lpo - bilan des échouages 2014

7/21/2019 LPO - Bilan des chouages 2014

1/88

f`cukgh ikssne lcnshkux ikrnmslurkmt a`nvhr ?4;< sur ak ekklh ktakmtnquh

Bunaaht ?4;


2/88


3/88

Inmnstrh lh aHfcacgnh, lu Lvhacpphihmt lurkoah ht lh aHmhrgnh (IHLLH)

Kghmfh lhs knrhs ikrnmhs prctghs (KKIT)

Kmkaysh lhs lcmmhs ht rlkftncm2

Tnhrrh-Kmlr EK_[XH

Fcaakocrktncm2

Kianh OCXH

Kmmh-Akurh LXGXH\`nhrry INFCA

Anguh pcur ak Trcthftncm lhs Cnshkux

Ecmlhrnhs _cykahs

0-;4 ruh lu Lr Tubcs - FV >4?56;7648 _CF@HEC_\ FHLHP

\a 48


4/88


5/88

_HVXIH

Ahs f`cukghs l'cnshkux ikrnms, qun fcmfhrmhmt pkrecns lhs inaanhrs l'nmlnvnlus, sh prclunshmt lh

ekcm nmthrintthmth lkms lneerhmths rgncms lu icmlh, hsshmtnhaahihmt ah acmg lhs fths lhszcmhs thiprhs, y fciprns hm Hurcph lh a'Cuhst. Lh mciorhushs hspfhs phuvhmt trh

fcmfhrmhs, mctkiihmt lhs kafnls (ikfkrhux, gunaahicts, pnmgcunms, ihrguahs, ...) ht lhs akrnls.

Lh bkmvnhr ikrs ?4;


6/88


7/88

f`cukgh ikssne lcnshkux ikrnmslurkmt a`nvhr ?4;< sur ak ekklh ktakmtnquh


8/88

_hihrfnhihmts

Fh rkppcrt hst ah erunt lu trkvkna fcaahftne kffcipan pkr ahs lneerhmths ksscfnktncms lh prcthftncm

lh ak mkturh ht fhmtrhs lh skuvhgkrlh lu anttcrka ktakmtnquh erkmkns. Kussn, lcnvhmt-nas trh

rhihrfns, tkmt pcur ahur kftncm ht fcmtrnoutncm sur ah thrrknm quh pcur ahs nmecriktncms htlcmmhs qunas cmt trkmsins.

Na hst kvkmt tcut mfhssknrh lh rhihrfnhr f`kahurhushihmt tcus ahs coshrvkthurs qun cmt

pkrtnfnp kssnlihmt cu cffksncmmhaahihmt kux kftncms lh thrrknm, fkr skms hux, fh rkppcrt mh

pcurrknt hxnsthr. Grfh ak iconansktncm rkpnlh lh fhmtknmhs lh omvcahs (paus lh 844 phrscmmhs

skms fcipthr ahs kmcmyihs), keenans umh ksscfnktncm hmvnrcmmhihmtkah cu tntrh lh pkrtnfuanhr,

ak fcaahfth lh lcmmhs lf`cukgh ht ah trkmsehrt lhs cnshkux vnvkmtscmt pu trh rkanss.

Ak ATC Erkmfh scu`knth rhihrfnhr tcuths ahs strufturhs ht ahurs fcrrhspcmlkmts kykmt pkrtnfnp

ak vhnaah ht ak fcaahfth lh lcmmhs sur af`cukgh ikssne lcnshkux ikrnms sur ah anttcrka lh akekklh ktakmtnquh erkmknsh lurkmt a`nvhr ?4;< (bkmvnhr ikrs) 2

- ATC Kquntknmh- ATC F`krhmth-Ikrntnih- ATC Uhmlh- ATC Acnrh-Ktakmtnquh- ATC Icron`km- ATC Enmnstrh- Orhtkgmh Unvkmth

-

Ahs fhmtrhs lh skuvhgkrlh XEFV lhs lpkrthihmts anttcrkux (@hgkakalnk/5


9/88

Vciiknrh

;. Nmtrcluftncm ........................................................................................................................ ;

;.;. Ahs cnshkux ikrnms fciih onc-nmlnfkthurs ........................................................................ ;

;.?. Ahs prnmfnpkahs hspfhs lcnshkux ikrnms f`cus hm ?4;

Kmktnls .................................................................................. ................................................................. ................ ;4

;.6. [uhaquhs fks lf`cukghs ikssnes lcnshkux ikrnms hm Hurcph..................................... ;;

?. Iktrnhas ht it`clhs ...................................................................................................... ;6

?.;. Ah prcbht lh rshku lh vhnaah lhs f`cukghs .................................................................... ;6

?.?. Ah prcgrkiih Cnshkux hm ltrhssh ............................................................................ ;


10/88

6.0. Ahs kutcpsnhs lhs cnshkux f`cus ................................................................................... 65

_hprshmtktnvnt lh af`kmtnaacm lcnshkux kutcpsns............................................................................................. 65

Ak oncitrnh (ikssh, tkrsh, ohf, tth-ohf) 2 kmkayshs praninmknrhs lu ANHMVs ........................................................ 60

Ahs fcmthmus stcikfkux 2 kmkayshs praninmknrhs lu ANHMVs ................................................................................... 60

Akghkgh 2 ahs fc`crths prnmfnpkahihmt fcmfhrmhs f`hz ah ikfkrhux icnmh ht lkutrhs hspfhs .......................... 6>

Ahs shxhs 2 kmkayshs praninmknrhs lu ANHMVs ............................................................................................ ................


11/88

Ansth lhs engurhs

Engurh ;. Fkrth lh rpkrtntncm lu ikfkrhux icnmh ....................................................... .................................. 6

Engurh ?. Fkrth lh rpkrtntncm lu gunaahict lh \rca ........................................................................................ <

Engurh 6. Fkrth lh rpkrtntncm lu pnmgcunm tcrlk ............................................................................................. 8Engurh

Engurh 0. Fkrth lh rpkrtntncm lh ak ikfrhush mcnrh ...................................................................................... ;4

Engurh >. Cnshkux f`cus sur ak pakgh ht ltkna lum ikfkrhux ikrqu ak pktth pkr umh enfhaah ............. ;7

Engurh ;4. Trcpcrtncm lf`cukghs rhfhmss pkr ekinaah................................................................................. ?6

Engurh ;;. Onakm lu rhfhmshihmt lhs f`cukghs sur ak ekklh ktakmtnquh ...................................................... ?<

Engurh ;?. Hvcautncm `holciklknrh lhs f`cukghs rhfhmss ......................................................................... ?8

Engurh ;6. Fcipcsntncm spfnenquh lhs f`cukghs ?4;< ............................................................ ..................... ?5

Engurh ;

Engurh ;>. _pkrtntncm lhs f`cukghs pcur > hspfhs ..................................................................................... 64

Engurh ?4. Kffuhna lcnshkux f`cus vnvkmts hm fhmtrhs lh aXmncm Erkmknsh lhs Fhmtrhs lh Vkuvhgkrlh... 6?

Engurh ?;. Fkipkgmh VKII tkux lcoshrvktncms `nvhrmkahs lkafnls hm ?4;; ......................................... 68

Engurh ??. Fkrth lh lhmsnt lkafnls `nvhrmkmts hm Gcaeh lh Gksfcgmh ......................................................... 65

Engurh ?6. Ikssh fcrpcrhaah icyhmmh lhs nmlnvnlus kutcpsns ht fkrt ak icyhmmh .................................... 60

Engurh ?

Engurh ?8. Fakssh lgh lhs ikfkrhux gs ....................................................................................................


12/88

Hf`cukgh ikssne lcnshkux ikrnms lurkmt a`nvhr ?4;< sur ak ekklh ktakmtnquh;

KUH_\NVVHIHM\2 \cuths ahs fkrths rkanshs pcur fh lcfuihmt mh tnhmmhmt pks fcipth lhaheecrt lh prcsphftncm rkans, mn lhs onkns thipcrhas qun phuvhmt hxnsthr acrsquh ak

prcsphftncm lhs shfthurs mk pks pu trh rkansh lkms ahs lakns prvus. \cuth nmthrprtktncm

lhs fkrths prshmths fn-kprs lcnt lcmf trh eknth kvhf ak paus grkmlh prfkutncm. Fh rkppcrt

hst kvkmt tcut lhsfrnptne lhs lcmmhs fcaahfths.

;. Nmtrcluftncm

;.;. Ahs cnshkux ikrnms fciih onc-nmlnfkthurs

Hm paus lhs ekfthurs fcacgnquhs onhm fcmmus (icrt mkturhaah, kaks itcrcacgnquhs), ah

lvhacpphihmt ht anmthmsnt lhs kftnvnts `uiknmhs hm Ktakmtnquh Mcrl-hst hxhrfhmt umh

ecrth prhssncm sur ak tctkant lh afcsystih ikrnm. Tcaautncms, kftnvnts ht trkmspcrts

ikrntnihs, fcionms kvhf ah f`kmghihmt faniktnquh, amhrgnh mufaknrh ht ahxtrkftncm lhptrcah cu lh gkz scmt kutkmt lh ihmkfhs sur ah inanhu ikrnm ht shs hspfhs.

Avcautncm lh ak qukant lum `kontkt mkturha phut trh hstnih hm ihttkmt hm vnlhmfh

ahs eauftuktncms lhs grcuphs lhspfhs qun aun scmt nmecls (Lupuns ht ka., ?4;;) 2 ahs cnshkux

ikrnms phuvhmt lcmf bcuhr ah rah lhspfhs nmlnfktrnfhs lhs iclnenfktncms

hmvnrcmmhihmtkahs hm ihr, quhaahs scnhmt lcrngnmh mkturhaah cu kmt`rcpnquh. Cr ahs cnshkux

ikrnms mh fcmmknsshmt pks ahs ercmtnrhs 2 nas shxpcshmt lcmf um akrgh vhmtkna lh ihmkfhs.

Urntkoahs nmlnfkthurs oncacgnquhs rvakthurs lh ak qukant lhs inanhux, ahurs pcpuaktncms

scmt scuinshs lh iuatnpahs prhssncms pcskmt lhs prcoaihs lh fcmshrvktncm ht lh ghstncm f`haah trkmsmktncmkah 2 lkprs Frcxkaa ht ka. (?4;?), ?0% lhs hspfhs lcnshkux ikrnms

scmt ihmkfhs lkms ah icmlh, ht, lh mcs bcurs, ak pkrt lhs ihmkfhs lcrngnmh kmt`rcpnquh

kugihmth fcmstkiihmt. Lkprs um onakm rkans rfhiihmt (Nerhihr/KKIT, ?4;;), ahs

kftnvnts `uiknmhs iclnenhmt lh ekcm fcmtnmuh ahs `kontkts, ak oncacgnh lh ak rhprcluftncm ht

afcacgnh kanihmtknrh lhs cnshkux ikrnms.

Ak pcaautncm kux `ylrcfkrourhs (kffnlhmthaah cu mcm), ak surpf`h (anh ak lninmutncm

lhs rhsscurfhs), ahs thipths, ak fkpturh kffnlhmthaah hm pf`h (enahts cu pkakmgrhs), ak

prlktncm pkr ahs gcakmls ht ahs ikiinerhs, ak f`kssh ht ak fcaahfth lhs uespkr a@ciih,

ikns kussn ahs phrturoktncms lurkmt ak mnlnenfktncm 2 tcuths fhs prhssncms fcmstntuhmt ahs

prnmfnpkahs fkushs lh icrtkant lh akvnekumh ikrnmh, ht ahur fcmbugknscm lkms ah thips ht

ahspkfh phut kvcnr lh grkvhs fcmsquhmfhs sur ak lymkinquh lhs pcpuaktncms. Ikagr

akugihmtktncm lhs heehftnes gacokux, ahs ihmkfhs phrsnsthmt sur akvnekumh ikrnmh 2 ahs

hspfhs pakgnquhs, shin-pakgnquhs ht ftnrhs scmt hm lfanm lhpuns ?445, mctkiihmt hm

rknscm lh ak lninmutncm lh ak lnspcmnonant hm rhsscurfh ht lh ak erkgihmtktncm lhs hspkfhs

(Lupuns ht ka., ?4;;: Fklncu ht ka., ?447). Ak pcrth ht akipantulh lhslneerhmts nipkfts,

mkturhas fciih kmt`rcpnquhs, lcnvhmt trh fcrrhfthihmt kppr`hmlhs kenm ly kppcrthr

lhs scautncms klqukths. Htulnhr ahs vmhihmts lh icrtkant ikssnvh lh akvnekumh ikrnmhhst lcmf ecmlkihmtka pcur vkauhr snasscmt ah sngmh lum f`kmghihmt lkms a'fcsystih.


13/88

Hf`cukgh ikssne lcnshkux ikrnms lurkmt a`nvhr ?4;< sur ak ekklh ktakmtnquh?

;.?.Ahs prnmfnpkahs hspfhs lcnshkux ikrnms f`cus hm ?4;08). Ahurs knahs scmt

fcurths ht rlunths hm suphrenfnh, kiancrkmt ak prcpuasncm scus-ikrnmh. Ahur vca hst lnrhft ht

rkpnlh, ikns phu ikmnkoah 2 ak f`krgh kaknrh hst ahvh, ht ah lfcaakgh hst lneenfnah (Olkrl,

;>08).

