij in).

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Allon fasali

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Jigo: hakkokin ɗan Adam

Ƙaramin jigo: tsare-tsare a fuskar duniya, yankuna da ƙasashe game da hakkokinɗan Adam.

Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u, kalmomi, da Fusa’o’in aiki da kuma halayen da za su ba damar bunƙasatsare-tsare a fuskar duniya, yankuna da ƙasashe game da girmama hakkokin ɗan Adam.

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Hazaƙa

Zaunar da da tabi’o’i , kalmomi, fusa’o’in aiki da halayen da za su ba da damar bunƙasaka’idoji da alamomin hakkokin ɗan Adam.

Maƙasudin/Karantarwa/Koyo

- Naƙaltar ka’idoji da ire-iren hakkokin ɗan Adam.

- Wallafa fusa’o’in aiki da bunƙasa ka’idoji da ire-iren hakkokin ɗan Adam tare da an yi aikida gudummawar ruƙun jama’a.

- Tafiyar da ayyukan koyarwa dangance da ka’idoJi da ire-iren hakkokin ɗan Adam.

- Nuna halayen da za su ƙarfafa ka’idoji da ire-iren hakkokin ɗan Adam.

Abubuwan sani dangance da darasin:

1. Ƙa’idoJi da hakkokin ɗan Adam.

• Sun gama duniya kuma ba a iya ƙwacewa.

Hakkokin ɗan Adam sun gama duniya kuma ba a iya ƙwace su. Kowane mahaluki, a ko’inacikin duniya yana iya amfani da su. Ba wanda yake iya ba da su don raɗin kansa, kuma bawanda yake iya haramta wa wani su.

• Rashin rarrabuwa: Hakkokin ɗan Adam ba su rarrabuwa, hakkokin ƴan ƙasa da nasiyasa, na tattal in arziki, na al’umma da al’adu sun danganta da mutuncin ɗan Adam.Dukan su, matsayinsu guda kuma ba a iya karkasa su bi da bi.

• Alaƙa da junansu: yin aiki da hakki guda ba ya yiyuwa wani lokaci sai an yi aiki da dukahakkokin ko rabinsu.

• Daidaici ba bambanci ba: duka ƴan Adam suna iya cin moriyar duka hakkoki ba tare dabambancin ƙabila, launin fata, j insi, shekaru, harshe, addini, asul in ƙasa ko naal’umma, nakkasa, arziki, haifuwa ko duk wani hal i ba, kamar yadda aka kayyade cikindokokin da suka danganta da hakkokin ɗan Adam.

• Ƙoƙari da ba da kai: duka mutane da duka al’ummomi suna da hakkin cin moriyarhakkoki ɗan Adam, tare da kawo gudummawarsu wajen jin daɗi a fannin ci-gaban ƴanƙasa, na tattal in arziki, na al’umma, na al’adu da na siyasa waɗanda a cikinsu ake iyaaiki da hakkokin ɗan Adam da kuma manyan ƴanci.

• Tilas game da yin rahoto da kasancewar hakkoki a sahun gaba: Ya kamata ƙasashe dasauran waɗanda abin ya zame ma tilas su ba da ansa bisa irin yadda suke gudanar dahakkokin ɗan Adam. Idan ba su yi amfani da su ba yadda dokoki suka ƙayyade a fanninshari’a, waɗanda aka yi wa lahani (masu hakkin) suna iya kai ƙara gidan juju ko watamashari’anta kamar yadda dokoki suka tanada.

Ƙaramin jigo na 2: Ƙa’idoJi da alamominhakkokin ɗan Adam

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2. Alamomin hakkokin ɗan Adam

- Hakkokin ɗan Adam abubuwa ne masu amfani ga kowane ɗan Adam, sun gama duniya,ana mallakar su tun ranar haifuwa.

- Suna ba da ƙarfi wajen mutunci da darajar kowane ɗan Adam

- daidai suke ga kowa, ba a iya rarraba su kuma suna da alaƙa da junansu

- Ba a iya anshe su ko a fasa ba da su

- Suna ɗora nauyin yin aiki da su ko mantuwa musamman gwamnatocin ƙasashe dama’abutansu maza da mata.

- Ana tabbatar da su a fuskar duniya.

- An kare su a fannin shari’a.

- Suna kare mutane har ma gungunan mutane.

3. Ka’idojin hakkokin ɗan Adam: suna rubuce cikin tsarin shari’a na duniya, na yankuna da naƙasashe. Ka’idoji ne na aiki da halaye waɗanda dangance da su ƙasashe suna iya ba dabayani.

Wasu kwamitocin shahararrun ma’aikata masu zaman kansu suke kulawa da yin larwanalkawulan da ƙasashen suka ɗauka. Ana kiran waɗannan kwamitocin: ƙungiyar bin sanyarjejeniyoyi »

4. Matsaloli da cikas game da hakkokin ɗan Adam.

• Rikice-rikice ko da yaushe cikin yankuna.

• Taka hakkoki ƙwaran gaske cikin rikice-rikicen

• Rashin nuna cikakkar niyyar girmama da kare hakkokin ɗan Adam daga magabata.

• Rashin sanin kayan aiki da tsarin dokoki dangance da hakkokin ɗan Adam.

• Rashin isassar daidaituwar dokokin ƙasa da na fuskar duniya.

• Talauci da bambancin hal in rayuwa tsakanin al’ummomi.

5. Fusa’ar da ta dogara kan hakkokin ɗan Adam da horo a fannin hakkokin ɗan Adam, matakan dasuka girka hakkokin ɗan Adam suna hauda duka tsare-tsare a kan hanyar wallafa su, yin aikida su da awon abin da aka koya game da su.

Fusa’ar da ta dogara kan hakkokin ɗan Adam ta dogara kan ka’idodin kawo ƙokari da sukebukatar ɗaukar nauyi da larwan al’umma bisa tsarin ci-gaba a kowane lokacin na wallafatsare-tsare, misal i , ƙirƙirowa, yin nazari, yin fasal i , aikatawa, bi sau da ƙafa awon abin da akaaikata.

Tsare-tsaren jama’a da na ci-gaba su ma sun ba da gaba wajen cim ma buri a fannin hakkokinɗan Adam.

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ABDH ma yana kawo gudummawa wajen kyautata tsarin ci-gaba da sakamako mai ɗorewacikin daidaici

Fasal i dabam-dabam, tsare-tsare da hanyoyin ci-gaba suna cikin tsarin hakkoki da abubuwana cilas ga hakkokin a fannin duniya.

A halin yanzu, an samu lura guda game da ma’aikatun majal isar ɗinkin duniya a fannin hulɗata ci-gaban hakkokin ɗan Adam. Za a horar da ƴan ƙasa a fannin hakkokin ɗan Adam don sushiga cikin tsarin wallafa tsare-tsaren jama’a wanda yake ya zama ginshiƙin rayuwarsu ta yau.

Game da haka, sharaɗi uku (3) ne za su ba magabata damar amincewa da haka:

• Maganar ko matsalar tana da ɗimbin amfani ga kowa

• Galibin mutane sun tambaya a yi wani abu.

• Maganar tana da amfani ga wata ma’aikatar ƙasa wadda take kula da ita (maganar)kuma ita (ma’aikatar) ya kamata ta nemi warware matsalar.

Takardar fasali

Jigo na 2:

Ƙaramin jigo na 2: ƙa’idoji da alamomin hakkokin ɗan Adam

Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u, kalmomi da fusa’o’in aiki da halayen da suke ba da damar bunƙasa ka’idojida ire-iren hakkokin ɗan Adam

Maƙasudin/Karantarwa/Koyo

• Naƙaltar ka’idoji da alamomin hakkokin ɗan Adam

• Wallafa fusa’o’in aiki na bunƙasa ka’idoji da alamomin hakkokin ɗan Adam tare da anyi aiki da gudummawar ruƙunan mutane.

• Tafiyar da ayyukan horarwa dangance da ka’idoji da alamomin hakkokin ɗan Adam

• Amincewa da halaye nagari waɗanda za su taimaka wa ka’idoji da alamomin hakkokinɗan Adam.

lokaci: Awa 18

Kayan aiki/ Madogara/takardu/littattafai

• Tsare-tsare da littattafan karatu na ɗalibai na sashen koyarwa.

• Ja-goran CEDEAO

• Finafinai

• Hotuna

• Takardu da tsarin dokoki iri-iri

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Hakkokin ɗan Adam

Allon fasali

MISALIN TAKARDAR TAFIYAR DA DARASI

Ƙaramin jigo na 2: ka’doji da alamomin hakkokin ɗan Adam.

Kan darasi/halin koyo: bunƙasa hakkokin ɗan Adam.

Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u, kalmomi da fusa’o’in aiki da kuma halayen da za su ba da damar bunƙasaƙa’idojin da alamomin hakkokin ɗan Adam.

MaƘasudin karantarwar/Koyo

- Naƙaltar ka’idoji tushe dangance da hakkokin ɗan Adam.

Tsawon lokaci: awa 4

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Hakkokin ɗan Adam

Kayan aiki/madogara

Gutsiren dokoki na hakkokin ɗan Adam a fuskar duniya, na nahiya da na yankuna (har dasassa na 1 da na 7 na tsari kan dimokuraɗiya da kyawawan jagoranci) na ƙasa da duk wanitsarin dokoki da ya danganta da abun, kayan aiki irin su talabij in, rediyo…


An fiddo shi daga sanarwar ƙarni, majal isar ɗinkin duniya, disamba 2000, sanarwar ƙarni.

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Hakkokin ɗan Adam

Hakokin ɗan Adam, dimokuriɗiya da kyakkyawan jagoranci.

Za mu sa ƙarfi matuƙa don bunƙasa dimokuraɗiya da ƙarfafa aiki da doka, tare da girmamaduka hakokin ɗan Adam da mahimman ƴanci da aka san da su a fuskar duniya, har ma dahakkin ci-gaba.

Game da haka, mun ɗauki niyyar:

- Girmama da sa a girmama sanarwar duniya kan hakokin ɗan Adam gaba ɗayanta;

- Neman tabbatar, da bunƙasar, da kariyar hakokin ƴan ƙasa, na siyasa, na tattalin arziki, na kyautatazaman al’umma da al’adu gaba ɗayansu zuwa ga kowace ƙasa;

- Ƙara ƙarfafa halin yin aiki da ƙa’idoji kuma da dimokuraɗiya da girmama hakokin ɗan Adam zuwa gaduka ƙasashen har da hakin ƴan tsararu.

- Yaƙi don kauda duk wani halin bambanci zuwa ga ɗiya mata, da yin aiki da yarjejeniya don murƙusheduk wani halin bambanci zuwa ga ɗiya mata.

- Ɗaukar matakai don ganin an girmama da kare manyan hakokin waɗanda suka ƙaura (masu ƙaura),na ma’aikata ƴan asulin ƙasashen waje, masu ƙaura da iyalansu, don murƙushe miyagun halaye nanuna bambancin launin fata da, na ƙyamar baƙi da suka fara yawa a cikin al’ummomi da yawa, kumadon bunƙasa zaman lafiya ƙaunar juna da haƙuri da juna a cikin duka al’ummomi.

- Yin aiki tare don amince mwa tsare-tsaren siyasa nagari cikin daidaici a cikin duka ƙasashe, wannanza ya ba duka ƴan ƙasa damar kawo gudummuwarsu cikin siyasar ƙasa.

- Tabbatar wa kafofin labaru hakin gudanar da ayyukansu, ita kuma jama’a a tabbatar mata dacikakken ƴanci na samun labaru.

Kare ruƙunnan mutane masu sauƙin fuskantar bala’i iri-iri

Za mu yi matuƙan ƙoƙarin taimaka wa yara da sauran al’ummomin da ke fama da bala’i iri-iri ,yaƙin ƙare dangi, rikice-rikice da makamai, da wasu halaye masu bukatar taimako da kariyacikin gaggawa.


- Yaɗaɗa da ƙarfafa kariyar farar hula a cikin halayen ƙaƙa za ni yi kamar yadda dokokin duniya sukatanada.

- Ƙarfafa hulɗa a fuskar duniya har ma ta hanyar yin kariya ga ƙasashen da suke karɓar baƙuncin ƴangudun hijira; da taimaka wa duka ƴan gudun hijirar da duk wani mutum da ya gudu ya barmazauninsa wajen komawa gida don raɗin kansa cikin kwanciyar hankali da mutunci.

- Ƙara kuzari wajen ɗaukar alkawali da yin aiki da yarjejeniya kan hakin yara, da kuma tsare-tsarentawaɗanda suka shafi kawo ƙoƙarin yara cikin rikice-rikice da makamai, saide-saiden yara, sa yaramugunyar hanya (karuwanci) da duk wasu abubuwa na batsa da ake sa yara.

Ba da amsa ga buƙatun Afirka kuma da taimaka wa Afirkawa cikin yaƙin da suke yi nashimfiɗa zaman lafiya mai ɗorewa, da murƙushe talauci ta yadda nahiyar Afirka za ta shigasahun tattal in arziki a fuskar duniya.

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Hakkokin ɗan Adam


-Tallafa wa jam’iyyun siyasa da hakumomi dimokaraɗiyya da suke cikin halin girkuwa a Afirka.

-Ƙara kuzari da tallafa ma tsare-tsaren yankuna, da na ƙasashe na kariyar rikice-rikice wajendaidaituwar yanayin siyasa, kuma da tabbatar da ɗaukar nauyin na ayyukan shimfiɗa zaman lafiya anahiyar Afirka ko da yaushe.

-Ɗaukar matakai na musamman da murkushe talauci, da tabbatar da ci-gaba mai ɗorewa a Afirka, harma da yafewar bashi, kyautata samun shiga kasuwa, ƙara taimako zuwa ga al’umma, da saka jari cikinƙasashen waje, da kuma musanyar fusa’o’i.

-Taimaka ma Afirka wajen samun halayen da take bukata don tsaida yaɗuwar cutar SIDA da saurancutoci makamantanta.

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Hakkokin ɗan Adam

Mi ake nufi da fusa’ar dagora kan kariyarhakkin ɗan Adam?

Ta wannan hanyar, ana nufin dogara dayin aiki da duk abin da ya shafi hakin ɗanAdam a cikin rohotonnai, da kalamai, dawasu tsare-tsaren majal isar ɗinkinduniya. Duk wani taimakon abokan huldaga ƙasashe, ya danganta da halin kariyarɗan Adam a cikin ƙasashe. Hanya ce tayin tunani da tafiyar da tsare-tsaren karehakkin ɗan Adam.

Mi kuma ake nufi da wannan sharaɗi da yadogara kan halin kare hakin ɗan Adam?

Yanayi ne da ke ba da damar gano dali landa ke kawo cikas wajen tabbatar da karehakkin ɗan Adam dangance da dokokinda aka tanada kan haka a fuskar duniya,kuma mai gurin ƙarfafa hamzarin masuhakki na kwato hakkinsu, kuma masunauyin zartar da dokoki su cika aikinsu.

Mi kuma ake nufi da wannan fusa’a?

Tsarin ci-gaba yana dogara kan dokokinƙasashen duniya a game da hakin ɗanAdam. Tsarin ya tabbatar da hakkokinkowane ɗan Adam, kuma ya ƙayyadenauyin da ke kansa.

Yana ƙara jaddadawa kan halin gungu-gungu na waɗanda ke fuskantar wariyada bambanci, yana da burin ganin sundaratta dukan hakokin ɗan Adam, hakakuma ci-gaba yana tabbata.

Fahintar ƙasashen majalisar ɗinkin duniya agame da HRBA

- Buri: A fuskar hulɗa tsakanin ƙasashe,ya kamata a cikin tsare-tsaren ayyukanci-gaban ƙasashe, a tabbatar da ƙarfafahal in kariyar hakin ɗan Adam, kamaryadda aka tanada a cikin kalamar duniyabaki ɗaya da wasu dokokin ƙasa da ƙasagame da hakin ɗan Adam.

- Hanya: Dokoki a game da kare hakin ɗanAdam, hanyar da ya kamata a bi wajenkafa hulɗoɗi da tsare-tsaren ci-gabanƙasashe a kowane fanni.

- Aikatawa: tsarin hulɗar ci-gaba tsakaninƙasashe yana ƙara ma mutane da ke danauyi a kansu, ƙoƙarin cika shi, kumamasu haki, su ƙwato hakinsu.

Ɗon mi aka amince da ɗaukar sharaɗin da kedogora kan halin kare hakin ɗan Adam afannin ci-gaba?

• Ingancin sharaɗin

• Mahimmanci game da tsare-tsarenayyukan ci-gaba

• Ƙa’idojin aikin majalasar ɗinkin duniyada an ƙarfafa hal in kariyar hakin ɗanAdam, kamar yadda aka tanada a cikinkalamar duniya baki ɗaya da wasudokokin ƙasa da ƙasa a game da hakkinɗan Adam.

Buri/ Tabbatar da kariyar hakkin ɗan Adam,shi ne muhimmin burin dukan tsare-tsarenayyukan ci-gaba.

HRBA tana ƙayyade mahimman fusa’o’in damajal isar ɗinkin duniya da abokan hulɗarda suke bin wannan sharaɗin suka sa gaba

Ka’idojin hakokin ɗan Adam suna jagorancinhulɗa da tsarin ci-gaba a kowane fanni aduka hawa-hawan hanyar tafiyar da tsarin.

-Hanya: ƙa’idojin hakkokin ɗan Adam sunakyautata ayyukan da aka yi da wasu hanyoyi.

-Ka’idojin hakokin ɗan Adam suna ƙayyade“fil i” wanda kansa za a samu ci gaba.

Ƙa’idojin hakokin ɗan Adam suna ba da matakanbin hanyar ci gaba.

Takardar ratayeTakardar rataye ta 1

Fusa’ar da ta dogara kan halin kariyar hakkin ɗan Adam a fannin gina tsare-tsare

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Hakkokin ɗan Adam

Ka’idojin hakokin ɗan Adam

Abinda ka’idojin suka ƙunsa: ire-iren

hakkokin da aka tanada.

Lokacin yin tsari ƙa’idoji suna jagorancin…

…. ƙwanƙwance matsalol in ci-gaba kamar

zance hakkokin ɗan Adam (kimantawa)

…yin nazarin muƙami da ƙoƙarin waɗanda ya

kamata su ci moriyar hakokin da mutanen da

suke kula da hakokin

…ba da ma’anar burin ci-gaba

….ƙirƙiro madogarai da alamomin da suka

dace.

Ka’idojin hakokin ɗan Adam sun gamaduniya ba a iya rarraba su.

Alaƙa wa junansu

daidaici ba bambanci

gudummawa da ƙoƙarin ba da kai.

Gudanar da nauyin jagorancin doka

Fusa’ar yin aiki da hakokin ɗan Adam tanabukatar babbar danganta ka ta hanyar al’ada.

Gane ma juna game da al’adu da ra’ayoyiyana kawo sauƙi wajen yin aiki da fusa’arhakokin ɗan Adam (ABDH).

Dangantaka ta hanyar al’ada tana baal’ummomi damar mallakar abubuwan datsare-tsaren suka ƙunsa.

Duk da haka, neman hakokin da suka shafial ’adu ba za su zama hujar tauye hakokin ɗanAdam ba.

Wasu tabi’un da suka danganta da al’adusuna iya zama maƙasudin neman hakkokinɗan Adam. (CEDEF) tana neman kawo gyaranfuska ga wasu salo na al’ada kuma da wasutabi’un gargajiya a lokacin da suke kawo halinbambancin jinsi.

….Zaunar da ƙa’idojin hakokin ɗan Adam cikinduka sassa hanyar tsari ….

Zaunar da ƙa’idojin hakokin ɗan Adam cikinduka sassan hanyar tsari.

Ba da ma’anarBin sau dakafa

Awo da nazari

Aikatawa Fasalta daƙirƙiro tsari

Hulɗa don ci gaba tana taimakawa wajenkyautata halayen “PC” don su gudanarda ayyukansu da/ko “DD” don su sa a yiaiki da su.

-Aikatawa: an ba da ƙarfi wajen alaƙa tatsakanin mutane da ƙasashe (hakuma)(kawo koke-koke- ti las nauyi). Ɗaukowadaga yin aiki wanda yake shi ne ginshiƙinci-gaba wajen ƙarfafa hazaƙa don kawokoke-koke kuma da yin aiki da hakkokinɗan Adam.

Ƙasashe suna bukatar halaye don ƙarfafatsare-tsaren ƙasashe na kariya da yin aikida nauyin da ya rataya.

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Hakkokin ɗan Adam

Masu cin moriyar hakkoki:

Fannin gama duniya da na rashin ƙwatuwa

Kasancewar hakkokin ɗan Adam gama duniyada rashin iya ƙwace su suna nuna cewa:

Kowa yana da ƴancin cin moriyar hakkokinɗan Adam. Sanya hannu game da tsarinkariyar hakkokin ɗan Adam.

Ya kamata siyasa da tsare-tsaren jama’a suƙunshi: Labaru na ɓangare-ɓangare donƙwanƙwance miyagun misalai na kora da nawariya. Fusa’o’i na musamman don ba daamsa ga misalan.

Fannin rashin rarrabuwa da na alaƙa da juna

Rashin iya rarraba hakkokin ɗan Adam da alaƙarda ke tsakaninsu suna nuna cewa:

Amincewa da kariyar hakkoki. Sanya hannugame da tsare-tsaren ƙasashe na kariya

Fannin shari’a: Bai dace ba a fifita kariyar wasuhakkoki bisa wasu.

Ya kamata tsare-tsaren jama’a su dogara bisanazari mai zurfi na matsalol in ci-gaba tare da bada amsoshi na gaba ɗaya da suka shafi fannidabam dabam.

Ma’aikatun Gwamnati:

Tabbatar da tsari tsakanin ma’aikatu kuma takowane fanni.

Sanya ma’aikatu masu kula da kariya, bi sau daƙafa na ɗaukar nauyi.

Fannin rashin iya rarrabuwa da na alaƙa dajunansu:

Rashin iya rarrabuwa da alaƙa da junansusuna nuna:

Amincewa kuma da kariyar hakkoki gameda tsare-tsaren ƙasashe na kariya

Fannin shari’a:

Bai dace ba a fifita kariyar wasu hakkokibisa wasu, ya kamata tsare-tsaren jama’asu:

Dogora bisa nazari mai zurfi na matsalol inci-gaba tare da ba da amsoshi na gabaɗaya da suka shafi fanni dabam-dabam.

Ma’aikatun gwamnati:

Tabbatar da tsari tsakanin ma’aikatukuma ta kowane fanni.

Girka ma’aikatu masu kula da kariya, bisau da ƙafa na ɗaukar nauyi.

Mutum 6, 652, 595,

567. Kowane mutum,

namiji , mace ko yaro,

na kowane irin launin

fata, na kowace ƙabila

kuma na cikin kowane

irin hal in rayuwar

jama’a cikin wani

hal i , rukunai.

Mutane masu kula da

hakkoki: ba su da

yawa ƙwarai musamman

ma ƙasashe ta wani

fanni, mutane suna da

nauyi na musamman.

Mutane, mutane da

wurare masu zaman

kansu sun da nauyin iri

guda zuwa ga al’umma

don girmama ƙakkokin

wasu.

Amfanin ƙarfafa sani

Aikata nauyin

da ya rataya

a wuya: ti las

Kawo koke-koke da aiki da

hakkoki

Aikata/ yin aiki da hakkokinɗan Adam kuma da burorin

ci-gaban ɗan Adam

Bunƙasar halayen da suka danganta dahakkokin ɗan Adam

Halaye donɗaukar nauyi

Halaye don bada iko

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Fannin daidaici da rashin bambanci

Daidaici da rashin bambanci suna tilastaƙasashe da su:

Murƙushe bambanci a fannin shari’a,ma’aikatu tsakanin mutane da ƙungiyoyi.

Sanya hannu game da tsare-tsarenƙasashe na kariya.

Ya kamata a fannonin shari’a…

Ya kamata ma’aikatun jama’a sutabbatar da …..

Ya kamata jama’a su…

Tsare-tsaren.

Fannin kawo gudummawa

Fannin kawo gudummawa na hakkokin ɗanAdam yana bukatar:

Gudummawa tagari, cikin daɗin kai tare dahanzari, Sanya hannu game da tsare-tsarenƙasashe na kariya.

Siyasa, tsare-tsare da hanyoyin da za su bada: Damar kawo gudummawa ga fasal i da ci-gaban hanyar samun labaru nagari.

Ba ruƙunan da ake nuna wa wariya damar bada shawarwarinsu.

Fannin hanyoyin aiki:

Dogara bisa ka’idojin dimokuraɗiya da nagargajiya.

Fannin farar hula: Ƙara hanzari, ƴanci dasamun halayen wakilcin waɗanda ake yi wawariya. Samun halin lura da tsarin yankeshawara.

Fannin ɗaukar nauyi: Fannin ɗaukar nauyiyana bukatar: Samun hanyoyi da matakankiran ƙara nagari kuma cikin ƴanci.

Fannin ɗaukar nauyi yana bukatar:

Ƙasashe da sauran mutanen da suke kulada hakkoki n ɗan Adam su kasancej a-gora wajen sa a girmama hakkokin.

Fannin ɗaukar nauyi

Fannin ɗaukar nauyi yana bukata: kafofinwatsa labaru masu ƴancin kansu kuma daruƙunai masu kare hakkokin ɗan Adamwaɗanda su ne wakilan maza da mata daruƙunan mutanen da ake nuna wawariya.

