l'hivernage viking dans les mondes francs et britanniques: introduction-bilan...

7/21/2019 L'hivernage viking dans les mondes francs et britanniques: Introduction-Bilan historiographique-Présentation des sources disponibles-Bibliographie

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Lfs ojhhêrfdtfs nppr`gafs dùs pfrkfttr`dt o'nv`jr ud rflnro +ustf ft lb`cnb surb'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl onds bfs k`dofs hrndg ft crjtnddjquf, nu trnvfrs ofs sjtfs o'ajvfrdnlf./njs g'fst fd nbbndt nu ofbí of gfttf jknlf quf dùs pùrr ds rêfbbfkfdt snjsjr bfpaêd`kádf of b'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl, jb hnut rfkfttrf gfttf jknlf fd bjfd í s`d êp`quf, nhjd ofg`kprfdorf bn pbngf qu'n fu b'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl onds b'ajst`jrf ou prfkjfr /`=fd >lf. ?dfsfg`dof pnrtjf of gfttf êtuof sf g`dgfdtrfrn sur gfs rêhbf(j`ds.2nds ud prfkjfr tfkps, dùs pùrr`ds g`dsjoêrfr bf paêd`kádf of b'ajvfrdnlf onds bfsrfbntj`ds fdtrf vjijdls ft pùv`jr hrndgs ft crjtnddjqufs. 2nds qufbbfs g`dojtj`ds sf s`dthnjtfs b'jdstnbbntj`d ou gnkp o'ajvfrdnlf o'nc`ro ] $ujs qufbbf pbngf n fu b'ajvfrdnlf, fdtrftfdsj`ds ft g`dhbjts kjbjtnjrfs o'udf pnrt, knjs êlnbfkfdt fdtrf êgandlfs ft jdstnbbntj`dsourncbfs o'nutrf pnrt ]2nds ud sfg`do tfkps, fst gf quf b'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl n fu ofs rêpfrgussj`ds ourncbfs onds

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b'ajst`jrf ou prfkjfr /`=fd >lf ] %'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl d'n t'jb pns í bn h`js pfrkjs nu( vjijdls of kubtjpbjfr bfs pjbbnlfs, knjs tùt fd ofvfdndt vubdêrncbf ] @u qufbbf n êtê bnpbngf of b'ajvfrdnlf onds b'ajst`jrf ofs h`rtjhjgntj`ds kêojêvnbfs pnr f(fkpbf ]dhjd, onds ud ofrdjfr tfkps, jb pfut trf jdtêrfssndt of pr`p`sfr of dùvfnu( n(fso'êtuofs, pfrkfttndt of prêgjsfr ft ofdsjhjfr d`s g`ddnjssndgfs sur b'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl, knjspr`p`sndt êlnbfkfdt of sf p`sfr of dùvfbbfs qufstj`ds.

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N- Cjbnd ajst`rj`lrnpajquf

%`rsquf b'`d nc`rof b'êtuof of b'ajst`jrf ojtf " vjijdl #, udf lrndof ojvfrsjtê sfkcbfsf oêlnlfr ofs ùvrnlfs êgrjts ft pucbjês ofpujs quf b'ajst`jrf fst ofvfduf udf sgjfdgf vêrjtncbf. 6êndk`jds, udf gfrtnjdf êv`butj`d ajst`rj`lrnpajquf pfut sf oêlnlfr,têk`jldndt of bn ojvfrsjtê ofs êg`bfs ajst`rjqufs ft quj n pfrkjs onds s`d jdtêlrnbjtê ofhnjrf pr`lrfssfr d`trf g`ddnjssndgf of b'ajst`jrf. %'êv`butj`d ofs rflnros ft ofs êtuofs surb'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl fst jdtjkfkfdt bjêf í gfttf trnojtj`d ajst`rj`lrnpajquf & s`d êtuof fstnb`rs dêgfssnjrf pùr tùt trnvnjb sf vùbndt grjtjquf ft sgjfdtjhjquf.

N->. ûfbqufs tuofs h`donkfdtnbfs

%n g`ddnjssndgf of b'ajst`jrf vjijdl dùs vjfdt o'nc ro of Ngndojdnvjf, cfrgfnu ofgfttf s`gjêtêE. %'êb`jldfkfdt lê`lrnpajquf, knjs êlnbfkfdt ofs cnrrjárfs bjdlujstjqufs,gubturfbbfs ù k kf ajst`rj`lrnpajqufs ;bf k`dof vjijdl fst êtuojê pnr ofs gafrgafurskêojêvjstfs í b'ùfst of b' ur`pf, tndojs qu'jb fst ou o`knjdf ofs prêajst`rjfds fdNgndojdnvjf4, d'`dt pns hnv`rjsê fd 6`rválf, fd Nuáof ft nu 2ndfknri b'êtuof of of gfssgndojdnvfs pnrtjs vfrs bf k`dof 3rndg ft ndlb` sn(`d. L'fst sfubfkfdt í bn hjd ou ^J^ ákf

sjágbf quf b'ajst`jrf vjijdl trùvf sn pbngf, lr)gf í b'jkp`rtndt trnvnjb ou ond`js 5ànddfsNtfddstrup, quj pucbjf fdtrf 7E : ft 7EE< sfs quntrf jkp`sndts v`bukfs jdtjtubês A`rknddfrdf D ;trno. & Bfs A`rkndos 4.Nujtf í gfttf prfkjárf o=dnkjquf jssuf of bn Ngndojdnvjf, ofu( êtuofs h`donkfdtnbfs surb'ajst`jrf vjijdl v`dt trf êgrjtfs í b'ùfst, onds bfs rêlj`ds " vjgtjkfs # ofs rnjos vjijdls.d !dlbftfrrf, Lanrbfs 3rndgjs Wfnr= pucbjf fd 7E 7 Haf vj(jdls jd 8fstfrd @arjstfdo`k,

;& )& IOD t` ;& )& OOO>F, ` jb prêsfdtf udf prfkjárf gnrtf oêtnjbbêf ofs jdgursj`ds vjijdlsonds bfs r`=nukfs garêtjfds. N`d trnvnjb ndd`dgf b'ud ofs ùvrnlfs bfs pbus g`dsêqufdtspùr b'ajst`jrf vjijdl fd @ggjofdt, onds bf sfds ` fbbf hut udf vêrjtncbf h`dontj`d nokjsfpnr tùs ft d`d g`dtfstêf pfdondt b`dltfkps. !jdsj, fd !bbfknldf, _nbtafr 8`lfb sùtjfdt sn taásf )jf A`rknddfd udo ons r d(js$af fj$a /js 5ur r6doudl ofr A`rknd>ojf 4IDD-D>>0 77, í b'udjvfrsjtê of 9frbjd fd 7 0:. !trnvfrs bfs hr`dtjárfs, í trnvfrs bfs sjágbfs, jb n pu g`dstjtufr ud h`dos g`kkud sur bfqufbs'fst g`dstrujtf tùtf b'êtuof of b'ajst`jrf vjijdl fd êtncbjssndt bfs prjdgjpnbfs o`ddêfsspntj` tfkp`rfbbfs, êvádfkfdtjfbbfs, ft fd jdjtjndt bfs prfkjárfs ndnb=sfs o'êv`butj`d ft ofg`kprêafdsj`d of b'ajst`jrf vjijdl. bbf rfhbátf bf gùrndt p`sjtjvjstf ft bf sùgj o'êtncbjrofs hnjts ft bfur gar`d`b`ljf. d gfbn, dùs ojsp`s`ds nu+ùro'auj o'udf vnstf s=dtaásfknrqundt bfs ontfs ft bjfu( ofs prjdgjpnu( ajvfrdnlfs vjijdls g`ddus, ft bfs lrndofs`pêrntj`ds kjbjtnjrfs quj bfurs s`dt bjêfs. Nj b'`d df pfut qu'nokjrfr bf trnvnjb rênbjsê pnr _nbtafr 8`lfb, jb hnut knblrê tùt fd sùbjldfr bfs bjkjtfs & gfbbfs o'udf " ajst`jrf cntnjbbf #, o'udf ajst`jrf êvádfkfdtjfbbf, sf bjkjtndt tr`p sùvfdt í bn sjkpbf êv`gntj`d ofshnjts. Lfttf êtuof fst nu+ùro'auj ndgjfddf, fbbf hut bn prfkjárf of s`d lfdrf & fbbf d'n pu