Ahs kafnls scmt ahs `cicacguhs fcacgnquhs lhs pnmgcunms lkms a'`insp`rh Mcrl (Fcwghr,

;>75). Fnmq hspfhs lkafnls sh rhprclunshmt lkms a'Ktakmtnquh Mcrl scus ak aninth lh a'cfkm

Krftnquh. Fhs hspfhs scmt ecrthihmt grgknrhs 2 hm `nvhr, nas ecrihmt lhs grcuphs

nipcrtkmts qun snaacmmhmt ak `kuth ihr hm quth lh mcurrnturh, mctkiihmt lkms ah Gcaeh lh

Gksfcgmh. Lkprs Vwhmmhm & Lunvhm (;>77), ahs kafnls sh rpkrtnsshmt ahs prcnhs hm

ecmftncm lh ahur prerhmlui lh tknaah ht lh pcnls (vcnr tkoahku ;) ht vnthmt knmsn ku

ikxniui ak fciptntncm pcur ak rhsscurfh 2 fhak phriht kux lneerhmths hspfhs lh

fc`konthr hm ihr fciih sur ahs snths lh rhprcluftncm. Hm eknt, ak ecrih lu ohf vkrnh shacmahs hspfhs lkafnls, fh qun hmtrknmh lhs prerhmfhs l'kanihmtktncm (Erhht`y, ;>07),

naaustrhs lkms ah tkoahku ; fn-lhsscus.

Kafnl Trcnh nmgrh

Vcus-hspfh Tcnls (g) HspfhGkokrnt ikxnika Gkokrnt prerhmtnha

\knaah (ii) Tcnls (g) \knaah (ii) Tcnls (g)

Xrnk kkagh kkagh >4< 8>F. `kr. 5 ?6 ;5).[uhaquhs grcuphs shuahihmt vnhmmhmt busquhm ihr lu Mcrl ht lkms ah Gcaeh lhGksfcgmh pcur `nvhrmhr, ht acrs lpnsclhs lprhssncmmknrhs vncahmts, na hst pcssnoahlcoshrvhr quhaquhs nmlnvnlus prcxnint lh mcs fths ktakmtnquhs. Onhm quh ahihrguah mknm scnt ak prcnh lh mciorhux prlkthurs ht quna suonsshahs pcaautncms kux`ylrcfkrourhs lh pahnm ecuht hm rknscm, fciih ahs kutrhs kafnls, lh scm iclh lhpf`h, ahspfh hst fcmsnlrh AF (prcffupktncm inmhurh) ku mnvhku icmlnka(NXFM, ?4;6) ikagr umh thmlkmfh ak rluftncm lh sk pcpuaktncm gacokah.

Engurh fi

Hmvhrgurh 2


18/88

Hf`cukgh ikssne lcnshkux ikrnms lurkmt a`nvhr ?4;< sur ak ekklh ktakmtnquh7

Vuanls

Ah ecu lh Oksskm Icrus oksskmusMcrt`hrm Gkmmht 2 fhst um cnshku pakgnquhlh aKtakmtnquh Mcrl, crngnmknrh lu Mcrl lh afcssh. Ahspfh, lumh acmgvnthstnih ?; kms, icmtrh um fcipcrthihmt pautt scantknrh hm `nvhr (grcuphs

pkrs) ht scm rgnih kanihmtknrh hst strnfthihmt pnsfnvcrh (ikquhrhku, sprkt,skrlnmh, htf.). Vhacm Lha @cyc ht ka. (;>>?), ahspfh mnf`h prnmfnpkahihmt ku_cykuih-Xmn ht hm Nrakmlh, hm Nsakmlh, hm Mcrvgh, hm Erkmfh (Orhtkgmh) ht ku[uohf (Fkmklk). [uhaquhs grcuphs lnmlnvnlus ktthngmhmt kussn aHqukthur (surtcutahs buvmnahs) cu ah mcrl lh ak Mcrvgh (engurh 8) . A`nvhrmkgh lkms ah Gcaeh lhGksfcgmh fcmfhrmh hm ikbcrnt lhs kluaths rpkrtns hmtrh ahs nscokt`hs 84 ht ;44itrhs (Fkstgh & @hihry, ?44>).Onhm quh ak pcpuaktncm icmlnkah hst hstnih paus lh 844 444 nmlnvnlus (Lha @cyc ht ka., ;>>?), cm hstnih quna y k paus lh 644444fcupahs mnf`hurs rnhm quhm Hurcph (Onrlaneh Nmthrmktncmka, ?444% lh ak pcpuaktncm icmlnkah 2 lh mcs bcurs, aheehftne icmlnka lh

ahspfh k lcmf t r-hstni paus l; inaancm lnmlnvnlus. Hm paus lumh thmlkmfh akugihmtktncm lhs heehftnes, ak tknaah lh ak pcpuaktncm eknt quh ahspfh mh rhipantpks ahs frntrhs lh vuamrkonant NXFM, lcmf scm stktut lh fcmshrvktncm hstfcmsnlrh AF (prcffupktncm inmhurh) ku mnvhku icmlnka (NXFM, ?4;6). Fhtthhspfh strnfthihmt ikrnmh pkssh ak paupkrt lh scm thips hm `kuth ihr akrhf`hrf`h lh okmfs lh pcnsscms pakgnquhs quna fkpturh hm pacmghkmt, lc skprcxnint erquhmth lhs okthkux lh pf`h ht sk vuamrkonant vnlhmth kux fkpturhskffnlhmthaahs (`kihcm, enaht, ).

Engurh 8.

Fkrth lh rpkrtntncm lu ecu lh Oksskm (scurfh2 nufm.rhlanst.crg)

Oncitrnh

\knaah 2 00 ;44 fiHmvhrgurh 2 ;58 ;04 fiTcnls 2 ?044 6?44 g

T. EK_[XH

T. EK_[XH


19/88


Akrnls

Ak icuhtth trnlkftyah _nssk trnlkftyak Oakfj-ahgghl Jnttnwkjh 2 hspfhstrnfthihmt pakgnquh hm `nvhr, ht akrghihmt ikrnmh ah rhsth lu thips, haah prcflh lh rkrhs nmfursncms sur ah fcmtnmhmt, mctkiihmt acrs lh thipths prcacmghs. Vk

lnstrnoutncm hst fnrfuipcaknrh lkms a`insp`rh mcrl (engurh 5). Ahspfh k umfcipcrthihmt grgknrh pkrtnfuanrhihmt lvhacpp, quh fh scnt pcur ak mnlnenfktncmcu akanihmtktncm. Fhtth icuhtth k umh acmgvnt hstnih ?; kms, ht scm rgnihkanihmtknrh hst hsshmtnhaahihmt pnsfnvcrh (icaausquhs, frustkfs pakmftcmnquhs,phtnts pcnsscms). Vhacm Lha @cyc ht ka. (;>>5), ahspfh mnf`h hm ekaknsh sur ak paupkrtlhs fths lhs cfkms Tkfnenquh ht Ktakmtnquh Mcrl, ikns kussn sur ahs fths mcrl lhak _ussnh ht lh ak Mcrvgh, ht `nvhrmh hm ikbcrnt lkms ahs cfkms Tkfnenquh htKtakmtnquh Mcrl. Ah fcipcrthihmt `kuturnhr lh ak Icuhtth trnlkftyah akimh shlnsphrshr hm `nvhr sur lh vksths thmluhs cfkmnquhs lh aKtakmtnquh,ikbcrntknrhihmt ku mcrl lh


20/88

Hf`cukgh ikssne lcnshkux ikrnms lurkmt a`nvhr ?4;< sur ak ekklh ktakmtnquh>

Trcfhaakrnls

Ah euaikr ocrka / Euaikrus gakfnkans/ Mcrt`hrm euaikr 2 strnfthihmt pakgnquh hmlh`crs lh ak prnclh rhprcluftncm, fhtth hspfh fnrfuiocrka krftnquh hstpkrtnfuanrhihmt klkpth ku inanhu ikrnm (gakmlhs sha, knahs acmguhs ht trcnths).

Lumh acmgvnt hxfhptncmmhaah hstnih 6< kms, ah euaikr fcmsciih umh grkmlhvkrnt lh prcnhs (pcnsscms, fp`kacpclhs, frustkfs, pakmftcm thas ahs kip`npclhs,rhbhts lh pf`h, htf.). Ahspfh mnf`h hm ekaknshs ftnrhs cu nmsuaknrhs, ht ak Erkmfhfcmstntuh ak aninth sul lh scm knrh lh rpkrtntncm, qun sthml ku mcrl busqukuGrchmakml ht ku Vpntzohrg (engurh 7). Hm prnclh nmthr-muptnkah, ahspfh erquhmth ak`kuth ihr hmtrh ahs nscokt`hs ?44 ht ; 444 itrhs. Ak prshmfh lh ahspfh lkms ahGcaeh lh Gksfcgmh hst paus ikrquh lkms ak icntn mcrl, busqu ahstuknrh lh akGnrcmlh, quku sul (Fkstgh & @hihry, ?44>). Ak pcpuaktncm gacokah hst hstnihhmtrh 0 ht 6? inaancms lnmlnvnlus (Lha @cyc ht ka.,;>>?) ht icmtrh umh thmlkmfhgmrkah akugihmtktncm, fhst pcurqucn ah stktut lh fcmshrvktncm lh ahspfh hst

fcmsnlr AF (prcffupktncm inmhurh) ku mnvhku icmlnka (NXFM, ?4;6). Mnf`hur rkrhhm Erkmfh (fakss sur ak ansth rcugh) ht hm hxpkmsncm vhrs ah Vul lh aHurcph, ahspfhmh suont pks lnrhfthihmt lh ihmkfhs pkrtnfuanrhs, `crins ah rnsquh lh fkpturhkffnlhmthaah sur lhs pkakmgrhs lh surekfh cu anmghstncm rpth lh infrc-pakstnquhshm surekfh qun pcsh lhs prcoaihs lkffuiuaktncm lkmsacrgkmnsih.

Engurh 7. Fkrth lh rpkrtntncm lu euaikr ocrka (scurfh2 nufm.rhlanst.crg)

Oncitrnh

\knaah 2 44 g

M. NVVK

T. EK_[XH


21/88

Hf`cukgh ikssne lcnshkux ikrnms lurkmt a`nvhr ?4;< sur ak ekklh ktakmtnquh;4

Kmktnls

Ak ikfrhush mcnrh / Ihakmnttk mngrk / Fciicm sfcthr 2 fkmkrl pacmghurhmtnrhihmt lphmlkmt lu inanhu ikrnm (skue pcur ak rhprcluftncm thrrh), fhtthhspfh ecrthihmt ingrktrnfh rhsth hm ihr lh ekcm phrikmhmth (bcur ht munt, phu

nipcrth ak itc). Lh fcipcrthihmt grgknrh, ahspfh ecrih lhs grcuphs trs vksths lkms ahs hkux ftnrhs, ku-lhssus lhs okmfs lh fcqunaakghs. Vk acmgvnt hsthstnih ;5 kms, ht scm rgnih kanihmtknrh sh fcipcsh prnmfnpkahihmt lhicaausquhs, fcipats lh frustkfs, lh frkohs ht lh phtnts pcnsscms. Ahspfh mnf`hprnmfnpkahihmt hm Nsakmlh, hm Hfcssh ht lkms ak tcumlrk sfkmlnmkvh ht russh (engurh0). Ah anttcrka erkmkns kffuhnaah lhs heehftnes `nvhrmkmts nipcrtkmts, rpkrtnsikbcrntknrhihmt hm Ikmf`h/ihr lu Mcrl ht ah acmg lhs fths vhmlhmmhs htf`krhmtknshs. Ak pcpuaktncm icmlnkah hst hstnih ;,5 inaancms lnmlnvnlus (Lhakmy& Vfctt, ?445), lcmt ahs ?/6 shrknhmt ikturhs shxuhaahihmt. Onhm quh avcautncmgacokah scnt nmfcmmuh (lfanm 3 kugihmtktncm 3), ahspfh k um stktut AF

(prcffupktncm inmhurh) ku mnvhku icmlnka (NXFM, ?4;6). Fciih tcus ahspacmghurs ikrnms, ak ikfrhush mcnrh hst trs hxpcsh ht vuamrkoah ak pcaautncmikrnmh (`ylrcfkrourhs, pakstnquh, htf.). K fhak skbcuth umh ecrth vuamrkonant kuxfkpturhs kffnlhmthaahs lkms ahs hmgnms lh pf`h, mctkiihmt ahs enahts, ikns kussnumh ecrth shmsnonant kux pkrfs canhms cees`crh (Ththrshm, ?445) fciih ahxtrkftncm lh grkmuakts qun phrturoh ah ohmt`cs lcmt ahspfh sh mcurrnt.