Sanya hannu cikin ayyukan tsare-tsarenkare hakkokin ɗan Adam.

Farar hula mai ƙoƙari ta hanyar:

• Zuba ido don ganin an tabbatar dadaidaici tsakanin ƙasa da nauyin da yarataya kanta a game da hakkokin ɗanAdam.

• Tsara abubuwan da suka damu jama’akuma da ba da shawarar kawo sauyi maiamfani.

• Ba da labaru da saɓani game darahotanni dangance da dokokin duniya nahakkokin ɗan Adam.

3Halin kasancewacikakken ɗan ƙasada nuna kishin

ƙasa

Jigo

« Kafin a nuna tsanani, a nuna tabi’un ƙwara »

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Halin kasancewacikakken ɗan ƙasada nuna kishinƙasa

Gabatarwa

Zama cikakken ɗan ƙasa, koyon shi ake yi yau da gobe; ba a haifuwarmutum ake yi da shi ba. Idan ana so rayuwa ta yi daɗI cikin ƙasa, sai indukan ƴan ƙasar, maza da mata suna nuna kyakkyawar aƙida da sani

da ƙwarewa kan abubuwa dabam dabam, da kuma iya zama da mutane.

Ɗon haka burin da aka sa gaba wajen horon ƴan makaranta na zamacikakkun ƴan ƙasa, shi ne na a tabbatar da za su kawo ƙoƙarinsu wajenkyautata fannin siyasa da ayyukan bunƙasa tattalin arziki da al’adu.

Ƙasashe da yawa na ƙungiyar tattalin arzikin ƙasashen Afirka ta yamma sunafuskantar matsalolin rikice-rikice. Banda haka, akwai rikicin bayanzaɓuɓɓuka mai gurɓata yanayin dimokuraɗiya; ga kuma rashin isassarhalartar al’umma da ke kawo cikas ga bunƙasar tattalin arziki da shimfiɗayanayin zaman lafiya mai ɗorewa cikin yankin.

Game da haka ne wannan jigon horarwar bisa halin kishin ƙasa da nakasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa yake da muhimmanci.

Abin nufi a nan, shi ne tabbatar da zaman lafiya tsakaninmu, har ma da wasu,tare da daratta dukan al’adun ƙasa ko na yankin, da kuma duƙa waamintattun ƙa’idoji.

Hazaƙa

Yin aiki da aƙidu da kalamomin da suka shafi hal in nuna kishin ƙasada na cikakken ɗan ƙasa cikin zamantakewa.

Ƙananan jigogin

1. Halin kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa

2. Halin nuna kishin ƙasa

1. Halin kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa

2. Halin nuna kishin ƙasa

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Dimokuraɗiya da ingantaccen jagoranci

Hazaƙa

Zaunar da aƙidu da tabi’u da kalmomi da suka shafi hal in kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa cikinzamantakewa.

Maƙasudin karantawa/koyo

1. Naƙalce aƙidu da kalmomin da suka shafi hal in kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa

2. Yin aiki da ƙa’idojin zama cikakken ɗan ƙasa

3.Tafiyar da ayyukan koyarwa dangance da halin zama cikakken ɗan ƙasa.

4. Ɗaukar ɗabi’ar ɗan ƙasar da ya san ciwon kansa

Abubuwan sani cikin ƙaramin jigon

1. Ma’ana dabam dabam ta halin kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa

Halin kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa: wanda ake kira ɗan ƙasa, mutumen da yake da ƴancidabam-dabam a fannin siyasa da na matsayinsa na farar hula har ma da ƴancin yin zaɓecikin ƙasarsa.

Kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa, kyakkyawan hali ne na ɗan ƙasar wanda yake ba shi matsayinɗan al’ummar ko ƙasar da yake ciki da kuma damar sanya bakinsa cikin duk abun da ya shafirayuwar al’ummar da harakokin siyasa, duk da yana da nauyin da ya rataya wuyansai.

Ɗan ƙasa: Mutum ne mai ƴanci dabam dabam a fannin shari’a (a matsayinsa na farar hula) dasiyasa, kuma akwai nauyi dabam dabam da suka rataya wuyansa a fuskar ƙasarsa, kamarbiyan lanho, bin dokokin ƙasa, cika aikin soja, cika ƴancinsa na zaɓe, da sauransu.

Ɗan ƙasa yana kuma da ƴancin samun kariya daga hukumar ƙasarsa Samun matsayin ɗanƙasa ya danganta da halin zama ɗan ƙasa ta hanyar haifuwa, wato na asul i , ko ta hanyartakardar damƙa matsayin ɗan ƙasa ga ɗan wata ƙasa da ya ciki wasu sharuɗɗa, kamar cikashekarun balaga.

Kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa ta hanyar da ta danganta da hakkokin ɗan Adam

A fuskar hakkokin ɗan Adam, kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa ya danganta da fannin wallafa tsare-tsarentafiyar da ayyukan ƙasa. Kan haka, kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa, ana danganta shi da niyya da ƙoƙarin daɗan ƙasa yake kawowa wajen girka tsare-tsaren ayyukan ƙasa, tafiyar da su da kuma auna sakamakon dasuka ba da.

Cikin tsarin ba da horon, ya kamata a buɗe fil in tattaunawa bisa ma’anar muhimmankalmomin da suka danganta da kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa; su ne:

• Ƴancin ɗan ƙasa ko na al’umma

• Ma’anar hakkoki da dokoki dabam dabam, da nauyi dabam dabam da ke kan kowa daal’umma baki ɗaya.

Ƙaramin jigo na 1: Halin kasancewacikakken ɗan ƙasa

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• Alaƙa tsakanin mutane, haɗin kan ƴan ƙasa

• Daratta hakkokin wasu

• Kawo ƙoƙari ga shimfiɗa tsarin dimokuraɗiya

• Kwanciyar hankalin al ’umma da haɗin kanta

• Matsayin cikakken ɗan ƙasa

• Gwamniti mai taimakon ƴan ƙasa

• Daratta al’adu dabam dabam

• Daratta dokoki

• Mahawarar ci-gaba

- Tattaunawa kan waɗannan matsalol in:

• Rashin ƙarkon sassan hukumomin dimokuraɗiya

• Matsalar amincewa da hukumomi

• Matsalar gudanar da iko

• Rashin fahimtar kirki bisa ma’anar kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa

• Gurɓacewar haɗin kan ƴan ƙasa

• Rashin fahimtar kirki ta yawaita jam’iyyun siyasa da haɗin gwiwarsu

• Rashin ɗaukar halayen cikakken ɗan ƙasa

• Rashin isasshen horo kan halayen cikakken ɗan ƙasa a fuskar dimokuraɗiya

• Sakin tabi’un cikakken ɗan ƙasa

• yawan halayen taka dokoki

• Ƙaramcin wuraren mahawarar jama’a

• Rashin isasshen tunani don gina ƙasa

• Rashin isasshen ƙoƙarin kawo ra’ayoyi da ɗaukar matakai

2.Kasancewar cikakken ɗan ƙasa game da ayyukan ci-gaban ƙasa

Akwai ƙarin bayanai da ya kamata a kawo ga ma’anar da aka ba Kalmar ɗan ƙasa a can baya,don fahimtar abin da ake nufi da ɗan ƙasa da kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa baki ɗaya.

Ta haka, sai a ce ɗan ƙasa, mutum ne wanda yake kawo ƙoƙarinsa wajen ayyukan siyasa da ci-gaban al’umma. Kowace al’umma tana da burin ci-gabanta da kyautata rayuwarta. Ashe kuwasai tare da cikakkar niyyar dukan ƴan ƙasar.

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A fuskar dimokuraɗiya, ƴanci da nauyin da ke wuyan kowane ɗan ƙasa na tsoma bakinsa cikinmahawarar neman ci-gaban ƙasa, shi ne kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa. Cikakken ɗan ƙasayana bin doka saboda an yi ta ta hanyar dimuokuraɗiya.

Wajibi ne ga dukan cikakkun ƴan ƙasa su zartar da ayyuka cikin kowane ɓangaren hukumanci:cikin gari, cikin jaha, cikin ƙasa da cikin duniya baki ɗaya, kuma su iya ba da ra’ayoyinsu gamanyan mahawarori.

Amma ga duk ɗan ƙasa, neman ƴancinsa yana tare da sauke nauyin da ke wuyansa. Ya kwanada sanin ƴancinsa, ƴancin wani ne shi ma wanda ya kamata ya daratta.

Kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa a fuskar ayyukan tattalin arziki

Wannan Kalmar tana nuna nauyin da ya rataya wuyan duk ɗan ƙasa ko ƴar ƙasa wajen biyanlanho da sauran jangalol in da ya kamata don a ƙara wa ƙasa ƙwarin gwigwar aiwatar da wasuayyuka.

2. Matsaloli game da ginin ƙasa da haɗin kan ƙasashen yankin ƙungiyar tattalin arzikin ƙasashenAfirika ta yamma (CEDEAO): nauyin da ke kan duk ɗan ƙasa wajen iya zama da sauran mutane dakuma haɗin kan yankin.

Iya zama da sauran ƴan ƙasa cikin kwanciyar hankali , duk da yake kowa da halayensa,kyakkyawan hali ne ga ɗan ƙasa. Ya nuna sanin abin da ake nufi da ƙasa.

A kowane lokacin da aka kawo zancen ginin ƙasa a Afirkar baƙar fata, musamman ma cikinƙungiyar “CDEAO”, ba a dubin kome sai ƙasa kamar yadda mulkin mallaka ya keɓe ta; Alhal ikuwa, wajen zana iyakokin ƙasashen, ƴan ƙabila ɗaya da ƴan al’umma ɗaya ne aka rarrabacikin ƙasashen.

Ya zamanto ga yadda ƙasashen Afirika suke a yanzu, ƙasashe ne waɗanda ba su da komenaasul in Afirka ta can da a fuskar tabi’u. Matsalar yanzu, ita ce ta sake kafa sabobbin tsare-tsare cikin kowace ƙasa ta ƙungiyar, da kuma tsare-tsaren da suka shafi yankin baki ɗaya.

Saboda haka, cikin dukan ƙasashen Afirka, musamman na yankin “CEDEAO” ya kamata dukanwasu sabobbin tsare-tsare su shafi kaɓilu dabam dabam don shimfiɗa haɗaɗɗen yanayinsiyasa da na tattal in arziki da kuma kawar da bambancin ra’ayoyi da daidaita halaye.

Cikin ƙasashe a halin yanzu, babbar matsalar ita ce ta ƙarfafa haɗin kan ƙasa tare da daidaitaal’adu dabam dabam don kiyaye ɓarkewar ƙasashe. Don haka dole ne a yi adalci tsakaninɓangarori dabam dabam na al’ummar ƙasa, kuma a kiyaye wariya saboda ra’ayin siyasa komatsayi ko ƙabila. Tsarin cuɗayya a fannoni iri-iri tsakanin ɓangarorin al ’umma yana ƙarfafadanƙon zumuncinsu.

Masu ba da horon suna iya kawo zancen kishin ƙasa da dukan abubuwan da ake nufi dontattaunawa tare da waɗanda ake ba horon, har ma su yo bincike kan haka, kuma su zo subayyana sakamakon a gaban jama’a. Misal i , suna iya yin nazari kan rikice-rikicen da kefaruwa a yankin Afirka ta Yamma.

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Fasalin ƙaramin jigo

Babban jigo na 3: Kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa da kishin ƙasa

Ƙaramin jigo na 1: Kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa

Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u da kalmomi dangance da halin kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa cikin halayenzaman tare.


1. Naƙaltar kyawawun tabi’u da kalmomi dangance da halin kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa

2. Gane matakan kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa

3. Tafiyar da ayyukan koyarwa dangance da halin kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa

4. Ɗaukar hal i na cikakken ɗan ƙasa

lokaci: Awa 16

Kayan aiki/Madogara/littattafai

- Tsare-tsare da litattafan koya fannin

- Littattafan koyarwa na ƙasashen “CEDEAO”

- Silma

- Hotuna

-Wasu littattafai dabam

Allon fasali

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Ƙaramin jigo na 1: Halin kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa


Babban jigo na 3: Halin kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa da halin nuna kishin ƙasa

Ƙaramin jigo na 1: Halin kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa

Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u da kalmomi dangance da halin kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa cikin halayenzaman tare.

Maƙasudan karantarwa/koyo: Ɗaukar halin cikakken ɗan ƙasa

Kan darasi/halin koyo: ƙa'idojin kishin ƙasa

Basirar da ake son ƙarfafawa

lokaci: Awa 2

Kayan aiki/Madogara/litattafai:

- Tsare-tsare da littattafan da suka shafi fannin

- Littafin ƙungiyar “CEDEAO”

- Silma, hotuna da wasu abubuwan gani da saurare

- Wasu littattafai bisa fannin kishin ƙasa da kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa da karantar da su

- Tafiyar da kashin darasi.

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Tafiyar da kashin darasi

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Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u da kalmomi dangance da kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa cikin halayen zamantare.

Maƙasudan karantarwa/koyo

- Naƙalce tabi’u da kalmomi dangance da halin kishin ƙasa

- Sanin hakkokinsa da nauyin da ya rataya wuyansa a matsayinsa na ɗan kishin ƙasa.

- Tafiyar da ayyukan koyarwa dangance da halin kishin ƙasa

- Ɗaukar halaye na ɗan kishin ƙasa;

Abubuwan da darasin ya ƙumsa

1. Halin kishin ƙasa

Ma’anoni

- Halin kishin ƙasa: hal in ba da gaskiya ga ƙasa da hukumominta da kawo ƙoƙari wajengudanar da ayyukanta, har da cika ƴancin zaɓe.

• Hal in da ɗan ƙasa ya fi fifita ayyukan amfanin ƙasa a gaban nasa ayyukan.

- Girmamawa: Halin duƙawa na gaba; ladabi.

Hal in kishin ƙasa, ba da fifiko ne ga amfanin al’ummar ƙasa. Don haka ya kamata mai kishinƙasa ya san hakkokinsa da nauyin da ke kansa, kuma ya daratta na wasu.

2. Tabi’un da suke tare da halin kishin ƙasa

• Ƙaunar ƙasa

• Daratta abin jama’a

• Biyayya, adalci

• Sanin ciwon kai

• Kawo ƙokari ga ayyukan al’umma

• Haƙuri

• Ƙoƙarin bunƙasa amfanin jama’a

• Zumunci

• Larwan tsarin ayyukan ci-gaban al’umma

3. Muhimman kalmomi dangance da halin kishin ƙasa

Idan aka kawo zancen kalmomin kishin ƙasa da kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa, to sai an kawohaske kan Kalmar ƙasa da ta al’umma:

Ƙaramin jigo na 2: Halin kishin ƙasa

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Ƙasa :

• Keɓaɓɓen yanki ne mai iyakoki inda gungun mutane suke rayuwa, da ƴar dangantakaral’adu, a ƙarƙashin wani tsararren mulki.

• Dukan manyan hukumomin da ke jagoranci.

Ƙasa, yanki ne mai cikakken ƴanci; tana tafiyar da ayyukanta ta hanyar gwamnati,ma’aikatu da sassansu masu gudanar da tsararren iko.

Ƙasa tana da nauyin kare ƴan ƙasa, da tabbatar masu kiwon lafiyarsu, horonsu wadatarruwa da wutar lantarki, tsabtaccen muhall i da sauransu.

Haɗin kan wasu ƙasashe yana iya haifar da ƙungiya wadda za ta tafiya kamar ƙasa ɗaya.Misal i , ƙungiyar “CEDEAO” da ta haɗa ƙasashe ta hanyar wata yarjejeniya tamkar kundintsarin mulkinta da kuma manyan hukumominta.

Al’umma:

• Gungun mutane ne da ke zaune cikin yanki guda, da asul i guda, da tarihi guda, daal’adu guda, da harshe ko yare guda, kuma da tsarin mulki guda.

Ƙasa tana iya ƙumsar al’ummomi masu yawa. Misal i : al ’ummar hul lani, ta gurmawa, ta barebari…

Fasalin ƙaramin jigo

Babban jigo na 3: Halin kishin ƙasa da kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa.


Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u da kalmomi dangance da halin kishin ƙasa a cikin halayen zaman tare.

Maƙasudan koyarwa: ɗan kishin ƙasa ya:

- Naƙalce tabi’u da kalmomi dangance da halin kishin ƙasa

- Ƙarfafa sani kan hakkokinsa da nauyin da ke kansa a matsayinsa na ɗan kishin ƙasa.

- Tafiyar da ayyukan koyarwa dangance da halin kishin ƙasa

- Ɗaukar halaye na ɗan kishin ƙasa

lokaci: Awa 14

Kayan aiki/Madogara/litattafai:



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- Finafinai, hotuna da wasu abubuwan gani da saurare

- Wasu littattafai kan fannin kishin ƙasa da kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa

- Shafofi na na’ura mai ƙwaƙwalwa bisa kishin ƙasa da kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa.

Allon fasali


Babban jigo na 3: Halin kasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa da kishin ƙasa


Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u da kalmomi dangance da halin kishin ƙasa cikin halayen zaman tare


Sanin hakkoki da nauyin da ke kan ɗan kishin ƙasa

Kan darasi/Halin koyo

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Matakan gina ƙasa: tattaunawa tsakanin ƙabilu da addinai dabam dabam.

Basirar da ake son ƙarfafawa

lokaci: Awa 2

Kayan aiki /Madogara/l itattafai



- Silma, hotuna da wasu abubuwan gani da saurare

- Wasu littattafai bisa addinai, ƙabilu, da alaƙarsu da aikin gina ƙasa

- Shafofin na’ura mai ƙwaƙwaluwa masu zancen addinai, ƙabilu da aikin gina ƙasa.

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4Dimokuraɗiya daingantaccenjagoranci

Jigo

“Idan an gane da kyau, dimokuraɗiya ba jagoranci ne ba wanda ƴan ƙwararrunmutane suke dannewa su kaɗai. Iko ne wanda mutane suka kafa da kansu donkansu, don amfanin kansu game da taimakon kowa.”

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Dimokuraɗiya daingantaccenjagoranci

Gabatarwa

Yawan matsalolin da aka gano masu hana bunƙasar da ƙasashenyankin Afirika ta Yamma, kamar: cin hanci, da rashuwa, da rikice-rikicen siyasa da sauransu, waɗanda suka haddasa ƙarancin tarbi’a a

fannin siyasa da jagoranci nagari. Dimokuraɗiya, « milki ne mutane da sukako kafa da kansu waɗanda suka haddasa ƙaramcin tarbi’a a fannin siyasa dajagoranci nagari. Dimokuriɗiya, « milki ne mutane da suka kafa da kansu dakansu kuma don kansu da kansu.» Amma wajibi ne a nemi sani ko in mutanensuna iya yin wannan aikin, idon ba haka ba, wane irin maƙami ne masu milkia yanzu(cikin ƙasashen CEDEAO) suka ɗora wa kansu don su yi jagoranci dasunan mutane. »

Ta wani fanni, ya kamata a tabbatar da yawancin ƴan ƙasa suna damakamman sani da lissafi da ingantaccen tunani da halaye da za su sa sukawo masu ƙoƙari wajen tafiyar da ayyukan ƙasa don kare ƴancin bayan sucika hakin ƙasa ta hanyar cikakkar dimokuraɗiya da yin ingantaccenjagoranci. An wallafa wannan littafin dalilin haka.

Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u da kalmomi da fusa’o’i da halaye nagari donbunƙasa dimokuraɗiya da ingantaccen jagoranci.

Ƙananan jigogi:

1. Dimokuraɗiya

2. Ingantaccen jagoranci

1. Dimokuraɗiya

2. Ingantaccen jagoranci

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Hazaƙa:

Zaunar da tabi’o’i da kalmomi da fusa’o’i da halaye nagari don bunƙasa dimokuraɗiya.

Maƙasudan karantarwa/koya

1. Nakaltar kalmomi da tabi’o’i da ƙa’idojin da suka dangata da dimokuraɗiya

2. Bunƙasa fusa’o’i masu ɗorewa na il imin dimokaraɗiya bayan an yi amfani da al’adungargajiya da gudummɗwar ruƙunonin mutane.

3. Tafiyar da ayyukan koyarwa da na rayuwar ƴan makaranta wanɗanda za su ba dadamar girka da bunƙasa al’adu na dimokuraɗiya.

4. Amincewa da halaye nagari waɗanda za su ba da damar bunƙasa tsarin dimokuraɗiya.

Abubuwan sani dangance da darasi

Ma’anar kalma

Kalmar dimokuraɗiya ta samo asali daga harshen Girka « dimos » cewa da jama’a da Kratos mulki, iko,halaliya. Kalmar na kuma nufin ta ga wannan shaharorriyar ma’ana ta Abaraham Linkon: “mulki ƴan ƙasadaga ƴan ƙasa na ƴan ƙasa kuma don ƴan ƙasa.”

Dimokuraɗiya na nufin kuma:

“Mulkin da ke gudanar da amincewar ƴan ƙasa”

“Wani tsarin mulki ne wanda ƴan ƙasa suke da cikakken jagoranci”

Ana fasara dimokuraɗiya, har ya yau, kamar: “tsarin milki wanda al’umma takeshugabancinsa.

‘Wani yanayin milki ne wanda yaunin binciken siyasa ya rataya ga wuyan ƴan ƙasa gaba ɗaya,ta kai tsaye ko kuma ta wajen zaɓaɓɓun wakil lansu.”

“Dimokuraɗiya wani irin yanayin milki ne inda mutane suke iya canza shubaganinsu ta hanyaryarda kuma inda gwamnati yake da ƴancin yin milki saboda al’umma ta ba shi wannan damarta hanyar ƙuri’a.

A nan, al’umma take milki kuma ake milki.

Al’ummar na nufi a nan, jama’ar ƙasar ga baki ɗaya da suke da ƴancin yin mulki ko ake iyamulkinsu.

Tafiyar da dimokuraɗiya daga al’umma

Tsarin milki inda cikin sa al’umma take gudanar da cikakken ƴancinta, da wanda al’ummar bata gudanar da cikakken ƴancinta.

Ƙaramin jigo na 1: Dimokuraɗiya

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Can dauri, a ƙasar girka ana amfani da yanayin dimokuraɗiya inda duka ƴan ƙasar (ban damata, da yara da bayu) suke haɗuwa don yanke shawarwaru: tsarin dimokaraɗiya ne indakowa yake sanya hannuwansa. Ƴan ƙasa suna kawo gudummawarsu tun daga wajen yankeshawara har zuwa wallafa ta da aikata ta.

A halin yanzu, cikin yanayin siyasa, ba a tafiyar da milki tare da al’ummomi gaba ɗaya, sai daisu zaɓi wakil lansu da za su yi milki da sunansu.

Tabi’u da ka’idoji da tushoshin dimokuraɗiya

Yanayin dimokaraɗiya ya danganta da tabi’u da ka’idoji , da jagoranci, da halaye kuma daal’adu: su ne tushen, waɗannan halaye mafi yawansu ba a bayyane suke ba. Ƴanci daingantaccen zaɓe da gaskiya, rararrabawar iko da sauransu. Duk da haka, akwai ƴaumatsalol i game da tsarin siyasar dokokin da ba a rubuta ba a matsayin siyasar dokokin da baa matsayin “ƙa’idojin wasan” da ya kamata a girmama (amince wa kayan zaɓe, yin al lahwadde da mugun hali na tashe-tashen hankul la).

Tabi’un dimokuraɗiya Ƴancin jama’a: milki

Ana bayyana dimokuraɗiya ta hanyar mahimman tabi’un biyu (2), ƴancin da kai. An bayyanawannan tabi’un cikin jawaben ƴanci na shekarar 1789 ko na 1948.

Wasu tabi’o’usun zo sun ƙaru. Gafartawa, girmama, hulɗa, yawanta jami’a, rashin jittuwaral’umma, yarda da bambanci, da kama amintaka da zaman lafiya, ds.

Ƙa’idojin dimokuraɗiya

• Zaɓen da ya shafi kowa da kowa wanda yake ba kowa damar yin amfani da maƘami nagaskiya don ɗaukan mahimman ƙa’idoji .

• Ƴancin jama’a: milki yana ga talakawa kuma shi yake da yaunin talakawa.

• Ƙa’idar mai rinjaye da hakokin ƴan tsararru: mai rinjaye shi yake da milki, amma yakamata a kare hakin ƴan tsararu, kundin dokokin ƙasa yake ƙayyade su:

• Dacewar tsarin mulki: milki da iyakokin milkin gwamnati su bayyana cikin kundin tsarinmilki da yake kare hakokin duka ƴan ƙasa. Larwan dacewar tsarin milki, wajibi ne dontabbatar aikata tsare-tsaren dokoki. Rarrabawar milki (fannin dokoki, gwamnati, dajagoranci, shari’a, masu zaɓen dokoki ba ne za ya aikata su. Zaɓen kai shi kuma wajibine don sa ido ko ganin an aikata dokokin da kyau.

• Aiki da gaskiya da rashin son kai: ya kamata gwamnati ya yi gaskiya da rashin nuna sonkai.

• Tsarin shari’a mai ƴancin hausa: ya kamata tsarin shari’a ya kasance maras nuna sonkai a kuma raba shi da na gwamnati.

• Canjin ra’ayi, ba da ra’ayi, ƴancin ba da labaru, ƴacin girka ƙungiyoyi.