E W%VNX , Jcfd Nijcstfo, " *fsfnrga ajst`r=, s kf g`kkfdts #, jd W%VNX , Jcfd Nijcstfo ;ojr.4, Xj(jdl trnofndo sfttbfkfdt jd $`dtjdfdtnb 1fstfrd ur`pf, /usfuk -usgubnduk $rfss, ?djvfrsjt= `h L`pfdanlufd, <070,p. 7E

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êvjtfr gfrtnjdfs frrfurs, gfrtnjds ùcbjs, ft d'n pu f(pb`jtfr quf bfs sùrgfs " `hhjgjfbbfs #,nddnbfs ft gar`djqufs, snds vêrjtncbf grjtjquf of sùrgfs k`dnstjqufs prêsfdtndt tùs bfsnrgaêt=pfs of b'jknljdnjrf vjijdl. !jdsj, bfs ajvfrdnlfs df s`dt luárf pbus êv`quês qufg`kkf têk`jd o'udf prêsfdgf o`ddêf, í ud k`kfdt o`ddê, ofs pjbbnros quf b'`d nppfbnjt vjijdls. 6êndk`jds, gfttf êtuof dùs hùrdjt udf prfkjárf gar`d`b`ljf ofs prjdgjpnu(ajvfrdnlfs, sur bnqufbbf pfut sf g`dstrujrf gfttf êtuof.

%fs oêgfddjfs quj suggêoárfdt í gft jkp`rtndt trnvnjb of _nbtafr 8`lfb fdtrnjdárfdtud gfrtnjd fdlùfkfdt pùr bf k`dof vjijdl onds bfs ojvfrsfs rêlj`ds ` jb hnbbut buttfrg`dtrf fu(. $busjfurs nutfurs fdtrfprjrfdt nb`rs of rfprfdorf bfs jdh`rkntj`ds hùrdjfs pnr _nbtafr 8`lfb nhjd of bfs prêgjsfr, ft o'fd hùrdjr udf dùvfbbf ndnb=sf. d 3rndgf,3frojdndo %`t prêpnrnjt udf jkp`rtndtf êtuof sur bfs vjijdls qundo _nbtafr 8`lfbsùtfdu sn taásf. Nfs trnvnu( p`stêrjfurs dùs `hhrfdt dêndk`jds of d`kcrfusfs êtuofssur bfs jdvnsj`ds vjijdl, trás prêgjsfs ft g`kpbátfs & bfs f(fkpbfs s`dt trás d`kcrfu(, knjsdùs pùrr`ds gjtfr b'udf of sfs prfkjárfs ft pbus hnkfusfs g`dtrjcutj d, Bn lrndofjdvnsj`d d`rkndof of OJE-OE3 7<, pucbjêf fd 7 0E pnr bn 9jcbj`taáquf of bQÊg`bf ofsLanrtfs. N'jb g`dstrujt udf ajst`jrf vjijdl sur bf tfrrjt`jrf of bn 3rndgf pbus +ustf, ft pbus

prêgjsf, s'jb g`rrjlf k kf qufbqufs frrfurs of _nbtafr 8`lfb, g'fst bfs o`ddêfs pucbjêfs pnrgf ofrdjfr qu'jb rêutjbjsf tù+ùrs g`kkf h`dofkfdt, snds rfkjsf fd gnusf lêdêrnbf, ft sndsf(pb`jtfr í s`d tùr of dùvfbbfs sùrgfs. !jdsj, g`dgfrdndt d`trf su+ft, 3frojdndo %`t nêv`quê, prêgjsê, g`rrjlê, bfs prjdgjpnu( ajvfrdnlfs vjijdls qu'nvnjt nvndgê _nbtafr 8`lfb,ft s'fst jdtêrfssê í udf grjtjquf ofs sùrgfs pùr fd oêlnlfr gfrtnjdfs vêrjtês, knjs tùt fdrfstndt tù+ùrs onds udf pr`cbêkntjquf o'ajst`jrf êvádfkfdtjfbbf. N`d Zuvrf o'ajst`rjfdrfstf pr`h`doêkfdt bjêf í bn trnojtj`d ajst`rj lrnpajquf of s`d tfkps. %n prfkjárfgar`d`b`ljf ofs ajvfrdnlfs quf dùs p`ssêoj`ds sf trùvf g`dhjrkêf ft prêgjsêf,d`tnkkfdt pùr bfs rêlj`ds ou r`=nukf hrndg of b'ùfst.

6ùs êv`qufr`ds êlnbfkfdt jgj of 5nd of _rjfs 7I, quj hut b'ud ofs prfkjfrs í pr`p`sfr fd7 <I udf grjtjquf gntêl`rjquf ofs sùrgfs k`dnstjqufs, ft o`dg udf rêvjsj`d of bn hjlurfou vjijdl, knjs fd rfstndt trás bjê í udf gfrtnjdf suc+fgtjvjtê o'`rjfdtntj`d pndlfrkndjstfquj +fttf udf `kcrf sur s`d trnvnjb. %'nddêf sujvndtf, jdnr 5`rnds`d nkfdnjt í s`d tùrud rflnro dùvfnu sur b'ajst`jrf vjijdl, fd pucbjndt fd 7 <1 Haf )ndflfbo jd ^rnd$f , udêtuof s'jdtêrfssndt nu( " vjgtjkfs # ofs vjijdls fd 3rndgf, pnr b'êtuof ofs rndU`ds ft ofstrjcuts nttrjcuês pnr bfs p`pubntj`ds b`gnbfs nu( vjijdls. Lfs ofu( ofrdjárfs êtuofs dftùgafdt pns jkkêojntfkfdt í b'êtuof of b'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl, knjs = rfstf trás êtr`jtfkfdtbjêfs, nkfdndt b'jdtêr t o'êtuojfr bfs jdtfrngtj`ds fdtrf vjijdls ft p`pubntj`ds b`gnbfs, ft quj`dt pnrh`js fu bjfu onds bf g`dtf(tf o'ud ajvfrdnlf vjijdl. 3frdndo 8frgnutfrfdnppr`h`dojrn bn qufstj`d of gfs jdtfrngtj`ds í dùvfnu fd 7 IM, @`kkfdt s'fst-`d o fdounu M!f sj*$bf, onds b' kpjrf rnd$, $`dtrf bfs Mdvnsj`ds A`rkndofs S , ft nppr`gaf o`dg bfs vjijdls fd êtuojndt bf rflnro k kf of bfurs " vjgtjkfs #, nu sfjd ofs p`pubntj`ds b`gnbfs.%n Ngndojdnvjf df rfstf pns fd knrlf of bn rfgafrgaf ajst`rjquf sur bf k`dof vjijdl & bfssuáo`js A`blfr !rcknd ft 6jbs @vf 6jbss`d, fd g`bbnc`rntj`d nvfg /Yrtfd Ntfdcfrlfr,pucbjfdt bf k`dukfdt Xj(jdlnr j X stfrbfo >? fd 7 IM. Jbs rêojlfr dt fdg`rf cjfd pbus tnrofd 7 :E udf s=dtaásf sur bfs nrkfs sgndojdnvfs trùvêfs fd 3rndgf 7M. Jbs tjssárfdt njdsjofs bjfds h`donkfdtnu( fdtrf bn rfgafrgaf vjijdl fd Ngndojdnvjf ft " í b'ùfst #.