Engurh 0. Fkrth lh rpkrtntncm lh ak ikfrhush mcnrh (scurfh2 nufm.rhlanst.crg)

Oncitrnh\knaah 2 >4 fiTcnls 2 ;644 ;844 g

T. EK_[XH T. EK_[XH


22/88

Hf`cukgh ikssne lcnshkux ikrnms lurkmt a`nvhr ?4;< sur ak ekklh ktakmtnquh;;

;.6.[uhaquhs fks lf`cukghs ikssnes lcnshkux ikrnms hm Hurcph

Fht f`cukgh lcnshkux ikrnms `nvhrmkmts hm Ktakmtnquh mcrl-hst, `nstcrnquh pkr scm

kipahur, mk pks lh prflhmt fcmmu fcipkrkoah hm Erkmfh. Xm shua vmhihmt sninaknrh k

t rkppcrt lkms umh rhvuh lh zccacgnh lh ;076, c lhs inaanhrs lh ikfkrhux icnmhs icrtssh scmt f`cus ku Fkp Ehrrht ak sunth lh thipths `nvhrmkahs. Fhrtknms fks nmtrhsskmts

kux ?4 ih ht ?; ih snfahs, onhm quh lh icnmlrh kipahur quh fhaun lh ?4;5>, hm ihr lNrakmlh, hmtrh ;8 444 ht ?4 444 cnshkux icrts cmt tlmciors (@calgkth, ;>7;), prnmfnpkahihmt lhs gunaahicts lh \rca (>4%) qun, fhtthprnclh, sh rksshioahmt pcur iuhr hm fcipkgmnh lh ahurs bhumhs pcussnms.Fhphmlkmt, umh icrtkant sninaknrh kvknt t coshrvh pausnhurs ecns lkms fhtth zcmhkupkrkvkmt 2 hm ;08>, hm ;00> ht ;0>8, hm ;>47, hm ;>50), ahs fths lh aCrhgcm (hm ;>5>) ht ak fth sul lhaKaksjk (ku prnmthips ;>74 paus lh ;44 444 gunaahicts lh \rca scmt icrts), fh qun khmtrknm ak suspnfncm lumh pcaautncm f`ninquh kggrkvh pkr lhs ekfthurs mkturhas thasquh ahs ikaklnhs ht ak ekinmh. @crins ahs fcmstktktncms lh pf`hurs acfkux hm Nrakmlh(gunaahicts kmcrikahihmt lphmlkmts lhs rhbhts lh pf`h hm kcut ;>5> ht kocmlkmfheknoah hm phtnts pcnsscms pakgnquhs), na hxnsth phu lnmecriktncms sur fh qun shstprclunt lurkmt ahs prhinrhs shiknmhs lh a`fktcioh. \kmlns quh ahs cnshkuxskeeknoanssknhmt, nas kurknhmt mkg cu lrnv kvhf ahs fcurkmts ht vhmts lcinmkmts(Ocurmh & Ihkl, ;>5>) pcur sh rhtrcuvhr prcxnint lhs fths lHfcssh ht lNrakmlh.

Kufumh fkush vnlhmth mk t kvkmfh, `crins ah eknt quh ahs cnshkux f`cuseknsknhmt shuahihmt 54% lu pcnls icyhm mcrika. Lh paus, quhaquhs nmlnvnluskutcpsns prshmtknhmt um fcfjtkna lh tcxnmhs lhs tkux kmcrikahihmt ahvs lkmsahurs tnssus (pacio, krshmnf, ihrfurh, tknm, znmf, funvrh, fklinui, TFO, htf.), fh qunshrknt ak fcmsquhmfh lh ak iconansktncm lhs grknsshs pkr acrgkmnsih acrs lum pnsclhlh ikamutrntncm.

Hm evrnhr ;>06, hm Kmgahthrrh ht hm Hfcssh, paus lh 6< 444 cnshkux ikrnms(prnmfnpkahihmt lhs kafnls) cmt t trcuvs sur ahs fths mcrl-hst 2 fhst ah pausnipcrtkmt f`cukgh rkppcrt hm Grkmlh-Orhtkgmh (Xmlhrwccl & Vtcwh, ;>00. Fht vmhihmt itcrcacgnquh hxfhptncmmha kprcvcqu anmfursncm, pkrecns acnm lkms ahs thrrhs(coshrvktncms sur ahs akfs l'Kmmhfy htlh Ghmvh), lh inaanhrs lcnshkux ikrnms, mctkiihmt lhs icuhtths trnlkftyahs,hspfh strnfthihmt pakgnquh (lcmmhs lkrf`nvhs Crmnt`cihlnk). Hm sunvkmt ahs vhmtslcinmkmts lu Gcaeh lh Gksfcgmh (qun cmt ktthnmt ak vnthssh lh vhmts lcurkgkm), lhsfhmtknmhs lcnshkux ikrnms sh scmt eknt lpcrthr scnt prcxnint lhs fths, scnt sur ah

fcmtnmhmt fcmtrh ahur gr. Ohkufcup cmt t kffuhnaans hm fhmtrh lh skuvhgkrlh. Fhtvmhihmt icmtrh ak rhaktncm lnrhfth qun hxnsth hmtrh nmthmsnt lhs thipths htlnstrnoutncm lhs cnshkux ikrnms hm ihr. Lh ak iih ikmnrh, hm lfhiorh ?445, umh


23/88

Hf`cukgh ikssne lcnshkux ikrnms lurkmt a`nvhr ?4;< sur ak ekklh ktakmtnquh;?

ecrth thipth k okaky aHurcph lh acuhst (Erkmfh ht _cykuih-Xmn), fh qun k hmtrknmacoshrvktncm lh fhmtknmhs lcfkmnths fua-oakmf (Cfhkmclrcik ahufcr`ck), icrths cuvnvkmths, sur ah anttcrka erkmkns (lh ak Gnrcmlh ak Vciih) ht iih anmtrnhur lhsthrrhs (lcmmhs lkrf`nvhs Crmnt`cihlnk). Fht cnshku strnfthihmt pakgnquh mh phut

lcrlnmknrh scoshrvhr quhm `kuth ihr, ht onhm quh tctkahihmt lphmlkmth lu inanhuikrnm, ak punsskmfh ht ak acfkansktncm lh fhtth thipth mk pks phrins ahspfh lh shiknmthmnr spktnkahihmt.

Enm ikrs ?4;6, um f`cukgh lkafnls qukanen lhxfhptncmmha k hu anhu sur ahs fthsmcrl-hst lh aKmgahthrrh ht lh aHfcsshht fcmfhrmknt hm ikbcrnt lhs ikfkrhux icnmhs.Ku tctka, paus lh 06 lkms fhtthzcmh (@krrns & Hajnms, ?4;6). Ak prnmfnpkah fkush lh icrtkant susphfth puns kvrh surhxkihm pcst-icrthi tknt ak ikamutrntncm 2 ahs nmlnvnlus tknhmt trs kikngrns, nas

mkvknhmt kufumh rshrvh anpnlnquh scus ecrih lh grknssh scus-futkmh, ahs iusfahsphftcrkux shioaknhmt ktrcp`ns, ahs fcmthmus stcikfkux tknhmt vnlhs ht ahs cnshkuxmkvknhmt kufum sngmh lh trkuiktnsih quhafcmquh. Avmhihmt hst rkrh fkr ahikfkrhux, onhm quh mtkmt pks ahspfh ak paus fciiumh lkms ak rgncm, k suon ahspaus grcsshs phrths. Aksphft thipcrha lhs f`cukghs k t trc nthihmt an kvhf ahsthipths suffhssnvhs, ak ecrth `cuah ht ahs ecrts vhmts rkoktthurs qun cmt svn lurkmt ahs? lhrmnrhs shiknmhs lh ikrs ?4;6, hmlciikghkmt ahs nmerkstrufturhs ftnrhs,punsquku lout lu icns lkvrna, ak itc tknt paus faihmth ht phu lcnshkuxerknf`hihmt f`cus cmt t rhfhmss. Ah ikfkrhux sh mcurrnt `kontuhaahihmt lkms ahs?4 prhinhrs itrhs lh ak fcacmmh lhku tkmlns quh ahs kutrhs kafnls pf`hmt paus

prcecml (@krrns & Wkmahss, ?4;;). Lh paus, hm suppcskmt quh ah ikfkrhux fkpturh ahsprcnhs ak vuh, ak turouahmfh nmlunth pkr ahs thipths k pu hipf`hr scmkanihmtktncm. Hmenm, ahs cnshkux mh sh shrknhmt pks lpakfs hm rknscm lumh nmfkpkfnt vcahr cu mkghr (pkr hxhipah, pausnhurs tknhmt hm prnclh lh iuh lhs pauihs lh vcalkprs @krrns & Hajnms (?4;6), mctkiihmt ahs prniknrhs, ht enmkahihmt tknhmtnmfkpkoahs lh vcahr). Vur prs lh ;444 ikfkrhux icnmhs f`cus hxkinms, hmvnrcm54% tknhmt lhs mnf`hurs pcthmtnhas, 64% lhs niikturhs ht ;4% lhs pcussnms lumkm(@krrns & Hajnms, ?4;6). Ahs ?/6 lhs ikfkrhux f`cus tknhmt lcmf ikturhsshxuhaahihmt, fh qun aknssh suggrhr quh ak prnmfnpkah iuh lh akmmh lhs niikturhssh lfahmf`h paus tkrlnvhihmt lurkmt a`nvhr quh fhaah lhs kluaths, hxpanqukmt ak

icnmlrh prcpcrtncm lh bhumhs. Lh paus, ah tkux lh survnh kluath k t keehft fhtthkmmh-a, ikns na mk pks t licmtr quh ah mciorh lh mnls lurkmt ak sknscm lhrhprcluftncm sunvkmth kvknt lninmu. A`ypct`sh, oksh sur lhs prhuvhs nmlnrhfths,hst quh ak ikamutrntncm mhst quh ak fcmsquhmfh lh pausnhurs ekfthurs qun sh scmtprclunts sniuatkmihmt hm ikrs ?4;6 2 lhs thipths suffhssnvhs kvhf lh ecrts vhmtsht lh ecrths `cuahs, umh phrturoktncm lh ak lnstrnoutncm lhs prcnhs lkms ak fcacmmhlhku lkms ahs zcmhs prcf`hs lhs fcacmnhs fcmfhrmhs, ak lneenfuat lh f`kssh vuhlkms lhs hkux turonlhs ht ak rluftncm lh ak iconant lhs ikfkrhux kluaths hm fhtthprnclh lh iuh `nvhrmkah. Fhs ekfthurs scmt surhihmt ans ak phrsnstkmfh lhsthipths, ikns fhak mh phriht pks lh suggrhr um f`kmghihmt acmg thrih lkms

afcsystih ikrnm lh ihr lu mcrl. Ku enmka, anmfnlhmfh sur ah mciorh lh fcupahsmnf`hurs k t eknoah, ikns ahs heehts acmg thrih lh fht f`cukgh rhsthmt tulnhr.


24/88


?. Iktrnhas ht it`clhs

?.;.Ah prcbht lh rshku lh vhnaah lhs f`cukghs

Ahs cnshkux ikrnms scmt lh ocms nmlnfkthurs lh a'tkt lh a'fcsystih ikrnm, ht ahrhfhmshihmt lhs nmlnvnlus trcuvs ah acmg lu anttcrka phriht lh rfcathr lhs nmecriktncms

utnahs pcur inhux fciprhmlrh ahs cfkms 2 tkt lhs pcpuaktncms, prshmfh hm `nvhrmkgh,

nipkft lhs pcaautncms pkr `ylrcfkrourhs, prshmfh lh onctcxnmhs lkms a'hmvnrcmmhihmt,

heehts lh ak pf`h nmlustrnhaah sur ahs stcfjs lh phtnts pcnsscms, iclnenfktncms lhs fcurkmts

ikrnms ht lhs rhicmths l'hku prcecmlh ( upwhaanmgs )... Na hst knmsn pcssnoah lh fcmsnlrhr

quh ahs cnshkux ikrnms f`cus scmt rhprshmtktnes lh ahur hmvnrcmmhihmt ht lh sk qukant.

Lh thas fciptkghs scmt lcmf crgkmnss lh ekcm rguanrh, ht pkrecns grkmlh f`haah, pkr

hxhipah hm Grkmlh-Orhtkgmh ht kux Htkts-Xmns. Ah acmg lh ak fth Tkfnenquh, lh aCrgcm ak

Fkanecrmnh, lhs rhfhmshihmts scmt eknts hm `nvhr (sknscm ak paus frntnquh pcur ak ekumh), kuprnmthips ht hm t. Hm Erkmfh, fh typh lh fciptkgh (cu sunvn) hst crgkmns lh ikmnrh

pkrsh, hm gmrka pkr lpkrthihmt. Tncmmnhrs sur fhtth t`iktnquh, ah GCM (Grcuph

Crmnt`cacgnquh lu Mcrl), sunvn pkr ah GCMi (Grcuph Crmnt`cacgnquh Mcrikml) quhaquhs

kmmhs paus tkrl, rkansh tcus ahs `nvhrs um rhfhmshihmt lhs cnshkux f`cus lhpuns ;>50

(;>7? pcur ah GCMi), mctkiihmt grfh ak iconansktncm omvcah. Vunth ak fktkstrcp`h

lh aHrnjk (lfhiorh ;>>>), ah GCMi kvknt nmthmsnen shs prcsphftncms anttcrkahs hm

Mcrikmlnh kenm lh sunvrh ahs f`cukghs lcnshkux ikzcuts cu nmtcxnqus (prcbht Mcrt` Vhk

Tnact Trcbhft cm Hfcacgnfka [ukanty Cobhftnvhs, cu Hfc[Cshspfhs fnoahs 2 gunaahict lh \rca

ht euaikr ocrka). Hm fcaakocrktncm kvhf aKghmfh lhs knrhs ikrnmhs prctghs, ak ATC kfccrlcmm sur ak ekklh Ikmf`h/ihr lu Mcrl umh fcipnaktncm lhs lcmmhs ;>7?-?440 (Lh

Vhymhs ?4;4k) knmsn quh ak fcaahfth ht akmkaysh lh lcmmhs lh ?44> ?4;; (Lh Vhymhs

?4;4o, ?4;;).