• Kasancewar sojoji ƙarƙashin ikon farar fula. Manyan hafsoshin sojoji ba zaɓen su aka yiba, ta haka suna ƙarƙashin jagoranci farar fula.

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• Yawanta jami’o’in siyasa da ingantanccen zaɓe: jami’o’in siyasa da yawa, ya zamantoingantacce wanda kowa yake iya yi ko da yaushe cikin haske.

• Abubuwan amfanin jama’a: A bunƙasa duk abubuwan amfanin jama’a.

• Sanya hannu: ƴan ƙasa suna da ƴancin kawo gudummawarsu cikin rayuwar ƙasa.

• Hakumomin jama’a: jagoranci jama’a ma doka tana bugon su, haka yake ƙayyadejagoranci da shawarwaru su kasance daidai da na tsarin milkin ƙasa da alkawalan datake ɗauka a fuskar duniya.

• Sauya ragamar milki: ana so ya zamanto ana sauya ko kuma da dokoki da matakkanragamar tafiyar da milki.

• Sa ido daga ƴan ƙasa: ya kamata a tabbatar wa ɗan ƙasa yancin lura da kansa ko bahanyar ƙungiyoyi “amfani gudummawar al’umma (…) da bin sau-da-ƙafa ayyukan)”kuma ga irin aikin da aka tanada wa al’umma baki ɗaya “tambayar bayyani ga kowanema’aikaci na gwamnati kan aikinsa” wannan za ya ba shi damar tafiyar da ayyukansana kulawa da shaidawa. Ds.

Dokoki, jagoranci da kayan aikin dimokuraɗiya:

Ana iya kuma ƙayyade aikin dimokuraɗiya ta hanyar dokoki, jagoranci, da kayan aikindimokuraɗiyar:

- Ta fuskar yanki ana iya zana misal i : kotin Afirka ta hakin ɗan Adam, kotin shari’a naCEDEAO, yarjejeniya saman dimokuraɗiya da ingantaccen milki.

- A fuskar ƙasa, majal isar dokoki (…) tana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman jagoranci nademokaraɗiya. Akwai kuma saman wasu jagoranci jama’a kamar su mai shiga tsakanina jamahuriya, kwamitin shawara kan hakin ɗan Adam, kwamiti na ƙasa.

- Kundin tsarin milki yana kare hakokin ƴan ƙasa kuma yana ƙayyade jagoranci ma’ikata.

- Hakumar shari’a. Ya kamata ta samu cikakken ƴanci wanda shi ne shaidar ingantattardimokuraɗiya.

- Fuskar karkara: Ana samun misal i kamar majal isoshi na karkara, kwamitotin shawara nakarkara, kwamitin shawara na gunduma, kwamitin shawara na ma’aikatar magajin gariinda ake taron zaɓeɓɓun mashawarta.

- Ƴan fara fula suna da ƴanci na iya larwan ayyukan gwamnati, ko kuma su zamanto masushiga tsiƙani idan wata matsala ta faru tsakanin gwanati da ƴan siyasa.

- Kafofin yaɗa labaru su zamanto masu ƴanci ne. Mahimmancin aikinsu shi ne bayar dalabaru zuwa ga talakkawa da masu iko a game da al’amuran siyasar jama’a.

- Zaɓen-raba-gardam, hanya ce wadda ke ba da damar yin zaɓe kai tsaye saman wanial ’amari na siyasa, ko wata doka masamman.

- Kasafin kuɗi tare da ƙoƙarin kowa: gurinsa shi ne tafiyar da ayyuka da yanke shawarwarutare.

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Matsalolin dimokuraɗiya a cikin yanki:

Bunƙasa da ƙarfafa dimokaraɗiya cikin yankin CEDEAO yana fuskantar matsol i l i kamar haka:

- Rashin iya karatu da rubutu: rashin mutane da yawa da suka iya karatu da rubutu cikinmafiyawan ƙasashen CEDEAO shi yake hana ƴan ƙasa su san hakinsu, su nemi ƙwatoshi kuma su kawo gudummawarsu wajen ci-gaban ƙasa. Game da haka ya zama tilas gaƙasashe da su ƙara kasa kuɗaɗe ta hanyar horarwa, abun wanda indon ba shi ba, ba zaa ciwa bunƙasar yanayin dimokuraɗiya cikin yankin;

- Ƙabilanci da bambanci ƙabila: ya cancanta a girmama al’adu na gida da bunƙasa shaƙuwaa fannin al’ada da bayar da dama yin aikin da al’adunsu ta hanyar horarwa game dazaman lafiya da sulhunta rikice-rikice;

- Ƙaramcin yin aiki da tabi’un gargajiya: waɗannan tabi’o’in suna fuskantar barazana daga“hal in haɗewa na duniya”. Hakan na bayar da damar kare su tamkar arzikin ƙasa afannin al’adu;

- Juye-juyen milki: juyin milkin sojoji ya saɓa ma tsare-tsaren dokokin cikin milkindimokuraɗiya. Ya kamata a yaƙi juyin milkin saboda talakkawa su kaɗai suke iyakawowa sauyi cikin dimokuraɗiya;

- Juyin milki ta hanyar yi wa kundin tsarin milkin ƙasa kwaskwarima da canje-canjendokokin tsarin milki.

- Talauci matsala ce ga ɗorewar dimokuraɗiya da ƙarfafa ta saboda yana hana samuntarbi’a, kawo gudummuwa wajen ayyukan jama’a, kuma yana ba da damar cin hanci;

- Tashe-tashen hankul la na ƴan siyasa, wanda ya ɗauko tushe daga zaɓe, barazana ce gazaman lafiyar gwamnatoti, kuma yana tsoratar da mutanen ƙungiyar CEDAO.

- Rashin ingancin jagoranci na jama’a: Faɗuwar darajar jagorancin gwamnati dangance dacin hanci da rashuwa tarnaƙi ne ga dimokuaraɗiya. Yarda da jagoranci ya kamata a yiƙoƙarin maido yarda tsakanin jagoranci da ƴan ƙasa ta hanyar aiki cikin haske;

- Zaƙewa cikin tafiyar da iko: Rashin girmama hakokin ɗan Adam, yin kwaskwarima gatsarin milkin ƙasa, yin amfani da ƙarfin milki…

TAKARDAR FASALI:

ƙaramin jigo: Dimokuraɗiya

Hazaƙa

Zaunar da kalmomi da tabi’u, da fusa’o' i da halaye na gari dan bunƙasa dimokuraɗiya.

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Makasudan karantarwa/koyo

1. Naƙaltar kalmomi, tabi’u da ƙa’idoji dangance da dimokuraɗiya

2. Ƙarfafa fusa’o’in bunƙasa halin dimokuraɗiya ta hanyar yin amfani da al’adunmu nagida da kuma gudummawar al’ummar dabam-dabam.

3. Gudanar da ayyukan koyarwa da na rayuwar ƴan makaranta da suka dace wajenbunƙasar da halin dimokuraɗiya.

4. Amincewa da kyawawan halayen bunƙasa hanlin demokaraɗiya.


Kayan aiki/madogara/litattafai

- Tsare-tsare da litattafan ƴan makaranta na sashen darasin.

- Littafin dogara na CEDEAO

- Finafinai, hotuna, zane-zane

- Litattafai da dokoki iri-iri

Allon fasali

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Misalin takardar koyarwa

Ƙaramin jigo: dimokuraɗiya

Hazaƙa

Zaunar da kalmomi da tabi’u, da dabaru da halaye nagari don bunƙasa dimokuraɗiya.

Kan darasi/halin koyo: Tsarin gudanar da zaɓe


Amincewa da halaye nagari wajen bunƙasa halayen dimokuraɗiya

Basirar da za a bunƙasa



Kundin zaɓe, ka’idojin makarantar/jaridar makarantar, sanarwa da wasiƙa na ma’aikatar,hotuna, hotunan fagagen zaɓiɓɓika, kayan zaɓe(akwati, takardar zaɓe, tarkardun rahotanbayan zaɓe, lungun zaɓe, karanyo, tanho, tawwadar shaidar zaɓe, ambalap, girgam na zaɓe,al l i , al lo… ds

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Gudanar da kashin karantarwa/koyo

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Hazaƙa

Zauna kalmomi, tabi’u fusa’o’i da halaye nagari don ingantar da jagoranci.


1. Naƙaltar kalmomi da tabi’u dangance da ingataccen jagoranci.

2. Ƙarfafa fusa’o’i na bunƙasa yanayin ingantaccen jagoranci ta hanyar yin amfani daal’adun cikin gida da kuma gudummawar gungaye dabam dabam na jama’a.

3. Gudanar da ayyukan koyarwa da na ruyuwar masu karbardarasi jagoranci ingantacce.

4. Amincewa da halayen da ke ba da damar bunƙasa ingantaccen c.

Abubuwan da darasin ya ƙumsa

Nazarin matsalol in da suka danganta da cin hanci suna nuna cewa da akwai cikin yankinCEDEAO, manyan matsalol i wajen tafiyar da mulki da ke ciki da doka. Wannan matsalol insuna nuna ƙaramcin ƙyawawan jagoranci. Kalmar hakumanci mai inganci ta samo tushe dagawata nazariyyar tattal in arziki da kuma kimiyar jagoranci ta turancin Amirka. An yaɗa tacikin shekaru na 1990 da jagorancin Bankin Duniya don ta zamanto mahimmiyar hanyartsare-tsare da ci-gaba.

Ma’anar ingantaccen jagoranci

Ba tare da an tsunduma ba cikin wata doguwar ma’anar jagoranci mai inganci (mulkindemokaraɗiya), ana iya cewa ko ana iya riƙewa da jagoranci mai ingancin halaƙa ce tsakanintalakkawan ƙasa da jagorancinsu wajen gudanar da ayyukan jama’a da suka tara da:

• Tabbatar jagorancin dimokuraɗiya,

• Tafiyar jagorancin ta hanyan yin amfani da dokoki da kuma ƙa’idojin aiki.

• Ƙoƙarin ƴan ƙasa masu kishi da tarbiyar dimokuraɗiya.

Ingantaccen jagoranci na nufin dukan matakkai, ka’idoji , jagoranci shawarwaru, da labaru dakuma tsaro da suke bada damar gudanar da ƙyawawan aiki da kuma zuba ido wajen ayyukangwamnati, wata hakuma ko wani jagoranci ta gwamnati ko mai zaman kanta ta jaha, ta ƙasako duniya.

Ƙa’idojin ingantaccen jagoranci

Ƙa’idoji huɗu ne ginshiƙin ingantaccen jagoranci: su ne:

- Ɗaukar nauyi: ya wajiba ga jagoran ƙasa da talakkawan gwamnatotin CEDEAO sun daidaitadokokinsu na tsarin mulki da dokoki na duniya na kare hakkin ɗan Adam kamar su ɗokokinkare hakin ɗan Adam da kuma yarjejeniya dabam dabam na duniya. Sai matsalol in na nan har

Ƙaramin jigo na 2: Ingantaccen jagoranci

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kul lum a dali l in cin hanci da rashin girmama dokikin ƙasa. Wannan na nuna cewa matsalol inmulkin démokuraɗiya ba za su warwaruwa ba, kawai don an ƙirƙira jagoran dimokuraɗiya:cewa da kasancewa wannan jagoran ba ya isa wajen tabbatar da ingantaccen jagoranci. Yawajiba ga magabatan a fannin ƙasa ko fannin karkara da su kula wajen aikata dokokin tare datsare gaskiya kuma da girmama dokokin tsarin mulkin ƙasa.

Ya kamata ƴan ƙasa su gane da cewa koke-kokensu da neman biyan biƙatunsu su danganta dahalin gwamnati da kuma na ƙananan jagoranci.

Wannan ɗaukar nauyi ba zai zamato ba wata alamar daga ƴan ƙasa ko wata gaskiya. Yacancanta ta zamanto horo ne a fannin il imi, iya-yi da iya-zama.

Don haka daidai ne ƴan ƙasa su naƙalci da kuma ƙarfafa hal in kasancewa cikakkun ƴan ƙasamasu kishi. Ƙishin ƙasa zai iya zamatowa tamƙar wata yarda, ba da kai da gaskiya, tsinkayena duniya da kuma halaye da suka ginNu daga tarifin al ’umma.

Ƴar farar fula ya cancanta su taka rawar gani. Ya kamata su taimaka don kawo yunƙunriwajen tafiyar jagoranci mai aiki da doka mai bunƙasa ƙyawawan halaye na kishin ƙasa da nakare hakokin ɗan Adam da zaman lafiya da kare dimokuraɗiya. Ƴan farar hular, ya cancantakuma su taimaka wajen yaɗa labaru da yaƙi da zal inci da rishin jagoranta a kowane fannimusamman na tashi-tsaye don kare masu ƙaramin ƙarfi cikin al ’umma.

Haske: Ya ɗauko tushe daga ƴincin zirganiyar labaru.

Mutane da abun ya shafa na iya samun hanyar da ke ba da damar samun cikakkun labaru dongano da tabbatar ayyukan da bi-sau-da ƙafa wajen tsare-tsaren. Gwamnati zai tsoma bakinsakwai don daidaita farashisshika, ƙayyade haraji da tabbatar ma al’umma jin daɗin rayuwa.

Don kawo wani yunƙuri ga ayyukan nasa, ya dace gwamnatin ko da wane lokaci ya riƙa ba dalabaru shawarwarunsa don kawo haske kuma da ba ƴan ƙasar damar zura idonsu ga dukanayyukan da kuma ba su damar kawo ƙoƙarinsu wajen aikata tsare-tsaren jama’a.

Gwamnatin aiki da doka: jagoran shari’a su zamanto na gaskiya kuma dokikin a aikata su ba dason kai ba musamman ma dokoki da suka danganta da hokokin ɗan Adam.

- Gudummawa: maza da mata su zamanto suna da hannu ko wakilci wajen ɗaukan sharuɗɗa.

Wajen wannan kawo gudummawar, a ba ƴan ƙasa cikakken ƴancin haɗuwa cikin ƙungiya damagana don su samu su kawo ƙoƙarinsu wajen yanke shawarwaru. Misal i , ƴan ƙasar na iyatsaruwa cikin gunguna don tilasa ko sauƙaƙawa gwamnati wajen buƙattunsu. Ana iya yinwannan aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (ONG)

Matsalolin da ke hana ingantaccen jagoranci cikin yankin CEDEAO

CEDEAO, na da mahimman dokoki don kula da ingantaccen hakumanci a cikin yankin;

-Yarjejeniya A/SP 1/12/01 saman Dimokuraɗiya da ingantaccen mulki, ƙarin yarjejeniyadangance da hanyar riga-kafi, tsarin sulhuntawa da na warwara rikicin, da na tabbatarda zaman lafiya da tsaro;

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-Yarjejjeniya saman zirganiya jama 'a, dokar ƴancin zama cikin ƙasa na 1979;

-Yarjejjeniya saman dokokin kasancewa ta 1982.

Amma duk da waɗannan matakkan, ana fuskantar har kul lum:

Dauwamar cin hanci: tana nan har ya yau cikin ƙasashen; cin hanci na bayyana a fannintattal in arzikin ƙasa, na jama’a da kuma na ƙa’idojin jamahuriya da tsarin dimokuraɗiya.Misal i :

- Ayyukan ƙaruwar jama’a da ba a gudanar da da ƙyau, ko rashin aiki da ka’ida kwangilarda ke kawo ɓarnar ƙudin jama’a.

- Malamin makarantar gwamnati, mai aikin bayan fagen karatu cikin makarantun biya baya iya cika aikinsagame da ƴan makarantar za su je jarabawar ƙarshen shekara.

- Ko kuma tsadar rayuwa da ɗauko tushe daga cin hanci

- Wahalun aikata wakilci da na rarraba tsarin jagoranci wanda ya danganta da ƙarancinhaske da na ingantaccen mulki.

- Rashin sanin mahimmancin da rashin girmama abubuwan amfanin jama’a

Matsalol i dangance da ƴancin zirganiyar dukiya da mutane: suna fama da ce-ce-ku-ceniyakoki, kai hamma cikin ƙasashen, tsaron jama’a da dukiyoyinsu bai tabbata ba.

Waɗansu matsalol in da suka danganta da mulkin na son nazari. Su ne:

- Wariya

- Rashin haske

- Rashin bi-sau-da kafa da « tafiyar hawainiya » wajen aikatar da wasu takardu naƙasashen yanki;

- Rishin sabbi tsare-tsaren kasafi

- Ƙaranci da rashin aiki da dokoki

- Daukar hankalin jama’a tsakanin iyakoki

- D.s

Duk da haka, CEDEAO ita ce abun koyi a fanni hulɗa tsakanin ƙasashe. Ya kamata a ƙarfafaƙoƙarinta don cimma Maƙasudan ingancin jagoranci, halaye nagari na ƴan yankin da hulɗatsakanin jama’ar dabam dabam.

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Takardar fasali

Babban jigo 4: DIMOKURAƊIYA DA INGANTACCEN JAGORANCI

Ƙaramin jigo: Ingantaccen jagoranci

Hazaka

Zaunar da kalmomi, tabi’u, fusa’o’i da halaye nagari don ingantar da jagoranci

Maƙasudan karantarwa/Koyo

1. Naƙaltar kalmomi, tabi’u da ƙa’idodi dangance da ingantaccen jagoranci

2. Ƙarfafa fusa’o’i na bunƙasa yanayin ingantaccen jagoranci ta hanyar yin amfani daal’adun cikin gida da kuma gudummuwar gungiyoyin jama’a dabam dabam.

3. Gudanar da ayyukan koyarwar da na rayuwar ƴan makaranta don ƙarfafa ingantaccenjagoranci.

4. Amincewa da halayen da ke ba da damar bunƙasa ingantaccen jagoranci.


Kayan aiki/madogaraa/litattafai

- Tsare-tsare da litattafan ƴan makaranta na sashen darasin


- Finafinai

- Hotuna, abubuwan kowo hujja, zane-zane

- Litattafai da dokoki iri-iri

- Yanar gizo

Allon fasali

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Misalin takardar darasi

Babban jigo: Dimokuraɗiya da ingantaccen jagoranci

Ƙaramin jigo: Ingantaccen jagoranci

Hazaƙa

Zauna kalmomi da tabi’u da fusa’o’i da halayen nagari dan bunƙasar da ingantaccenjagoranci.

Kan darasin/halin koyo:

Ƙa’idoji , gimshiƙƙai da matsalar ingantaccen jagoranci

Maƙasudan karantarwar/koyo

Naƙaltar kalmomi, tabi’u da ƙa’idoji dangance da ingantaccen jagoranci.

Basira dabam dabam da za a ƙarfafa


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Ma’anar kalmar

-http://www.universal is.fr/encyclopedie/democratie/

-http://aceproject.org/main/français/ve/vec05b01.htm

Ƙaramin jigo 2: Ingantaccen hakumanci

Htt://www.comme.ecowas. inet/sec/fr/yarjajjeniya/ƙarin yarjejjeniya

Saman-ingantaccen-hakumanci-da-demok.pdt

Dimokuraɗiya

(Fasara: matani daga Daniyal Gokzi, Profesa a fannin il imin kimiyar siyasa a jami’ar Paris I.Pantewon-Sarbon)

Dimokuraɗiya wani irin tsarin siyasa ne wanda a gargajiyance ke nuna ma’anar « mulkin ƴan ƙasa dagaƴan ƙasa kuma don ƴan ƙasa » (Abraham Linkol). Kamar cikin kowane tsarin siyasa, « al’umma » cewa daal’ummar ƴan ƙasa da ke tare cikin tsarin ƙasar, ana mulkinta. Bambanci tsarin dimokuraɗiya shi netalakawan su ne kuma masu mulkin, ana sa su duk cikin wasu mahimman shawarwarin da suka shafirayuwar jama’a. Hakan shi ya sa ƴan ƙasar su ne ake mulki kuma suke ba da mulki.

Tsare-tsaren dimokuraɗiya sun cancanta wajen ƙyautatawa ƴan ƙasa.

Maganar sanin ko ƙaƙa “al’umma” ke da halaƙa da jagoranci na mahimmanci wajen halin dimokuraɗiya datsare-tsaren siyasa.

Tun daga daɗaɗɗen lokacin na Girka har zuwa ƙarni na 19, wani mulki da ake kira yau dimokuraɗiya sak,wanda na cikin sa sai an tattauna dokoki kafin a amince a majalisa da su, wannan mulki shi kaɗai ake cewadimokuraɗiya. Zaɓen majagoranta ta hanyar ƙuriya, inda za a ba ƴan ƙadan mulkin amma ba kowa ba, yazamanto tamkar tsari ne na wariya. Sannu a hankali.

Tsari na daidaituwa har aka samu tsari iri ɗaya na dimokuraɗiya.

Halaye na zamani na dimokuraɗiyar wakilan zaɓe su ne dimokuraɗiya. Yau bayan wasu yankuna na Jiwis,dukan tsarin dimokuraɗiya sun dangata da waƙilci

Demokaraɗiya ta ƙumshi hakumomi, dokoki, tsare-tsare, tabi’u amma kuma da wakilci-wakilcin da ƙa’idojikuma ya halitta. Da sunansu ake yin gwaggwarmeyar siyasa don kare ko sake tsarin siyasar da ke akwai.

Wani ilimin kargajiya a fannin doka da falsifa ya ba da ƙarfi saman tsokaci da kuma yaɗa ɓangarorindokar, tsarin mulki da kuma ra’ayi dabam dabam. Wasu ra’ayi dabam na gargajiya na tattara halayenshawayar dimokuraɗiya, kuma su ba da shawarar tsare-tsare iri-iri don ingantar da su. Kimiyar a fanninjama’a ba ta neman shiga tsakani ko kare dimokuraɗiya. Tana ba da damar ganewa da kwatamta tsare-tsaren tafiyar da dimokuraɗiya. Hakan na ba da damar tattara halayen tafiyar da dimokaraɗiya zamani.

Cikin wannan hanyar bayayanan wakilce-wakilce su za ba da damar haɗuwar da halayen gaskiyar tsare-tsaren dimokuraɗiya da kuma ra’ayin da ke cikinta don ba da wata gadar nazari. Bincike dabam dabam afannin kimiyar jama’a na iya samun wani yaunin tunani.

Amma suna iya zama darasi ga dukan masu son haɗa tsari-tsaren guda biyu.

5Jinsi, kyakkyawarhanyar zaman lafiya

da ci-gabaJigo

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Jinsi, kyakkyawarhanyar zamanlafiya da ci-gaba

Gabatarwa

Ana ɗaukar jinsi tamkar wata kalma da ta shafi al’amuran mata.Wata ruwaya kan nuna girman mummunar ɗauka da ake waKalmar a faɗin duniya.

Jinsi kalma ce ta halaƙa cikin jama’a da ke ƙayyade bambanci da ketsakanin halittu ta fannin mace/ namiji, ƴan tsararu, rukunnan jama’a kota fannin shekaru, d.s. Jinsi na tsara halaƙa ta girmamawa tsakaningungaye dubam-dabam.

Burin da ake so a cin ma ta hanyar jinsi shi ne ɓunƙasarda ci-gaban ɗanAdam da kowa yake so. Hakan na iya samuwa ta hanyar ƙarfafa ƙoƙarinjama’a da kuma baiwar da Allah ya ba kowane ɗan Adam don cim ma burinzaman lafiya mai ɗorewa.

Sai dai, duk da ana samun raguwar rikice-rikice cikin shekarun nan baya,halin tsaro da na tabbatar da zaman lafiya sun zamanto wata babbarmagana a Afirka ta Yamma. Riga-kafi da shiga-tsakani, nasarar aikace-aikacen tabbatar da zaman lafiya da na haɗa kan jama’a, da na ƙarfafazaman lafiya, da na ingantaccen jagoranci cikin ƙasashen da suke hutodaga cikin bala’in yaƙi sun zamanto wasu al’amura ne da suka ɗaukihankalin ma’abuta maza/mata da ke kawo ƙoƙarinsu don cim ma burinzaman lafiya.

Duk da Kalmar “jinsi” ta shafi kowa, mata da yara su ne suka faskantarbarazanar rikice-rikicen. Ya cancanta nasarar ƙoƙarin bai ɗaya na samunzaman lafiya ya danganta da halayensu wajen tabbatar da zaman lafiya.Wannan ƙa’idar tsarin zaman lafiya da tsaro na wa matan yankin CEDEAO(RESPFECO) cikin fasalin tsarinsa, cikin shirin taron buɗe shi da akagudanar a ABIJA a shekara 2009, na kawo maganar wani babban ƙoƙari namatan wajen tsare-tsaren tabbatar da zaman lafiya da kuma tsarinsulhunta rikice-rikicen.

1. fusa’ar aiki da jinsi

2. Jinsi matsalar girka zaman lafiya da ci-gaba

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Jinsi, kyakkyawar hanyar zaman lafiya da ci-gaba

Amma, in an danganta mata da wasu ƙananan ayyuka, in ba’a biyamuhimman buƙatunsu da abubuwan amfaninsu, to lalle mata ba za su iyataka rawar gani ba, wajen bunƙasa tattalin arziki da rayuwar jama’a. Ɗonhaka, kuma duk da an san da ƙoƙarin mata a fannin zaman lafiya da tsaro,ɓangaren CEDEAO mai kula da ci-gaban jinsi (CCDG da faransanci) ya ɗaukizaman lafiya da tsaro kamar wasu sassa ne cikin mahimman tsare-tsaren nafasalin fusa’arsa. Haka shi ke kawo hujjar maganar jinsi, hanyoyin samunzaman lafiya da ci-gaba cikin wannan kundin don canjin halaye.