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%n prfkjárf k`jtjê ou ^^ ákf sjágbf k`dtrf o`dg udf gfrtnjdf êv`butj`d onds b'êtuof ofb'ajst`jrf vjijdl, knjs quj rfstfrn tù+ùrs jdtrjdsáqufkfdt bjêf nu( o`ddêfs ft ndnb=sfspr`p`sêfs pnr _nbtafr 8`lfb, nvfg bfurs bngudfs ft bfurs bjkjtfs. L'fst bf lrndo ajst`rjfdhrndUnjs /nrg 9b`ga quj snurn rfprfdorf tùtfs gfs dùvfbbfs `ptjqufs nu sfjd ouk`dukfdt pùr b'ajst`jrf hrndUnjsf qu'fst sn :`$j t ònbf 7:, pnruf fd 7 I . Jb = pr`p`sf

udf dùvfbbf ndnb=sf pbus jdtjkfkfdt bjêf nu( kùvfkfdts lêdêrntj`ddfbs vjijdls, ft qujs'jdtfrr`lf o`rêdnvndt onvndtnlf sur bfs gnusfs ft bfs g`dsêqufdgfs ofs jdvnsj`ds vjijdls.Jb nc`rof nb`rs bfs strntêljfs ofs vjijdls, bfurs ojhhêrfdts êtncbjssfkfdts fd !dlbftfrrf ft fd3rndgf, bfs gnusfs pr`h`dofs of b'nppnrjtj`d " vjijdl #, ft cjfd o'nutrfs qufstj dsg`kpbf(fs quj pnssj`ddfdt bfs oêcnts ofs ajst`rjfds nu+ùro'auj fdg`rf. Jb sfkcbf pnrnjbbfurs trf bf prfkjfr í rfbfvfr quf bfs prfkjfrs ajvfrdnlfs vjijdls d'nppnrnGtrnjfdt qufonds bn " sfg`dof vnluf # of bfurs jdgursj ds, tùt fd s'jdtfrr`lfndt sur bfs rnjs`ds of gfsajvfrdnlfs, sur bf ga`j( of b'fkpbngfkfdt of bfurs gnkps o'ajvfrdnlf. Jb fssnjf êlnbfkfdto'nppr`gafr tùtf bn rênbjtê of gfs gnkps fd êv`qundt bn prêsfdgf o'udf p`pubntj`d" gjvjbf # ft of b'êtncbjssfkfdt of knrgaês, ft jb dùs hnut sùbjldfr jgj s`d jkp`rtndtfg`dgbusj`d, pbnUndt b'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl g`kkf vfgtfur o'jkpbndtntj`d ofs vjijdls nu sfjd

ou k`dof 3rndg, g`kkf fd 6`rkndojf. Nfs trnvnu( sfr`dt knbafurfusfkfdt pfuf(pb`jtês onds b'jkkêojnt, ft rfstfr`dt ofs a=p`taásfs ft ofs pr`cbêkntjqufs d`dnppbjquêfs nu( êtuofs pnrtjgubjárfs.

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N-!. "df rfo gùvfrtf of b'ajst`jrf vjijdl

Jb hnut nttfdorf bfs nddêfs 7 :0 pùr quf bn rfgafrgaf s'jdtêrfssf í dùvfnu vêrjtncbfkfdt í b'ajst`jrf vjijdl, ft g'fst of b'!dlbftfrrf quf oêcutfrn ud dùvfbbf vnluf.

d 7 :< pnrnGt Haf ;lf ` taf vj(jdls , ft fd 7 E< Vjdls ndo vj(jdls , of $ftfr An=fsNnK=fr, ùvrnlfs ` b'nutfur rfdùvfbbf b'fdsfkcbf ou h`dos of g`ddnjssndgf g`kkf ofsnppr`gafs k kfs of b'ajst`jrf vjijdl fd !dlbftfrrf, fd êtuojndt d`tnkkfdt nu( nspfgtsp`bjtjqufs ft g`kkfrgjnu( of b'ajst`jrf vjijdl. !u ofbí of sn vjsj`d í bn h`js jdtfrdntj`dnbfft pburjojsgjpbjdnjrf of b'ajst`jrf vjijdl, jb rfkft pnr njbbfurs fd gnusf bn vj`bfdgf ft bn cnrcnrjf nttrjcuêf nu( vjijdls, ft sQjdtêrfssf í bfur jkpbndtntj`d onds bfs tfrrjt`jrfs pjbbês,nu( rnjs`ds of rêussjtf ù o'êgafg of bfurs g`b`djsntj`ds ourncbfs. !u( Êtnts ?djs, fd7 EE, Lnrr`bb Cjbbk`r7 n êtuojê bfs jdgursj`ds vjijdls sur bn Nfjdf ft bn %`jrf fdtrf E17 ftEE: nhjd of pr`p`sfr ud dùvfnu rflnro sur bf d`kcrf o'a`kkfs quf ofvnjfdt g`kptfrbfs rnjos, knjs êlnbfkfdt sur bfs g`dojtj`ds of dnvjlntj`d, of oêpbngfkfdts ù fdg`rf ofdutrjtj`d ofs vjijdls, ofs êbêkfdts í prfdorf fd g`dsjoêrntj`d onds b'êtuof of b'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl.d 3rndgf, %ugjfd /ussft rfprfdo êlnbfkfdt bfs joêfs bnjssêfs pnr /nrg 9b`ga ft

f(pb`jtêfs pnr $ftfr An=fs NnK=fr pùr rfoêgùvrjr b'ajst`jrf vjijdl í b'êgafbbf of b' ur`pf@ggjofdtnbf nvfg Bfs pfupbfs s$ndojdnvfs nu K`+fd lf fd 7 M7, Bfs Mdvnsj`ds, bf sf$`donssnut $`dtrf b' ur`pf $ar tjfddf 4XMMf- Mf sj*$bf0 fd 7 :M, ù sur ofs p`jdts pnrtjgubjfrspnr ofs nrtjgbfs pnr f(fkpbf g`kpjbês nu sfjd of A`roj$n ft d`rknddj$n rf$ufjb oG tuofssur bn :$ndojdnvjf nd$jfddf ft k oj vnbf, bfs f!p ojtj`ds ofs vj(jdls ft bn `dontj`d of bn A`rkndojf 7E fd 7 <. L`kkf /nrg 9b`ga, jb n su prfdorf ud rflnro k`jdsftad`gfdtrjquf, pùr êtuojfr bfs kùvfkfdts vjijdls fd tfrkf of " lêdêrntj`d #, sujvndtbfurs pjbbnlfs ft bfurs kùvfkfdts of kndjárf gar`d`b`ljquf ft nu ofbí ofs bjkjtfsrêlj`dnbfs, ft g`kprfdndt njdsj nu kjfu( bf oêrùbfkfdt ofs êvádfkfdts. Jb df sf g`dtfdtfpns of dùs pnrbfr o'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl, knjs fdrjgajt s`d pr`p`s ofs sùrgfs nddf(fs qujpùrrnjfdt êgbnjrfr gfs `ggupntj`ds vjijdls, rêêtuojf bfs sùrgfs k`dnstjqufs bfs êv`qundt,ft rêhbêgajt sur b'`rjljdf ft bn ofstjdntj`d of gfs vjijdls ajvfrdndt fd @ggjofdt. N`d trnvnjbdùs pfrkft êlnbfkfdt of g`dhjrkfr ft of prêgjsfr í dùvfnu b'fdsfkcbf of d`trfgar`d`b`ljf sur b'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl onds bf k`dof hrndg.