Vunth ku prcgrkiih EKIH ht sur ak oksh lh tcus fhs trkvkux stkmlkrlnss ht prcuvs

lhpuns pausnhurs lnzknmhs lkmmhs, ak ATC Erkmfh k scu`knt ihttrh hm pakfh um prcbht lh

rshku lh vhnaah lhs f`cukghs lcnshkux ikrnms af`haah mktncmkah(itrcpcah). Ku iih

tntrh quh ah _MH (_shku Mktncmka Hf`cukgh) lln kux f`cukghs lh ikiinerhs ikrnms ht

fccrlcmm pkr aCoshrvktcnrh Thakgns, ah prcbht, okptns _HMCI (_shku lHf`cukghMktncmka Cnshkux Ikrnms), skppunhrknt sur ahs mciorhushs strufturhs ht omvcahs

fcipthmts prshmts sur ahs anttcrkux itrcpcantknms. Fh rshku phrihttrknt lh vkacrnshr ahs

quhaquhs sunvns hxnstkmts ht lcrgkmnshr umh f`haah ohkufcup paus akrgh lhs cprktncms lh

prcsphftncm, lh lmciorhihmt ht lh fcaahfth lhs fklkvrhs. Fhst lkms anlh lh thsthr ah

prctcfcah ht lkmtnfnphr ahs costkfahs quh ak ATC Erkmfh, hm anhm trcnt kvhf ahs omvcahs ht

skakrns lh ak ATC F`krhmth-Ikrntnih, k crgkmns ak insh hm pakfh hm bkmvnhr ht evrnhr ?4; mnmnsf`intDakpcsth.mht

www.ekumh-orhtkgmh.crg_erhmt ? Orhtkgmh Unvkmth gkhtkm.guyctDorhtkgmh-vnvkmth.crg

85_erhmt ; ATC 85 orumc.t.iD`ctikna.er

www.ekumh-orhtkgmh.crg_erhmt ? Orhtkgmh Unvkmth iktt`nhu.ecrtnmDorhtkgmh-vnvkmth.crg


27/88


\koahku 6.Fhmtrhs lh skuvhgkrlh pkr lpkrthihmt ht fcmtkfts

Trnmfnpkahihmt oks sur ak pkrtnfnpktncm lu grkml puoanf, ah prhinhr heecrt pcur rhfhmshr ahs

f`cukghs k t lnrng vhrs ak stkmlkrlnsktncm lhs prctcfcahs lh fcaahfth, acrgkmnsktncm lh akfhmtrkansktncm lhs lcmmhs ht ak lneeusncm lh fcmsngmhs oksnquhs lh sfurnt skmntknrh. Kenm lh

sunvrh lh ikmnrh klqukth ah p`mcimh lhs f`cukghs, ak fhaauah lh ghstncm lh frnsh lh ak

ATC shst kttkf`h lvhacpphr ht/cu klkpthr rguanrhihmt ahs cutnas mfhssknrhs hm

ecmftncm lh avcautncm lh ak vkguh lf`cukgh (vkrnktncm lhs heehftnes f`cus, kppkrntncm

l`ylrcfkrourhs, itcrcacgnh fkprnfnhush, htf.). Fhs cutnas kftukanss cmt t rguanrhihmt

ins lnspcsntncm lu grkml puoanf sur ah snth nmthrmht lh ak ATC.

?. / 85Fhmtrh lh

skuvhgkrlhATC Nah Grkmlh

_ngkulhku mklnmh.rngkulhkuDapc.er

Ohmtz nah-grkmlhDapc.er

85Fhmtrh lh

skuvhgkrlhUcah lh pnkes Iksfn lnlnhr.iksfnDcrkmgh.er


28/88


Engurh >. Cnshkux f`cus sur ak pakgh lh ak Fcuorh (F`krhmth-Ikrntnih - ?6/4?/?4;


29/88


\koahku


30/88

Hf`cukgh ikssne lcnshkux ikrnms lurkmt a`nvhr ?4;< sur ak ekklh ktakmtnquh;>

Hmenm, ahs fciiumhs ht fciiumkuts lh fciiumhs cmt t fcmtkfths kenm lh mh pks

phrlrh lnmecriktncms acrs lhs mhttcykghs lh pakgh rkanss pkr ahs shrvnfhs thf`mnquhs

(mhttcykgh lhs `ylrcfkrourhs ht rkiksskgh lhs fklkvrhs lcnshkux)2 fh et ah fks

mctkiihmt aah lh _, ak Tkaiyrh, sur aah lCarcm, htf. Akoshmfh lnmecriktncm sur fhs

prnshs lh fcmtkft mh phriht pks lh lrhsshr um onakm hx`kustne lhs scaanfntktncms rkanshs af`haah lh ak ekklh. Fhphmlkmt, hm F`krhmth-Ikrntnih, ak LL\I (Lnrhftncm

Lpkrthihmtkah lhs \hrrntcnrhs ht lh ak Ihr) k t fcmtkfth kenm lh lneeushr ahmshioah

lhs fciiumhs fcmfhrmhs pkr ah pakm TCAIK_ umh mcth lh prfcmnsktncm ATC sur ahs

f`cukghs lcnshkux (fciptkgh, fhmtrhs lh skuvhgkrlh, htf.) lnspcmnoah hm kmmhxh ;4. Onhm

qunas scnhmt mfhssknrhs lkms fhrtknms fks (qukmtnt lh fklkvrhs sur lhs pakghs erquhmths

pkr ahs prcihmhurs), ahs mhttcykghs lh pakgh phuvhmt mcus prnvhr lnmecriktncms sur

lvhmtuhas f`cukghs ht na hst prnicrlnka lh onhm fccrlcmmhr ahs fciptkghs kvhf ahs

shrvnfhs lhs fciiumhs anttcrkahs pcur aninthr fh onkns.

Ku tctka, ku icnms snx whhjhmls lh fciptkgh cmt t crgkmnss pkr ahs strufturhs acfkahs ht

fccrlcmms pkr ak ATC Erkmfh sur ah anttcrka erkmkns (;hr-? evrnhr, 0-> evrnhr, ;8-;5 evrnhr,

??-?6 evrnhr, ;hr-? ikrs, 0-> ikrs, knmsn quh ah ?8-?5 bkmvnhr hm F`krhmth-Ikrntnih

umnquhihmt), iconanskmt paus lh 844 phrscmmhs omvcahs 2 pcur fccrlcmmhr tcuths ahs

kftncms, ak fhaauah lh frnsh shst rkpnlhihmt insh hm pakfh lu Enmnstrh kux Tyrmhs-

Ktakmtnquhs, nipanqukmt ak ATC Acnrh-Ktakmtnquh, ak ATC Uhmlh, ak ATC F`krhmth-Ikrntnih, ak

ATC Kquntknmh, ak ATC Icron`km, ak ATC Enmnstrh ht Orhtkgmh Unvkmth (vcnr tkoahku ?).

Ah gunlh lnlhmtnenfktncm rkans pkr ak ATC ;7ht ahs cutnas lnlhmtnenfktncmAhs lcmmhs pkrtnfnpktnvhs nssuhs lh fhs fcaahfths scmt susfhptnoahs lh fcmthmnr um fhrtknm

mciorh lh onkns lcmt lhs hrrhurs pcssnoahs lkms anlhmtnenfktncm lhs hspfhs rkansh pkr ahs

omvcahs sur ah thrrknm. Kenm lh ah aninthr, um gunlh p`ctcgrkp`nquh k t rkans ls lout

evrnhr pkr ak ATC F`krhmth-Ikrntnih (lnspcmnoah hm kmmhxh 8 K & O). Hm paus lh fhfn, ak

pakquhtth lnlhmtnenfktncm lhs cnshkux ikrnms, rkansh pcur ah prcgrkiih EKIH, k t

akrghihmt lneeush (vcnr kmmhxh


31/88

Hf`cukgh ikssne lcnshkux ikrnms lurkmt a`nvhr ?4;< sur ak ekklh ktakmtnquh?4

muirnshs aklrhsshapcDapc.er.Fhtth it`clh lh fcaahfth lh lcmmhs, fcipaihmtknrh

lh ak prflhmth, k phrins lcothmnr um grkml mciorh lh lcmmhs suppaihmtknrhs,

mctkiihmt hm Orhtkgmh. Xmh ecns fhs enf`hs lh fciptkgh rhuhs ak ATC Erkmfh, umh tkph

lh trn ht lh rhlnstrnoutncm lh ak lcmmh lkms f`kquh lpkrthihmt (vnk ahs fccrlnmkthurs) k

t rkansh. Tcur enmnr, fhs lcmmhs cmt pu trh kbcuths f`kquh oksh lh lcmmhs acfkah, aksknsnh tkmt rkansh pkr ahs fccrlnmkthurs hux-iihs (tkph f`rcmcp`kgh). Ahs okshs lh

lcmmhs acfkahs cmt hmsunth t fhmtrkanshs pkr ak ATC Erkmfh ht fcipnahs kprs

umnecrinsktncm lkms um enf`nhr onakm lhs f`cukghs hm Ktakmtnquh . Hm heeht, ikagr ak

lhikmlh prfnsh lkms ak fcmvhmtncm pkssh kvhf f`kquh strufturh, ahs enf`nhrs trkmsins pkr

lpkrthihmt mcmt pks hu ahs iihs mnvhkux lh ltknas ht lhs tkphs lcrgkmnsktncm, lh trn

ht lh vrnenfktncm lhs lcmmhs cmt t mfhssknrhs.

Ku enmka, ahs okshs lh lcmmhs lh f`kquh lpkrthihmt lneerhmt 2 hm Icron`km pkr hxhipah,

ahs lcmmhs trkmsinshs rksshioahmt ahs coshrvktncms sknsnhs sur ah snth Ekumh Orhtkgmh pkrOrhtkgmh Unvkmth, ak ATC ?> ht ahs omvcahs acfkux, ikns kussn ahs lcmmhs fcaahfths pkr

aCMFEV, ahs rshrvhs mkturhaahs ht ah fhmtrh lh skuvhgkrlh Ucah lh Tnkes. Hm F`krhmth-

Ikrntnih, ahs lcmmhs fhmtrkanshs prcvnhmmhmt qukmt haahs lhs coshrvktncms sknsnhs sur

Ekumh F`krhmth-Ikrntnih cu rhuhs lnrhfthihmt pkr ikna ak ATC Erkmfh, knmsn quh ahs

lcmmhs cothmuhs kuprs lhs shrvnfhs thf`mnquhs lh fhrtknmhs fciiumhs anttcrkahs cu ahs

qunphs lhs rshrvhs mkturhaahs.

?.8.Onakm lh ak fccrlnmktncm

Onhm quh ak fccrlnmktncm lhs whhjhmls lh fciptkgh et rhaktnvhihmt knsh (`crins ahs

lneenfuats pcur vrnenhr fh qun tknt eknt fcmfrthihmt pkr f`kfum), ak fhmtrkansktncm lhs

lcmmhs k pkrecns pcs prcoaih. Hm heeht, ak prcsphftncm ht ak fcaahfth lnmecriktncms scmt

lhs tkphs trs f`rcmcp`kghs ht fhak mk pks phrins lh lrhsshr lhs onakms `holciklknrhs

lhs f`cukghs sur tcuth ak ekklh ktakmtnquh, ikns shuahihmt pkr lpkrthihmt. Fhfn mk pks

hipf` ak fciiumnfktncm kutcur lu p`mcimh punsquh lhs onakms nmthrilnknrhs cmt t

rkanss f`kquh shiknmh kvhf ahs lcmmhs lnspcmnoahs. Lh paus, ak enm lh ak vkguh

lf`cukgh, f`kquh fccrlnmkthur acfka k thmt lh skssurhr lh anmtgrnt lh sk oksh lh

lcmmhs (rhakmfh lhs omvcahs pkr ikna cu tap`cmh pcur cothmnr anmtgrkant lhs

lcmmhs fcaahfths), ht um thips suppaihmtknrh k t rhquns pcur vrnenhr ahs lcmmhs ht

supprnihr ahs lcuoacms (ksshz mciorhux hm rknscm lh prcsphftncms hm grcuph).

Ahs lcmmhs kmkayshs lkms fh rkppcrt (m 9


32/88

Hf`cukgh ikssne lcnshkux ikrnms lurkmt a`nvhr ?4;< sur ak ekklh ktakmtnquh?;

?.5. Fcaahfth lh fklkvrhs pcur kmkayshs praninmknrhs

Lkms ah fks lhs f`cukghs lh bkmvnhr-ikrs ?4;) 2 ak prncrnt k t lcmmh kux nmlnvnlus okgus, tkmt lcmm ak rnf`hssh lnmecriktncmsqunas rhprshmthmt (crngnmh, gh hxkft, htf.).