Wannan jigon ya ƙunshi ƙananan jigogi guda biyu.

• Fusa’ar aiki da jinsi

• Jinsi, matsalar girka yanayin zaman lafiya da ci-gaba

Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u, kalmomi da halaye dangance da ayyukan bunƙasafusa’ar aiki da jinsi da samun hanyar shimfiɗa zaman lafiya da ci-gaba.

Ƙaramin jigo

Ƙaramin jigo 1: fusa’ar aiki da jinsi

Ƙaramin jigo 2: jinsi, matsalar girka zaman lafiya da ci-gaba

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1. Naƙaltar kalmomin jinsi da na fusa’ar aiki da jinsi

2. Gudanar da ayyukan koyarwa da na rayuwar ƴan makaranta da suke bada damar aiki dafusa’ar aiki da jinsi

3. Amincewa da halaye nagari wajen bunƙasa jinsi.


• Jinsi

In dai akwai kalmar jinsi cikin faransanci, cikin wani hal in nazarin jinsi na jinsi, to fasararkalmar ce daga ingil ishi cewa « gender ».

J insi na nufin halaƙar da ke tsakanin maza da mata cikin al ’ummominsu da kuma yadda tsarinrayuwarsu da tabi’unsu suke.

Bambace-bambace da ke tsakanin maza da matan da kuma suke iya sawaya lokaci zuwa wanilokaci, na iya canzawa cikin jama’ar dake da tabi’a guda zuwa wata.

• J insin hal itta: wata baiwa ce tun daga haifuwa da ba ta sakewa, hal itta ce kenan.

• J insin jama’a: wani tsarin jama’a ne, kuzari da bunƙasa da ke iya sawaya yanayi zuwawani yanayi.

• Daidaiton jinsi: ana nufin ba mata ko maza dama guda wajen aiki ko ba su dama tsomabakinsu wajen tafiyar da ayyukan ci-gaba da cin moriyarsu.

• Gaskiyar jinsi: kyakkyawan hali na yin gaskiya ga mata ko maza don samun daidaitonjinsi.

• Raishin son kai: cikakkar gaskiya tsakanin jinsi biyu, ƙoƙari ɗaya na jinsinan biyu afannin samun il imi, musamma ma a yi aiki da yawan jinsinan,

• Wariya/da son kai na jinsi: wani hal i ne na rashin adalci a kan namiji ko mace danganceda wasu camfe-camfen jinsi

• Miyagun al’adu na jinsi: wasu al’adu na banza da suke yin ƙazafi saman wasu miyagunhalaye da wasu ayyuka dan danganta su da wancan ko wancan jinsin. Suna so su kawohujjar cewa maza suke da iko kan mata, ba ma don halin tsarin rayuwar jama’a ba,amma tamkar wani hal i dawwamamme tsakanin mata da maza;

• Samun mulki: tsarin na ƙarfafa mulki da na ƙoƙari da na basira dabam dabam wajentattaunawa da na samun dama ko ƴanci . Dokokin majal isar ɗinkin duninya na fasarta« samun mulki » kamar ƙarin ƙarfin ayyukan mata.

Ƙaramin jigo 1: Fusa’ar aiki da jinsi

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• Fusa’ar aiki da jinsi

fusa’ar aiki da jinsi na nuna cewa a ba maza da mata damar gudanar dukan ayyukan da sukeiya yi, matsayi daban daban na rayuwar jama’a da kuma halaƙa dake tsakaninsu. Sune sukahaɗa da mUhimman gimshiƙai da suke taimakawa wajen tsarin ci-gaban jama’a da na aikatatsare-tsaren ƙungiyoyi na duniya na ƙasashe. J insi ya danganta da dukan yanayin tattal inarziki da rayuwar al’umma ta yau da kul lum.

• Tarifin fusa’ar aiki da jinsi

Shekaru na 50, shekaru na haɗin kai da nazariyar manyan hukumomi (FMI, BM) da kumasauyin zamani. A Arewa ƙarshe yaƙi ne, a kudu, guguwar neman ƴanci ta ɓul lo kai kuma ashekara 1946 aka ƙirƙira kwamitin kyautata rayuwar mata.

Farkon shekaru na 60, ya zo da koke-koke don neman dokokin shari’a, koke-koken da akayaɗa a faɗin duniya:

- fusa’ar kyautata rayuwar al’umma,

- Sababbin fusa’o’i don maida matan, ma’abutan ci-gaba

- Aiki da matan wajen aikin ci-gaba: IFD da

- FED cewa da mata da ci-gaban ayyukan da kawo kuɗin shiga su bunƙasa,

Sakamako dabam daban don aiki da mata wajen aikin ci-gaba IFD: bambancin kwarewatsakanin mata da mazan a fannin ayyukan ci-gaba. Hakan shi ne amfanin sanin mahimmancinmatan da kuma yadda suke tunkarar abubuwan.

Sakamako daban daban na mata da ci-gaba (FED): kwatanta kowo ansa ga buƙatunmusamman na matan a kowane fanni da za su sa a karkata akalar tsare-tsaren wajen ayyukanda matan su kaɗai ke cin moriyarsu.

Mata sun ƙara samun ƴanci ko dama amma kuma suna tunkarar matsalol in muzgunawadangance da rashin aikin maza. Fusa’ar jinsi cewa da nazari da kuma aiki cikin kowane fannina halaƙar jama’a tsakanin maza da mata na da muhimmanci don cim ma burin daidaitokamar yadda dokokin kare hakkin ɗan Adam suka tsara da kuma ƙarfafa ingancin fusa’o’in ci-gaba mai ɗorewa.

Cikin shekaru na 90, ci-gaba mai ɗorewa da ke son haɗa ginshiƙƙan halaƙar ɗan Adam damuhall insa da ginshiƙƙan rayuwar jama’a da na tattal in arziki da tabi’un ci-gaba, ya ɗauki damuhimmanci ƙoƙarin ma’abutan ci-gaban da na daidaito tsakanin mata da maza.

Fusa’ar aiki da jinsi (cewa da GED da faransanci) wata sabuwar fusa’a ce ta son kai da ketsakanin mata da maza, tsakanin ƴan mata da samari.

Abinda ke tsakanin mata da maza

Abubuwan da suka shafi kowane fanni, al ’amarin da ya shafi maza-mata ko kuma zaunannarfusa’ar daidaito fusa’a ce ta bunƙasa daidaito.

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Ta bada gaskiya wajen kula da daidaita tsakanin mata da maza wajen tsare-tsare, fusa’o’i dasa-hannu cikin ayyukan ci-gaba. wannan fusa'ar ta al 'amarin mata maza ba ta nufin tabbatarmata kawai cikin ayyukan ci-gaban da aka tsara. Ya zamanto mata ko maza suna da hannuwajen girka tsare-tsaren ko bada ma’anar bororinsu da fasal insu don ci-gaban ya yi aiki daabuƙatun mata da maza.

« fusa'ar » ta al’amarin mata-maza na son nazarin abubuwan da suke iya wakana wajengudanar da aiki ci-gaba saman mata da maza a kowane fanni na ci-gaban jama’a. Wannannazari zai gabata kafin ɗaukan muhimman sharuɗɗan da suka shafi burorin, fusa’o’i dakasafin arziki.

• Rarrabe-rarrabe matsayi dabam-dabam da halaƙar jama’a cikin al’umma.

• Waye kai/ ganewa (fusa’ar jinsi): hal i na iya canzawa idan tsare-tsaren da aka yi sun ɗaukeshi da muhimmanci.

A game da hakan, ya dace a je wajen canjin al ’ada, hal i ko tunani. Kenan ana iya aiki dafusa’o’i dabam-dabam don maganar.

Halaƙar jama’a ta jinsi da matsayin da ya rataya a kan matan ko mazan sun danganta daƙungiyoyin tattal in arziki, yanayin gwamnati da manufarsa a fannin jama’a, addini, al ’ada, dakuma dangantaka da ke tsakanin duk wannan abubuwan; dangantakar da ke iya canzawa.Misal i gwamnatin na iya hal itta da tattala rashin adalci tsakanin mata da maza, ta hanyar yinaiki da dokoki ko tsare-tsare da suka shafi aure, rabuwar aure, matsayin ma’aifa, riƙo (riƙonyara), dukiya da tsare-tsaren ceton jama’a.

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- Dokokin bunƙasa jinsi

Mahawara daban daban na duniya tun daga Mekisiko, Bejin:

-Yarjejjeniya dabam-dabam na kwamitin tsaro na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta Afirka ta Yamma

Yarjejeniya 1325 saman mata, zaman lafiya ta tsaro.

An rattaɓa hannu a kan yarjajjeniya 1325 na kwamitin tsaro na majal isar ɗinkin duniya awatan oktota na 2000, wani tsari ne na doka da tarifin siyasa da ya san muhimmancin ƙoƙarinmata da kuma aiki da muhimmancin jinsi cikin tattaunawa neman zaman lafiya, fasal in cetonjama’a, ayyukan tabbatar da zaman lafiya, ƙarfafa zaman lafiya da jagoranci bayan an kashewutar rikicin.

MEKISIKO 1975

Dandalin AIF

1975

1976

Shekarar mata a faɗin duniya

Ƙarni na majal isar ɗinki duniyadon mata

Kopenag 1980

Taron ONGMuhimman jiguna:Daidaito, ci-gaba

Begin 1995

Taron ONG

Nairobi 1985

Taron ONG

Bikin rufe taron ƙarni na mataAmincewa da fusa’o’i

4 zuwa 15 ga wata satumba na 95.Amincewa da wurin taron duniya

da aikatawa.

Mahawara dabam-dabam na duniya saman mata (tushe: UNIFEM) bisa hanyar zuwa bejin

An ɗauko daga « Jinsi da tarbiyya a Senegal, ORGENS, wallafawa » 2008.

Mahawara ta farko ta duniya samanmata, 15 ga watan juni zuwa 2 ga

watan jul i 1975

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Yarjejeniyar 1325 ta ƙunshi muhimman fannonin ayyukan guda huɗu

1. Ƙoƙarin mata a wani fanni na ɗaukan sharuɗɗa, musamman

• Cikin hukumomin kasashe na yankuna da na duniya;

• Cikin dubarun riga-kafi, tsarin sulhu da na magance rikice-rikicen;

• Wajen tattaunawar neman zaman lafiya;

• Wajen aikace-aikacen shimfida zaman lafiya a matsayinsu na sojoji mata, jami’antsaro-mata da ƴan farar hula mata.

• A matsayin matan na wakil lan musamman na maga takardar Majal isar Dinkin duniya

2. Kariyar mata da ƴan mata da ga bala’in yin amfani da su ko muzgunawar da ke da halaƙa dajinsi, musamman ma

• Cikin hal in matsuwa da ceto, kamar cikin zangunan ƴan gudun hij ira;

• Wajen horon ma’aikatan ayyukan shimfiɗa zaman lafiya kafin a aika su, horon ya shafihakokin mata da ƴan mata da kuma matakan kare su.

3. Riga-kafin cin zarafin mata ta hanyar bunƙasa hakokin mata, samun karɓuwar hakokin, dakuma aikata dokoki har da na:

• Hukumta masu haddasar kisan kai, ta’addanci da taka dokokin duniya;

• Girmama ƴan farar hula da ceto cikin zangunan ƴan hij ira

• Kauda ta’addanci da cin zarafin mata daga cikin yarjajeniya daban daban na aministi,(Ƙungiyar kare hakin dan Adam) saboda suna iya bada bayani da ke so.

• Ƙarfafa hakokin mata kamar yadda dokar kasa ta tsaida;

• Tal lafi ga tsare-tsaren shimfiɗa zaman lafiya da hanyoyin magance rikice-rikicen.

4. Aiki da muhimmancin jinsi cikin ayyukan shimfida zaman lafiya musamman ma ta:

• Naɗa wa mashawartan jinsi cikin dukan ayyukan zaman lafiya na majal isar ɗinkinduniya.

• Aiki da muhimman buƙatun mata da ƴan mata wajen ƙirƙira da ƙarfafa tsare-tsarecikin dukan fannoni;

• Aiki da hanyoyi, gudumawa da ƙwarewar ƙungiyoyin mata wajen wallafa tsare-tsare dashirye-shirye.

Yarjajeniya 1820 (2008) ta yarda da cewa cin zarafin mata wata magana ce ta zaman lafiyada tsaro a faɗin duniya, yarjajeniyar na kira da:

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• Ma’abutan mata/maza da su yi tsayin daka don kauda cin zarafin mata dake waal’ummar farar hula kamar wata hikima ta cim ma burin siyasa da na sojoji ;

• Dukan ɓangarori da ke cikin rikicin da su yaƙi rashin hakumtawa da ke biyo bayan cinzarafin mata da kawo amsa da ta shafi al ’amarin.

- Yarjejeniya dabam-dabam

• Yarjejjeniya don kauda dukan halayen wariya da mata ke fuskanta

• Yarjejeniyar usular Afirka ta hakokin ɗa Adam da al’umma dangance da hakokin matanAfirka.

• Yarjejeniyar Maputo

- Fasal in aiki na CEDEAO don aikata yarjejeniya ta 1325 ta kwamitin tsaro na maji l isarɗinkin duniya da take Afirka ta Yamma.

- Fusa’o’i na ƙasa don samun gaskiya da daidaiton jinsi.

FASALIN JIGO

Ƙaramin jigo: fusa’ar aiki da jinsi

Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u, kalmomi da halaye da suka danganta da bunƙasar fusa’ar jinsi.


1. Naƙaltar kalmomi jinsi da na fusa’ar aiki da jinsi

2. Gudanar da ayyukan koyarwa da rayuwar ƴan makaranta da suke ba da damar aiki dafusa’ar aiki da jinsi

3. Amincewa da halaye nagari wajen bunƙasa jinsi.


Kayan aiki/madogara/littattafai



- fina-finai

- Hotuna

- Littattafai da dokoki iri-iri

-Yanar gizo (intanat)

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Fasalin jigo


Ƙaramin jigo 1: fusa’ar aiki da jinsi

Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u, kalmomi da halaye da suka danganta da ɓunƙasa fusa’ar aiki da jinsi.

Kan darasi/halin koyo: jinsi cikin al’umma.


Naƙaltar kalmomin jinsi da na fusa’ar aiki da jinsi

Basirar da za’a ƙarfafa

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Kayan aiki/madogari

- Tsare-tsare da dogara l ittattafan ƴan makaranta na sashen darasin


- Fina-finai

- Hotuna


- Yanar gizo

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Tafiyar da darasin karantarwa / Koyo

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Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u, kalmomi da halaye dangance da bunƙasa fusa’ar aiki da jinsi don shimfiɗazaman lafiya da ci-gaba.


1. Yin nazarin dubarun neman zama lafiya ta yin amfani da jinsi,

2. Ƙarfafa dabarun bunƙasa fusa’ar aiki da jinsi cikin mahall insa don shimfiɗa zaman lafiyada ci-gaba

3.Gudanar da ayyukan koyarwa da na rayuwar ƴan makaranta da suka cancanta wajen aikida fusa’ar jinsi.

4. Amincewa da halaye da suka cancanta wajen bunƙasa jinsi


Nazarin jinsi

Nazari j insi na kimanta abubuwan dake wakana kan mata da maza game da dukan wani tsarina ayyuka, masimman ma a fannin doka, siyasa da tsare-tsare, na wasu ƴan fannoni.

Makami ne da tado magana dabam-dabam, da yin nazarin labaru da kuma wallafa dubarudal la-dal la don ƙara matsayi da ƙoƙarin mata da maza.

Fusa’a ce dake aiki da matakai da kuma ƙwarewar mata da mazan wajen wallafawa, aikatawa,kulawa da mizanta tsare-tsare a kowane fanni don mata da maza su ci amfanin gajiyarsudaidai da daidai, kuma a kauda rashin adalci.

Wa ya ke yin mi, wa ke da mi, wa ya ke son mi, mine ne dubaru da fusa’o’in rage bambancibuƙatun mata da maza da kuma abubuwan da suke so, d.s

Za a bada tambayoyin kuma da yin nazarinsu don bada wani al lo na hal in da ke guduna. Hakazai ba da damar ƙwanƙwance abubuwan da suka rage da wanda ba su isa ba.

Wani nazari mai zurfi saman jinsi hanya ce ta dukan wani tsari na yin aiki da jinsi.

A kowane mataki na tsari, fusa’ar jinsi na ba da damar yin muhimman tambayoyi:

- Wa ke yin mi?

- Da mi?

- Wa ke cin moriyar abin?

- Mine ne buƙatu da ribar mata da maza, kuma don mi?

Ƙaramin jigo 2: Jinsi, matsalolin girka zaman lafiya da ci-gaba

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- Wa ke kula da arzikin da kuma amfanin?

- Mine ne ƙarfin samun sauyin da ake nema?

- Mine ne ƙarfin kuskuren?

Cikas ga zaman lafiya da ci-gaba dangance da jinsi

Cewar ONU, « kalmar jinsi na nufin matsayi da halaƙar jama’a da ke tsakanin maza da mata,samari da ƴan mata. Waɗannan matsayi dabam-dabam sun danganta da halin rayuwa,al ’adu, tattal in arziki da tsare-tsare, da kuma abubuwan da jama’ar ta sa gaba da wandasuka rataya a kanta.

Nazarin wata ƙungiyar cewa mace-Afirka-Aminci saman « jinsi da cin zarafin mata cikinyankunan rikice-rikicen » da aka gudanar a shekara 2009 a Tiyas (Senegal), ƙungiyar ta ganode cewa duk da horon da ake samu da dokokin da ke akwai don aiki da jinsi wajen gudanaayyukan neman zaman lafiya, mata ba su cikin tsarin a yankin CEDEAO kasancewar dokokinkwai, ba ya sa a yi aiki da mata wajen ayyukan shimfiɗar da zaman lafiya. Canjin hal in zai iyasamuwa daga horon maza ta hanyar muhimman ayyukan na wayar da kai, bada labaru, kaiharma bada tarbiyya saman:

• Halayen rashin adalci (wariya, sonkai… d.s): ba rashin adalci ba ke da ciwo, yazamanto kai ya shafa “cewa Piyar Nikolas” cikin « halaƙar ɗan Adam »

• Muzgunawa (muzgunar jinsi cikin rikice-rikice; amfani da mata, yara, d.s). Muzgunawakalma ce mai girma, da ake amfani da ita don nuna wani hal i na ƙeta, rashin amintaka,rishin zaman lafiya, a taƙaice cewa da matsala mai ciwo da wahala.Muzgunawar jinsi, muzgunawa ce da ta shafi maza da mata inda mata su suka fimatsuwa. Ta samo tushe daga rashin adalci tsakanin maza da mata. Muzguna wa taƙumshi, bugu, fyaɗe, tashin hankali ds.

Binciken FAS saman jinsi da cin zarafin mata cikin yankunar da ake rikici na ba da damar:

• Gwada ƙaƙa rikici ke canza halaƙa da matsayi j insi tsakanin maza da mata, ƴan matada samari.

• Ganar da sojojin zaman lafiya amfanin aikinsu saman maza, mata, ƴan matan dasamari.

• Tattauna muhimmanci j insi saman kayan aiki

• Aiki da tabi’a: cewa da ƙoƙari wajen ayyukan shimfiɗa zaman lafiya, na iya sanin cikinhal in da aikin zai gudana, saboda al’amarin maza,mata da tabi’a sun danganta.

• Miyagun al’adu (m.skaciyar mata, da ake yi ƴan mata ba su isa tafiya makaranta ba)

• Rishin daidaita dokokin ƙasashe da na duniya da ashin aikatawa bai bada damargudanar da ayyukan a cikin gwamnatocin.Hakan na kawo muzgunawar fyaɗe, da abubuwa da dama na cin zarafin mata, da kumahukumci da ya dace da laifin.

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• Aiki da girmama jinsi wajen tsare-tsare da tabi’u, ma nufa da aiwata tsare-tsarejama’a.

Ayyuka da halaye dangance da jinsi da suke bada damar shimfiɗa zaman lafiya da ci-gaba.

• Siyasar da ke aiki da maganar jinsi, siyasa ce mai neman kauda rashin adalci dagatushe, tushen biyayyar jinsi dake kare ci-gaba daga baiwar da Allah ya ma mata, kumacikas ne wajen samun muhimman hakokin al’umma. Siyasa tana aiki da jinsi idan tundaga farko ta kawo maganar jinsi cikin tsarin ci-gaba. Ma’anar sakamakon da za asamu. Tsaida manufa da dubaru, da alamu, bi-sau-da-ƙafa, a jimilce cikin dukan tsarin:wallafawa da aikatawa.

• Siyasar gwamnati a fanni tarbiyya ita ke kula da tarbiyyar ƴan mata da samari tahanyar yin aiki da jinsi a kowane fanni, tun daga wallafa tsare-tsaren har zuwa tafiyarda aji .

Za a ƙididdige don sanin abun ya dace a yi don cim ma wannan burin. Yin aiki da jinsi wajenhalayen koyarwa/koyo na ba da damar zaunar da halaye na gari don cim ma buri daidaito dacikakkar gaskiya.

- Koyo war tsawon rayuwa.

- Ayyukan gargajiya da ke aiki da amfanin maza da mata

- Ƙoƙarin bai ɗaya na mata da masa cikin tsarin ci-gaba.

Ire-iren halaye cikin yankin CEDEAO na kawo matsalol in game da al’amarin zaman lafiya daci-gaba. Cikin matsalol in ana ina zana:

• Zaɓiɓɓika da suke zama wata hanya ta tashe-tashen hankula, hatsari da kuma tushenrikice-rikicen siyasa.

• Wahalhalun zaunar da dimokuraɗiya da ƙarfafata;

• Yaɗuwar ƙungiyoyin jama’a da tsattsaurun haƙidoji ;

• Yawan al’umma da yawan matasa cikin al ’ummar (matasan far ƙasa da shekara 20 dasuka ɗauki kashi 50 cikin ɗari na al’ummar Afirka ta yamma)

• Matsalol in samun tarbiyya, horo da aiki.

• Rashin halaƙa tsakanin hal in gwamnati a fannin tarbiyya da buƙatun al’ummar.Dabarun shimfiɗarda zaman lafiya, da zaunar da, da aikaita gaskiyar da daidaito ba aɗauke su da muhimmanci ba.

• Hal in shiga cikin talauci da ya hauda kashi, 50 cinkin ɗari na al’ummar da suke rayuwada ƙasa da dala ɗaya a wuni.

• Ƙaruwar ƙaurace-ƙaurace a dali l in rikice-rikicen siyasa da yaƙi.

• Ƴancin zirganiyar dukiya da mutane cikin yanki CEDEAO ya ba da damar bunƙasa al loba da kuma fataucin mutane da cin hanci.

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• Zirganiyar ƙananan makamai

• Rashin ingatattun tsare-tsaren jama’a

• Tashin hankalin ƙabilu.

• Bunƙasa fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi

• Dauwamar rikice-rikice da makamai

In dai ana son kauda wannan matsalol in, dole ne a yi nazarin halaye don aiki da muhimmancij insi.

Fasali jigo

Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u, kalmomi da halaye dangance da bunƙasar fusa’ar aiki da jinsi don shimfiɗazaman lafiya da ci-gaba.


1. Yin nazarin dubarun neman zaman lafiya ta hanyar yin amfani da jinsi

2. Ƙarfafa dubarun bunƙasa husa’ar aiki da jinsi cikin mahall inka don shimfidar zamanlafiya da ci-gaba.

3. Gudanar da ayyukar koyarwa da rayuwar ƴan makaranta da suka cancanta wajen aikida fusa’ar aiki da jinsi,

4. Amincewa da halaye da suka cancanta wajen bunƙasa jinsi





- Fina-finai

- Hotuna


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Allon fasali


Ƙaramin jigo: Jinsi, matsalar girka zaman lafiya da ci-gaba

Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u, kalmomi da halaye dangance da bunƙasar fusa’ar aiki da jinsi don shimfiɗazaman lafiya da ci-gaba.

Kan darasin/halin koyo: dubarun nazarin fusa’ar aiki da jinsi

makasudan karantarwa/koyo

Ƙarfafa dubaru na bunƙasa fusa’ar aiki da jinsi cikin muhall inka don cim ma burin zamanlafiya da ci-gaba

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Basira dabam-dabam da za a ƙarfafa


Kayan aikin/madogara /: Matani

- Tsare-tsare da littattafan ƴan makaranta


- Fina-finai

- Hotuna


- Yanar gizo.

Lokacin da mata suka shiga yajin aiki

Wata masarauta ce kamar kowace masarauta, akwai sarki, sarauniya, mayaƙa, dogarai,manoma da sauransu.

Sai dai mata ba su da ƴancin futa daga gidajensu, ko gudanar da wasu ayyuka da suke iyayi.

Maza na tafiya su yo aiki su dawo da marece, su ci yi abinci, sannan su haɗu daabukanansu su yi wasan kati ko darar ƙodago. Hal in rayuwar matan bai dame su ba. Watarana abun ya ishi mata. Mine ne maza suke wada muna? Suna shigowa, suna gwada iko,suna iface-iface kuma ba su ƙyautata muna. Su san da muna aiki ƙwarai? Haka ne cewarwata mata. Muna kula da yara, mu yi aikin gida, wanki, mu surfa hatsi, mu dafa abinci daabubuwa goma da gomiya tara. Su mazan sai dai su yi darar ƙodago mu muna can a kul lecikin gidajemmu. Mu yi yajin aiki ! Matan suka fara iface-iface gaba ɗaya. Daga haka nemata suka tsunduma ciki yajin aiki, suka tsaida duk wasu ayyuka. Har abun ya ba mazanmamaki da suka dawo daga gona. Ba a gyara abinci ba. Ba a wanke tufafi ba.

