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LINUX

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X window systemy When Unix releasedit wasa commandline

interface(CLI) based OS.

y Users mayneedto learn &remember the commands,parametersandsyntax.

y New users feel uncomfortable usingthisCLI ,leadstothedevelopment of GUI graphical user interface for

UNIX.y UNIX GUI comprises of 3 layers:

yX Window system, Window manager , and Desktopenvironment.

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y Beinga Unix clone LINUXalso followsthese GUIstandards.

y Window System: Set ofsoftware librariesthatis usedtomanagethegraphical capabilities ofasystem.

y Linux uses -X Window system (X or X11)

y Developedin 1980s @ Massachusetts university(MIT)y Itisnotlimitedto anyOS or hardware.

y TheX Window System (commonlyX or X11) isa computer

softwaresystem andnetwork protocolthat providesagraphical user interface(GUI) for networked computers.

y It provides windowing on computer displaysand manageskeyboardand pointingdevice control Functions.

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yXis builtasalayer ontop ofthe operatingsystem

kernel.yX FollowsClient-server architecture.

y Clientrequest aservicesuchasdisplaying clientdata

y Server responds byprovidingtheservice.

y It uses clientserver protocol calledX Protocol.

yXClients: Application programsthat utilizestheservices ofthe X Server.

yX Server : Software program thatservesthe clientrequest.

y Eg.: Accelerated X, Metro X.

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y Whenahardwareeventsuchasthe keypress or mousemovement occurs,the XServer receivesthe

informationand passesitto the clientapplication.y Client processthe receivedinformationandsendsa

request back to theserver.

y Eg. ofsuch requestis:To displaya character or draw

somegraphics. Theserver thenexecutesthis request.yXServer and clients can be onsame machine or on

different machines over thenetwork.

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X Desktop environmenty Desktop environment: Itisa user interface runs on

the window manager.

yXdesktop environment -Providesa collection ofgraphical utilities-XClients.

y It providesa graphical file manager andaset ofapplicationand utilities.

y User can work onthisenvironment.y Popular desktop environmentsare:GNOME,

KDE,CDE etc.

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Window managery Itis used bythe window system to storeinformation

aboutthelocation ofeach window onthedesktop.

y Also managessizeandstatus ofeach window(maximized or minimized).

y Commonlyused window manager :saw fish

y Also provides widgets(icons,buttonsetc.)

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GNOME desktop environmenty GNU Network Object Model Environment.

y DefaultDesktop environment for Red hat Linux.

y Comprises of X 11 clientsto support X11 desktopenvironment.

y Default window manager isSawfish.

y Other window managersthat can be usedare:

Enlightment, Window Maker, IceWM etc.

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Gnome Features

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y Open source software available free of cost.

y UsesCOBRA(Common Object Request BrokerArchitecture)for development-Allowsapplicationrunning on GNOME to interoperate.

y Gnomecan run on any compliant windowmanager.

y SupportsDrag and drop - Users can move objects.

y GNOME applicationaresession aware-Allowstheapplicationsto remember the open windowsandpositions.

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y Gnomehasagraphicaltoolkit-GTK(Gnome tool kit)-

used forvariousgraphicalapplicationslikeGIMP.y Supports3Dwiththehelp ofMesa-opensource

implementation of OpenGL.

y Extensivedocumentation.

y Supportsmany national languages.-Canaddnewones.

y Supportsvirtual consoles andmultiple desktops.

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Gnome Panel

y Gnomeinterface mainlyconsists of Gnome panelandthedesktop area.

y Gnome-panel isahighlyconfigurablelauncher andtaskbar for GNOME.

y It formsacore part ofthedefault GNOME desktop.y Can customizethe panel.

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y

Gnome panel consist ofthe following objects:

Menus,Launchers,Applets,Drawers,Special objects.

y Menus :List ofitemsthat can useto starta program,

executea command.y Launchers: Buttonsto starta program or a command.

y Placedinsidethe panel.

y Canspecifythe properties.

y Applets : Smallapplicationsthatare placed onthepanel.

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y Drawers: Extension ofa panelthat can open or close.Can useto storelaunchers,applets or other drawers.

y Special object: Will perform special operationthatarenotavailable on other objects.

y Eg.: Logout button.

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Gnome Control center

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y Allowsto configurevariousaspects ofthe OS.

y In control center -Can usea collection of controltools

knownastheCapplets or applets to configure.y Dividedinto 2 planes.:

y Left plane:Displaysthe menu ofavailableCapplets.

y Right plane:Displaysthe workspace of menu item

selected .

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Capplets

y Controlappletsto configurethesystem.

y Some ofthe c applets group are:

y Desktop Capplety Document Handlers

y Multimedia Capplet

y Peripherals

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Desktop Capplet

y Background CApplet

y To specifythe properties ofthedesktop.

y Canadjust color(solid or gradient),image(tiled, center ,

stretch)

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y ScreensaverCapplet

y To modifythe properties ofscreensaver.

y Canspecifythescreensaver from thelistandadjustitssettings.

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Document Handlersy To specifythesettings relatedto documenthandling.

DefaultEditor Capplet:y To selectthedefaulteditor for GNOME from thelist.

y In file manager, whenyou double click onthe file,thefile opens byusingtheselectededitor.