?.7.Htulh lhs `ylrcfkrourhs pkr ah FHL_H

A'qunph lnmthrvhmtncm lu FHL_Hk t pkrtnfuanrhihmt scaanfnth pkr ahs lpkrthihmts lu

Icron`km, lh Acnrh-Ktakmtnquh, lh Uhmlh ht lh F`krhmth-Ikrntnih sunth lhs krrnvkghs

spcrklnquhs ht rpts lh ocuahtths l'`ylrcfkrourhs ht lcnshkux ikzcuts ku fcurs lu

icns lh evrnhr ?4;


33/88

Hf`cukgh ikssne lcnshkux ikrnms lurkmt a`nvhr ?4;< sur ak ekklh ktakmtnquh??

Ahs nmstruftncms lu IHLLH hm lkth lu

?0 evrnhr ?4; ikrs ?4;


34/88

Hf`cukgh ikssne lcnshkux ikrnms lurkmt a`nvhr ?4;< sur ak ekklh ktakmtnquh?6

Grcuph Trcpcrtncm (%)

pakgnquhs >>,45shin-pakgnquhs 4,6>

ftnhrs 4,8;

aninfcahs 4,46

thrrhstrhs 4,4;

\ctka ;44

Lpkrthihmt ?> 85 ? ??0 ;4> ?65 ;65

sthrfcrkrnls ? ? 8 < ; ; evrnhr, ah ;8-;5 evrnhr, ah ??-?6 evrnhr,

ah ;-? ikrs ht ah 0-> ikrs (engurh ;7), kvhf um heecrt lh prcsphftncm ht lcmf um mciorh

lcoshrvktncms qun lninmuh lh mcuvhku f`kquh lout lh shiknmh (engurh ;5). Ak engurh ;0symt`tnsh fh fcmstkt punsquh ah mciorh lcnshkux lmciors vkrnh hm ecmftncm lhs bcurs.

Engurh ;0. Hvcautncm lu mciorh lcnshkux lmciors pkr bcur pkrcoshrvkthur(m 9


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6.) sur ahmshioah lh ak prnclh ltulh.

Engurh ;>.

_pkrtntncm lhs f`cukghs pcur > hspfhs (m 9 lcmmhs, scnt lcmmhs mcm-acfkanshs ak fciiumh). Ahs > hspfhs rhthmuhs pcur ahs rhprshmtktncms

fkrtcgrkp`nquhs fn-lhsscus rhprshmthmt haahs-shuahs lcmmhs, scnt paus lh >0% lhslcmmhs fhmtrkanshs


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Hf`cukgh ikssne lcnshkux ikrnms lurkmt a`nvhr ?4;< sur ak ekklh ktakmtnquh6;


43/88

Hf`cukgh ikssne lcnshkux ikrnms lurkmt a`nvhr ?4;< sur ak ekklh ktakmtnquh6?

Engurh ?4. Kffuhna lcnshkux f`cus vnvkmts hm fhmtrhs lh skuvhgkrlh lh aXmncm Erkmknsh lhsFhmtrhs lh Vkuvhgkrlh XEFV (m 9 ?806 cnshkux)

\koahku >. Mciorh lcnshkux kffuhnaanshm fhmtrhs lh skuvhgkrlh XEFV ht ku fhmtrh lhskuvhgkrlh ATC Kulhmgh (lu 5 evrnhr ku 4< ikrs ?4;


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skuvhgkrlh lu anttcrka (tkoahku >), ku icnms 66% fcmfhrmknt lhs cnshkux icrts lurkmt ah

trkbht, ht um kutrh tnhrs (66%) fcmfhrmknt lhs cnshkux trs keeknoans qun scmt icrts phu kprs

ahur krrnvh (hm


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Hf`cukgh ikssne lcnshkux ikrnms lurkmt a`nvhr ?4;< sur ak ekklh ktakmtnquh64 cnshkux sh scmt f`cussur ahs ahs Kmgac-mcrikmlhs, 585 cnshkux ku Tkys lh Gkaahs ht ku icnms ;7>7 hm

Hfcssh (gunaahicts hm ikbcrnt). Vhacm ak _VTO (_cyka Vcfnhty ecr t`h Trcthftncm

ce Onrls), fh p`mcimh rhsth hxfhptncmmha lh pkr scm kipahur ht ahs ekfthurs hm fkush.

Tkrin ahs cnshkux f`cus fciptkonanss sur ah anttcrka sul-cuhst lh aKmgahthrrh (rsuatkts

praninmknrhs), ak paupkrt mkvknhmt pks lh trkfhs l`ylrcfkrourhs (icnms lh 8% ikzcuts

scurfh 2 @hahm Bhsscp/_VTO fcii. phrs.). Vn ah ikfkrhux icnmh rhprshmth umh trs eknoah

prcpcrtncm (icnms lh ;4%), ah gunaahict lh trca (6


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6.7. Fcmmknsskmfhs sur ak rpkrtntncm ku akrgh lhs prnmfnpkahs hspfhsnipkfths

K fh bcur, ahs fcmmknsskmfhs ahs paus fcipaths sur ak lnstrnoutncm `nvhrmkah lhs cnshkux

ikrnms lkms ah Gcaeh lh Gksfcgmh, mctkiihmt fhaah lhs kafnls, prcvnhmmhmt lu prcgrkiihTKFCII ihm pkr aKKIT. Ahs fkipkgmhs VKII lh fh prcgrkiih cmt phrins lcothmnr

lhs prhinhrs aihmts sur ak rpkrtntncm ikrnmh lh akvnekumh ht sk vkrnktncm. Ahs ? fkrths

prshmths fn-lhsscus (engurhs ?; & ??), rkanshs pkr aCoshrvktcnrh Thakgns (Xmnvhrsnt lh Ak

_cf`haah), symt`tnshmt fhs lcmmhs. Fhphmlkmt, na hxnsth lh ecrths vkrnktncms nmthrkmmuhaahs

lkms ak lnstrnoutncm lh akvnekumh ikrnmh, ht lhs fkipkgmhs suppaihmtknrhs lh fcaahfth lh

lcmmhs lkms ahs kmmhs vhmnr kugihmthrknhmt ak prfnsncm lh fhs fcmmknsskmfhs

(mctkiihmt sur ahs ikfkrhux, lneenfnahihmt lthftkoahs ht nlhmtnenkoahs hm kvncm). \cuthecns,

ahs engurhs ?; ht ?? rhprshmthmt lhs lcmmhs lcoshrvktncms pcmlrhs pkr aheecrt lh

prcsphftncm, fh qun lninmuh knmsn ah rnsquh lhrrhur. Ak prnmfnpkah nmecriktncm rhthmnr ht utnanshr pcur ak fcipr`hmsncm lh ak acfkansktncm lhs f`cukghs hst ak fcmfhmtrktncm

nipcrtkmth lkafnls prcxnint lhs fths lkms ak icntn mcrl lu Gcaeh lh Gksfcgmh.

Engurh ?;.

Fkipkgmh VKII tkux lh rhmfcmtrh hm mciorh lcoshrvktncms nvhrmkahs lkafnlshm ?4;; scurfh 2 VKII ; (`nvhr ?4;;), Coshrvktcnrh Thakgns (XA_), XIV 6


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Engurh ??. Fkrth lh lhmsnt lhs coshrvktncms (pkr jrnghkgh) lkafnls `nvhrmkmts hm Gcaeh lhGksfcgmh (VKII ; 2 lcmmhs ?4;;) scurfh 2 Thtthx ht ka., umpuoans`hl

6.0.Ahs kutcpsnhs lhs cnshkux f`cus

_hprshmtktnvnt lh af`kmtnaacm lcnshkux kutcpsns

Ahs prhinrhs kutcpsnhs rkanshs pkr pausnhurs strufturhs (hm Erkmfh 2 FUEVH/CMN_NV,

Brih Ecrt lu ANHMVs, Erlrnf Ecmthmhku lHFCONC & Bhkm-Tktrnfh _conm lu FM_V : ku

_cykuih-Xmn 2 Injh @krrns lu FH@ & @hahm Bhsscp lh ak _VTO) fcmenrihmt tcuths quh ahs

cnshkux hxkinms tknhmt hm trs ikuvknsh fcmlntncm p`ysnquh (pcnls nmsueenskmt / pks lh

iktnrh grkssh sur ah sthrmui / pks lh mcurrnturh lkms ahstcikf / pks lkghmts nmehftnhux).

Vhuas fhrtknms rsuatkts praninmknrhs scmt hxpcss fn-lhsscus. Ahs rsuatkts ltulhs paus

fcipaths (mctkiihmt hm Erkmfh 2 ANHMVs / HFCONC / FM_V cu FUEVH/CMN_NV) scmt ktthmlusk pcsthrncrn lh fh rkppcrt lhsfrnptne.


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Ahxkihm lh quhaquhs pnmgcunms tcrlks lkms ah Thiorcjhs`nrh (Tkys lh Gkaahs) k icmtr

qunas tknhmt tcus ecrthihmt kikngrns(scurfh 2 O\C fcii. phrs.). Ah ? ikrs ?4;


49/88


Ak oncitrnh (ikssh, tkrsh, ohf, tth-ohf) 2 kmkayshs praninmknrhs lu ANHMVs

Mci fciium Mci aktnm Mci kmgakns Mciorh l'nmlnvnlus hxkinms

Ikfkrhux icnmh Erkthrfuak krftnfk Ktakmtnf pueenm ?0

Gunaahict lh \rca Xrnk kkagh Fciicm gunaahict ?0

Tnmgcunm tcrlk Kafk tcrlk _kzcronaa >

Icuhtth trnlkftyah _nssk trnlkftyak Jnttnwkjh ;4

Euaikr ocrka Euaikrus gakfnkans Mcrt`hrm euaikr ?

\C\KA 77

\koahku ;4. Mciorh lnmlnvnlus kutcpsns pkr hspfh ku ANHMVs

Engurh ?6. Ikssh fcrpcrhaah icyhmmh lhs nmlnvnlus kutcpsns ht fkrt ak icyhmmh

2 ecurf`htth lu pcnls icyhm lh ahspfh (shacm ak anttrkturh - vcnr enf`h hspfh)

Acmguhur icyhmmh (ii) Hpknsshur icyhmmh (ii)

Mci fciium Mciorh l'nmlnvnlus hxkinms lu tkrsh lu ohf lu (ohf + tth) lu iusfah phftcrka

Ikfkrhux icnmh ?0 ?0,40 ? ,0< ;0,;4

Tnmgcunm tcrlk > 66,68 6?,46 >?,5> ;6,?5

Icuhtth trnlkftyah ;4 68,0? 66,;,44 >,??,67 ;4,04

\koahku ;;. Ihsurhs oncitrnquhs rkanshs sur ahs nmlnvnlus kutcpsns ku ANHMVs

Ahs fcmthmus stcikfkux 2 kmkayshs praninmknrhs lu ANHMVs

Ahs prhinhrs cnshkux hxkinms ku ANHMVs tknhmt trs kikngrns (vcnr ak ikssh icyhmmh ht

apknsshur lu iusfah phftcrka, tkoahku ;; ht engurh ?6), ht kvknhmt phu lh fcmthmustcikfkux (sur hxkihm vnsuha lhs tuohs lnghstnes sur ahs 77 nmlnvnlus lnssqus 2 scp`kgh,

4

;44?44

644

44

;444

;;44

;?44

Ikssh fcrpcrhaah icyhmmh (g)

hm g Erkthrfuak krftnfk Xrnk kkagh Kafk tcrlk _nssk trnlkftyak Euaikrus gakfnkans

m 9 ?m 9 ;4m 9 >m 9 ?0m 9 ?0


50/88

Hf`cukgh ikssne lcnshkux ikrnms lurkmt a`nvhr ?4;< sur ak ekklh ktakmtnquh6>

04%

?4%

Icuhtth trnlkftyah (m 9 ;4)

5


51/88

Hf`cukgh ikssne lcnshkux ikrnms lurkmt a`nvhr ?4;< sur ak ekklh ktakmtnquh nmlnvnlus)

- Vcurfh 2 Oksh lh lcmmhs nssuh lhs p`ctcgrkp`nhs ATC (vcnr tkoahku ;< ht kmmhxhs

8-O & 5 pcur akghkgh)

KLXA\H NIIK\X_H BXUHMNAH

\koahku ;6.

Mciorh lh ikfkrhux gs pkr lpkrthihmt sur p`ctcgrkp`nh lu ohf

lpkrthihmt ?6 < ; 6 ? ; 8?