Kuma matan sun bar gidajen. Uwaye, ƙannu mata, tabbashinnai, matan aure, budurwoyi,duk sun tafi. Matan sun taru ne a cikin wani babban gida na wata mata da ta rasa mijinta,

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suna wasan darar ƙodago suma, sarauniya ma tana nan. Babu namijin da ya isa ya maidomatarsha gida.

A ! Sun dawo ba da juimawa, inji mazan tsakaninsu. Ba mu komowa sai abin ya zama mukudarasi ! Cewar matan. Cikin wannan halin, maza suke ma kansu komi, suna yin ayyukanmata, amma ba dan sun iya ba, suna koɗar da kayan sawar wajen wanki, suna ƙonaabinci… kuma ga gwauranci. Su kuma mata sun ƙi saki. –Sun zo su neme mu kuma, su nemigafara! Maza sun damu kamar sun yi hauka. Sun ma bar tafiya gona don sun kula da gida,tunda matan su ƙiya. Sannu a hankali , guda bayan guda mazan masarautar suka ganowahalar ayyukan mata.

Yaya an jima ba su gane ba? Mata na hanyar cim ma burinsu sai wani abu da ba atsammani ya faru. Lokacin da mazan suke kula da gida, gonakin sun fara bushewa.

Dabbobi na shiga ko’ina. Alkama ta fara yankewa cikin masarauta, kai har ma da abinci.Komi ya lalace, mata da maza su ɗauki niyyar samo hanyar magance matsalar.

Daga kowane ɓangare a zaɓi mutun guda don tattaunawa.

Maza suka zaɓi sarki mata suka zaɓi sarauniya

Sun haɗu wani korarren wuri: kurmi baki kogi.

Sun hasala kuma suna cikin bacin rai. Kuna rufe mu cikin gida ! Inji sarauniyar–muna kareku ne daga abinda yake waje ! Sarki ya ce. Kuna ɗaukan mu kamar bayi, inj isarauniyar–bayi, hum ! Muna aiki kamar dabbobi don mu ƙyautata rayuwarku, sarki yafaɗa. Mu ma !

Amma baku san da haka ba. Mun rubuta wata takarda ta koke-koken mu, in ji sarauniya.Sarauniyar ta warwar wata doguwar takarda. Mata sun nemi a basu ƴancin futa dagagida, a kuma koya musu wasu ayyuka.

Wasu na son su zama manoma, wasu magina, masu aikin hannu, masu tsara waƙoƙi, ataƙaice ayyuka iri-iri . Sarki ya gyaɗa gira kuma ya saurara ɗan lokaci kaɗan.

-An amince, in dai shi kuke so, kun samu. Shikenan?

Sarauniya ta ɗaga gira ta ci-gaba da magana: -abu guda, maza su kama musu ayyukangida. Ƙaƙa? Nan fa ɗaya ! Sarauniya ta zabu ra za ta tafi. Ku tsaya ! Ku tsaya ! To…. Anyarda… Mun tanye ku ayyukan gidan. Amma kuma tanye mu kala, sarki ya bada shawara.Sarauniya ta amince. Taga haka aka binciki koke-kokensu guda guda don biya musubuƙatunsu. Wasu a yarda da su, wasu an koyo musu gyaran fuska, don kowa ya ji daɗi. Aƙarshe tattaunawar sarki da sarauniya su kama hannuwan juna suka dubi kibla guda.

Gudanar da kashin karantarwa/Koyo

6Kiwon lafiyarjama’a kare

muhalli da ci-gabamai ɗorewa

Jigo

« Kowa yana so ya kiyaye muhalli, amma ba mai son ya kawo nashi ƙoƙari.

(Fassarar maganar Malam Jean Yanne)

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Kiwon lafiyarjama’a karemuhalli da ci-gabamai ɗorewa

1. Kiwon lafiyar jama’a da kare muhalli

2. Ci-gaba mai ɗorewa

Gabatarwa

Dangance da alaƙar su da ƙa’idojin tushe na halin daidaici, da rashin nunabambanci, haƙƙin samun kyaukkyawan muhalli, da na samun aƙida tagari dahaƙƙin samun ci-gaba, da na samun kiwon lafiya da zaman lafiya, bamutumen da ke rayuwa cikin al’umma ba kaɗai suka shafa sun shafi duka ƴanAdam a matsayin halitta.

Ta haka, usular Afirka kan haƙƙoƙin ɗan Adam da al’ummomi ta yi tuni indata ce: « Duka al’ummomi suna da haƙƙin rayuwa cikin muhalli nagari wandaya dace da ci-gabansu »

Duk da haka, a cikin irin yanayin da rashin sani da rashin samun labaru sukeiya zama wata barazana cikin rayuwa, zancen kiwon lafiyar jama’a da nakyaukkyawan muhalli mai ɗorewa sun kasance manyan abubuwa a cikinyankin Afirika ta yamma. Yarjejeniyar ƙungiyar CEDEAO kan dimokuraɗiyada ingantaccen hukumanci tana nuna cewa dimokuraɗiya, da kwanciyarhankali, da daidaituwar yanayin siyasa da yin adalci wajen al’umma ba su iyatabbata in babu ƙa’idodin ingantaccen hukumanci.

Game da haka, shumagabannin duniya baki ɗaya sun amince da a sa su cikinwani gungun maƙasudai wanɗanda aka ba laƙabin maƙasudan ƙarni na ci-gaba (OMD) a lokacin da suka yi wani zaman taronsu na ƙarnin majalisarɗinkin duniya a cikin watan satumba na shekarar 2002.

Ta hanyar ɗaukar matakai nagari na yaƙi da talauci na yau da kullum dacutocin da ake iya ɗauka, da cutocin annoba, da wariya a fannin tattalinarziki waɗanda wani lokaci su ne tushen rikice-rikice da halin raba-darni daƙasashen Afirka ta yamma suke fuskanta, suna iya taimakawa wajen ci-gaba,ta hanyar tabbatar wa kowa kiwon lafiya nagari, da rarraba dukiya cikinadalci kuma da ƙarfafa haɗin kan al’umma da kuma dimokuraɗiya.

Babbar matsala a cikin waɗannan abubuwa, ita ce shirya da gudanar daƙwaƙƙwaran tsarin da za ya ba da damar ciwo kan matsalolin kiwon lafiyar

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Kiwon lafiyar jama’a, kare mahalli da ci-gaba mai ɗorewa

jama’a wanda kuma za ya aiki da fannin samun kyaukkyawan muhalli maiɗorewa.

Dangance da haka ya kamata kowace ƙasa mambar ƙungiyar CEDEAO ta yiaiki da waɗannan abubuwan cikin tsarin koyarwarta, da matakan horar damalamai maza da mata, da ƴan makaranta manya da ƙanana.

Game da haka ne wannan jigon yake zancen kiwon lafiyar jama’a daalaƙoƙinshi da muhalli a cikin hangen neman ci-gaba mai ɗorewa.

Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u, kalmomi, hikimar iya yi da halayen da za su ba dadamar yin kyaukkyawan tattal in muhall i don kyautata kiwon lafiyarjama’a da ci-gaba mai ɗorewa.

Ƙaramin jigo

1. Kiwon lafiya da muhalli

2. Ci-gaba mai ɗorewa

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Ƙaramin jigo 1: Kiwon lafiya da muhalli

Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u da kalmomi hikimar, iya yi da halayen da za su ba da damar yin kyakkyawantattal in muhall i don kyautata kiwon lafiyar jama’a.


• Ƙwanƙwance ire-iren matsalol in da suka danganta da muhall i ;

• Ƙwanƙwance ire-iren matsalol in da suka danganta da kiwon lafiya;

• Fitoda alaƙar da ke tsakanin kiwon lafiyar jama’a da muhall i .

• Naƙaltar fusa’o’i da ayyukan kare muhall i

• Bunƙasa ayyukan tattal in muhall i da na kare lafiyar jama’a.

• Amincewa da halaye nagari game da matsalol in da suka shafi muhal l i da na kiwonlafiyar jama’a.

Abubuwan sani game da darasin

I. Kiwon lafiyar jama’a

a- Ma’ana

Kalmar kiwon lafiyar jama’a tna da ma’ana iri-iri , ta wani fanni. Ma’anar tana iya zama kamar“yin nazari kan abubuwan da suka shafi j iki, hankal i kuma da al’adu dangance da lafiyarjama’a ta wani fanni kuma ma’anar kiwon lafiyar jama’a ta kasance hal in tafiyar da ayyukadon kyautata lafiyar”. Ko kuma ma’anakiwon lafiyar jama’a tana iya zama tamkar “wani aikida al’umma take tsarawa wanda gurinshi shi ne bunƙasa, kare, kyautata lafiyar mutane, taruƙunoni ko ta al’umma baki ɗaya”

Kuma ana iya yin tunin wata tsoFuwar ma’anar: fassarar maganar Charles-Edward Winslowcikin wata mujal la ta kimiyya a shekarar 1920: “Kiwon lafiyar jama’a, kimiyya ce kuma fasahace ta yin riga-kafin cutoci, da ƙara tsawon rayuwa, bunƙasa lafiya, ƙara kuzarin jiki ta hanyarhaɗa ƙarfin al ’umma wajen kyautata muhall i , kulawa da cutocin da ke tare da mutane horarda mutane, game da ƙa’idodin tsabtar kai da kai, tsarin ma’aikatun kiwon lafiya don yinbinciken gano cuta tunda wuri da yin riga-kafin cutoci, kuma da bunƙasa matakkan rayuwaral’umma waɗanda za su tabbatar ma kowa isassar lafiya har kul lum, cikin gurin tabbatar makowa hakkinshi na samun ƙoshin lafiya da yawancin rai.”

Game da wannan tunanin ne, sashen majal isar ɗinkin duniya mai kula da kiwon lafiya OMS, acikin wani kwamiti na aiki a shekarar 1952 ya nuna irin mahimmancin horarwa a fannin kiwonlafiyar mutum da na al’umma gaba ɗaya, amma abun da ya ƙara jan hankalinta shi ne bunƙasatunanin da ya shafi hukuman kiwon lafiyar jama’a waɗanda a cikinshi (tunanin) an gano cewa

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ya cancanta a yi amfani da duka fannonin aikin kiwon lafiya: tun daga riga-kafi, yi ma marasalafiya magani har zuwa taimaka ma marasa lafiyar da suka samu sauƙi wajen daidaita lafiyarjikinsu.

Tun daga wanan lokaci ne aka sa tsarin ayyukan yin magani cikin manyan ayyukan kiwonlafiyar jama’a.

Duk da haka, ya kamata a ƙara ba da bayani bisa bambancin da yake tsakanin kiwon lafiyarjama’a da yin magani ko aikin asibiti kan abu biyu:

Yana ba da ƙarfi a fannin riga-kafi; yana aiki a fannin kiwon lafiyar jama’a ba na ƙwarorinmutane ba.

b. Matsalolin kiwon lafiyar jama’a a Afirka ta kudancin Sahara

Ranar 20 ga watan nobamba 2006, ƙungiyar majal isar ɗinkin duniya mai kula da kare lafiya(OMS) ta wallafa wani rahoto gameda lafiyar « mutane mil iyan 738 ƴan asal in Afirka » yaual’ummar nahiyar Afirka ta kai sama da mutum mil iyan dubu.

Al’ummar ƙasashe 15 mambobin ƙungiyar CEDEAO tana ƙunshe da mutum mil iyon322.990.000. A cikin rahoton nata, ƙungiyar OMS ta ƙara da cewa bunƙasar tattal in arziki naƙasashen yankin “Afirka” na OMS ba ya yiyuwa sai da ingantattar lafiyar mazauna yankin.Saboda, kamar yadda marubuta rahoton suka hiɗi “rashin ingantattar lafiya shi yake kaial ’ummomi ga kangi: Talauci; yawan mace-mace, ragewar amfani…”

Matsalol in kiwon lafiyar jama’a a Afirka, suna da yawa. Halin da ya wakana mafiawa a dali l inyawan cutocin da ake ɗauka, musamman SIDA, masassarar cizon sabro, babban tariwaɗanda yake kowace shekara suna kashe mutane fiye da mil iyan 3.

A cikin mutanen, ana samun jarirai da yara da yawa da suka mutu a dali l in rikice-rikice damakamai kuma da rashin tabbataccen tsarin kiwon lafiya.

c. Horo a fannin kiwon lafiya

Horo a fannin kiwon lafiya yana ba ɗalibi ko ɗaliba damar samun labaru, i l imi da halayenagari don:

• Yin riga-kafin hatsari;

• Kare kai;

• Taimaka wa wasu;

• Samun ƙarfin nazari

• Iya yin zaɓe nagari;

• Zama mai ƴancin kai.

Horo a fannin kiwon lafiya ya dogara kan hanyoyi bakwai (7):

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• Tsabtar rayuwa;

• Horo a fannin il imin ƙosarwa da bunƙasa ayyukan motsa jiki;

• Horo a fannin yin jima’i, samun maganin hana ɗaukar ciki, yin riga-kafin cutocin jima’i,da SIDA

• Riga-kafin miyagun halayen da suke da wuyar bari

• Riga-kafin halaye masu kawo hatsari;

• Kawo gudummawa ga riga-kafi da yaƙi da cin zarafi a fannin jima’I;

• Yin riga-kafin rashin jin daɗin rayuwa;

• Horo kan ɗaukar nauyin idan an haɗu da hatsari (taimakawa wajen kawo ceto)

II Muhalli

a. Ma’ana

Fassarar maganar Malama YVETT VEYRET, wata ƙwararrar ma’aikaciya a fannin ilimin labarin ƙasa azaman horarwa a fannin muhalli, zuwa ga ci-gaba mai ɗorewa ranaikun 17-19 ga wata disamba 2003:

“A matsayina na mai i l imin labarin ƙasa, muhal l i yana cikin kimiyyar al’umma, wadda ta sazaman al’umma da mutane a sahun gaba. Dangance da haka, ya cancanta a yi amfani matuƙada alaƙar da take tsakanin mutane da wurin da suke zaune. Misal i wurin da aka tardo (sararimai ƙunshe da iskan shaƙa, ruwa, duwatsu, muhal l i . )

Wannan alaƙar tana ƙumshe da wani tarihi, na abubuwan da aka tardo da na al’ummomi.

Zaman mutane cikin wurare, abu ne da yake ba mu damar yin nazari kan wasu abubuwakamar su lokacin da ke akwai ire-iren hal ittu masu rai kamar su ɗan Adam, dabbobi itace damakamantansu, lokacin da ke akwai shimfiɗar tsanwa ko tasirin zaman mutane a cikinwurare.

Zancen tarihi, abu ne mai muhimmanci game da muhall i : masu il imin labarin ƙasa su ma masuba da tarihi ne. Girman wuri abu ne mai muhimmanci ga masu il imin labarin ƙasa. Yin aiki kanmuhall i shi ma ɗauko zancen tsara wuri ne, na ingantarwa da bunƙasarwa.

Zancen muhall i ya dogara kan abu huɗu masu mahimmanci:

• Wani nazari kan abubuwan da suke ba da damar ƙirƙiro muhimmancin tsare-tsare cikinyankin;

• Zancen matsalol i , ƙididdigar ayyuka sukan iya zama matsalol i wajen fasal i ;

• Zancen hatsari;

• Zancen muhall i da dukiyar ƙasa.

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Waɗannan zantuttukan suna daga cikin tsarin ma’abuta maza da mata kuma da rikice-rikice.

Kenan zancen muhall i abu ne mai ɗimbin muhimmanci a gare mu.

b. Horo a fannin muhalli:

• Ma’anar Kalmar:

“Horo dangance da muhall i tsari ne na gano tabi’u da ƙara bayani kan kalmomin da ke kawobunƙasar hazaƙa da halaye nagari don gane da yaba alaƙa ta tsakanin mutane, al ’adunsu daduk abun da ya shafi nazarin rayuwarsu da na siffarsu. Horo a fannin muhall i ya ƙumshihanyar ɗaukar niyya da horar da kai da kai kan halayen da za su ba da damar ingantamuhall i” (IUCN kungiyar duniya mai kula da tattal in sararin rayuwar halittu, 1971).

“Horo a fannin muhall i a cikin hangen ci-gaba mai ɗorewa, horo ne da ya sa tabi’u a sahungaba. Ya kamata ɓangarorin koyarwa da muka tsara, su ba da damar ganewa cewa ƙasa,dukiya ce ta mu duka, ya kamata mu yi tattal inta da kyau, ƴan Adam sun kama girman ƙasada duk abubuwan da suke bisanta, ya kamata horon ya ba da damar samun ƴancin kai wandashi ma za ya ba kowane mutum damar yin tunani, ɗaukar niyya, da yanke shawararshi dakanshi. Har ila yau, ya kamata horon ya ba kowane ɗan ƙasa damar kasancewa mai aiki databi’u na demokaraɗiya kuma da tashi tsaye har kul lum don aiki da su…

• Gurin horo a fannin muhalli:

Ire-iren gurorin muhall i su ne taimaka ma ruƙunonin al’ummomi da mutane don su:

- Gano amfanin muhall i da kuma matsalol in da suka danganta da shi; da kyautata wayekanu game da wannan zancen.

- Samun ƙwarewa a fanni daban-daban da samun il imin tushe a game da muhall i , kuma damatsalol in da suka danganta da shi.

- Samun fusa’ar aiki da tabi’u nagari, da sa-ran cin amfanin muhall i don kawo gudummuwawajen kyautata da kare muhall i .

- Samun hazaƙar da za ta ba da damar ƙwanƙwance matsalol in muhall i da ciwo kansu.

- Kawo gudummuwa wajen ciwo kan matsalol in muhall i .

Fasalin jigo

Ƙaramin jigo na 1: Kiwon lafiyar jama’a da muhalli

Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u da kalmomi, sani da halayen da za su ba da damar yin kyakkyawan tattal inmuhall i don kyautata kiwon lafiyar jama’a.

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Maƙasudin karantarwa/Koyo

- Ƙwanƙwance matsalol in muhall i

- Ƙwanƙwance matsalol in kiwon lafiyar jama’a.

- Ƙul la alaƙa tsakanin matsalol in kiwon lafiyar jama’a da muhall i da na kyautata kiwonlafiyar jama’a.

- Naƙaltar fusa’o’i da ayyukan kare muhall i

- Nuna halaye nagari game da matsalol in muhall i da na kiwon lafiyar jama’a.

- Bunƙasa ayyukan tattal in muhall i da na kyautata kiwon lafiyar jama’a


Kayan aiki/kayan aikin koyarwa: jaridu na musamman, sharhohin jaridu, yarjejeniyar da aka yima cin gyara ta CEDEAO, duka takardun da suke taimakawa game da mtsalol in muhall i .

Allon Fasali

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Ƙaramin jigo na 1: Kiwon lafiyar jama’a da muhalli

Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u da kalmomi, sani da halayen da za su ba da damar yin kyaukyawan tattal inmuhall i don kyautata kiwon lafiyar jama’a.

Kan darasi/halin koyo: matsalol in muhall i da kiwon lafiyar jama’a


- Ƙwanƙwance matsalol in muhall i .

- Ƙul la alaƙa tsakanin ire-iren matsalol in muhall i da na kiwon lafiyar jama’a.

Basirar da za a ƙarfafawa:


Kayan aiki/kayan aikin koyarwa: jaridu na musamman, sharhohin jaridu, yarjejeniyar da aka yima cin gyara ta CEDEAO, duka takardun da suke taimakawa game da matsalol in muhall i .

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Tafiyar da darasin karantarwa/koyo

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Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u, kalmomi da halayen da za su ba da damar yin kyakkyawan tattal in muhall idon ci-gaba mai ɗorewa.


- Ƙwanƙwance muhimman ginshiƙan ci-gaba mai ɗorewa.

- Ƙul la alaƙa tsakanin muhall i da ci-gaba mai ɗorewa.

- Naƙaltar husa’o’i , da ayyukan kare muhall i .

- Ƙayyade fannonin gudanar da ayyukan ci-gaɓa mai ɗorewa.

- Ƙwanƙwance ayyukan kyautata muhall i da na kiwon lafiyar jama’a dangance da ci-gabamai ɗorewa a cikin gari, jaha da ƙasa.

- Ba da shawarar ingantattun ayyuka don samun kyaukyawan muhall i .

- Ɗaukar niyyar bunƙasa ci-gaba mai ɗorewa a cikin muhall insa.

Abubuwan sani dangance da darasin

Ci-gaba mai ɗorewa

a. Ma’ana

Fassarar maganar malama YVETTE VEYRET, wata ƙwararrar ma’aikaciya a fannin ilimin labarin ƙasaa zaman taro kan horarwa a fannin muhalli, zuwa ga ci-gaba mai dorewa ranaikun 17 da 19 ga watandisamba 2003: « Kalmar ci-gaba mai ɗorewa ta sa ni yin shakku a kanshi. »

Na farko, za ni tunatarwa da cewa ci-gaba mai ɗorewa kalma ce da gungun masu yin nazarin halittusuka ƙiriƙira tun shekarun 1970, saboda tasiri maras kyau na irin yadda muke amfani da ƙasa daabubuwan da ke samanta kuma da al’ummomi. Al’amarin ya sa an gano da cewa akwai hatsari kumawani lokaci ma ta gaba ɗaya.

Na biyu, akwai aƙida a cikin kalmar ci-gaba mai ɗorewa. Kamata ya yi a ci-gyaran abubuwan da ba sudace ba, kuma a girka gaskiya dangance da kowa da kowa.

Husa’ar ta danganta kan abu uku (3): Ilimin nazarin halittu, tattalin arziki da fannin mutane.

Na uku, ba a iya cewa ci-gaba mai ɗorewa fanni ne na binciken kimiyya, saboda ba ya da wasu alamomina kimiyya, ya kasance sabon abu ne, wanda ake cikin girkawa, kuma har ma ya fi ba da ƙarfi a fanninsiyasa bisa ga fannin kimiyya. Tun ƙarshen shekarun 1980, lokaci kaɗan bayan an yaɗa kalmar.

Ƙaramin jigo 2: Ci-gaba mai ɗorewa

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Da ma akwai ma’anoninta arba’in waɗanda suka danganta da halaye iri-iri da kuma irin dararjar daake ba halaye.

Na huɗu, ci-gaba mai ɗorewa ya bambanta daga ƙasashe masu hannu da shuni zuwa yankuna masufama da talauci. A cikin ƙasashe masu hannu da shuni, shahararrun ma’aikata da masu aikin bincike,suna zancen haƙiƙanta ci-gaba a fannin tattalin arziki a halin yanzu.

Ko’ina tsare-tsare sai ƙaruwa suke yi. Al’umma ta yi zafin amincewa da zancen samun kyaukyawarrayuwa a cikin faɗin ƙasa har ma da kaɗan-kaɗan ana amfani da shi (zancen) cikin tsare-tsarenkoyarwa.

A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa ko, ana zancen zaɓen misalin tattalin arziki mafi kyau. Ko za mu ɗaukimisalinmu na ci-gaba ne mu kai? Muna iya amincewa da cewa miliyar guda da ɗigo uku (1,3) namutanen Cana duka suna da motoci?

Muna iya tsammanin an biya bukatun mutanen nan ba tare da an girka ci-gaba irin namu ba?Gwamnatin duniya wanda za ya kulawa da ire-iren halittu masu rai (ɗan Adam, dabba, itace dakamanninsu) yana yiyuwa? Wannan za ya kawo zancen hulɗar ɗan kasa kuma da hakumanci.

Ci-gaba mai ɗorewa kamar yadda ake gani a cikin ƙasashe masu hannu da shuni, yana kawo matsala acikin ƙasashe masu tasowa: damuwa game da kariyar ire-iren halittu yana sa a yi ƙididdiga mai zurfi,wadda da ake yi don ba da izini maimakon a yi ma mazauna wurin kariya. Game da haka, ana iyatambayar kai da kai, wai shin babu wani sabon salon mulkin mallaka” a cikin wanga abu. Ci-gaba maiɗorewa yana kawo zancen shiga shugula. Wannan abu ne da wasu daga cikin ma’abuta da mawallafana ƙasashen arewa zuwa na gusum don tattali da kare halittu masu rai.

Ba ni da shakku ƙwarai saboda na yarda da wasu abubuwan sani a cikin wannan Kalmar. Bincike-binciken da na yi, ba da daɗewa ba suna yi mana “hannunki mai sanda”.

b. Koyarwa a fannin ci-gaba mai ɗorewa

Koyarwa a fannin ci-gaba mai ɗorewa (EDD) tana ba da damar lura da irin karmatsin da keakwai a cikin duniya a fanni kimiyya, akida da na fannin ƴan ƙasa.

Ta kowane fanni ana amfani da ita, akwai ta har cikin tsare-tsaren karantarwa.

Ganewar alaƙa ta tsakanin muhall i , tattal in arziki, zaman al’umma da al’adu suna ba ɗalibbaidamar gano:

- Alaƙa da dogora da wajuna tsakanin al’ummomi

- Amfanin amincewa da halayen da suka dace da al’amuran

- Amfanin haɗin kai a fuskar duniya

Manufar koyarwa a fannin ci-gaba mai ɗorewa shi ne ba ƴan ƙasa halayen da za su ba sudamar iya yin zaɓe kan al’amurran da suka shafi ci-gaba mai ɗorewa don ɗaukar niyya aikataabubuwa nagari a cikin rayuwar kai da kai kuma cikin rayuwa tare da jama’a.