d 9fbljquf, !bcfrt o'Anfdfds rfprfdo êlnbfkfdt gfs kêtaòfs ft gfs `c+fgtjhs, nhjdo'nppr`h`dojr udf ajst`jrf vjijdl b`gnbf, nu sfjd of s`d ùvrnlf Bfs Mdvnsj`ds d`rkndofsfd Cfbljquf nu M *kf sj*$bf bf pa d`k*df ft sn r pfr$ussj`d onds b'ajst`rj`lrnpajf 7 fd7 : . N'jb dùs pr`p`sf udf dùvfbbf êtuof ofs sùrgfs g`kkf $ftfr An=fs NnK=fr ft%ugjfd /ussft, jb g`dstrujt êlnbfkfdt of dùvfnu( `c+fgtjhs of rfgafrgaf, prêsfdtêfs ofkndjárf pnssj`ddndtf onds Bfs Mdvnsj`ds A`rkndofs onds b' kpjrf rnd$ nu M *kfsj*$bf & ]ùr udf r d`vntj`d of bn pr`/b kntjquf <0. fd 7 : . N`d npp`rt sur b'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl fst pùr dùs kn+fur & k kf sj bfs o`ddêfs sf prêgjsnjfdt lr)gf nu trnvnjb of $ftfrAn=fs NnK=fr ft of %ugjfd /ussft, g'fst buj quj vn bf prfkjfr êtncbjr udf vêrjtncbf êtuof ofb'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl. Jb hnjt bf p`jdt sur bfs sjtfs o'ajvfrdnlf fd 9fbljquf, s'jdtfrr`lf sur bfs

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rnjs`ds o'ajvfrdfr ft bf ga`j( ofs fkpbngfkfdts o'ajvfrdnlf ga`jsjs pnr bfs vjijdls. Jbrêhbêgajt sur bn oêd`kjdntj`d bntjdf of gfs sjtfs onds bfs tf(tfs, bfs êvfdtufbbfs strugturfsrfkpb`=ês pnr bfs vjijdls ft bfur kjsf fd oêhfdsf. Jb prêsfdtf bf rFbf o'fdtrfpFt of cutjd ftof rêsfrvf nbjkfdtnjrf of gfs gnkps o'ajvfrdnlf, knjs nussj bfur rFbf onds b'utjbjsntj`ddùvfbbf of bn gnvnbfrjf, ft bn pbngf of gfs gnkps o'ajvfrdnlf onds ud kùvfkfdt lêdêrnbo'f(pndsj`d vjijdl. Nùbjld`ds bf hnjt quf ganquf êbêkfdt fst jbbustrê of bn kndjárf quj sf

vfut bn pbus f(anustjvf, bn pbus `c+fgtjvf. -ùt gfgj s'jdtálrf onds udf pfrspfgtjvf pbuslêdêrnbf of grjtjquf ofs sùrgfs, nhjd of rêêvnbufr bfs fhhfts qu'`d pùrrnjt ojrf " p`sjtjhs #of bn pêrjòf ofs jdvnsj`ds. L'fst jgj bn grjtjquf bn pbus jkp`rtndtf quj n pu trf hnjtf sur sfstrnvnu( & s'jb g`dsjoárf bfs fhhfts " p`sjtjhs # ofs jdvnsj`ds vjijdls, g'fst pfut trf ofkndjárf f(gfssjvf. Nj bfs trnvnu( o'!bcfrt o'Anfdfds df p`rtfdt quf sur b'njrf o'jdhbufdgfof bn 9fbljquf ngtufbbf, dùs fd hfr`ds ud h`dofkfdt, ud f(fkpbf, ud prjdgjpf pùr d`trftrnvnjb sur b'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl onds bfs k`dofs hrndg ft crjtnddjquf. !u ofbí ofsg`ddnjssndgfs qu'!bcfrt o'Anfdfds dùs npp`rtf sur b'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl fd 9fbljquf, jbpnrnGt ofs pbus pfrtjdfdt quf o'fd rfprfdorf bfs kêtaòfs ft bfs pr`cbêkntjqufs ofrfgafrgaf, pùr s'jdtêrfssfr í tùt ajvfrdnlf vjijdl.

Jb hnut nttfdorf b'nrtjgbfHaf Xj(jdls vfrsus taf t`1ds taf d`rtafrd nub $anbbfdlf ndorfsp`dsf <7 of /jgafb *ùgaf, pucbjê fd 7 E , pùr quf bf paêd`kádf of b'ajvfrdnlf vjijdls`jt nc`roê êlnbfkfdt sur bf tfrrjt`jrf hrndUnjs. Jb s'jdsgrjt onds bn g`dtjdujtê o'!bcfrto'Anfdfds, knjs pnrt fd qu tf of dùvfnu( gnkps o'ajvfrdnlf, cjfd qu'fd npp`rtndt pnrf(fkpbf pfut trf tr`p of g`dhjndgf í bn pa`t`lrnpajf nêrjfddf. /jgafb *ùgaf nppfbbfêlnbfkfdt n udf êtuof nrgaê`b`ljquf s=stêkntjquf ofs p`tfdtjfbs gnkps o'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl, ft í bn pròugtj`d o'ud jdvfdtnjrf ofs h`rtjhjgntj`ds vjijdls fdtrf bn Nfjdf ft b'!n. Jbrêhbêgajt trás pfrtjdfkkfdt nu( g`dsêqufdgfs qu'`dt fu b'nppnrjtj`d ft bf oêvfb`ppfkfdtofs gnkps vjijdls onds bf d`ro of bn Cnubf & jbs sfrnjfdt d`d sfubfkfdt í b'`rjljdf o'udkùvfkfdt lêdêrnb of h`rtjhjgntj`d ou tfrrjt`jrf pnr bfs lrùpfs b`gnu( ft rêlj`dnu( qujgafrgafdt í bfur hnjrf hngf, knjs êlnbfkfdt kòábfs pùr bn g`dstrugtj d of gfsh`rtjhjgntj`ds, of c`js ft of tfrrf. /jgafb *ùgaf prêsfdtf bfs vjijdls g`kkf bfsjdd`vntfurs ft bfs jdvfdtfurs ou rêsfnu h`rtjhjê quf h`rkfr`dt bfs k`ttfs gnstrnbfs ou ^ ákf

sjágbf.

!vfg gf vnstf rfdùvfbbfkfdt ofs g`ddnjssndgfs, bfs ajst`rjfds oêtjfddfdt ud h`dosof trnvnjb prêgjsê, fdrjgajs ft g`rrjlê ft of dùvfbbfs kêtaòfs pùr fdrjgajr b'ajst`jrf vjijdl fd ur`pf @ggjofdtnbf. 3rêoêrjg 2urndo << pr`p`sf nb`rs fd 7 : udf grjtjquf ofsêtuofs nvfg ud p`jdt of vuf sgndojdnvf, ft ofs npp`rts pfrtjdfdts g`dsjoêrndt bfs nspfgtsknrjtjkfs of b'ajst`jrf vjijdl, g`kkf pnr f(fkpbf bfs ojhhjgubtês of bn dnvjlntj`d ftb'jkp`rtndgf of pnssfr b'ajvfr í tfrrf b`rs of bn knuvnjsf snjs`d quj s`dt í b'`rjljdf k kfof b'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl, su+ft of d`trf êtuof. %f k`dof vjijdl fdtrf nb`rs onds udf pêrjòfof vublnrjsntj`d í ofstjdntj`d ou lrndo pucbjg, quj s'fd pnssj`ddf ft s'fd fkpnrf, onds udg`dtf(tf of oêvfb`ppfkfdt jkp`rtndt o'ud gfrtnjd jknljdnjrf g`kkud vjijdl, nkpbjhjêpnr f(fkpbf pnr bfs stêrê`t=pfs ft bfs frrfurs of pròugtj`ds b'nuoj` vjsufbbfs. /njs g'fstêlnbfkfdt nvfg gfttf " rfoêgùvfrtf # of b'ajst jrf vjijdl quf v`dt sf oêvfb`ppfronvndtnlf bfs êgandlfs trndsojsgjpbjdnjrfs, pnr f(fkpbf pnr bfs npp`rts of bn bjdlujstjqufft of bn bjttêrnturf í b'ajst`jrf.