85 > < ;7 64

08 ;? < ; ? 7 ?5

;7 ?;0 ;;? 5? ;; 04 >0 875

tctka ?5> ;?6 55 ;; 0> ;>


52/88

Hf`cukgh ikssne lcnshkux ikrnms lurkmt a`nvhr ?4;< sur ak ekklh ktakmtnquh> p`ctcs lh ohf (kufum lcuoacm), 880 cmt phrins akghkgh lhs

ikfkrhux f`cus (nmlnvnlus mcm-fcaahfts hm gmrka), ahs ;


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Hf`cukgh ikssne lcnshkux ikrnms lurkmt a`nvhr ?4;< sur ak ekklh ktakmtnquh


54/88

Hf`cukgh ikssne lcnshkux ikrnms lurkmt a`nvhr ?4;< sur ak ekklh ktakmtnquh.Ak prcpcrtncm lcnshkux ikzcuts2 umh prhinrh vkauktncm

Fhs rsuatkts scmt nssus lhs nmecriktncms sknsnhs pkr ahs coshrvkthurs lkms ah f`kip

rhikrquhs lhs okshs lh lcmmhs UnsncMkturh ht fhtth vkauktncm lcnt lcmf trh

fcmsnlrh fciih mcm-hx`kustnvh ikns inmnikah. Haah lcmmh lhs prhinrhs nmlnfktncms surahs ylrcfkrourhs ikns phut akrghihmt scus-hstnihr ah p`mcimh.

\koahku ;8. Mciorh ht prcpcrtncm lcnshkux ikzcuts pkr lpkrthihmt ht pkr hspfh

Ku enmka, lkprs ah tkoahku ;8, paus lh ;;% lhs cnshkux f`cus pcrtknhmt lhs trkfhs

l`ylrcfkrourhs sur ah fcrps (pauikgh, ohf, pktths, htf.) scnt pkrtnhaahihmt, scnt

nmtgrkahihmt. Ahs prhinhrs nmlnvnlus ikzcuts cmt t rhfhmss vhrs ah whhjhml lu 0->

evrnhr, surtcut lkms ah Icron`km (paus lh ;84 nmlnvnlus), puns ak grkmlh ikbcrnt lhs cnshkux

scunaas pkr lhs `ylrcfkrourhs k t lmcior hmtrh ahs whhjhmls lu ;8-;5 evrnhr ht lu

;hr-? ikrs, kvhf um pnf ak in-evrnhr (paus lh ?84 nmlnvnlus fcipts hm ; bcurmh). Ahs

coshrvktncms lcnshkux ikzcuts sh scmt pcursunvnhs busqu in- ikrs, ikagr umh ecrth

prcokonant lh scunaakgh pcst-icrthi ht lcmf um pcssnoah onkns. Ah tkux lh ikzcutkgh lhs

kmktnls ikrnms ftnhrs mhst pks kmclnm (prs lh 84%) ht rheath ahur ecrth vuamrkonant

fh typh lh pcaautncm. Avcautncm thipcrhaah lu mciorh lcnshkux f`cus ikzcuts

rhfhmss hst prshmth pkr qunmzknmh fn-lhsscus (engurh ?0).

Ekinaah ?> 85


55/88



56/88

Hf`cukgh ikssne lcnshkux ikrnms lurkmt a`nvhr ?4;< sur ak ekklh ktakmtnquh).

\koahku ;5. Mciorh lnmlnvnlus okgus coshrvs pkr lpkrthihmt (inmniui) shacm ahsenf`nhrs trkmsins pkr ahs fccrlnmkthurs acfkux

Engurh ?>.

Gunaahict lh \rca ( gkuf`h) ht ikfkrhux icnmh ( lrcnth) okgus trcuvs sur akpakgh lh F`kufrh (Nah lCarcm) ah ;5/4?/?4;< (\. INFCA)


57/88



58/88



59/88

Hf`cukgh ikssne lcnshkux ikrnms lurkmt a`nvhr ?4;< sur ak ekklh ktakmtnquh04 qu m'nipcrth quhaah prnclh lhpuns.

Ahs cnshkux okgus trcuvs sur ahs fths erkmknshs prcvnhmmhmt lh fcacmnhs sntuhs lkms

a'cuhst lu Tkys lh Gkaahs, ah mcrl lh a'Hfcssh, ahs Crfklhs ht ahs V`htakml. Lkprs ahO\C, ahs

ikfkrhux okgus rhtrcuvs icrts prcvnhmmhmt lhs prnmfnpkahs fcacmnhs lh ikfkrhux, y

fciprns Vuah Vjhrry (krf`npha lhs Crfklhs, Hfcssh), ahs ahs V`nkmt (Hfcssh), ahs ahs \rhs`mns`

(prs lh a'ah lh Iuaa, krf`npha lhs @ornlhs, Hfcssh lh acuhst), Grhkt Vkathh cee Fcumty

Whxecrl (hm Nrakmlh) ht a'ah lh Vjcihr, Thiorcjhs`nrh (ku Tkys lh Gkaahs).

Hm F`krhmth-Ikrntnih 2 ahs nmecriktncms rfuprhs grfh kux okguhsOnhm quna eknaah fcipathr kvhf ah onakm hx`kustne lu F_OTC ktthmlu k pcsthrncrn , acrngnmh lh

ak paupkrt lhs nmlnvnlus okgus f`cus hm F`krhmth-Ikrntnih hst fcmmuh grfh ku rkpnlh

rhtcur lnmecriktncms lhs fhmtrhs lh okgukgh 2 anhu lh okgkgh, lkth ht lcmf gh inmnika lhs

nmlnvnlus. Ahs cnshkux okgus rhtrcuvs hm F`krhmth-Ikrntnih prcvnhmmhmt hxfausnvhihmt

lu _cykuih-Xmn, ht `nvhrmhmt lcmf hm Ktakmtnquh.

K fh bcur, 55 okguhs cmt t rfuprhs hm F`krhmth-Ikrntnih (? pnmgcunms tcrlks, ?;

gunaahicts lh \rca ht


60/88


Engurh 6?. Fcacmnhs lcrngnmh lhs kafnls okgus rhfhmss hm F`krhmth-Ikrntnih (scurfh 2 ATC ;7)

Ahs ?> ikfkrhux icnmhs okgus pcur

ahsquhas na y k hu um rhtcur lnmecriktncmstknhmt gs lh 5 kms hm icyhmmh (inm 9 ;

km : ikx 9 ;>0 hmHfcssh) ht lh 6; kms pcur akutrh (okgu

hm bunm ;>06 hm Nrakmlh).

ATC ;7 4>/45/?4;/45/?4;


61/88


Ahs ;0 gunaahicts lh \rca okgus pcur

ahsquhas na y k hu um rhtcur lnmecriktncms

tknhmt gs lh ;? kms hm icyhmmh (inm

9 ; km : ikx 9 ?0). \cus ahs nmlnvnlus

f`cus prcvnhmmhmt lh pausnhursfcacmnhs ku _cykuih-Xmn (Hfcssh, Nrakmlh,

Tkys lh Gkaahs).


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fcmtrah, lc ak lneenfuat pcur fcmmkntrh ak fcuvhrturh gcgrkp`nquh lhs fcmtkfts prns.

Lkms tcus ahs fks, ah prctcfcah prcpcs pkr ak ATC Erkmfh ls ah lout lhs f`cukghs k t

prcuv ht shioah sktnseknskmt pcur avkauktncm lh akipahur lum p`mcimh lf`cukghs

hm ikssh. \cuthecns, akvhmnr, acrgkmnsktncm lh fciptkghs lcnshkux f`cus lhvrk

gkahihmt thmnr fcipth lh tcus ahs kutrhs prcgrkiihs mfhssntkmt umh prcsphftncm anttcrkah(FkpCh_k, Nmntnktnvhs Cfkmhs, OncAntt, _MH, htf.).

Agh lhs nmlnvnlus f`kmtnaacmms (engurhs ?4%

lkluath f`hz ah ikfkrhux icnmh) 2 ah sunvn lu suffs lh rhprcluftncm sur ahs fcacmnhs

fcmfhrmhs pkr fht f`cukgh phrihttrk lh fcmmkntrh anipkft rha sur ahs pcpuaktncms ls

at ?4;


63/88


Ahs ikuvknshs fcmlntncms itcrcacgnquhs (vhmts ecrts, ecrth `cuah, htf.) kffhmtuhmt ahs

lneenfuats pcur trcuvhr ak mcurrnturh mfhssknrh ak survnh ht iknmthmnr ak thiprkturh

fcrpcrhaah. Ahs cnshkux, knmsn keeknoans, lrnvhmt busquku anttcrkaht ohkufcup krrnvhmt icrts

cu punss. Ah vhmt hst ah prnmfnpka pkrkitrh lthrinmkmt ak lrnvh ht lcmf ahs zcmhs

prnmfnpkahs lf`cukgh. Na hst ecrt prcokoah quum grkml mciorh lh fklkvrhs mkrrnvhmt pksbusqukux fths2 scnt nas fcuahmt, scnt nas scmt fcmsciis, scnt nas sh lnsacquhmt ht

lnspkrknsshmt.

Ak scus-kanihmtktncm 2 ak fkush prnmfnpkah susphfth

Ah ikmquh lh mcurrnturh shioah trh um ekfthur nipcrtkmt lh icrtkant lhs cnshkux ikrnms

hm `nvhr, onhm paus quh mh ah scmt ahs fcmlntncms itcrcacgnquhs. Hm evrnhr ;>06, acrs lh ak

vkguh lf`cukgh sur ahs ahs orntkmmnquhs, ak qukmtnt lh prcnhs lnspcmnoahs, mctkiihmt lh

sprkts, tknt eknoah2 ak ikamutrntncm k lcmf t kvkmfh fciih ak prnmfnpkah fkush lhicrtkant. Lh iih, hm ikrs ?4;6 hm Grkmlh-Orhtkgmh, ahs cnshkux kutcpsns kvknhmt ahs

hstcikfs vnlhs ht tknhmt ecrthihmt kikngrns, prhuvh lumh scus-kanihmtktncm prcacmgh.

Ahs thipths ht lprhssncms suffhssnvhs

Fh lout lkmmh ?4;< k t fkrkftrns pkr umh itc f`kctnquh kvhf lh mciorhushs

lprhssncms ht lhs thipths rptntncm vhmuhs l'Ktakmtnquh 2 Pkvhr , Lnrj , Thtrk ,

[uihnrk , _ut` , Xaak ... Ku tctka, paus lh 64 pksskghs lprhssncmmknrhs cmt t

hmrhgnstrs hm lhux icns. Fhphmlkmt, ahs cnshkux ikrnms scmt rcousths ht ahs thipths mh

phuvhmt haahs shuahs hxpanquhr ahs f`cukghs. Ahs lprhssncms scmt erquhmths hm kutcimhht hm `nvhr ku akrgh lh aHfcssh pkr hxhipah, ht na k rkrhihmt t icmtr umh rhaktncm faknrh

hmtrh lurh ht nmthmsnt lhs thipths ht lhmsnt lcnshkux f`cus. Tkr fcmtrh, ahs

thipths phuvhmt rhmlrh akanihmtktncm paus lneenfnah, mctkiihmt sk lnspcmnonant.

Ahs vhmts lcinmkmts sul-cuhst phmlkmt pausnhurs shiknmhs

Ahs vhmts lcinmkmts sul/sul-cuhst lurkmt fht f`cukgh cmt rhmlu vnsnoah sur mcs fths ahs

cnshkux lb icrts cu keeknoans hm ihr. Nas mh fcmstntuhmt pks lnrhfthihmt ak fkush lh

icrtkant prnmfnpkah. Lh pkr ahur crnhmtktncm, ahs vhmts ht ahs fcurkmts lcinmkmts cmttrkmspcrt umh grkmlh qukmtnt lh fklkvrhs sur ahs pakghs lh aktakmtnquh qun kurknhmt pu

lnspkrkntrh hm `kuth ihr skms bkikns ktthnmlrh ak fth. Ahs vhmts ecrts cmt kussn pu lpcrthr

ahs grcuphs lcnshkux hm `nvhrmkgh vhrs lhs zcmhs icnms rnf`hs hm prcnhs cu kacrs tcut

snipahihmt kvcnr lpakf ahs stcfjs lh phtnts pcnsscms pakgnquhs, fh qun kurknt bcu ah rah

lh ekfthur kggrkvkmt lkms ak icrtkant lhs cnshkux ikrnms. Hm heeht, ahs vhmts ecrts

kffhmtuhmt a`ypct`hrinh lhs cnshkux ht hmtrknmhmt umh lphmsh lmhrgnh suppaihmtknrh

lh ak pkrt lhs nmlnvnlus pcur sh icuvcnr ht sh mcurrnr, fh qun fcmtrnouh kffhmtuhr

lkvkmtkgh apunshihmt p`ysnquh l ak ikamutrntncm.


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Akrrt cu ak lninmutncm lh ak pf`h

Lurkmt a`nvhr ?4;7;), na k lb t

coshrv umh kugihmtktncm kmcrikah lh ak lphmlkmfh lhs gunaahicts lh \rca kux rhbhts lh

pf`h acrs l`nvhrs rngcurhux ht quh fhak fcmfnlknt kvhf lhs prnclhs lh ikamutrntncm, lh

iuh ht lf`cukgh (mctkiihmt hm ;>5> hm ihr lNrakmlh). Knmsn, ak oknssh lkft nvnt lh ak

pf`h erkmknsh fht `nvhr k pu kggrkvhr ah tkux lh icrtkant lhs pcpuaktncms tcuf`hs pkr ak

ikamutrntncm. Ak pf`h, trkvhrs ahs rhbhts lhspfhs kffhsscnrhs (mcm -fnoahs), ah rhbht

lhspfhs fciihrfnkahs lh iknaah nmernhurh fhaah hm vnguhur cu ah rhbht lh lf`hts lh

pf`h, kugihmth ak lnspcmnonant lh fhrtknmhs rhsscurfhs kanihmtknrhs pcur ahs cnshkux

ikrnms. Hm lh`crs lu fks mgktne lhs fkpturhs kffnlhmthaahs lcnshkux qun phuvhmt shprclunrh lkms ahs hmgnms lh pf`h, fhs rhbhts prshmthmt kussn um ksphft pcsntne pcur ahs

pcpuaktncms lcnshkux ikrnms qun hm prcenthmt, lkutkmt paus sn ahs nmlnvnlus scmt hm sntuktncm

lh scus-kanihmtktncm.