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Fasalin darasi

Hazaƙa:

Zaunar da tabi’u, kalmomi, da halayen da za su ba da damar yin kyakkyawan tattal in muhall idon ci-gaba mai ɗorewa.


- Ƙwanƙwance muhimman ginshiƙan ci-gaba mai ɗorewa.

- Ƙul la alaƙa tsakanin muhall i da ci-gaba mai ɗorewa.

- Naƙaltar fusa’o’i , da ayyukan kare muhall i .

- Ƙayyade fannonin gudanar da ayyukan ci-gaba mai ɗorewa.

- Ƙwanƙwance ayyukan kyautata muhall i da na kiwon lafiyar jama’a dangance da ci-gabamai ɗorewa a cikin gari, jaha da ƙasa.

- Ba da shawarar ingantattun ayyuka don samun kyaukyawan muhall i .

- Ɗaukar niyyar bunƙasa ci-gaba mai ɗorewa a cikin muhall insa.


Kayan aiki/madogaraa/litattafan bincike

Littafin koyarwa na CEDEAO, labarun jaridu, babban ƙamus, hotuna, madogarai da suka haɗada su rediyo da talabij in, dokoki kan muhall i da ci-gaba mai ɗorewa, dokoki a fuskar ƙasasheda na duniya: usalar Afirka kan haƙƙoƙin ɗan Adam da na al’umma ta ranar 27 ga watan yunina shekarar 1986; sanarwar Birnin Riyo, ta 1992, tsarin ayyuka na ƙarni na 21; yarjejeniyar“Bale” ta ranar 22 ga watan maris na shekarar 1989 bisa larwan shiga da fitar datti maihatsari da kauda shi daga tsakanin iyakoki. Yarjejeniya kan hana kawo datti mai hatsari cikinƙasashen Afirka, da sauransu.

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Allon fasali


Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u, kalmomi da halayen da za su ba da damar yin kyakkyawan tattal in mahall idon ci-gaba mai ɗorewa.


Wallafa fasal in aiki don bunƙasa ci-gaba mai ɗorewa.

Kan darasi/halin koyo: bunƙasa ci-gaba mai ɗorewa.


lokaci: Awa 6

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Kayan aiki/madogara

Littafin koyarwa na CEDEAO, labarun jaridu, babban ƙamus, hotuna, madogara da suka haɗada rediyo da talabij in, dokoki kan mahall i da ci-gaba mai ɗorewa, dokoki a fuskar ƙasashe dana duniya: usalar Afirka kan hakkokin ɗan Adam da na al’umma ta ranar 27 ga wantan yunina shekarar 1986; sanarwar Birnin Riyo ta 1992, tsarin ayyuka na ƙarni na 21 yarjejeniyarBale ta ranar 22 ga watan maris na shekarar 1989. Bisa lura da shiga da fitar datti maihatsari da kau da shi daga tsakanin iyakoki, Yarjejeniya kan hana kawo datti mai hatsari cikinƙasashen Afirka, da sauransu.

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Tafiyar da kashin darasin karantarwa/koyo

7Hulɗa tsakaninƙasashen yankiJigo

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Hulɗa tsakaninƙasashen yanki

1. Manufa da ayyukan da suka ratayawuyan CEDEAO

2. CEDEAO don amfanin jama’a

Gabatarwa

Tun lokacin da ƙasashen duniya suka samu ƴancin kansu, ƙasashenyankin Afirka ta Yamma suka amince da girka wani tsari da burinhankaɗe iyakoƙin da hukumomin mulkin mallaka suka kurta musu.

Burinsu shi ne na samun wata dama ta shawartar juna don cim ma burorinsuna ci-gaba da bai wa kanunsu wani sabon yunƙuri na gina da ƙarfafa haɗinkai tsakaninsu. Wannan abin alfahari ya zama ja-gora ga tsarin hulɗa tatsakanin ƙasashen tsawon shekaru goma (10) na baya.

Don samun tasiri mafi kyau na tsarin hulɗa kan rayuwar al’ummomi daamince wa tsarin daga wajen su al’ummomin, shugabannin ƙasashenƙungiyar CEDEAO sun amince cewa nan da shekarar 2020 kungiyar za tacanza laƙani daga CEDEAO ɗin ƙasashe, zuwa CEDEAO ta al’ummomi.

Kafuwar ƙungiyoyi kamar su ƙungiyar tattalin arzikin ƙasashen Afirka tayamma (CEDEAO) ƙungiyar tattalin arzikin ƙasashen Afirka ta yamma masuamfani da kuɗin CFA (UEMOA), ƙungiya mai kula da raya kogin Sanagal(OMVS), kwamitin ƙasa da ƙasa mai kula da yaƙi da Hamada a cikin yankinSahel (CILSS), da ƙungiya mai kula da raya kogin Nijar (ABN da sauransusuna nuna niyyar ƙasashen Afirka ta yamma ta yin aiki tare da tabbatar dahulɗa ta gaske tsakaninsu.

Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u, kalmomi, sani da halayen da za su ba da damarƙarfafa hulɗa tsakanin ƙasashen yankin.

Darasin ya ƙunshi jigo biyu

1. Manufa da ayyukan da suka rataya wuyan CEDEAO

2. CEDEAO don amfanin jama’a

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Hazaka

Zaunar da tabi’u, kalmomi, sani da halayen da za su ba da damar bunƙasa manufa da gudanarda ayyukan da suka rataya wuyan CEDEAO.


1. Naƙaltar tabi’u da kalmomin da suka danganta da manufa da ayyukan da suka ratayawuyan CEDEAO,

2. Wallafa fusa’o’i da ayyukan da za su ba da damar bunƙasa manufa da gudanar daayyukan da suka rataya wuyan CEDEAO.

3. Gudanar da ayyukan koyarwa waɗanda za su ba da damar bunƙasa manufa da gudanarda ayyukan da suka rataya wuyan CEDEAO;

4. Amincewa da halayen da za su ba da damar bunƙasa manufa da gudanar da ayyukan dasuka rataya wuyan CEDEAO;


Ƙungiyar tattal in arzikin ƙasashen Afirka ta yamma (CEDEAO) haɗuwa ce ta ƙasashe gomasha biyar (15) da aka girka a shekarar 1975. Aikinta shi ne bunƙasa hulɗar tattal in arziki cikin« duka fannonin aikin tattal in arziki, musamman masana’antu masu sarrafa abubuwanamfanin jama’a, sufuri, sadarwa, makamashi, noma, arzikin da aka tardo, kasuwanci,harakokin kuɗi, na jama’a da na al’adu… »

A shekarar 1993 matsayin CEDEAO ya ƙaru inda aka ƙara ɗora mata nauyin kula da tabbatarda zaman lafiya da tsaro. Wannan husa’ar ta ba da damar sahannu kan yarjejeniyar 1999kanmatakan riga-kafi da sulhunta rikice-rikice kuma da tabbatar da zaman lafiya da tsaro.

A halin yanzu, ƙungiyar CEDEAO ta ƙunshi ƙasashe mambobi 15 (Binin, Burkina-Faso, Kap-bert, Kodibuwa, Gambiya, Gana, Gini, Gini Biso, Laberiya, Mali, Nijar, Nijeriya, Sanagal,Sal iyo, Togo).

A shekara 2000, ƙasar Moritani ya yi murabus daga ƙungiyar CEDEAO.

Kamar yadda asusun da ba lamauni na majal isar ɗinkin duniya (FMI) ya faɗi, ƙungiyarCEDEAO ita ke da matsayi na 25 a fannin tattal in arziki a fuskar duniya.

Gal ibin ƙasashen ƙungiyar CEDEAO suna da faɗin tsawon kilomita mil iyan 5 da ɗigo 1 (5,1)kuma yawan al’ummar ƙasashen ta tashi kimanin mil iyan 299.

Ƙaramin jigo 1: Manufa da ayyukan da sukarataya wuyan CEDEAO

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Tarihi da asalin ƙungiyar CEDEAO

Tunanin girka ƙungiyar ƙasashen Afirka ya yamma ya ɗauko tushe tun shekarar 1964.Shugaban ƙasar Laberiya Malam Wil iyam Tubman ne ya ba da shawarar.

A shekarar 1965 cikin watan fabraieru kasashen Kodibuwa, Gini, laberiya da Saliyo sun sahannu kan wata yarjejeniya da ba ta ci nasara ba.

A watan Afiri lu na 1972 Janar Gawon na Nijeriya da Janar Eyadema na ƙasar Togo suka sakemaido zancen, suka tsara shawarwari, sannan suka kai ziyara cikin ƙasashe 12 inda sukatambayi gudummawar ƙasashen daga watan yuli zuwa watan agusta na 1973. An yi wanizaman taro a Lome (ƙasar Togo) inda aka yi nazari kan shawarwarin yarjejeniyar da sukagabatar da.

A cikin watan janairu shekarar 1974 an yi wani taro na shahararrun ma’aikata da masu il iminsharai’a a Ankara ƙasar Gana kuma da zaman taron ministocin a Monorobiya (ƙasarLaberiya) a watan Janairu na 1975; waɗannan manyan zaman tarurruka sun yi nazarinshawarwarin da aka yi kan yarjejeniyar matuƙa.

A ƙarshe, ƙasashe 15 ne na Afirka ta Yamma suka sahannu kan yarjejeniyar da sunanƙungiyar tattal in arzikin ƙasashen Afirka ta yamma (yarjejeniyar Lagos) a ranar 28 na watanmayu 1975.

Ranar 5 ga watan nuwamba 1976 aka sahannu kan tsare-tsaren girka CEDEAO a garin Lome,ƙasar Togo. A cikin watan yuli na 1993 an sahannu kan yarjejeniyar da aka sake dubawa donkarfafa hulɗar tattal in arziki da ta siyasa.

CEDEAO ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin gimnshiƙi 5 na ƙungiyar tattal in arzikin AfirkaAEC,COMESA, CEEAS, IGAD, SADC da CEDEAO da suka sahannu kan tsarin hulɗa tsakaninAEC da su CER a watan fabrairu na 1998.

Buri da ƙa’idoJin CEDEAO

Burin ƙungiyar tattal in arzikin ƙasashen Afirka ta yamma (CEDEAO) shi ne bunƙasa hulɗa dama’amala a fannin tattal in arziki, al ’umma da al’adu don cim ma haɗin kai tsakanin ƙasashena fannin tattal in arziki na kuɗi ta hanyar girka muhimmiyar hulɗa tsakanin ƙasashe mambobinƙungiyar. Ya kamata ta hanyar wannan hulɗar a kyautata rayuwar al’ummomi, tabbatar daci-gaban tattal in arziki, bunƙasa alaƙa tsakanin ƙasashe mambobi da kawo gudummuwawajen ƙaruwa da ci-gaban nahiyar Afirka.

Yarjejeniyar da aka sake dubawa a shekarar 1993 wadda ya kamata ta ƙara yaɗa ma’amala afannin tattal in arziki da siyasa tsakanin ƙasashe mambobi ta nuna cewa girka kasuwa guda daamfani da kuɗI iri guda za su kasance burorin CEDEAO a fannin tattal in arziki; a fannin siyasakuwa, burorin su ne girka majal isar ƙasashen Afirka ta yamma, kwamitin tattal in arziki da naal’umma kuma da kotun shari’a na CEDEAO don ya canza mashara’antar da ke akwai, kuma dayin aiki da shawarwarin ƙungiyar. Wannan yarjejeniyar tana ba da damar yin riga-kafi dasulhunta rikice-rikicen yaƙi cikin ƙungiyar.

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Ƙungiyar CEDEAO ta dogara aikinta kan waɗannan ƙayyadaddun matakai:

• Kiyaye da nuna bambanci da ƙarfafa alaƙa tsakanin ƙasashe mamabobi.

• Haɗin kai da ƴancin kai ga kowa.

• Ma’amala tsakanin ƙasashe

• Daidaita siyasar ƙasashe, yin hulɗa game da tsare-tsare.

• Haske da gaskiya a fannin tattal in arziki da na al’umma,

• Kiyaye da kai wa juna hari tsakanin ƙasashe mambobi

• Tabbatar da zaman lafiya, kwanciyar hankali da tsaro

• Warware matsalol i cikin ruwan sanyi.

• Girmama, bunƙasa da kare hakkin ɗan Adam

• Bunƙasa da ƙarfafa dimokuraɗiya.

Hukumomin CEDEAO

Don gudanar da ayyukanta, ƙungiyar CEDEAO ta kafa hukumomi kamar haka:

• Babban taron shugabannin ƙasashe da na gwamnati.

• Taron shawarar ministoci.

• Hukumar zartar da ayyuka

• Majal isar ƙungiya

• Kotun shara’a ta majal isa

• Kwamitin tattal in arziki da na al’umma (da za a kafa)

• Bankin zuba jari da ci-gaba ta CEDEAO (BIDC)

• Asusun ci-gaban ƙasashen CEDEAO (FRDC)

• Bankin zuba jari ta yankin ƙasashen CEDEAO

• Asusun kuɗi na Afirka ta yamma (AMAO) (BRIC)

• Ma’aikatar tsarin kuɗaɗe ta Afirka ta yamma (IMAO)

• Ƙungiyar kiwon lafiya ta ƙasashen Afirka ta yamma (OOAS)

• Kwamitoci na musamman (kwamiti 6 ne)

• Matakai na riga-kafi, sulhunta rikice-rikice, zaman lafiya da tsaro waɗanda akaamince wa a shekarar 1999. A cikin matakan, akwai hukumar ƙol i , hukumar zartarwa,kwamitin sasantawa da tsaron ƙasashe mamabobi goma (10) (Burkina-Faso, Gana,Gini, Laberiya, Mali, Nijar, Nijeriya, Sanagal, Sal iyo, Togo).

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Manufar CEDEAO

Girka yanki marar iyaka, mai albarka dawadata inda ke akwai zaman lafiya da haɗinkai, da suka dogara ga ingantaccenjagoranci, inda kuma al’ummomi suke iyasamun arziki da yin amfani da shi ta hanyarƙirƙiro hanyoyin ci-gaba mai ɗorewa da nakariyar mahall i .

Ayyukan da suka rataya wuyan CEDEAO

Bunƙasa ma’amala da hulɗa waɗanda za suba da damar girka ƙungiyar tattal in arzikinƙasashen Afirka ta yamma don kyautatarayuwar al’ummominta, tabbatar da daƙarfafa tattal in arziki, kyautata hulɗatsakanin ƙasashe mamabobi da kawogudummuawa ga ƙaruwa da ci-gabannahiyar Afirka.

Mahimmancin ƙungiyar CEDEAO

Hanzari

Kare da ƙarfafa hanzarin aiki yana sa aamince da CEDEAO a fuskar duniya amatsayin misal i nagari na hulɗa a fannintattal in arziki da na kuɗi.

Girmamawa

Girka yanayin girmama juna tsakaninma’aikata da mambobin ƙungiyar, dagirmama tsare-tsaren da ake ƙirƙirowa,kawo canje-canje da watsuwar labaru a cikinyankin ƙungiyar.

Yawa da ire-ire

Gane, ƙara kuzari da girmama yawa da ire-iren ƙabilu da al’adu a cikin yankin ƙungiyar.

Gaskiya

Aiki kan gaskiya don tabbatar da ka’idojinaiki mafiya tsanani da samun yardar jama’ada girmamawa daga wajenta ta hanyarayyuka.

Hallara

Neman da ba da damar hal lara tagari waddatake nuna yawa da ire-iren ayyuka a fanninlabarin ƙasa da al’adun ƙasashen ƙungiyar akowane matsayi na wallafa tsare-tsare da nayanke shawarwari.

Riƙon amana

Sa kowane ɗan ƙasa ya kasance mai riƙeamana da yin zance nagari kan ƴan' uwanshi(ƴan ƙasa) a cikin yankin da ma’aikatu kamaryadda muhimman ƙa’idojin yankin sukatanada.

Haske

Yin amfani da matakai na ba da haske donbunƙasa shawarwari da hanyoyin wallafatsare-tsare.

Gwaninta kan aiki

Nuna gwaninta kan aiki, ƙoƙarin yin amfanida tabi’u nagari kuma mafi kyau a fanninduniya, nuna hali nagari da na jin daɗi awuraren aiki a duk cikin yankin.

Cikakkar niyya

Yanke shawara ba tare da nuna son rai ba,cikin gaskiya, nazari da daidaici

Fiko

Nuna hanzari da ƙwazo wajen girka ka’idojimafi tsanani cikin tafiyar da burorin da akasa zato kansu a fuskar mutane, ƙasashe,yankuna da duniya baki ɗaya.

Manufa, ayyuka da muhimmancin CEDEAO

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Ginshiƙan ƙungiyar

• Bunƙasa arzikin yankuna (ci-gaba da kyautata hal in al ’umma … daidaici tsakanin jinsinmaza da mata, mahal l i nagari) hal in kasancewa ƴan ƙasa guda,

• Zaman lafiya da tsaro: yanayin yankin ya kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali dakyakkyawan tsaro, inda babu rikice-rikice, fasa-ƙwabri, da wariya:

• Hakumanci: ingantaccen jagoranci a fannin siyasa da tattal in arziki, haske da nunaadalci wajen amfani da dukiyar jama’a/ dukiyar ƙasa kuma inda ake kare hakkokin ɗanAdam,

• Hulɗa a fannin tattal in arziki da kuɗi (kasuwanci kuɗi, sarrafawa, siyasa): kasuwaguda ta yanki da yin amfani da kuɗi bai ɗaya da harakokin kuɗi masu inganci, kuma datsari nagari na dokokin biyan kuɗin,

• Bunƙasa fannin masu harakokin zaman kansu: Ƙwaƙƙwarar hulɗa da haɗa ƙarfinjama’a masu harakokin zaman kansu, yanayi nagari mai ba da damar bunƙasaharakokin jama’a da na masu zaman kansu

• Kwanciyar hankali , tsaro da ingantaccen jagoranci

• Ci-gaba da ma’amala/hulɗa,

• Daidaici da yin ƙwamɓala cikin adalci.

• Hulɗa a fannin tattal in arziki da na kuɗi

• Halin tsara ma’aikatu,

• Dacewa ta gaba ɗaya.

Takardar fasali

Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u, kalmomi, iya yi da halayen da za su ba da damar bunƙasa manufa dagudanar da ayyukan da suka rataya wuyan CEDEAO.


1. Naƙaltar tabi’u da kalmomin da suka danganta da manufa da ayyukan da suka ratayawuyan CEDEAO,

2. Wallafa fusa’o’i da ayyukan da za su ba da damar bunƙasa manufa da gudanar daayyukan da suka rataya wuyan CEDEAO.

3. Gudanar da ayyukan koyarwa waɗanda za su ba da damar bunƙasa manufa da gudanarda ayyukan da suka rataya wuyan CEDEAO.

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4. Amincewa da halayen da za su ba da damar bunƙasa manufa da gudanar da ayyukan dasuka rataya wuyan CEDEAO.

lokaci: Awa 12

Kayan aiki/kayan aikin koyarwa/littattafai

- Tsare-tsare da littattafan makaranta na sashen koyarwa

-Yarjejeniyar da aka sake dubawa ta CEDEAO ta watan yuli 1993, dokokin ƙungiyar Afirka,yarjejeniyoyi iri-iri na CEDEAO, dokokin ƙasa.

- Littafin koyarwa na ƙasashen CEDEAO

- Fina-finai, hotuna

- Takardu da matanai iri dabam-dabam

- Yanar gizo

Allon fasali

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Misalin takardar tafiyar da koyarwa

Ƙaramin jigo na 1: Manufa da ayyukan da suka rataya wuyan CEDEAO

Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u, kalmomi, iya yi da halayen da za su ba da damar bunƙasa manufa, gudanarda ayyukan da suka rataya wuyan CEDEAO.

Kan darasi /Halin koyo: manufa, muhimman ayyuka da tabi’un CEDEAO.

Makasudan karantarwa/Koyo

Naƙaltar tabi’u da kalmomin da suka danganta da manufa da ayyukan CEDEAO.

Hazaƙar ƙarfafawa

lokaci: Awa 2

Kayan aiki/madogara/littattafai

- Tsare-tsare da littattafan makaranta na sashen koyarwa

- Yarjejeniyar da aka sake dubawa ta CEDEAO ta watan yuli 1993, dokokin ƙungiyar Afirka,yarjejeniyoyi iri-iri na CEDEAO, dokokin ƙasa.

- Littafin koyarwa na ƙasashen CEDEAO

- Fina-finai, hotuna

- Takardu da matanai iri dabam-dabam

-yanar gizo

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Tafiyar da kashin darasin karantarwa/koyo

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Hazaƙar

Zaunar da tabi’u, kalmomi, iya yi da halayen da za su ba da damar bunƙasa halin kasancewaɗan ƙasa mai hnzari da ƙoƙarin aiki a cikin yankin CEDEAO.


1. Naƙaltar tabi’u da kalmomi dangance da hulɗa tsakanin ƙasashen yanki,

2. Wallafa fusa’o’i da ayyukan da za zu ba da damar kyautata zaman tare a duk faɗinyankin,

3. Tafiyar da ayyukan koyarwa waɗanda za su ba da damar magance matsalol in hulɗatsakanin ƙasashen yanki.


Ire-ire da hanyoyin hulɗa

• Hulɗa a fannin siyasa da gaskiya

- Sanya ka’dojin yanki ko na duniya wajen yin aiki da shawarwari,

- Niyyar girka ma’aikatu yanki ko na ƙasa na lura da raba gardama, na yin aiki dashawarwari: kotun shara’a, majal isa, kwamitin tattal in arziki da na jama’a

- Hulɗa a fannin siyasa.

- Samun ƴancin kai wajen zuwa da zowar mutane, tsari da babban taro na watan mayu1978 ya amince wa, wanda kuma ya ƙunshi sashe 3,

- Soke zancen takardar izinin shiga ƙasa ,

- Hakkin zama cikin wuri

- Hakkin aikata wani abu.

• Hulɗa a fannin tattalin arziki da kuɗi

Kasuwa guda kuɗi bai ɗaya, masana’antu, ma’adinnai, ayyukan masu zaman kansu,noma…)

• Yaɗaɗa tsare-tsaren ƙungiyar, zuwa ga sababbin abubuwa, misal i , daidaita tsare-tsare a fannin tattal in arziki da kuɗi.

• Daukar nauyin kasafin kuɗin ma’aikatu: kawo tsarin ba da jangal in ƙunigiya ƙasa ga

Ƙaramin jigo 2: CEDEAO don amfaninjama’a

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Hulɗa tsakanin ƙasashen yanki

kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari (0,5%) na abubuwan da suka fito daga ƙasashe mambobi donɗaukar nauyin hulɗa ta tsakanin ƙasashe.

• Hulɗa a fannin aikin duwan

- Tsarin ba da ƴancin yin musanya don girka ma’amala tsakanin ƙasashe mambobinƙungiyar,

- Wannan ma’amalar tana ba da damar soke duk wasu kuɗin duwan, jangal i , rashin biyanwani abu a bakin iyakoki, kuma da girka al lon bayanin kuɗaɗen guda,

Ƙasashe goma sha biyu(12) suka soke zancen biyan kuɗi a iyakoki kan ɗanyun abubuwa:Binin, Burkina Faso, Kodibuwar, Gambiya, Gana, Gini, Mali, Nijar, Nijeriya, Sanagal,Sal iyo da Togo,

- Girka tsarin ba da labarun duwan kan na’ura mai aiki da kanta (SYDONIA) don ƙarfafayawan kuɗin da ake samu na duwan a fuskar ƙasashe mambobi.

• Hulɗar kasuwanci

- Girka wani tsari ( EUROTRACE ) mai ba da damar samun cikakkun labarun wajenkididdigar harakokin ƙasuwancin waje.

Tsara kasuwanni baza-kol i na CEDEAO

- Mataki a cikin watan Maris 2000 na girka wani tsarin “yankin ba iyaka” tsakanin ƙasashebakwai (7) mambobin CEDEAO wanda suka hada da: Binin, Burkina-Faso, Gana,Mali,Nijar, Najeriya da Togo.

• Hulɗa bakanin al’ummomin yankin da kuma hulɗa a fannin al’adu (fannin tarbiyya, al’adu, hulɗatsakanin matasan yankin, kiwon lafiya, yawon buɗa ido, d.s)

- Wannan ɓangaren shi ne mafi muhimmanci saboda daga nan ne ake samu a tsai da tsariguda na rayuwa guda. Amincewar al’ummomin na samuwa daga gamsuwar al’ummominta kasancewa jama’a ɗaya, ya zamanto a fannin hulɗa ne ko tarbiyya ko ma zamanlafiya ne, dukan tsare-tsaren na bita kan jama’ar.

- Yin aiki da wannan hulɗar a fannin al’adu na samuwa ta hanyar yawanta tsare-tsarenwasannin gargajiya tsakannin ƙasashen yankin, kasuwanni baza-kol i , da kuma wanitaro ko haɗuwa tsakanin ƙasashen. Sai dai matsalol in cim ma wannan buri na tasowadaga rashin hulɗa, rashin darajantarwa in dai ba kaɗe-kaɗe ba da ke ƙayatar damutane.