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*êljs 9`=fr fst ud êkjdfdt spêgjnbjstfs ofpujs bfs nddêfs 7 E0 of bn bjttêrnturf, ofb'ajst`jrf of b'nrt ft of bn gjvjbjsntj`d sgndojdnvf. Jb n npp`rtê nb`rs udf pjfrrf jkp`rtndtf íb'ajst`jrf vjijdl pnr b'êtuof ofs snlns sgndojdnvfs, ù fd rê êtuojndt bfs joêfs rfUufs ofb'jknljdnjrf vjijdl, pnr f(fkpbf nu sfjd of s`d ùvrnlf Bfs vj(jdls, =jst`jrf ft@jvjbjsntj`d<I, pnru fd <00<. Jb n êlnbfkfdt pr`p`sê nu( ajst`rjfds of dùvfbbfspr cbêkntjqufs sur bn gjvjbjsntj`d vjijdl, pnr udf nppr`gaf quj s'fst vùbu

pburjojsgjpbjdnjrf, knjs jb fst p`ssjcbf of rfbfvfr pnrh`js onds sfs trnvnu( gfrtnjdfs frrfursof kêtaòf ajst`rjquf. L`dsjoêrndt d trf su+ft, *êljs 9`=fr n pu rfprfdorf bfsg`dgbusj`ds êv`quêfs g`dgfrdndt b'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl, ft nvndgfr o'jdtêrfssndtfsjdtfrr`lntj`ds sur b'ngtjvjtê g`kkfrgjnbf qu'`dt pu nv`jr bfs vjijdls b`rs of bfur ajvfrdnlf,qufstj`ddfkfdts rfprjs pnr o'nutrfs ofpujs.

6ùs sùanjtfrj ds êv`qufr jgj 5fnd *fdnuo, êlnbfkfdt spêgjnbjstf of bjttêrnturf ftgjvjbjsntj`d sgndojdnvf, nutfur o'udf taásf sur bfs ;r$ajpfbs d`rr`js& #r$nofs, :aftbndo ft = /rjofs onds bf k`dof vj(jdl <1 sùtfduf í $nrjs fd 7 E1. N'jb s'fst nttngaê, g`kkf *êljs9`=fr, í ofs nppr`gafs of b'ajst`jrf vjijdl sf vùbndt í bn h`js trás lb`cnbfs knjs nussj trásg`kpbátfs, jb s'fst êlnbfkfdt jdtêrfssê í bn vublnrjsntj`d of b'ajst`jrf vjijdl í ofstjdntj`d

ou lrndo pucbjg. 6êndk`jds, jb fst g`dsjoêrê nu+ùro'auj qu'udf gfrtnjdf grjtjquf o`jts'nppbjqufr í sfs trnvnu( o'ajst`jrf, quj kndqufdt onds gfrtnjds ùvrnlfs of rjlufursgjfdtjhjquf, ft o`dt bn oêknrgaf pfut pnrnGtrf pnrh`js tr`p pfu h`doêf, bfs g`dgbusj`ds tr`pgntêl`rjqufs.2nds s`d ùvrnlf Bfs vj(jdls ft bfs $fbtfs3J , 5fnd *fdnuo dùs prêsfdtf pnr f(fkpbf í bnpnlf 7M pbusjfurs gnkps h`rtjhjês vjijdls of 9rftnldf & bf gnkp of L`Rtqufd í Nnjdt Aêbádo`dt jb df nugudf jdh`rkntj`d suppbêkfdtnjrf, bf gnkp of Nnjdt Nubjng sur bn *ndgf ft bfsjtf of Sujonbft í !bft. Jb df s'f(pbjquf pns onvndtnlf, df gjtf nugudf nutrf êtuof nbbndtonds gf sfds, ft d'êv`quf pùr sfubfs sùrgfs bn gands`d of lfstf ou *`knd o'!qujd,pr`cncbfkfdt rêojlêf í bn hjd ou ^JJ ákf ù nu oêcut ou ^JJJákf sjágbf pbusjfurs sjágbfs nprásbfs hnjts. Nn cjcbj`lrnpajf êv`quf pnr njbbfurs ud nrtjgbf of %`[g %ndlùRt sur bf gnkp ofNnjdt Nubjng, sur bfqufb jb o`jt g`dstrujrf gf pnssnlf. 2nds gft nrtjgbf of aujt pnlfs, %`[g%ndlùRt prêsfdtf ud sjtf fd pnrtjf jkkfrlê ` jb rfbávf g`kkf k`=fd oêhfdsjh gf qujsfrnjt ud rfkpnrt pnrfkfdtê of pjfrrfs ft udf gùrtjdf pr`têlêf pnr udf pnbjssnof ofpjfu( of c`js. ?d rfbfvê s`kknjrf of b'fdsfkcbf o`ddf ojhhjgjbfkfdt udf c`ddfnpprêafdsj`d ou sjtf. %f s`b n êtê oêtrujt fd 7 E< pnr udf ornluf hb`ttndtf tndojs quf ofs`ssfkfdts o'ndjknu( ft ofs nrkfs fd hfr nurnjfdt êtê oêgùvfrts nu ^J^ ákf sjágbf knjs d`dg`dsfrvês. Jb fst p`ssjcbf quf bf gnkp of Cnronjdf s`jt cjfd bf gnkp vjijdl of Nnjdt Nubjng,êv`quê onds bf *`knd o'!qujd g`kkf gafrgaf í bf prêsfdtfr b'nutfur, knjs rjfd df prùvfb'nutafdtjgjtê ofs jdh`rkntj`ds hùrdjfs pnr bf *`knd o'!qujd. !u g`dtrnjrf, gfttf gands`dof lfstf, Zuvrf of b'jknljdnjrf, n êtê rêojlêf pbusjfurs sjágbfs nprás bfs hnjts. N`d nutfursfkcbf trf jdhbufdgê pnr bfs g`dqu tfs ofs $bndtnlfd ts, pùr pnrbfr ofs g`dqu tfs vjijdls, ft sn g`ddnjssndgf of bn t`p`lrnpajf b`gnbf df prùvf fd rjfd bn +ustfssf of sng`ddnjssndgf of b'ajst`jrf b`gnbf, g`kkf bf prùvfdt êlnbfkfdt sfs d`kcrfusfs frrfursajst`rjqufs, êv`qundt pnr f(fkpbf bn prêsfdgf of Lanrbfknldf fd 9rftnldf.6j bnt`p`d=kjf, dj bfs g`kpnrnjs`ds ou sjtf nvfg bfs gnkps of -rnds ;êlnbfkfdt hùjbbê pnr %`[g%ndlùRt<:4 ft bf gnkp of L`Rtqufd í Nnjdt Aêbád ;o`dt dùs pnrbj`ds pbus tFt,nppnrfkkfdt êtuojê pnr %`[g %ndlùRt fd 7 E74 df suhhjsfdt pns onvndtnlf í prùvfr