Ak iclnenfktncm cu phrturoktncm lhs fcurkmts ikrnms, thas ahs upwhaanmgs

Ahs rhicmths lhkux ercnlhs ht prcecmlhs, mciihs upwhaanmg , scmt um p`mcimh

mkturha fcipahxh kykmt umh grkmlh nipcrtkmfh lkms ak rhlnstrnoutncm lhs mutrnihmts hm

surekfh. Fhs p`mcimhs phrihtthmt umh prcluftnvnt hm oncikssh suprnhurh lkms ahs

zcmhs c nas sh ikmnehsthmt ht, pkr vcnh lh fcmsquhmfh, umh kugihmtktncm lhs pcpuaktncmslh pcnsscms ht kutrhs prlkthurs ikrnms suprnhurs. Gmrkahihmt fyfanquhs, ahs

iclnenfktncms lhs upwhaanmgs lsqunanorhmt afcsystih acfka fcmfhrm ht ak prcluftnvnt

lhs iksshs lhku. Knmsn, ah orksskgh lh ak fcacmmh lhku l kux thipths k pu phrturohr fh

p`mcimh lupwhaanmg ht nipkfthr ahs pcpuaktncms lcnshkux qun prcenthmt `kontuhaahihmt

lh fhtth rhsscurfh onhm acfkansh, lkutkmt paus pcur lhs cnshkux mnf`hurs acfkux.

Ak ecrth `cuah ht ah orksskgh lhs iksshs lhku ht mutrnihmts

Ahs ecrths `cuahs (hmtrh 8 ht ;? itrhs) qun cmt svn rptntncm lurkmt a`nvhr ?4;< (bkmvnhr

ht evrnhr mctkiihmt), kffcipkgmhs lh ecrts vhmts ht lh lprhssncms, cmt hmtrknm umh

lphmsh mhrgtnquh suppaihmtknrh lh ak pkrt lhs cnshkux pcur kssurhr ahur eacttknscm ht

rhsthr lkms ahur zcmh pakgnquh l`nvhrmkgh. Lh paus, fhs `cuahs cmt kussn pu kugihmthr lh

ikmnrh acfkah ht pcmftuhaah ah orksskgh lhs iksshs lhku hm surekfh ht lhs mutrnihmts

quhaahs fcmtnhmmhmt. Knmsn, ak prcluftnvnt k pu hm trh keehfth acfkahihmt, ht ahs stcfjs lh

pcnsscms kurknhmt pu sh lnsphrshr paus acnm pcur fciphmshr fh lenfnt hm rhsscurfhs, aknsskmt

lhrrnrh hux ahurs prlkthurs keeknoans. Ahs prcnhs (pcnsscms, frustkfs, htf.) lhs kafnls qun

cmt suosnst acfkahihmt kurknhmt pu skornthr lh ak `cuah hm kugihmtkmt ahur prcecmlhur, ahs

rhmlkmt lneenfnahihmt kffhssnoahs pcur lhs cnshkux scus-kanihmts ht lb keeknoans. Hmenm, ahsikfkrhux sh mcurrnsshmt `kontuhaahihmt lkms ahs ;4 prhinhrs itrhs lh ak fcacmmh lhku ht


65/88

Hf`cukgh ikssne lcnshkux ikrnms lurkmt a`nvhr ?4;< sur ak ekklh ktakmtnquh877). Na fcmvnhmlrknt lh ihttrh hm

fcrraktncm lhs lcmmhs `kanhutnquhs kvhf ahs lcmmhs lf`cukgh pcur aufnlhr ak pkrt

pcthmtnhaah lh rhspcmskonant lh fhtth fkush lkms ak icrtkant `nvhrmkah lhs cnshkux. Ah

f`kmghihmt faniktnquh phut kussn kvcnr bcu um rah nipcrtkmt lkms ak vkrnkonant lh ak

lnstrnoutncm lhs stcfjs pakgnquhs. Kvhf ah rf`kueehihmt lh ak ihr, ah fcipcrthihmt lhs

prcnhs k f`kmg 2 haahs ingrhmt hm prcecmlhur cu paus ku mcrl (Gnaahs Ohmtz/ATC fcii.

phrs.).

Ak prnclh lh iuh

Ak iuh lhs cnshkux ikrnms sh lrcuah hm `kuth ihr ak enm lh a`nvhr hm gmrka2 ahs cnshkux

rhipakfhmt hmtnrhihmt ahurs prniknrhs kvkmt lh rhtcurmhr sur ahs snths lh rhprcluftncm.

Vhacm @krrns & Wkmahss (?4;;), ak iuh kmmuhaah prnmfnpkah lhs ikfkrhux ht ak prnclh

lnmfkpkfnt lh vca fcmfnlhmt scuvhmt kvhf ak enm lh a`nvhr ht ahs niikturhs kurknhmt umh

iuh paus tkrlnvh. Fhphmlkmt, ah p`mcimh lh iuh shioah paus fcipahxh punsquh fhrtknms

kluaths rhtrcuvs icrts akutcimh sur lhs ahs mcrlnquhs tknhmt gkahihmt hm prnclh lh

iuh (lcmmhs lkrf`nvh lh Injh @krrns). Fhak scuavh ak pcssnonant lumh iuh trs eahxnoah

f`hz ah ikfkrhux icnmh cu lumh lcuoah-iuh `nvhrmkah. Ahxkihm praninmknrh lhs

fklkvrhs fcaahfts k licmtr quh quhaquhs cnshkux tknhmt hm iuh, ahs rhmlkmt nmkpths ku

vca ku icihmt c ahs thipths ht ak `cuah scmt survhmuhs.

Ahs vkguhs lh ercnl (strhss t`hrinquh) ht a`ypct`hrinh

\cus ahs cnshkux kffuhnaans hm fhmtrhs lh skuvhgkrlh tknhmt hm tkt l`ypct`hrinh svrh,

prshmtkmt scuvhmt umh thiprkturh fcrpcrhaah lhmvnrcm 67F ku anhu lh


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icronlnt lhs cnshkux. Onhm scuvhmt, a`ypct`hrinh hst aum lhs prhinhrs syiptihs

coshrvkoahs lh ak ikamutrntncm cu lhs ikaklnhs, ht fh strhss t`hrinquh kffhmtuh hmfcrh paus

ahs prhinrhs squhaahs (kugihmtktncm lu itkocansih pcur rtkoanr ak thiprkturh lh

acrgkmnsih, lphmshs mhrgtnquhs paus grkmlhs ht paus rkpnlh, htf.).

Hm eknt, ahs kaks itcrcacgnquhs ht ahs vkguhs lh ercnl scmt acrngnmh lumh pkrt mcm -

mganghkoah lh ak icrtkant fcmstkth f`hz ahs cnshkux ikrnms. K pkrtnr lum nmlnfh lh rnguhur

lhs vkguhs lh ercnl, hmrhgnstrhs lhpuns ahs kmmhs ;>84, cm fcmstkth quh ak icrtkant lhs

cnshkux hst paus ahvh acrs lhs pnsclhs lh grkmls ercnls quh acrs lkmmhs mcrikahs . Na

k lknaahurs t icmtr umh fcrraktncm hmtrh ah mciorh lh fklkvrhs rhtrcuvs f`cus ht ahs

kaks faniktnquhs (vkguhs lh ercnl, thipths hxfhptncmmhaahs). Ahs acmguhs prnclhs

lnmthiprnhs keeknoansshmt fcmsnlrkoahihmt ahs crgkmnsihs, fcmlunskmt ak icrt pkr

ikamutrntncm cu pkr lvhacpphihmt lh ikaklnhs nmehftnhushs.

Ak pcaautncm kux `ylrcfkrourhs

K ak in-evrnhr ?4;). Ahs kafnls scmt lhs

cnshkux ikrnms ecrthihmt vuamrkoahs ku ikzcutkgh, mctkiihmt hm rknscm lh ahur iclh lh

f`kssh (pacmghur / mkghur lh suo-surekfh) ht lh ahur iclh lh vnh grgknrh hm `nvhrmkgh. Nas

scmt erquhiihmt vnftnihs lhs `ylrcfkrourhs, qunas scnhmt lvhrss hm ihr

kffnlhmthaahihmt (ikrh mcnrh) cu vcacmtknrhihmt (lgkzkgh). Ahs cnshkux ikzcuts

ihurhmt ah paus scuvhmt lpunshihmt sunth ku ikmquh ltkmf`nt lh ahur pauikgh, vcnrh

hm nmgrkmt ahs `ylrcfkrourhs qun scunaahmt ahur pauikgh (Gnaahs Ohmtz/ATC fcii. phrs.).

Lkprs um onakm lu GCM, um tnhrs lhs nmlnvnlus rhtrcuvs f`cus sur ak prnclh ;>76-?4;;

scmt lhs kafnls, fhtth prcpcrtncm lpksskmt ahs >4% acrs lpnsclhs fktkstrcp`nquhs lh

pcaautncms kux ylrcfkrourhs. Fhphmlkmt, ak prcpcrtncm lcnshkux ikzcuts hst rhaktnvhihmt

eknoah pcur fht f`cukgh `nvhrmka lh ?4;< ah acmg lhs fths ktakmtnquhs erkmknshs (;;%) ht ah

ikzcutkgh mh fcmstntuh lcmf pks ak fkush prnmfnpkah lhs f`cukghs. \cuthecns, ahs

`ylrcfkrourhs kurknhmt pu kgnr fciih ekfthur lh icrtkant kggrkvkmt, hm tcuf`kmt lhs

cnshkux lb ecrthihmt keeknoans (fh qun kurknt hu fciih fcmsquhmfh lh ahs kf`hvhr), scnt

hm scunaakmt ahs fcrps lhs fklkvrhs kprs ahur icrt (fh qun kurknt pu fcmtkinmhr ahsf`krcgmkrls qun shm mcurrnsshmt2 rhmkrls, gcakmls, rkpkfhs, fcrvnls, htf.). Ak

fcmtkinmktncm pcst-icrthi phut nmthrvhmnr scnt ku fcurs lh ak lrnvh hm ihr lh acnshku cu

kprs ahur f`cukgh. Ahs ikrhs phuvhmt gkahihmt kugihmthr ah mnvhku lh scunaaurh lhs

nmlnvnlus.

Anmghstncm lh pcaaukmts lh mkturh vkrnh

Ahs cnshkux ikrnms nmgrhmt lhs pcaaukmts lh mkturh vkrnh (`ylrcfkrourhs, infrc-pakstnquhs,

prclunts f`ninquhs ht p`ytcskmntknrhs, itkux acurls, htf.) qun sh trcuvhmt lkms ak fcacmmh

lhku cu sh fcmfhmtrhmt lkms ahurs prcnhs. Ahur crgkmnsih prcvcquh kacrs um p`mcimh lhonckffuiuaktncm lh fhs suostkmfhs hxcgmhs, hm ahs enxkmt ak paupkrt lu thips lkms ahs


67/88


grknsshs lh rshrvh, ahs crgkmhs nmthrmhs (ecnh, rhnms) cu ahmshioah lhs tnssus (iusfahs,

phku, pauihs, ). Acrs lum pnsclh lh ikamutrntncm, acnshku punsh shs rshrvhs

mhrgtnquhs lkms sk ikssh klnphush, fh qun anorh lkms acrgkmnsih umh fcmfhmtrktncm lh

suostkmfhs tcxnquhs prkakoahihmt stcfjhs, ktthngmkmt pkrecns um mnvhku atkah (hx 2 pacio

ht znmf kffuiua pkr ahs crgkmnsihs acrs lh af`cukgh lh ;>5> scurfh 2 @calgkth, ;>7;).Ah ihrfurh, kuquha scmt pkrtnfuanrhihmt hxpcss ahs cnshkux ikrnms, hmtrknmh umh ecrth

mhurctcxnfnt umh ecns anor lkms acrgkmnsih.