Burin taron na 2011 shi ne bunƙasa hulɗa a fannin yankin da kasuwanci tsakanin ƙasashen. Abin nazarinshi ne: “bunƙasa kasuwanci cikin jama’a ta hanyar ƙulla hulɗa da ƴan kasuwa."

- Mafitar da ke fuskantar wani dogon nazari ita ce, ta tsaida tsare-tsaren guda a fanninkoyarwa.

- A wannan fannin, ɗaya daga cikin misalan da za a iya badawa shi ne tsara wasu wasanninal’adu tsakanin ƴan makaranta na yankin CEDEAO(saboda ya dace da a maida hankali

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wajen matasa) in da ƴan wasan dabam dabam ba za su yi wasa ba tsakanin ƙasa daƙasa amma cikin ruƙunan da za a samun al’umma daban daban na jama’ar CEDEAO,cikin annashuwa, girmamawa, tarbiyya, cikin hanzari, ba da gwaggwarme ya ba. Ƴanwasan ba za su zamanto ƴan takara ba, za su zamanto wasu ma’abutan hulɗa a yanƙinne. Gwaggwarmayar ba yaƙi ne ba, makaranta ce ta zumunta tsakanin ƙasashen.Wasan kwaikwayon zai ya zamanto wata makaranta ce ta tattaunawar jama’a.

- In kalmar hulɗa, haka ce a fannin ƙasa kamar yadda take cikin misalan da muka gani, yakamata kuma a faki ko duniya a kawo maganar hulɗar jinsi, ta haka a lokacin girkaruƙunan ƙasa na yin kwamɓala, za mu yi amfani da jinsi.

- CEDEAO, ƙungiya ce ta tattal in arziki, mugun horo ba za ya kasance il la ga burin ƙungiyadon jin daɗin al’ummar yankin. Wannan shi ne babban arziki. In da ana son ɓoyetsoron aifuwar wani wurin mutane, ya cancanta a yi aiki da abubuwa biyu:

- Yaro

- Ƙwanƙwanto da jin daɗin gane wasu abubuwa.

Ya cacanta a ƙarfafa bakinsa, j in-daɗi na gano bambace-bambace wajen yara ta hanyaryawanta hulɗoɗi, inda babba ba za ya tsoma bakirsa ba.

Da mamaki ga wanda bai san ba wannan abubuwan da ya yarda da cewa mutane na iya rarrabuwa kumasu cuta ma kansu: saboda shi ne, mutum ke son gani muhimmin ƙoƙarin. Kuma za ya kamo a kansa, in zayayi tafiya, za ya ɗauki makami kuma ya nemi ɗan rakiya, in za ya shiga barci, ya kulle ƙofofinsa kuma inyana cikin gidansa, ya kulle sandukansa da makulli, duk da ya san cewa da akwai dokoki, akwai iko, da jamian tsaro da za su saka misa da abin da zai faru a gare shi: zai tambayi kansa wane ɗauka ne yake yi wa ƴanuwansa, da ya bulaguro da makami, ko yake kulle sandukkansa.

Yana shakkun jama’a da yake tare da ita? Ko shi ko ni, muna shakun halin ɗan Adam ne ta yin hakan. Wasuabubuwan da mutane ke so, ba za su zamanto laifi ba inda mutanen ba su san ba dokokin da ke haramta su.Mutanen ba su sanin dokokin in dai ba a yarda da mutanen da za su yin ɗaukar.

• A fannin abubuwan amfanin jama’a (makamashi, sifiri, sadarwa, iskan shaƙa, maliya)

• Makamashi

- Tsarin doka da aka sa hannu a kansa a watan Mayu 1982 wajen Taron shugabanninƙasashe da na gwamnatotinsu saman wani tsari na gina wani bututun iskar gaz ayankin Afirka ta yamma: bisa tambayar CEDEAO, Majal isar ɗinkin duniya ta ɗaukiniyyar yin nazarin hal in yiyuwar wannan bututun a Afirka ta yamma.

- Game da haka ne, Benen, Gana, Najeriya da Toga suka ɗauki niyyar gina bututun iskargaz da zai ba da damar yin amfani da iskar gaz na Najeriya tsakanin ƙasashen gudahuɗu don cim ma burin samun isasshen makamashi

- Wallafa wani tsari na masumman don bunƙasa hanyoyin samun makamashi da kumahulɗa tsakanin ƙasashen a fannin wutar lantarki.

- Ƙirƙiro wani tsari na mukamashin lantarki a Afirka ta Yamma

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• Hanyoyin sadarwa

- Tsari da taron shugabanni ƙasashe da Gwamnototinsu suka amince da shi a wajen zamataronsu na watan Mayu na 1979 INTELCOM I: sada manyan biranan ƙasashenƙungiyar ta hanyar wayar talho, TELEX da FAX.

- INTELCOM II: Nazarin hal in yiyuwar maida hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani, tsaidamatakkai don kawo sauƙi wajen ayyukan ci-gaban fannin.

- Shimfiɗa hanyoyi da za su ratsa ƙasashen Afirka ta yamma.

- Tsari da aka amince da shi wajen taron da aka gudanar a watan desamba na 1980 aLome: Nawakcot- Lagos: cikin tsawon km 4560, km 3800 sun samu, kenan 83%

- Dakar-Jamena, hanya mai tsawon kilomIta 4460, an samu km 3894 misal in 80%, hanyoyina haduwa, cikin km 11423, an samu kilomIta 7653 misal i 67%.

• Sauƙaƙa sifirin hanyar ƙasa

Katin inshora ta CEDEAO-ƙasashe 12 sun amince da wannan tsarin na Inshora: su ne Bukina-Faso, Kodibuwar, gine, gine Biso, Mali, Nijer, Najeriya, Sal iyo, Senegal da Togo.

- Yarjejjeniya saman sufurin hanya: da zai ba da damar kawo sauƙi da gaggauta ka’idojinƙetarar da kayan fatauci tsakanin ƙasashen yankin, ƙasashe biyar ne (5) suka fara aikida yarjejeniyar: Benen, Kot Dibuwar, Mali, Nijar da Togo.

- Ƙirƙiro wasu kwamitoci na ƙasashe na bi-sau-da-ƙufa wajen gudanar da tsare-tsaren kanƴancin zirganiya da sufuri. Ƙasashe 12 suka girka waɗanan kwamitocin: Benen,Burkina Faso, Kodibuwar, Gana, Gine, Gine Biso, Mali, Nijar, Nijeriya, Sa Liyo, Senegalda Togo.

• A fannin tsare-tsaren muhalli

- Yaƙi da ciyar nan mai guba da take gurɓata ruwa.

- Yaƙi da hammada

- Ƙarfafa ma’aikatun nazarin yanayi na ƙasashen

• A fannin zaman lafiya da tsaro

- Amincewa da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta 1978

- Amincewa da yarjejeniyar kawo agaji a fannin tsaro ta 1981

- Amincewa da ƙa’idojin siyasar CEDEAO na watan jul i na 1991

- ECOMOG: Kwamiti na bi-sau-da-ƙafa na tsaida-wuta na CEDEAO wanda aka ƙirƙira tahanyar ɗaukan wani matani na taron a 1990- Taimakawa wajen tsaida yaƙi a Laberiya

- Ƙasashe mamabobin CEDEAO da suka bada sojoji : Benen, Burkina Faso, Gambiya,Gana, Gine, Mali, Nijar, Nijeriya, Senegal, Sal iyo

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- Waɗansu ƙasashen: Uganda da Tanzaniya.

- Yaƙin da aka gudanar a Saliyo

- Ƙasashen da suka bada sojoji : Gana, Gine, Mali Nijeriya, Senegal

- Yaƙin da aka yi a Gine Biso.

- Ƙasashen da suka bada sojoji : Benen, Gambiya, Nijar da Togo.

- Ƙoƙarin da aka yi wajen samun yarjejeniya tsakanin Gine da Senegal

- Dabara ta riga-kafi da tsarin sulhunta rikice-rikice da taron ya amince da ita a 1998. Littafin daaka wallafa a fannin riga-kafin rikice-rikice: wani tsari na zura ido da bi-sau-da ƙafa, da kumawasu hukumomi masu ƙayyade yankunan rikicin da ya ɓil lo kai:

- Ma’aikata 4 na zura ido kwatanu, Wagadugu, Banjul Monrobiya

- Kwamiti na zura ido da bi-sau-da ƙafa a cibiyar CEDEAO da ke Abuja.

- Girka wani kwamiti na shiga tsakani da tsaro da za ya haɗa ƙasashe 9 na ƙungiyar.

- Girka wani kwamitin dattawa.

- Girka sojojin ko-ta-kwana

- Ƙudiri kan shiga da fitar da kaya da kuma ƙera ƙananan makamai, yarjejeniyar da akaamince da ita a taro na oktoba na 1998.

- Amincewa da wani fasal in aiki da kuma wani kundi na gudanar da ayyuka.

- Bunƙasa yanayin zaman lafiya

- Horon sojoji da jam’iyoyin tsaro

- Kula da shiga-da-fitar ƙananan makamai kan iyakoki

- Ƙirƙiro wani bankin labaru, da wani girgam na yanki saman ƙananan makamai.

- Tattara da ƙona makammai bayan fage (da aka yi a Laberiya da Mali)

- Sauƙaƙa tattaunawa da masu ƙera makammai da masu saida su.

• Tasiri da mahimmancin hulɗa tsakanin ƙasashen yanki

Sake gudanar da hulɗa tsakanin ƙasashen yankin CEDEAO na bada ingantattu dabaru nasulhunta matsalol in ci-gaba da CEDEAO ke fuskanta, duk da ƙaramcin dukiya da wasuabubuwa na tattal in arziki na kowace daga cikin ƙasashen.

Sai dai duk da rashin ingancin kasuwannin ƙasashen, haɗin gwiwa da hamzari na iya ba dadamar cimma burin bunƙasar da ci-gaba.

Mine ne amfanin hulɗa tsakanin ƙasashen yankin?

• Ƙananan kasuwanni da ke hana bunƙasar ayyukan kwangila suna iya haɗuwa don su ƙara ƙarfi

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• Bunƙasar kasuwannin yana iya janyo hankalin masu hannu da shuni cikin ƙasashenƙungiyar, kuma a ƙara samun amfani da ba da damar masanyar il imi a fannin kimiyyar.

• Hulɗar na iya ƙara muhimmanci da ci-gaban tsare-tsaren tattal in arziki ta hanyargirmama dokoki da hakkoki, ingancin hukumomin shari’a da adalci.

• Ta hanyar dabaru, ƙasashen na iya ƙarfafa basirarsu ta tattaunawa a fagen duniya; Sunaiya tattaunawa a matsayinsu na ƙungiya.

• Ƙananan ƙasashen na iya cin ribar hulɗa ta tsakanin al’umma ta hanyar girka tsari guda.

• Hulɗa na kawo raguwar rikice-rikice ta hanyar kawo yarda da kuma kawo sauki wajenhulɗa game da maganar tsaro.

Dukan waɗannan amfani suna samuwa in dai an kauda matsalol i da cecekuce kan iyakoki (aikida takardu da ka’idoji). Cim ma burin, sai kuma ƙasashen sun tashi tsayin daka sun ƙarfafadanƙon zumunci tsakaninsu.

Kuɗin da hulɗa tsakanin ƙasashen za ta ci

In an yi zancen amfani, kenan ma akwai zancen kuɗi.

• Raguwar matsalol in farashi na iya kawo matsala wajen hada-hadar kasuwanci. Canzaabubuwa masu ƙaramin farashi da ake kawowa daga ƙasashen da ba su cikin ƙungiyarda kayayyaki masu tsada na ƙasashen da ake hulɗa da su.

Wannan abu ya kawo matsala da dama cikin al ’ummomin dabam dabam.

• Dubarun hulɗar na iya kawo raguwar kuɗin da ake samu daga haraji . In ana sonmagance wannan asarar sai ƙasashen ƙungiya sun samo wasu hanyoyi na samun kuɗin.

• Hulɗa na iya janyo rashin ingancin hukumomin ƙasa, ko kuma barin wasu tabi’u. Sai daiduk da haka, hulɗa na kawo amfani fiye da yadda ake tsammani.

• Matsaloli da sharuɗɗa

Matsaloli

• Harsuna

• Kishin ƙasa/Kishin yankin

• Iko marar adalci

• Ƙaramcin sani

• Rashin yin aiki da dokoki a game da zirga-zirgar kaya da mutane

• A fannin tsaro

• Tsadar Zirga-zirga da hanyoyin sadarwa

• Talauci

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• Rashin ingancin sassan hukumomi

• Rashin kwanciyar hankali a fannin siyasa da rishin iko da adalci: juye-juyen mulkinsojawa da suka yi yawa cikin wasu ƙasashe sun gurɓata yanayin siyasa da tafiyar damulki a Afirka ta Yamma

• Rashin ƙarfaffaun tsare-tsaren tattal in arziki a Afirka ta Yamma

Ƙarancin hanyoyin tattalin arziki cikin ƙasashe:

• Ƙasashen “CEDEAO” suna da albarkatun sarrafawa a fannin noma da ma’adinaiwaɗanda ba a amfani sosai da su cikin Afirka ta Yamma

• Masana’antu ba su bunƙasa ba, bal le kasuwanci ya bunƙasa a cikin yankin

• Rashin ingantattun hanyoyin motoci da na sadarwa da makamashi:

• Ƙaramcin hanyoyin motoci da kuma lalataccen halin da suke ciki

• Tsadar talho da rashin isassun kampanonin

• Rishin wadataccen makamashi da kuma tsadar wutar lantarki

• Yawaicin wuraren da ba ƙa’idaddu ba na binciken motoci

• Rashin zuba kuɗin gudummawa sosai ga kasahin kuɗin ofishin sakatarin zartarwa

Sharuɗɗa

Sharuɗɗan da ya kamata dukan mambobin ƙungiyar su cika:

• Shimfiɗa halayen tabbatar da yanayin siyasa mai ɗorewa

• Kafa tsarin dokoki da na shari’a mai haske

• Tabbatar da shahararrun ma’aikatu kuma isassu

Ayyukan gudanarwa cikin ƙasa:

• Shimfaɗa halayen tabbatar da yanayin siyasa mai ɗorewa

• Tabbatar da iko cikin adalci musamman ta hanyar ƙarfafa dimokuraɗiya, da ingantamanyan tsare-tsaren tattal in arziki da na hukumomi

• Fannoni na musamman da suka shafi ƙarfafa hulɗar tattal in arziki:

- sulhunta zirga-zirgar mutane

- rage yawan wuraren binceken motoci bisa hanyoyin iyakokin ƙasashe

- buga kundin suhuri na ƙasashen “CEDEAO”, kuma da yaɗa shi

- bunƙasa hulɗar aiki tsakanin ofishin ƴan sandar ƙasashen ƙungiyar “CEDEAO”

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• Zirga-zirgar kayayyaki:

• Buga kundaye ko takardun “duwan” da aka daidaita, kuma da yaɗa su:

- Takardar shaidar asul i

- Takardar jerin kalmomi dangance da fannin “duwan”

- Kundin ratsa ƙasa da ƙasa

- Rubuta waɗannan matakan cikin tsarin daidaita fannin tattal in arziki.

• Haɗin kan ƙasashe a fannin “Duwan”: ƙasashen su yi ƙungiyar “Duwan” tare da rage kuɗinawon hajojin da ke shigowa.

• Haɗin kan ƙasashen a fuskar manyan hanyoyin tattalin arziki:

- A yi yadda ƙasashe za su shiga tsarin kuɗin “CFA” na “CEDEAO”

- Tabbatar da ingantaccen tsarin tattalin arziki kuma da bin ƙa’idojin da aka tsaida kan haka

- Kafa wani kwamitin larwai cikin kowace ƙasa ta yankin

- Rubuta waɗannan sharuɗɗan cikin tsarin daidaita fannin tattal in arziki

• Ɗaukar nauyin zuba kuɗin ayyukan ƙungiyar “CEDEAO”

- Tafiyar da yarjejeniyar da aka tsaida game da ɗibar kuɗin tarbace daga tushe.

- Rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar

- Rubuta tsarin ɗibar kuɗin daga tushe a cikin dokar fasal in kuɗi

- Tattaro kuɗin tarɓaccen kuma da zuba su a cikin asusun “CEDEAO”

• Matakai dangance da hukumomin ƙarfafawa:

- Kafa ofishin minista mai kula da hulɗa tsakanin ƙasashen yankin

- Kafa wani kwamiti na haɗin gwiwar ofisoshin ministirori wanda za ya riƙa kula da dubahalin zartar da matakan da ƙungiyar ta ɗauka; kwamitin za ya riƙa zaman taronsa a-kai-a-kai

• Hulɗoɗi da masu hannu da shuni: A farfaɗo da maganar ɗaukar nauyin muhimman tsare-tsare ayyukan “CEDEAO” daga wajen masu hannu da shuni, musamman ƙungiyar tattal inarzikin ƙasashen Afirka (CEA), Bankin ci-gaban Afirka (BAD), Asusun ba da lamani namajal isar ɗinkin duniya, bankin duniya, da ƙungiyar haɗin kan Turai.

Ayyukan yi a fuskar yankin

• A fannin siyasa:

• Yarjejeniyar shekarar 1981 game da shimfiɗa yanayin zaman lafiya

• Yarjejeniyar kawo taimako a fannin tsaro

• Ƙa’idojin “CEDEAO” a fannin siyasa da aka amince da su cikin watan yuli 1991

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• A fannin tsare-tsare, ƙayyade muhimman abubuwa:

• Sassauci game da canje-canje tsakanin ƙasashe

• Kuɗin awon kaya ya zamanto ɗaya ne (dangance da haɗin kai a fannin duwan).

• Haɗin kai a fuskar manyan hanyoyin tattal in arziki

• Taimako a fannin aikin ƙididdiga

• Tunanin shimfiɗa wani ingantaccen tsarin kawo sassauci cikin canje-canje tsakanin ƙasashe.

• Misal i , sanya tsarin cikin tsare-tsaren kyautata tattal in arziki

• Ofishin sakatarin “CEDEAO” da hukumar ba da lamani ta Afirka ta yamma (AMAO ) zasu riƙa auna ƙoƙarin kowace ƙasar yankin wajen aiwatar da ƙa’idojin daidaita hanyoyintattal in arziki

• Tabbatar da ana tafiyar da tsarin ɗibar kuɗin tarbacen kowace ƙasa daga tushe.

• Matakai a fannin ma’aikatu ko hukumomi

• Kyautata tsarin ma’aikatu (ofishin sakatarin zartarwa da na asusun ƙungiyar)

• Ɗaukar ƙwararrun ma’aikata masu adalci a cikin ma’aikata (a soke tsarin damƙa wakowace ƙasa wani kashi).

• Kafa kotin shari’a na ƙungiyar “CEDEAO”

Takardar Fasali

Hazaƙa

Zaunar da tabi’u, da kalmomi, da iya aikatawa, da kuma halaye na gari masu girka hal inkasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa da sanin ya kamata cikin yankin ƙungiyar “CEDEAO”


1. Naƙaltar kyawawin tabi’u da kalmomi dangance da hulɗa tsakanin ƙasashen yankin;

2. Inganta fusa’o’i da ayyukan kyautata zaman tare cikin kwanciyar hankali cikin yankin;

3. Gudanar da ayyukan koyarwa da ke nuna hanyar magance matsalol in hulɗa tsakaninƙasashen yankin.

lokaci: Awa 18

Kayan aiki /madogara/litattafan yarjejeniyar “CEDEAO” da aka kawo wa gyaran fuska tawatan Yuli 1993, dokoki na ƙungiyar haɗin kan Afirka, yarjejeniya dabanm dabam na“CEDEAO”, babban littafin ja-gora, dokokin ƙasa.

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Allon Fasal i :


Babban Jigo: Hulɗa tsakanin ƙasashen yanki

Ƙaramin jigo na 2: “CEDEAO” don amfanin al’ummomi

Hazaƙa

Zamnar da tabi’u da kalmomi, da iya aikatawa, da kuma halaye na gari masu girka hal inkasancewa cikakken ɗan ƙasa da sanin ya kamata a cikin yankin ƙungiyar “CEDEAO”


1. Naƙaltar kyakkyawan wurin tabi’u da kalmomi dangance da hulɗa tsakanin ƙasashenyankin;

2. Inganta fusa’o’i da ayyukan kyautata zaman tare cikin kwanciyar hankali a cikin yankin;

3. Gudanar da ayyukan koyarwa da ke nuna hanyar magance matsalol in hulɗa tsakaninƙasashen yankin.

Kan darasin/Halin koyo: Kyawawan tabi’u dangance da hulɗa tsakanin ƙasashen yankin



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Tafiyar da kashin darasi

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Hulɗa tsakanin ƙasashe: Matsalol in hanyar fifita tsarin fusa’o’i

Lazare KI ZERBO

Fasara cikin harshen hausa

Wannan matanin yana kawo ɗan haske bisa hanyoyin kafa hulɗa tsakanin ƙasashen Afirika.

Bayan shekaru 40 na gudanar da tsarin saƙa hulɗoɗi a Afirika, har yanzu ba a samusakamakon da aka yi hasashe ba. Babu haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa; bayanhaka, a cikin tsare-tsaren ayyuka da gwamnatoci suke yi a fannin hulɗa, ba a tunawa dawaɗanda ake saƙa hulɗoɗin don amfaninsu, kamar mazawna bakin iyakokin ƙasashe.

Rashin dacewar wannan tsarin hulɗoɗi a Afirika, ya danganta da rashin dacewar tsarinjagoranci. Kenan ya kamata da gaggawa a sake duba tsarin hulɗoɗI tsakanin ƙungiyoyin ƙasada ƙasa domin a kyautata su, ta hanyar gayyatar ƙungiyoyin farar hula da na ma’aikata, indaza su yin isasshen nazari kan haka, kuma su kawo sababbin shawarwarin inganta tsare-tsaren.

I. Hulɗa tsakanin ƙashen Afirika: A yi tsare-tsare na amfanni al’umma

Nazarce-nazarcen da aka yi, sun nuna matsalol i kamar haka:

• Rashin ingantaccen tsarin tattal i da tafiyar da ayyuka a cikin kowacce daga cikinhukumomi ko ma’aikatun ƙungiyar

• Raishin cikakken haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ma’aikatun

• Dangance da hulɗa tsakanin ƙasashen, tsare-tsaren ba su bada isasshen sakamakonda al’ummomi suke jira.

An bada shawarwari kan haka.

Matsalol in da nazarce-nazarcen suka nuna, ɗaya ne da abubuwan da ƙungiyoyin farar hulasuka hango

a game da hukumommi ko ma’aikatun ƙasa da ƙasa na ƙungiyar, da kuma yadda tsarin hulɗaryake tafiya.

An lura da jan ƙafar da magabatan ma’aikatun da shugabannin ƙasashen suke yi wajenɗaukar matakai da kuma zartar da su. A fuskar tsarin hulɗar ƙasashe a Afirika, niyya dagawajen shugabanni ba ta biyo bayan jawabbai ba, bal le ma tabbatar da cikakken tsarin tattal inarziki. Matakan da ake ɗauka ga mahawara dabam dabam a ƙasashen yankin, ba a aiki da sucikin tsare-tsaren ayyukan kowace ƙasa.

Wagga matsalar ta fito daga abubuwa kamar haka:

• Shugabannin ofishin ministoci suna girka fusa’o’i ba don komi ba, don kare matsayinƙasashensu kaɗai, ko kuma don anfanin kansu.

• Rashin zartar da matakkan da amfanir ɗauka wajen hulda tsakanin ƙasashen, sabodababu hanzarin aiki cikin ma’aikatun ƙasashen.

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• Ba a sulhunta aikin sakamako da na mizanta wasu ayyukan.

• Babu halaƙa sosai tsakanin ƙoƙarin aiki da ma’aikata suke yi da irin hukunci da ake yimasu.

Daidaita tsarin ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, da haɗin gwiwarsu, abu ne mai yawan amfani.

Babu wani dogon nazari da za a yi kan matakan tsarin hulɗar ƙasashen, ba tare da ansawannan tambayoyin ba.

Su wa ne lal le suke buƙatar wannan hulɗar ƙasashen Afirika? Su wa ne lal le suke iya tabbatarda ingancin hulɗar (shirya datattun Fusa’o’i , da datattun matakkan tafiyar da tsare-tsarenhulɗar, da kuma duba halin aiki da matakkan)?

Ansar waɗannan tambayoyin, ita ce: masu saye yau da gobe, fannoni masu bada manyanalbarkatu a cikin yankin; akwai kuma ƴan kasuwa da garuruwa, musamman waɗanda suke abakin iyakokin ƙasashe.

Hulɗa tsakanin ƙasashen: Matsalol in hanyar da ta fi fifita fannin il imi ko tattal in arziki kawai.Har yanzu ƙananan hukumomin da suka fito daga sabon tsarin rarraba hukumomi, masammanna bakin iyakokin ƙasashe, ba su samu damar bada shawarwari da tsare-tsare mafi inganciwaɗanda akwai su tun can wajen ƙarfafa hulɗoɗin ƙasashen, duk da tsare-tsaren da akafuskanta a shekarun baya masu ɗauke da il lar rarraba ƙasashe.

Sun sha sauraren manyan jawabbai, amma matakan zartar da su sun yi j inkiri ko kuma ma baa yin aiki da su yadda ya kamata.