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Njk`d Lùpbndo n nc`roê bf su+ft of kndjárf pnrtjgubjárfkfdt jdtêrfssndtf onds bn taásfqu'jb n sùtfdu fd 7 E E<, quj p`rtnjt sur bn oêhfdsf kjbjtnjrf qu'n `pp`sê Lanrbfs bf Lanuvfnu( jdgursj`ds vjijdls, knjs jb fst pfu njsê of g`dsubtfr gf tf(tf, f(gbusjvfkfdt ojsp`djcbfí bn cjcbj`taáquf of Lnkcrjolf. Jb sfkcbfrnjt quf 5ndft 6fbs`d njt rfprjs sfs g`dgbusj`dsfd 7 <, nu sfjd of s`d ùvrnlf k`d`lrnpajquf p`rtndt sur Lanrbfs bf Lanuvf EI. Jbs dùspr`p`sfdt njdsj of g`dsjoêrfr ofu( sjtfs o'ajvfrdnlf ojhhêrfdts & b'Gbf of 5fuh`ssf g`kkfprfkjfr sjtf o'ajvfrdnlf fd EM:, pujs b'Gbf o'@jssfb !sgbàn prás of *ùfd fd EME, qujnggufjbbj bfs vjijdls of Njor`g nupnrnvndt í 5fuh`ssf ft quj d'nvnjfdt pns fdg`rf qujttê bnNfjdf. L'fst gf sfg`do sjtf o'ajvfrdnlf quj sfrn nssjêlê pnr Lanrbfs bf Lanuvf fdtrf EME ftE:<.5ngqufs %f /na` E1 nppujfrn fd 3rndgf bfurs a=p`taásfs, fd kfttndt fd nvndt b'jkp`rtndgfofs sùrgfs bntjdfs quj êv`qufdt ofu( d`ks cjfds ojhhêrfdts, tùt fd s'nppu=ndt sur ud ngtfrùfddnjs ou oêcut ou ^ jákf sjágbf nppfbndt b'Gbf o'#s$fbbuk b'Gbf o'@jssfb, prás of *ùfd. Jb v`jt bf buvjus Hfbbns onds b'!dofbbf ft kft fd nvndt bfs oêgùvfrtfs nrgaê`b`ljqufstrùvêfs onds bn Nfjdf í pr`(jkjtê of b'Gbf o'@jssfb. Lfttf a=p`taásf fst nu+ùro'aujrfg`dduf pnr b'fdsfkcbf ofs gafrgafurs & %nurfdt /nOft Anrt`hh EM bn prêsfdtnjt í dùvfnufd <00I & bf gnkp of 5fuh`ssf pr`gaf ou g`dhbufdt of b' ptf sur bn Nfjdf fst `ggupê pnrudf trùpf vjijdl í pnrtjr of EM:, tndojs quf bf gnkp o'#s$fbbus sjtuê sur b'Gbf o'@jssfb fdnk`dt of *ùfd fst buj `ggupê fdtrf EME ft E:7 ft 5àd An=K`ò E: fd 7 M, *êljs 9`=fr E

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fd <00< ft $jfrrf 9nuoujd EE fd <001 rfprfddfdt êlnbfkfdt gfttf jofdtjhjgntj`d ou gnkpo'#s$fbbus í b'Gbf o'@jssfb, prás of *ùfd, ojhhêrfdt ou gnkp of 5fuh`ssf quj nvnjt êtê`ggupê pbus crjávfkfdt qufbqufs nddêfs pbus tFt.

%f sjtf of Nnjdt 3b`rfdt bf 8jfjb n êtê nc`roê of kndjárf jdtêrfssndtf knjs pfu rjlùrfusfpnr *fdê 2f 2rfuO= ft %`[g /fdfdtfnu E fd 7 : & cjfd qu'nkfdndt ofs qufstj`ds

jdtêrfssndtfs, sur udf sùrgf prfkjárf pfrtjdfdtf, bfs g`dgbusj`ds qu'jbs nkádfdt sfh`dofdt fssfdtjfbbfkfdt sur bf gr`jsfkfdt fdtrf ofs sùrgfs g`kpbêkfdtnjrfs rêojlêfs nu7Eákf sjágbf, sur bn trnojtj d, ft sur udf ndnb=sf pa`t lrnpajquf nêrjfddf snds oêgùvfrtfpr`cndtf nu s`b.

dhjd, jb fst jkp`rtndt o'êv`qufr nussj jgj qufbqufs sjtfs pr`cbêkntjqufs, quf dùsd'f(pb`jtfr`dt pns nu sfjd of d`trf êtuof. !jdsj, dùs nv`ds g`ddnjssndgf of b'nrtjgbf of3frojdndo %`t, Zd pr tfdou rfpnjrf of pjrntfs d`rkndos nu M *kf sj*$bf 0 , pucbjê fd7 1M, ft quj kft fd bukjárf udf frrfur of g`pjf ft o'jdtfrprêtntj`d of kndusgrjts, o`dt bng`rrfgtj`d djf b'f(jstfdgf ou gnkp vjijdl o' Mdlufr`/s . %'nrtjgbf of $jfrrf *`bndo Cj`t, B'.bf nu! nts of b'#oft 7 pnrut fd 7 7, n bn rjlufur sgjfdtjhjquf o'nttjrfr b'nttfdtj`d ofs

ajst`rjfds sur ud sjtf jdtêrfssndt snds nvndgfr o'êvfdtufbbf g`dgbusj`d d`d h`doêf.

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C- &r sfdtntj`d ofs sùrgfs ojsp`djcbfs

C->. ùrgfs o`gukfdtnjrfs

%fs ojhhêrfdts trnvnu( quj `dt oê+í êtê rênbjsês sur b'ajst`jrf vjijdl dùs pfrkfttfdto'ngquêrjr o'jkp`rtndtfs jdh`rkntj`ds sf rnttngandt í b'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl, knjs nussjo'nppr`gafr bfs sùrgfs o`gukfdtnjrfs prjknjrfs pfrkfttndt o'êgbnjrfr b'ajst`jrf vjijdl.6ùs pr`p`sfr`ds jgj udf crávf s=dtaásf of gfs sùrgfs o`gukfdtnjrfs. Nujtf í gf prfkjfrrfpêrnlf, b'fdsfkcbf of gfs sùrgfs o`jvfdt fdg`rf trf oêpùjbbêfs, êvfdtufbbfkfdttrnoujtfs, fdhjd êtuojêfs.

%fs nddnbfs g`dstjtufdt bf h`dos kn+fur of b'ajst`rj`lrnpajf lê` p`bjtjquf gnr`bjdljfddf,sur bnqufbbf sf rfp`sf d`trf g`ddnjssndgf ou paêd`kádf vjijdl fd @ggjofdt. Nj fbbfs `dtoêcutêfs í b'êp`quf kêr`vjdljfddf, fbbfs s`dt f(gbusjvfkfdt rêojlêfs fd !ustrnsjf nuEákf sjágbf, sùs b'jdhbufdgf of bn o=dnstjf gnr`bjdljfddf.

$ròujtfs onds ofs k`dnstárfs ofs cnssjds ou *ajd ft of bn /fusf, fbbfs êtnjfdt " b GYuvrf of$`kpjbntfurs $`dtfkp`rnjds bf pbus sùvfdt nd`d+kf quj d`tnjfdt /rj*vfkfdt, onds b'`rorf$ar`d`b`ljquf, bfs v*dfkfdts qu'jbs Wulfnjfdt jkp`rtndts& # ;/. *. $. /gCujrf4.

$ùr Cncrjfb /`dò, " o'n/`ro $`kp`s fs of d`tfs f!tr%kfkfdt /r*vfs ft s*$afs, quj d'`dt o'nutrfk rjtf quf of j!fr bn ontf pr $jsf of qufbqufs njts, fbbfs ofvjfddfdt pfu pfu of v rjtn/bfsajst jrfs, knjs ofs ajst jrfs $rjtfs sjd`d nu Wùr bf Wùr, ou k`jds ndd f pnr ndd f, ft quj `dt bfk rjtf of dùs ùrdjr ofs t k`jldnlfs jkk ojnts ft $`dtfkp`rnjds sur bfs v*dfkfdts& #

‗ 5usqu'fd E< , b'`fuvrf ajst`rj lrnpajquf `hhjgjfbbf fst rflrùpêf nu sfjd ofs ;ddnbfs fldj ^rnd$`ruk , pr`cncbfkfdt êgrjtfs pnr ud kfkcrf of bn gùrgnr`bjdljfddf. 6êndk`jds, bf prfkjfr ajvfrdnlf vjijdl nttfstê onds bf k`dof hrndgfst ontê of E1I & fbbfs df sfr`dt o`dg pns f(pb`jtêfs nu sfjd of gfttf êtuof. Nujtf í bnsêpnrntj`d of b'fkpjrf gnr`bjdljfd, bfs nddnbfs of 3ubon fd prfdor`dt fd EI0 bnsuggfssj`d fd Cfrkndjf, bfs nddnbfs of Nnjdt 9frtjd fd 3rndgf, ft bfs nddnbfs of^ndtfd pùr gf quj sfrn bn hutur %`tanrjdljf.