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y MIMETypes Capplet

y MIME-multimedia internet mail extension

y To configurevarious filetypes.y Allowsaspecific extension fileto be opened witha

particular application mentioned.

y Eg:.html fileto be opened withgedit application.

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y URL Handlers CApplet:

y To configure which programsare usedto displaythe

URL.y Canspecifythe program to openthehelp pages(man

pages). Default program:gnomehelp browser.

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Multimedia Capplety To specifythe multimediasettings ofthesystem.

Sound CApplet:

y To specifysettings for thesoundin Gnome.y Have Generaltab and Soundeventstab

y General tabwillallowsto enable/disablethesoundfeature.

y Sound events tabwillspecifythename ofsound filesthatareneedto beassociated withtheevents.

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PeripheralsTo specifythe properties ofthe peripheralsinthesystem.

CD Peripherals CApplety To specifythe properties oftheCD ROM drivesuchas

automaticallymounttheCD wheninserted, Open filemanager etc.

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Key board Capplet:

y

To specifythe keyboard relatedsettings.y canspecifythe repeat rate, repeatdelay,click sounds,

keyboarderror sound(bells) etc.

y MouseCapplet:y To specifythe mouse functionalities.

y Canspecifytheswitching ofleftand right mousebuttons functions, motion of mouse pointer etc.

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File managery Gnomehasagraphical manager thatyou can useto

mange filesanddirectories onthe computer.

y GNUMidnight Commander(GMC)based onMidnightCommander File Manager.

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Navigation

yCan openthe file manager byselectingthe file mangercommand from the main menu or bydouble clickingthehomedirectory.

y Canalso specifytheviewing optionslikeicon,details,

or customviews.

Creating and removing directories

y Selectdirectoryoption from the File menu andspecify

thename.

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y Moving files

y Renaming files

y Deleting filesy Viewing file operations

Showsthe read,write,execute properties,ownershipinformation ofa file.

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K Desktop environment(KDE)

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y KDE isa GUI for Linuxthat offersvarious utilities.

y Italso providesKofficesuite

y Most widelyusedinterface on Linuxsystems.y Matthias Ettrich initiatedtheKDE projectin 1996 for

Unix,initiallyknownasKool Desktop environment.

y

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Features:

y Provides over 150 utilities.

y Free of costy Onlinehelp

y Provide officesuite

y Supportssession management

y Supports multipledesktops.

y SupportsDraganddrop feature

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KDE interfaceKDE displaysthe following:

y KDE panelat bottom

y Desktop

Desktop

Defaulticonsshownare:

y Kontrol panel-OpensControl panel

y

Autostart-Specifytheapplicationsthat wouldstartwhenloggedin.

y Linux Documenation-Willgoto linux documentationproject website

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y Printer-displaysthe printqueuedialog box.

y Cdrom,floppy,trash,www.redhat.com icons

Panel

y Showsvariousiconsand buttons.

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KonquerorWeb browser and file manager for KDE

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y Compliant with HTML 4,support JAVAand otherplugins.

y

Enablesto perform basic andadvanced filemanagement operations.

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K OfficeOfficesuiteincludesthe following:

y KWord

y Kspready K presenter

y KChart

y Killustrator

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KWordy Word processing andDTP application.

y Allowsto applypredefinedstyles,templatesetc.

y Offersall word processing operationssimilar to others.

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K Spread

y Spreadsheetapplication,support mathematicalformulaeandstatistics.

y Supportalldataanalysis operations.

Kpresenter

y To create presentations.

y Caninsertgraphics,images and other objects.

KC

harty To create chartsandgraphs.Can embedd these charts

to other docs.

y Supportsline,bar,pie,area charts ..

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K illustrator

y To create 2Ddrawings.

y Can create points,lines,rectangles ,polygonsetc.y Canexportthesedrawingsto EPS(encapsulated

postscript format)

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K maily E mail client forKDE

y Supports IMAP,POP3.

y Providesaddress book ,emailaddressesetc.

y Supportssearchandspell check.

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KDE Control centery Similar to Gnome control center.

y Allowsto modifythe user andsystem settings.

y Open by: control center commandinapplicationmenu.

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Control center window isdividedinto 2 planes:

y Left plane-showsthelist of configuration modules.

y Right plane-Showsthesettings for theselectedmodule.

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KDE control center havethe following modules:

y File browsing-file manager,assocations

y Help-settings relatedto help search

y Information

y Look and feel

y Networky Peripherals

y Personalization-keybaord layout,country,passwords.

y Power control-Batterymonitor and warnings

y Sound-midi,mixer,soundserver settings.

y System-bootmanager(LILO),date & time,login manager.

yWeb browsing-Settings for web browser.

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Kjotsy Usedto writeshortnotes.

y Start byutilities>Kjot command.

y Can organizenotes bycreating pagesand books.y To create book: File>New book,andnamethe book

indialog box.

y Allowsto work on multiple bookssimultaneously

y Canspecifysubjects for the pages.y To selecta page:>selectsubject from thesubjectlist of

hotlist menu.

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y Canadd or remove books from thehotlist.

y To customizethisapplication useoption menu

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K Disk Freey Providethe overview oftheharddisks onyour

computer.

y

Monitor thestatus of Harddisks.y Allowsto mount or unmount adevice.

y Start by: System>Disk free command.

y Canalso customizethisapplication usingoption

menu.