Kenan yanzu lokaci ne na a ba waɗannan al’ummomin, ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi da wasu tsare-tsaren da suke da su, dama da ƙarfin kawo canji ga hanyar da ake kanta.

II. Kyautata matsayin al’ummomin ƙananan hukumomi

Har yanzu, jawabban da ake gabatar a game da tsarin hulɗar ƙasashen, ba su dogara ba gaburorin da ke amfanar al’ummar ƙananan hukumomin, da kuma matakan cin masu, kamaryadda ƙananan hukumomin suka yi fata.

Ba abun mamaki ne ba, tunda hanyar da kowace ƙasa ta ɗauka wajen wallafa tsare-tsarentada zartar da su, da kuma auna ingancinsu, ba ta bambanta ba da hanyar wallafa tsare-tsarenhulɗar ƙasashen yankin.

Matsalol in ci-gaban Afirika baki ɗaya, kenan na tsarin hulɗar ƙasashen yankin “CEDEAO”sun fito daga rashin dacewar yadda ake tafiyar da jagoranci.

Matakan da ake ɗauka sun dogara har kul lum, musamman da irin nazarin da ma’i lmintanyankin arewa suka yi waɗanda aka raɓa ma namu na gida, wato na cikin ƙasashenmu. A cikinirin wannan halin, ba ya yiyuwa a ɗauki matakan da ke dogra kan matsalol in al ’ummomi afannin ci-gaba, da kyautata hal in rayuwarsu. Sai an sake wani sabon tsarin dimokuraɗiya,idan ba haka ba, ƴan sauye-sauyen fannin siyasa ba za su haifar da sakamakon ƙwarai ba.

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Dole sai an sake hal i , shi ne na gayyatar al’ummomin da abun ya shafa, wajen shimfiɗafusa’o’i da matakan zartar da su, da kuma auna sakamakonsu.

Abun nufi shi ne al’ummomin su kasance ginshiƙen dukan tsare-tsaren da ke akwai.

Hakan za ya kawo canjin hal i a fannoni dabam dabam:

• A fannin hakumancin sassan ma’aikatun inda za a ƙarfafa gayyar al’umma da ƙungiyoyimasu zaman kansu a cikin tsare-tsaren ayyuka, da kuma ɗaukar wasu mutakai.

• A buɗe hanyar bincike da mizanta ayyukan ma’aikatu, da kuma aikata hukunce-hukuncen da ake yankewa

• A sulhunta ɗawainiya game da harakokin “duwan” da na ƴan sanda a bakin iyakokinƙasashe.

III. Sake tsarin ƙungiyoyin haɗin kan ƙasa da ƙasa, da fusa’o’in kafahulɗoɗi

Matakai biyu aka shawarta domin haka

1) Mahawara tare da gunguyen al’ummomi dabam dabam, da kuma ƙananan hukumomi na bakiniyakoki.

Burin wannan mahawarar shi ne al’umma ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi su yi nazari, su binciki ire-irenhanyoyin kafa hulɗoɗi da aka bi, sannan su kawo sababbin shawarwarin kyautata tsarin, damatsayinsu.

Ƙananan hukumomi na bakin iyakokin ƙasashe, suna da abubuwan da ake iya dogara kansuwajen kafa tsarin kafa hulɗa tsakanin ƙasashen. Sun saba shirin tsare-tsare tsakanin su;kenan suna iya kawo shawarwari a fannin tafiyar da ayyukan sassan ma’aikatu ko hukumominƙasashe, kamar yadda ƙungiyoyin ƴan kasuwa, da na ƴan suhuri, da na ƴan kwangila, dasauran su, suke iya kawo shawarwarrinsu su ma.

Dukan waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ne, tare da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, za su yi nazari, su dubahalin da tsarin hulɗa yake ciki, domin tanada ingantacciyar hulɗa.

Ya kamata wannan nazarin ya haifar da ƙayyadaɗɗun hanyoyi, da fusa’o’in gina tsarin hulɗana ƙwarai, da kuma matsayin masu hannu da shuni.

Abu ne mai mauhimmanci in ma ta ma’aikata mai zaman kanta ce, kuma amintacciya, takejagoran nazarin da ƙungiyar farar hula take yi wajen ƙayyade muhimman hanyoyi da kumaaikin auna sakamako.

Bayan haka, sai ƙungiyoyin su duba yadda ake tafiyar da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, da tsare-tsaren da ake gudanar, da kuma yadda aka wallafa. Burin da ake so, shi ne a samo hanyoyinfarar fuLa aikin wallafa fusa’o’in kafa hulɗa, da bin zartarwarsu sau-da-ƙafa, da bincikenyadda aka tafiyar da ayyuka. Abun jin daɗi shi ne, ta hanyar cibiyar ƴan ƙwaungiyar Afirikata yamma, niyyar da aka ɗauka ta kafa tsarin lura da haramtattun halayen da ake aikatawa.Ta haka ne ake iya tabbatar da muhimman canje-canje.

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Akwai cibiyoyin ƙungiyoyi da suka haɗa ƙasashen yankin, kamar na manoma, na ƴankwangila, ko na wasu makamatansu. Ya kamata a bi ta hanyarsu domin gudanar da nazarin.

2) Nazarin kan shawarwari da tsare-tsaren da aka yi

Dangance da sakamakon wannan mahawarar, ayyukan da za yi, su ne:

• Zaunar da shawarwari dangance da sake tsarin ma’aikatu

• Zaunar da hanyoyi da fusa’o’i , da kuma datattun matakkan zarta da su.

Kan haka, za a ƙayyade matakan da za su ba al’ummomi damar cika aikin su. Matakkan sunƙunshi kamar kyautata hanyoyin sanarwa da ƙara waye kai.

Bayan wannan, za a sake ƙayyade sababbin manufofin hulɗoɗi da za a dogara da su wajensake tsarin ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa.

Masu hannu da shuni, da ƙasashen, sun sha yin jawabbai bisa iko na adalci; kenan ya kamatasu ɗauki niyyar yin aiki da shawarwarin da mahawarar ƙungiyoyin farar hula suka bayar.

Hanyoyin koyarwa

1. Hanyar iya aiki da hazaƙa

Har yau, cikin tsarin koyarwa na matsakaitan makarantu, abubuwan koyarwa ne ake

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Rataye

bayyanawa. Aikin Malam ko Malama shi ne su sanya a naƙalci waɗannan abubuwan. Kenan anan, babu zancen yin amfani da sanin da ake da shi in wani hal i ya kama, duk da an san daɗimbin sanin da aka ɗauka cikin l ittattafai, ba kul lum yake amfana ba cikin wasu halaye da keaukuwa.

Ganin waɗannan matsalol in ne ya kawo fifikon hanyar aiki da hazaƙa ko iya aikatawa, waddatake ba ɗalibi ko ɗaliba damar yin amfani da sanin da suka mallaka wajen warware wasumatsalol in rayuwar yau da gobe. Wannan hanyar ta dogara da yadda ɗalibi ko ɗaliba suke iyayin amfani da il imin da suka samu cikin wasu halayen rayuwa.

Hanyar aiki da hazaƙa ta dogara kan ra’i biyu.

Na farko shi ne babu wani sani sai wanda aka samu cikin halayen da ake fuskanta yau dagobe. Ta hanyarsu ce ya kamata ɗalibi ko ɗaliba su zaunar da sani.

Na biyu shi ne ra’in da ke nuna cewa, ta hanyar cuɗayya da sauran mutane da yanayinrayuwa ne ɗalibi ko ɗaliba suke zaunar da sani dabam dabam.

• Mi ya kawo fifikon hanyar aiki da hazaƙa

Na farko, saboda hanya koyarwa ce mai nuna abin da ya kamata ɗalibi ko ɗaliba su naƙalce.A nan, ba a ba da ƙarfi ga abin da ya kamata Malam ko Malama su koyar.

Na biyu, saboda hanya ce mai dimanta sanin da aka samu.

An wuce halin da ƴan makaranta ba su san abin da il imin da suka samu a makaranta za yaamfana masu ba. Hanya ce mai sanya ɗalibi ko ɗaliba su danganta sanin da suka samu dahalayen rayuwa, kuma su iya yin amfani da shi wajen warware wasu matsalol i .

A ƙarshe, sai a ce hanyar aiki da hazaƙa, hanya ce ta tabbatar da cewa lal le ƴan makarantasun samu sani dabam dabam waɗanda suke yin amfanin da su wajen warware wasu matsalol ina halayen rayuwa. Babu zancen cika kai da il imin da ba a san inda za ya yin amfani a cikinrayuwa ba.

2. Hanyar haɗa ilimi da halin aikata shi

Wannan hanyar, ita ce tushen hanyar aiki da hazaƙa.

• Mine ne manufar hanyar haɗa il imi da hal in aikata shi? Maimakon a cika kai da karatunzuƙu, hanya ce ta koya wa ɗalibai yin amfani da il imi ko sanin da suka samu wajenwarware ko magance wasu matsalol in rayuwa masu ma’ana gare su.

Rataye

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Godiya

GODIYAUNESCO

Don haɗa kan aikin da bin shi sau da ƙafa

IDO YAO ydo yaoShugaban sashen ED/DDS

UNESCO–BREDA

Senegal

Email : [email protected]

Talho:(+221) 77 52945 77

GISSE PAPA Banga:ja-goran tsarin a fannin yanki

UNESCO-BREDA

Senegal

E-mail : [email protected]

Talho (+227) 77 728 83 86

CEDEAO

Don jagorancin ayyukan

Adrienne Yande DiopJami’a a fannin jinsi

da ci-gaban ɗan Adam

CEDEAO Senegal

MAGA Abdoulaye

Darakta a fannin tarbiyya, al ’adu, kimiyya dafusa’a

ECOWAS

E-mail : amaga@ecowas. int

NIKIEMA DieudonneManaja Ecowas Peace Fund

CEDEAO/ABUJA

Nijeriya


Talho: (+234) 812 912 53 14

(+234) 813 538 00 09

OGBE RachelShahararre a fannin tsarin tarbiyya

CEDEAO/ABUJA

Nijeriya

E-mail : rachelogbe@gmail .com

Talho: (+234) 803 320 10 59

OUAKOU RolandShugaban sashen kimiyya da fusa’a

CEDEAO/ABUJA

Nijeriya

E-mail : rkouakou@écowas. int

Talho: (+224) 706 800 4476

Ƙwararrun ma’aikata

Don gudummawarsu a fannin fusa’a.

AGLO JohnParfesa jami’ar Lome ƙasar Togo


Talho: (+228) 90124136

ADENIY Elias OLADaraktan bincike

Nijeriya

E-mail : el [email protected]

Talho: (+234) 803 593 3675

ADOTEVI Adoté BahManaja TTISSA

UNESCO-BREDA

Senegal


Talho: (+221) 33849 23 19

AJIBEWA Aderemi

Kwamitin CEDEAO Nijeriya


Talho: (+234) 703410 3880

ECOWAS

CEDEAO

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Godiya

ANSAH Samuel

Darakta teacher

Education Gana


Talho: 02 441128 02

AAWORD-NANG MAABOBR KOR JACOB.Daraktan binciken tsari

Gana


Talho: 02 44 79 85 21

BA FatimataDarakta/Inspekta ta piramari

Da sakandari

INEADE

Senegal


Talho: (+221) 77 536 25 07

BADINI /KABRE AlimataDaraktar a fannin fusa’a, al ’ada, muhal l i dafannin Al’umma da kuma halin kasancewaɗan ƙasa.

DEACEMPC

Burkina Faso

E-mail : al [email protected]

Talho: (+226) 78 214050/(+226) 70714778

BAH Lalya Ibrahima

ADEA

BARRY Fatoumata BintaDaraktar makarantar horon

Malaman makaranta ta

Dubreka (Parfesa ta makarantar horonmalaman makaranta)

Makarantar horon malaman makaranta taDubreka

Gine


Talh: (+224) 62 42 22 24/(+224) 65 2915 99

BATIONO Jean ClaudeDaraktan makarantar horon malaman

Makaranta ta Kudugu

ENSK

Burkina Faso


Talho: (+226) 70 05 11 95

BOZARI Ibrahim RabiBabbar daraktar INDRAP/MEN/A/PLN

Nijar

E-mail : Bsol [email protected]

(+227) 96 98 15 70

CAMARA MoussaBabban Malamin makaranta mai aikinbincike/shuguban sashen ISSEG

Gine Conakry


Talho: (+224) 60 61 87 43 /

(+224) 62 95 81 18

Compaore PamoussaDaraktan nazari da fasal i

DEP

Burkina Faso


Talho: (+226) 76 47 93 01

CONDE FodeParfesa na makarantar horon

Malaman makaranta

Daraktan nazari /ENI/ICINDIA

ENI

Gine Conakry


Talho (+224) 62 97 8018 /

(+224) 69 01 42 83

COULIBALY /HAIDARA Téné Natogoma

ECOWAS

CEDEAO

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Godiya

Inspektar horo na sakandari

Kwadibuwar


Talho (+225) 01 33 95 87

DAOUDA AbdourahamaneDaraktan nazari da tsari

Nijar

E-mail : daouda0708@gmail .com

Talho (+227) 97 97 49 08

(+227) 96 96 72 83

DA CUNHA PascoalMataimakin Darakta na

ENS « Tchico Te »

ENSTT

Gine Biso


Talho: (+245) 667 04 77/ (+245) 525 42 95

DANTSEY Koffi Edinam

Injiniya a fannin noma da muhall i/shahararrenma’aikaci/tsohon mataimakin-furoje Biosecurité

PNUE na ɓangaren

Afirka a Nairobi

Togo


Talho (+228) 90 9459 53

DIA Mamadou NdiayeShugaban sashe /kwamitin

UNESCO

Senegal

E-mail [email protected]

Talho: +221 776 338170

DIABOUGA Yambo PaulDaraktan nazari da fasal i

DEP

Burkina Faso


Talho: (+226) 70 75 40 11

DIAGNE Ousmane Doudou MatyINEADE

Senegal


Talho: (+221) 77 65 92 636

DIARRA AbouParfesa

Mali


Talho: (+223) 76 20 01 72

DIKENOU Kwami ChristopheParfesan ɗa’a-Shugaba a fannin

Karatun il imi mai zurfi na ɗa’a;

Jami’ar Lome

Togo


Talho: (+228) 90 05 62 98/22 21 21 29

EJIME PaulPO sadarwa ECOWAS

E-mail : paul_ejime@gmail .com

Talho: (+234) 80 72 88 13 91

EKOUE Yaovi

Inspekta a fannin il imi cikin ƙanananmakaranta

Daraktan makarantar horar da malamnai

makaranta ta Notsé Togo


Talho: (+228) 90 22 35 10

ESSE Dominique

Shugaban ayyukan kimanta horo dabam dabam

-Ɓangaren ma’aikata mai kula da horo, binsau da ƙafa da Kimantan ayyukan koyarwa.

MEMP

Benin

E-mail : esdak77@hotmail .fr

ECOWAS

CEDEAO

- 1 49 -

Godiya

Talho: (+229) 95496474/(+229) 96 80 94 48

EL OUMRANY Lalla K.Shahararrar ma’aikaciya a ƙungiyar

Afirka don tarbiyyar matasa da manya

Mali

E-mail : lakhadeija@gmail .com

Talho: (+223) 73 33 43 37

Faye MagatteJa-goran Furoje cap EFA UNESCO

Togo


Talho: (+228) 90 83 76 98

Gaba K. MawuséInspekta a fannin il imin makarantu

Da ke ritaya, Daraktan horo

Togo

E-mail : Lakhadeja@gmail .com

Talho: (+228) 90 36 33 03

Gayfor Zawu B.Malamin horo

Jami’ar Laberiya

Liberiya


Talho: (+228) 88 64 15 176

Goabga Emmanuel W.Babban Sakataren Ministan il imi da yaƙi da Jahilci

Ministan il imi da jahilci

Burkina Faso

Gueye ISSAKAINEADE Sénégal


Talho: +221 775 727207

II MARA Facely

Mataimakin daraktan babbar ma’aikatar

ƙasa a fannin koyar da halaye nagari na

Cikakken ɗan ƙasa

Gine


Talho: (+224) 68242136/ 64 28 80 70

JALLOWMohamed B.SDaraktan fasal i

Gambi

E-mail : msjal [email protected]

KABA AstaƘwararren ma’aikaci

Kan tsare-tsaren koyarwa a ofishin Ministanil imi.

Liberiya

E-mail : assakani @yahoo.com

Talho: (+231) 88 06 22 722.

KABORE /OUEDRAOGO JulietteDaraktar bincike da sababbin fusa’o’i

a fannin horo da koyarwa

DGRIEF

Burkina Faso

E-mail : kaboued@hotmail .com

Talho: (+226) 70 35 64 72

KALLONMohamed PepsMalamin jami’a mai ba da mahawara

Saliyo


Talho: (+232) 76 73 25 48

KANE SoumailaShugaban ma’aikata

DPFC

Kot Dibuwar


Talho: (+231) 01 85 06 98/(+225) 07 6918 22

ECOWAS

CEDEAO

- 1 50 -

Godiya

KARNGBEAE LeewayDave shugaban ma’aikata

ofishin Minitan il imi

Laberiya


Talho: (+231) 76 34 63 55/

(+231) 77 634 63 55.

KERKULA Peter L.Malamin jami’a ta Liberiya

Liberiya

Email : pl [email protected]

Talho: (+231) 654 35 58

KONANDJI YoussoufC/DPS-DNP/ MEAPLN

Mali


Talho: (+223) 66 71 83 17

KONE /TRAORE NathalieMataimakiyar shugaba

FASCAO /WACSOF

FACAO/WACSOF

E-mail : nathal [email protected]

Talho: (+225) 08279548/(+225) 22415373

KOUGBLENOU AkoétéBabban sakataren ma’aikatar

ƙasa ta UNESCO

Togo


Talho: (+228) 90 20 63 47

LANDIM CORREIA RuiBabban darakta

INDE

Gine Biso


Talho: (+245) 524 23 37

LANKOANDE EmmanuelOfishin Ministan il imi da yaƙi

Da jahilci

Burkina Faso

LANTOMEY Koffi OuboénaléDarakta-ma’aikata mai kula da ba da horo

A cikin makarantar share fagen koyan karatunpiramani

Togo


Talho: (+228) 90 07 52 55/(+228) 22 22 13 37

LO Cisse Ndeye FamaMai aikin bincike

INEADE Senegal

E-mail : mamefamalo@gmail .com

Talho: (+221) 76 68 83 03

MANSARY Imelda Ann MarieMalamin jami’a mai ba da mahawara

Makarantar horon malaman

makaranta ta FREETOWN

Saliyo (Siyera Lewon).


Talho: (+232) 76 53 09 64

MBAYE AmicolehDaraktan piramari da sakandari

Gambiya


Talho: (+220) 990 94 00

MENSAH Felix

Ƙwararren ma’aikaci a fannin tsare-tsarenkoyarwa C/SF/MEMP

Benin

E-mail : mensahfel [email protected]

Talho: (+229) 97 87 93 95

ECOWAS

CEDEAO

- 1 51 -

Godiya

MENSAH-PIERUCCI TchotchoMarcel l ine

Babbar Darikta, ma’aikatar ƙarfafa dimokuradiyada horo a fannin halaye nagari na zamacikakken ɗan ƙasa.

Togo


Talho: (+228) 91424270

NASSOURI SeydouBabban Dararktan makarantar

Horar da malaman makarantu na

Piramari ENEP

Burkina Faso

Email : [email protected]

Talho: (+226) 70 23 70 13

NDIAYE BalaINEADE

Senegal

E-mail : ndiayebala@hotmail .fr

Talho: (+221) 77 544 53 05

NDIAYE Beye KhadyBabban Sakatare- Ma’aikatar fasal i

Da sauyi /MEN

Senegal


Talho: (+221) 775 38 30 63

DOMBI CHRISTANMashawarci na yanki/CLT

UNESCO-BREDA

Senegal


NDOW IsatouDaraktan makaranta

Gambiya College

Gambiya


Talho: (+220) 990 88 26 /4483 062

NZAU Huteta GinetteWakil iya ce ta BAD a Burkina

BAD

Burkina Faso [email protected]

ONAKOKO GaspardGRAREDEP

Senegal

[email protected]

Email : (+221) 77 553 08 57

OUATTARA Kubié ModiboMa’aikatar Ministan koyarwa da yaƙi da jahilci

Burkina faso

OLUTAYO OlusegunKwamitin CEDEAO

E-mail : olutayasegun@gmail .com

Talho: (+228) 66 04 15 23

OUEDRAGO/Zongo Eléonore J.GTENF/ADEA ruƙunin aikin horarwa

bayan fagen karatu

Burkuna Faso


Talho: (+226) 5036 58 45 /70 23 96 94

PACODI T. BarthelemyCMU

Burkina Faso

SACANOUD Kouane BenoitBabban malamin jami’a

ENS

Kodibuwar

E-mail : sacanoud@hotmail .fr

Talho: (+225) 07 25 80 96

SAM Kuilbila

Babban darakta na ma’aikatun koyarwa daayyukan horo

DGIFP

Burkina Faso

ECOWAS

CEDEAO

- 1 52 -

Godiya

Email : samkuil20@mail .com

Talho: (+226) 70 74 97 94

SAMAH Tinka

Inspekta ce a fannin koyarwa cikin makarantushare fage

Ma’aikatar karatun share fage da na koyarwa.

Togo

E-mail : batol [email protected]

Talho: (+223) 90 09 30 95

SARR AbdouIA/DAKAR

Senegal


Talho: (+221) 77 37934 21

Sawadogo S. InnocentMa’aikantar Ministan

Koyarwa da yaƙi da jahilci

Burkina Faso

SIBYMarieMEN/ Fada

Senegal


Talho: (+221) 77 6312357

SOULAMA Baba AhmedBabban sakatare na ma’aikatar ƙasa

Ta UNESCO

CNU

Burkina Faso

E-mail : ahmsoulama@gmail .com

Talho: (+226) 70 26 49 85

SY/OUEDRAGO AgatheCCCD shugaban fasal i Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso

E-mail : sy_agathe@plan international

Org/[email protected]

TALL BoubacarBabban mashawarci

Ma’aikatar ƙasa ta nazari da ayyukan

INEADE Senegal

E-mail : boubacartal l@gmail .com

Talho: (+221) 77 54 91 762

TOURE BiramaINEADE

Senegal

E-mail : biramatoure@gmail .com

Talho: (+221) 77 550 34 95

TOURE Thiam MaremaShugaban a sashen SHS

UNESCO

Senegal


Talho: (+221) 77 63 79 615

TOURE MoustaphaSakataren zartarwa

CEB/DPRE

Senegal


Talho: (+221) 77 534 17 31

TRAORE/BICABA B. MadeleineMa’aikar ministan dokokin dan Adam

Burkina Faso


Talho: (+226) 70 39 44 04

TRAORE IssiakaCNU

Burkina Faso

TRAORE Mamadou

Ma’aikatar ministan koyarwa da na ƴaƙi dajahilci .

Burkina Faso.

ECOWAS

CEDEAO

- 1 53 -

Godiya

UGWUNZE GloriaBabban ma’aikaci a fannin bincike

CEDEAO/ABUJA

Nijeriya

E-mail : gugwunze@ecowas. int

Talho: (+234) 80 55 60 50 25

WANDAOGO IssaOfishin ministan il imi da

Yaƙi da jahilci

Burkina Faso

WENMENGA SiassanCNU

Burkina Faso

ZAGRE Patricia

CNU Burkina Faso

ZAN Elie

Ofishin ministan il imi da yaƙi da jahilci

Burkina Faso

Tsara littafi

DIOUF ASSANEMai kula da tsara l ittafi

UNESCO

Senegal


Talho: (+221) 77 570 53 59

Masu taimakawa:

BOMBO VivianeSakatare mai amfani da harshe biyu

CEDEAO/ ABUJA

Nijeriya

E-mail : viebombo@gmail .com

bomboahou@ecowas. int

Talho: (+234) 706 423 10 90

GANDZION OliviaƳar koyon aiki

UNESCO-BREDA

Senegal

E-mail : Ol ivia.gandzion@hotmail .fr

GARCIA NinaƳar koyon aiki

UNESCO-BREDA

Senegal

E-mail : nina.garcia09@gmail .com

KANE Mame DiarraMai taimakawa

UNESCO-BREDA

Senegal


Talho: (+227) 77 197 26 71


UNESCO/ISESCO

NIGER

TTssaarrii nn sshh iimmffiiɗɗaa yyaannaayyii nn zzaammaann ll aaffii yyaa,, ddaa kkaarree hhaakkkkookkii nn ɗɗaann AAddaamm ddaa hhaall ii nn kkaassaanncceewwaa

ccii kkaakkkkeenn ɗɗaann ƙƙaassaa,, ddaa ttaabbbbaattaarr ddaa ddeemmookkaarraaɗɗii yyaa ddaa kkuummaa hhuu llɗɗaa ttssaakkaann ii nn ƙƙaassaasshheenn yyaannkkii nn

LLiittttaaffiinn kkooyyaarrwwaa nnaa ƙƙaassaasshheenn CCEEDDEEAAOO

JJaaggoorraann mmaallaammaann hhoorrooHHaauussaa


UNESCO/ISESCO

NIGER

LLii tttt aaff iinnkkooyyaarrwwaannaaƙƙaassaasshheennCCEEDDEEAAOO

Editions

Gashingo

manuel de référence de la cedeao en hausa

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