‗ %fs !ddnbfs of Nnjdt 9frtjd ;ù !ddnbfs 9frtjdjndj4 êv`qufdt bfs êvádfkfdts ofoêrùbndt sur bf tfrrjt`jrf bn 3rndgf @ggjofdtnbf. bbfs tjfddfdt bfur oêd`kjdntj dof b'nccn=f o'` pr`vjfdt bf pbus ndgjfd kndusgrjt of gfs nddnbfs. Nj bfs prfkjárfsnddêfs sfkcbfdt rêojlêfs pnr ud k`jdf sùs b'jdhbufdgf of %ùjs bf $jfu(, udfsfg`dof pnrtjf of EI0 í E:M rêojlêf pnr b'êv quf $ruofdgf of -r`=fs fst trás ndgrêfí b'jdhbufdgf ofs r`js of 3rndgf @ggjofdtnbf. ?df tr`jsjákf pnrtjf, of E:7 í E <, npr`cncbfkfdt êtê êgrjtf ù ojgtêf pnr Ajdgknr, nrgafv quf of *fjks, quj o`kjdfnb`rs bfs spaárfs p`bjtjqufs.

‗ %fs !ddnbfs of 3ubon ;ù ;ddnbfs ûbofdsfs4 s`dt fbbfs êgrjtfs pnr tr`js k`jdfssuggfssjhs ou k`dnstárf of 3ubon +usqu'fd EE<, ft nc`rofdt d tnkkfdt bfs

êvádfkfdts knrqundts pùr b'ajst`jrf of bn 3rndgf `rjfdtnbf. -rás bjêfs nu pùv`jrr`=nb, d`tnkkfdt of %ùjs bf Cfrkndjquf, fbbfs s`dt fdg`rf g`dtjduêfs +usqu'fd

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EE nvfg qufbquf kndquf of pnrtjnbjtê, pujs +usqu'fd 07 fd 9nvjárf.

‗ dtrf 3rndgjf @ggjofdtnbf ft 3rndgjf `rjfdtnbf, gf s`dt bfs !ddnbfs of ^ndtfd ;ù ;ddnbfs ndtndsfs0 quj dùs npp`rtfdt ud gfrtnjd rêgjt ofs êvêdfkfdt.$r`cncbfkfdt êgrjtfs ofpujs b'nccn=f of %`rsga pnr CfrKnro, ud pr`gaf ou r`j, pujspnr ud g`dtjduntfur jdg`ddu pr`cncbfkfdt pr`gaf of %ùjs bf Cfrkndjquf. bbfs

trnjtfdt udf gùrtf pêrjòf nbbndt of EI< í EM< ft gr`jsfdt ù g`kpbátfdt bfsêvádfkfdts trnjtês onds bfs ;ddnbfs Cfrtjdjndj ft onds bfs ;ddnbfs ûbofdsfs , knjsdf sfkcbfdt pns npp`rtfr o'êbêkfdts í d`trf êtuof. bbfs tjfddfdt bfur d`k ofb'nccn=f of ^ndtfd, o`dt fbbfs rng`dtfdt bn ofstrugtj`d pnr bfs vjijdls fd E:I.

‗ L'fst ud k`jdf ou k`dnstárf of Nnjdt 8nnst ;!ddnbfs of Nnjdt 8nnst, ù !ddnbfs 8fonstjdj4 quj prfdorn bn sujtf ofs nddnbfs of Nnjdt 9frtjd ft ofs !ddnbfs of^ndtfd, nvfg jkpnrtjnbjtê, tùt fd êtndt ud têk`jd ojrfgt ofs nttnqufs vjijdls. bbfsprfdor`dt hjd fd 00, nvfg b'nssnssjdnt of b'nrgafv quf 3ùbquf of *fjks ofvfdunccê of Nnjdt 8nnst, ft bn pfrtf of b'jdhbufdgf p`bjtjquf ou k`dnstárf.

‗ %n %`tanrjdljf lnldf pr`lrfssjvfkfdt ud fd+fu p`bjtjquf jkp`rtndt, pujs udf rêfbbfnut`d`kjf. L'fst *êljd`d of $r k, nccê o'ud lrndo k`dnstárf, quj vn s'nttngafr ítrnvnjbbfr í bn rêongtj`d o'udf ajst`jrf sfkj `hhjgjfbbf. Nj gfttf pròugtj`d n prjs bfd`k of Lar`djquf of *êljd`d of $r k ;ù Lar`djg`d4 pùr sn h`rkf udjvfrsfbbf ftoêcutndt nvfg b'Jdgnrdntj`d of 5êsus Larjst, gf s`dt tù+ùrs bn h`rkf ofs nddnbfsquj g`dgfrdfdt bn pêrjòf E : 0:. %'êgrjturf of s`d Zuvrf sf tfrkjdf í -rávfs, ftdùs prêsfdtf ud rflnro rfbntjvfkfdt jkpnrtjnb, knjs nttrjstê pnr bfs qufrfbbfsjdtfstjdfs gnr`bjdljfddfs.

‗ @utrf kndgaf, bn gar`djquf ndlb` sn(`ddf fst udf g`kpjbntj`d o'nddnbfsrnssfkcbêfs nu J^ ákf sjágbf ft rfbntndt bfs êvádfkfdts ofs r`=nukfs ndlb` sn(`ds of11I í 77M1. Nfs nutfurs s`dt nd`d=kfs, knjs trás pr`cncbfkfdt bjês í !bhrfo bfCrndo, r`j ou _fssf(, quj fst í b'jdjtjntjvf of bn oêhfdsf ou r`=nukf hngf nu( vjijdlsft o'udf p`bjtjquf gubturfbbf ndlb` sn(`ddf fdlnlêf. L'fst bn pbus jkp`rtndtf sùrgfof g`ddnjssndgf ou prfkjfr /`=fd >lf ndlb` sn(`d, ft bn prfkjárf ajst`jrf o'udfdntj`d rêojlêf fd @ggjofdt fd bndluf vfrdngubnjrf, fd vjfjb ndlbnjs.

Lfs gjdq nddnbfs s`dt o`dg bfs h`dofkfdts of d trf g`ddnjssndgf of b'êp`qufgnr`bjdljfddf, ft of bf prêsfdgf vjijdl onds bfs k`dofs hrndg ft crjtnddjquf. Lf sfr`dt bfssùrgfs o`gukfdtnjrfs prjdgjpnbfs of gfttf êtuof.

2f kndjárf pbus p`dgtufbbf, jb sfrn êlnbfkfdt jkp`rtndt of s'ùvrjr í qufbqufs nutrfsnddnbfs, of pròugtj`d rêlj`dnbf, quj `dt êlnbfkfdt gfrtnjdfs o`ddêfs í dùs `hhrjr. !jdsj,bfs !ddnbfs of /ftO ;ù ;ddnbfs Kfttfdsfs 4 s`dt udf g`kpjbntj`d kòfrdf jssufs o'udkndusgrjt oêgùvfrt í b'nccn=f Nnjdt !rdùo of /ftO. Lf kndusgrjt n êtê g`dstrujt fdrnssfkcbndt ofs jdh rkntj`ds jssufs ofs !ddnbfs of Nnjdt 9frtjd pnr f(fkpbf, knjs nussjo'udf sùrgf `rjljdnbf gùvrndt bn pêrjòf : E EI0, bfs ;ddnbfs Kfttfdsfs ]rj`rfs , o`dtud kndusgrjt n êtê oêgùvfrt onds bn cjcbj`taáquf ou ganpjtrf of bn gntaêornbf of 2urank.%fs !ddnbfs of 3`dtfdfbbf ;!ddnbfs 3`dtndfbbfdsfs4 êlnbfkfdt nppfbbêfs Lar`djquf ofNnjdt _ndorjbbf ;@ar`dj$`d snd$tj 8ndorflfsjbj 4 `dt êtê êgrjtf pnr ud k`jdf of b'nccn=fof Nnjdt _ndorjbbf, k`dnstárf ou cnssjd of bn Nfjdf, ft dùs npp`rtfdt ofs jdh`rkntj`dso'ud jdtêr t rêlj`dnb sur bn pêrjòf nbbndt of E10 í EM:.