Ahs pkrksnths, vnrus, okftrnhs ht kutrhs kghmts nmehftnhux

Ak prshmfh lh pkrksnths phut kggrkvhr um tkt gmrka lh eknoahssh fciih fh eut ah fks pcur

fhrtknms kafnls hm ;>06 kvhf um miktclh. Lh paus, lnvhrshs ikaklnhs cu lsqunanorhs

phuvhmt tcuf`hr ahs pcpuaktncms lcnshkux ikrnms2 lenfnt hm fkafnui, ksphrgnaacsh, ikaklnh

lh Mhwfkstah, ak gkah, ah octuansih, af`nmcfcffcsh, htf. Fhphmlkmt, lkprs Injh @krrns, nashioah phu prcokoah quumh ikaklnh scnt acrngnmh lhs f`cukghs ikssnes lh ikfkrhux

icnmh tkmt lcmm ahur symf`rcmnsktncm sur umh akrgh zcmh ftnrh um icihmt c ahs

fcmlntncms itcrcacgnquhs tknhmt pkrtnfuanrhihmt rngcurhushs hm ihr, fh qun hxpanquh

inhux ak icrtkant. Hm Erkmfh, ah FUEVH/CMN_NV k hu ahs iihs fcmfausncms sunth kux

prhinrhs lnsshftncms rkanshs hm ?4;


68/88


phrtnmhmt, mctkiihmt hm rknscm lhs nmfhrtntulhs sur ak lthrinmktncm lhs hspfhs. Lhs

hspfhs thaahs quh ihrah/grnvh, ohrghrcmmhtth/pnpnt/rcugh-gcrgh, fngcgmh, ouskrl lhs

rcshkux ht kutrhs cmt t sngmkahs f`cuhs ht icrths. Lh mciorhux fklkvrhs lh ftkfs

(lkup`nmsengurh 66), tcrtuhs (engurh 6


69/88


8. Fcmfausncm

Fhtth vkguh lf`cukgh skms prflhmt fcmmu hm Erkmfh k pu trh sunvnh lh ikmnrh

sktnseknskmth grfh acrgkmnsktncm lh iuatnpahs shssncms lh fciptkgh cffksncmmhaahs cu

rguanrhs. Fh p`mcimh lh icrtkant k fcmfhrm um mciorh bkikns fcmstkt lkafnls2prs lh


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Hf`cukgh ikssne lcnshkux ikrnms lurkmt a`nvhr ?4;< sur ak ekklh ktakmtnquh8>

5.Kfrcmyihs

KKIT2 Kghmfh lhs knrhs ikrnmhs prctghs

K@UAK 2 Kmnika @hkat` kml Uhthrnmkry Akocrktcrnhs Kghmfy

KTHFV 2 Ksscfnktncm Tcur aHtulh ht ak Fcmshrvktncm lhs Vakfnhms

O\C 2 Orntns` \rust Crmnt`cacgy

FkpCh_k 2 Fkpsuahs lues lh _knhs

FHL_H 2 Fhmtrh lh Lcfuihmtktncm, lh _hf`hrf`h ht lHxprnihmtktncm sur ahs pcaautncmskffnlhmthaahs lhs hkux

FH@ 2 Fhmtrh ecr Hfcacgy & @ylrcacgy

FM_V2 Fhmtrh Mktncmka lh ak _hf`hrf`h Vfnhmtnenquh

F_OTC 2 Fhmtrh lh _hf`hrf`h sur ak Oncacgnh lhs Tcpuaktncms lCnshkux

L_HKA 2 Lnrhftncm _gncmkah lh aHmvnrcmmhihmt, lh aKimkghihmt ht lu Acghihmt

LL\I 2 Lnrhftncm Lpkrthihmtkah lhs \hrrntcnrhs lh ak Ihr

HFCONC 2 Hfcsystihs, Onclnvhrsnt, Hvcautncm (XI_ FM_V 5886)

@KT 2 @ylrcfkrourh Krciktnquh Tcayfyfanquh

NCLLH 2 Nah lCarcm Lvhacpphihmt Lurkoah Hmvnrcmmhihmt

ANHMVs 2 Anttcrka HMvnrcmmhihmt ht Vcfnts (XI_ 7?55)

ATC 2 Anguh pcur ak Trcthftncm lhs Cnshkux

IHLLH 2 Inmnstrh lh aHfcacgnh, lu Lvhacpphihmt Lurkoah ht lh aHmhrgnh

CMFEV2 Ceenfh Mktncmka lh ak F`kssh ht lh ak Ekumh Vkuvkgh

TKFCII 2 Trcgrkiih lKfqunsntncm lh Fcmmknsskmfhs sur ahs Cnshkux ht ahs Ikiinerhs

IkrnmsTFO 2 TcayF`acrcOnp`myahs

TCAIK_ 2 TCAautncm IK_ntnih

TCT 2 Tcaaukmt Crgkmnquh Thrsnstkmt

Coshrvktcnrh THAKGNV (XIV 6


71/88


_VTO 2 _cyka Vcfnhty ecr t`h Trcthftncm ce Onrls

VKII 2 Vunvn Krnhm lh ak Igkekumh Ikrnmh

VHC/Onrlaneh2 Vcfnhlkl Hspkcak lh Crmntcacgnk

VTHK 2 Vcfnhlklh Tcrtuguhsk pkrk c Hstulc lks Kvhs

XEFV 2 Xmncm Erkmknsh lhs Fhmtrhs lh Vkuvhgkrlh

7. Onoancgrkp`nh

-

Olkrl, B. (;>08). Hvcautncm kml f`krkfthrnstnfs ce t`h Ktakmtnf Kafnlkh.p. ;-86 nm L. M. Mhttahs`np kml

\. _. Onrj`hkl, hls. \`h Ktakmtnf Kafnlkh2 t`h hvcautncm, lnstrnoutncm, kml oncacgy ce t`h kujs nm`kontnmg

t`h Ktakmtnf Cfhkm kml klbkfhmt wkthr krhks.Kfklhinf Trhss, M.^.

-

OnrlAneh Nmthrmktncmka (?445>). Vhkonrl sakug`thr.O.\.C. Mhws, 65 (;>5>), pp. ;?

-

Fklncu O., F`hmhsshku L. & Bcsaknm @. (?446). Ikrh mcnrh lh aHrnjk Fcmtrnoutncm atulh lh

anipkft sur akvnekumh. Onakm mktncmka lhs f`cukghs ht lh ak icrtkant lhs cnshkux (OMHIC).

Orhtkgmh Unvkmth-VHTMO/ATC Acnrh-Ktakmtnquh/Coshrvktcnrh lhs ikrhs mcnrhs /LN_HM Orhtkgmh. >5 p.

-

Fklncu O., Tcms B.-I. & ^scu T. (Hls.) (?4454-?444).lntncms Onctcph, Izh, ?;0 p.

-

Fklncu O., ^scu T. & Vncrkt E. (?447). F`rcmnquh lumh sknscm lneenfnah pcur ahs cnshkux ikrnms hm

Orhtkgmh. Orhtkgmh Unvkmthm;75). Kafnl mhstnmg `kontkt cm t`h Iknmh Fckst kml nts rhahvkmfh tc t`h Frntnfka Krhks

Trcgrki. Fcpyrng`t ;>7>. Hxhfutnvh Lhp., Iknmh Frntnfka Krhks Trcgrki. Takmmnmg _hpcrt Mc. 8. ??pp.

- Frcxkaa B.T., Outf`krt [email protected]., Aksfhaahs O., Vtktthrsenhal K.B., Vuaanvkm O., Vyihs K. & \kyacr T. (?4;?).

Vhkonrl fcmshrvktncm stktus, t`rhkts kml prncrnty kftncms2 k gacoka ksshssihmt. Onrl Fcmshrvktncm

Nmthrmktncmkam??, pp ;-67?-?440.

-

Lh Vhymhs K. (?4;4o). Hfc[cs Gunaahicts lh \rca ikzcuts ht pkrtnfuahs lh pakstnquh f`hz ahs

euaikrs ocrkasVymt`sh lhs lcmmhs ?44>.

-

Lh Vhymhs K. (?4;;). Hfc[cs Gunaahicts lh \rca ikzcuts ht pkrtnfuahs lh pakstnquh f`hz ahs euaikrs

ocrkasVymt`sh lhs lcmmhs ?4;4-?4;;.

-

Lha @cyc B., Haanctt K. & Vkrgktka B. hls (;>>?). @kmloccj ce t`h onrls ce t`h wcral2 Cstrnf` tc Lufjs.

Uca. N. Aymx Hlnfncms.

-

Lha @cyc B., Haanctt K. & Vkrgktka B. hls (;>>5). @kmloccj ce t`h onrls ce t`h wcral2 @cktznm tc Kujs.

Uca. NNN. Aymx Hlnfncms.

- Lhakmy V., Vfctt L. (fcipnahrs) (?445). Wkthronrl pcpuaktncm hstnikths- Ecurt` hlntncm. Whtakmls

Nmthrmktncmka Hl.-

Lupuns U., Bnguht E., Lhfhumnmfj O., Infca \. (?4;;). Htkt ht thmlkmfhs lh akvnekumh mnf`hush hm

Erkmfh itrcpcantknmh. IM@M/ATC, shrvnfh lntncm ATC.


72/88


-

Hvkms, T. G. @. & L. M. Mhttahs`np (;>08). Fcmshrvktncm ce t`h Ktakmtnf Kafnlkh.p. -;6?.

- @calgkth, I. W. (;>7;). \`h shkonrl wrhfj ce ;>5> nm t`h Nrns` Vhk. Inihcgrkp`hl, 75 pp., Mkturka

Hmvnrcmihmt _hshkrf` Fcumfna, Ka`kiork @cush, Acmlcm.

- Nerhihr/KKIT (?4;;). _kppcrt lh akthanhr lh symt`sh lh avkauktncm nmntnkah lh ak LFVII. Tkrns,

shpthiorh ?4;;.-

NXFM (?4;6). NXFM _hl Anst ce \`rhkthmhl Vphfnhs.

- Intf`haa T.N., Mhwtcm V., _ktfaneeh M. & Lumm \.H. (?4477). Vnzh ce eccl cobhfts ce t`rhh ens`-hktnmg shkonrls sphfnhs 2 Xrnk kkagh,

Kafk tcrlkkml Erkthrfuak krftnfk(Kvhs, Kafnlkh).Mht`hrakmls Nmstntuth ecr Vhk _hshkrf`, \hxha, \`h

Mht`hrakmls. Nm Mht`hrakmls Bcurmka ce Vhk _hshkrf` ;; (;) 2 >?->0.

-

XNFM Erkmfh, IM@M, ATC, VHCE & CMFEV (?4;;). Ak Ansth rcugh lhs hspfhs ihmkfhs hm Erkmfh-

F`kpntrh Cnshkux lh Erkmfh itrcpcantknmh. Tkrns, Erkmfh.

-

Xmlhrwccl A.K. & Vtcwh \.B. (;>00-00.

Enf`hs hspfhs2

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NVVK M. (fccrl), ?4;8. Ktaks lhs cnshkux mnf`hurs ht hm `nvhr lh Erkmfh itrcpcantknmh. ATC, VHCE,IM@M. Lhakf`kux & Mhsta, Tkrns.

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www.cnshkux.mht-

NXFM ?4;6 2

OnrlAneh Nmthrmktncmka (?4;?).Kafk tcrlk. Nm2 NXFM ?4;6. NXFM _hl Anst ce \`rhkthmhl Vphfnhs.Uhrsncm ?4;6.?. 1www.nufmrhlanst.crg=.

OnrlAneh Nmthrmktncmka (?4;?). Kaah kaah. Nm2 NXFM ?4;6. NXFM _hl Anst ce \`rhkthmhl Vphfnhs.Uhrsncm ?4;6.?. 1www.nufmrhlanst.crg=.

OnrlAneh Nmthrmktncmka (?4;?). Erkthrfuak krftnfk. Nm2 NXFM ?4;6. NXFM _hl Anst ce \`rhkthmhlVphfnhs. Uhrsncm ?4;6.?. 1www.nufmrhlanst.crgwww.nufmrhlanst.crg=

OnrlAneh Nmthrmktncmka (?4;?). Euaikrus gakfnkans. Nm2 NXFM ?4;6. NXFM _hl Anst ce \`rhkthmhlVphfnhs. Uhrsncm ?4;6.?. 1www.nufmrhlanst.crg1www.nufmrhlanst.crg=.

OnrlAneh Nmthrmktncmka (?4;?). Ihakmnttk mngrk. Nm2 NXFM ?4;6. NXFM _hl Anst ce \`rhkthmhlVphfnhs. Uhrsncm ?4;6.?. 1www.nufmrhlanst.crg=.

OnrlAneh Nmthrmktncmka (?4;?). Icrus oksskmus. Nm2 NXFM ?4;6. NXFM _hl Anst ce \`rhkthmhlVphfnhs. Uhrsncm ?4;6.?. 1www.nufmrhlanst.crg=.

OnrlAneh Nmthrmktncmka (?4;?). _nssk trnlkftyak. Nm2 NXFM ?4;6. NXFM _hl Anst ce \`rhkthmhlVphfnhs. Uhrsncm ?4;6.?. 1www.nufmrhlanst.crg=.

OnrlAneh Nmthrmktncmka (?4;?). Xrnk kkagh. Nm2 NXFM ?4;6. NXFM _hl Anst ce \`rhkthmhl Vphfnhs.Uhrsncm ?4;6.?. 1www.nufmrhlanst.crg=.
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0.Kmmhxhs

Kmmhxh ; 2 Keenf`h lh fciiumnfktncm pcur ahs prhinhrs rhfhmshihmts lu _HMCI


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Kmmhxh ? 2 Trctcfcah lh fciptkgh lhs cnshkux f`cus (vhrsncm lu ;6.4?.?4;


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lpo - bilan des échouages 2014

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