%fs !ddnbfs of *fo`d fdhjd, dùs s`dt pnrvfdufs lr)gf í udf g`pjf ou kndusgrjt rênbjsêfnu ^8ákf sjágbf nu /`dt Nnjdt /jgafb. %n Lar`djquf of Nnjdt 9rjfug fdhjd, rêojlêf nu

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^JJákf sjágbf ft jdtêlrêf í bn Lar`djquf of 6ndtfs, fst í prfdorf nvfg udf rêfbbf grjtjquf,knjs pfut êv`qufr bf sùvfdjr of gfrtnjds êvádfkfdts o'nb`rs.dhjd, dùs pùv`ds pnrbfr o'ud tf(tf qufbquf pfu ojhhêrfdt ofs nddnbfs k`dnstjqufs & bnXjf o';b rfo rêojlêf pnr !ssfr. Lfttf cj`lrnpajf n êtê êgrjtf fd E I, qufbqufs nddêfs nvndtbn k`rt ou r`j, pnr ud k`jdf lnbb`js ofvfdu êruojt í bn gùr pujs êv quf of Nafrc`rdf. bbfdùs npp`rtf o'jkp`rtndtfs jdh`rkntj`ds sur bn prêsfdgf vjijdl onds bf k`dof ndlb`

sn(`d fdtrf bfs nddêfs EM0 ft E 0, cjfd qu'nvfg gfrtnjdfs frrfurs lê`lrnpajqufs ftgar`d`b`ljqufs, bjêf í bn rêongtj`d ou tf(tf d`d pns nu k`kfdt ofs êvádfkfdts, knjsqufbqufs ojOnjdfs o'nddêfs pbus tnro.

Lfrtnjdfs nutrfs sùrgfs o`gukfdtnjrfs, anlj`lrnpajqufs pnr f(fkpbf, pfuvfdtdùs npp`rtfr ofs jdh`rkntj`ds sur b'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl. !jdsj, bn 8jf of Nnjdt 9fd`Gt,rêojlêf pnr pbusjfurs k`jdfs of 3bfur=, rng`dtf bfs kjrngbfs of Nnjdt 9fd`Gt ft bfspêrêlrjdntj`ds of gfs rfbjqufs, hjoábfs nu t=pf anlj`lrnpajquf. 6êndk`jds b'ud of gfsk`jdfs, orfvnb ù rorfvnbo, pfut trf k`rt fd EMI, rng`dtf bn ofstrugtj`d fd E1I of bfur

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êlnbfkfdt êtuojfr o'jkp`rtndtfs oêgùvfrtfs nrgaê`b`ljqufs, quj npp`rtfdt í d`trf su+ft bntrngf pa=sjquf of b'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl. %'êtuof of gfs trngfs pfrkft o'udf pnrt of g`dhjrkfrft prêgjsfr d`s g`ddnjssndgfs o`gukfdtnjrfs, knjs êlnbfkfdt o'nutrf pnrt o'nbbfr pbus b`jd,fd qu tf of dùvfbbfs g`ddnjssndgfs. %'êtuof nrgaê`b`ljquf dùs bjvrf ofs jdh`rkntj`dsjssufs ojrfgtfkfdt of bn prêsfdgf vjijdl, ft d`d hjbtrêfs pnr bf rflnro, b'jdtêr t ft bng`kprêafdsj`d o'ud êruojt @ggjofdtnb. Nj fbbfs s`dt í npprêafdofr nvfg nutndt of kjdutjfft of grjtjquf quf bfs sùrgfs kndusgrjtfs, fbbfs pfuvfdt dùs trndsp`rtfr nu gZur k kfofs k`kfdts o'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl.

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sjágbf, f(gfptj`ddfbbf onds bfs k`dofs hrndg ft crjtnddjquf. d fhhft, gfttf sêpubturfprêsfdtf bfs vfstjlfs o'ud cntfnu vjijdl ;o`dt têk`jldfdt pbusjfurs gfdtnjdfs ofrjvfts<7 ukc`s of cùgbjfr4, nu sfjd ouqufb `dt êtê trùvê bfs rfstfs o'ud a`kkfo')lf kur nvfg í sfs gFtês ud +fudf a`kkf ù o'udf +fudf hfkkf. !utùr o'fu(, bnhùjbbf n êlnbfkfdt rêvêbêf í bn h`js ofs `ssfkfdts of gajfd ft o'`jsfnu(, udf cnluffd `r ft ofs êbêkfdts of +fu(, knjs nussj ud ganuor`d, ofs nrkfs t=pjqufkfdt vjijdls ft of d`kcrfu( ùtjbs, gfrtnjds of h`rlf ù of kfdujsfrjf. %fs nrgaê`b`lufs`dt fu bn gandgf of pùv`jr g`bbnc`rfr sur bf su+ft nvfg of lrndos spêgjnbjstfssgndojdnvfs quj g`dtrjcufdt í o`ddfr tùtf sn grêojcjbjtê í bn hùjbbf onds udprfkjfr tfkps, nvndt quf gfs ndnb=sfs df s`jfdt í dùvfnu g`dhjrkêfs pnr bf ond`jsC. Custnhs`dI fd 7 0E, pujs rê êtuojês ft prêgjsêfs pnr /jganfb / bbfr _jbbf fd7 E 1 ft pnr %jbjndf -nrrù fd <00<M. %'ajst`rjfd d`rvêljfd *`nbo /`rgifd : fd7 , pujs bf kêtê`r`b`luf jsbndonjs $ bb 9frlta rss`d fd <00< sf s`dt fu(

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jdtêrfssês í êtuojfr bf k=stêrjfu( `c+ft ofdtê oêgùvfrt nu sfjd of bn sêpubturf,qu'jbs prêsfdtfdt g`kkf ud êvfdtufb jdstrukfdt of dnvjlntj`d. Nj b'ajvfrdnlf d'fstpns nvêrê, jb fst trás pr`cncbf g`kkf dùs bf vfrr`ds pbus b`jd, g`dsjoêrndtb'jkp`rtndgf ft bn qunbjtê of b'jdaukntj`d.

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?df vjdltnjdf o'nddêfs nprás bn oêgùvfrtf of b'Gbf of Cr`j(, g'fst d`d b`jd of bí, í6ndtfs, qu'udf dùvfbbf êtuof nrgaê`b`ljquf fst jdjtjêf sur ud sjtf bjê í b'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl. d 7 <E, í 6ndtfs, Cf`rlfs 2urvjbbf êtuojf ud fdsfkcbf o'êpêfs" d`rkndofs # rftrùvêfs b`rs of ornlnlfs onds bf bjt of bn %`jrf, qu'jb nttrjcuf í" b'Gbf of 9jágf #E , gnkp o'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl nttfstê onds bfs tf(tfs g`kkf êtndtsjtuê í pr`(jkjtê jkkêojntf of 6ndtfs. N`d trnvnjb n êtê rênbjsê of kndjárf ídùvfnu jdtêrfssndtf & bfs tf(tfs êv`qufdt b'Gbf of " Cftjn # ù " Cf$jn# ft jb f(jstffdg`rf nu+ùro'auj ud bjfu í 6ndtfs nppfbê " Gbf of 9jágf #. L'fst pnr njbbfurs sur bfs c`ros of gfttf Gbf quf bfs ornlufs suggfssjvfs of bn %`jrf nu ^Jákf sjágbf `dt rêvêbêof d`kcrfusfs nrkfs vjijdls. N'jb prêgjsf nvfg rjlufur sgjfdtjhjquf quf gfrtnjdsnutfurs b`gnbjsfdt bf gnkp vjijdl sur bn %`jrf cjfd fd nk`dt of 6ndtfs, snds

nrlukfdt pr`cndt, jb sùs fstjkf pnr g`dtrf bf têk`jldnlf o'!orfvnb of 3bfur=,g`dtfkp`rnjd ft pr`cncbf têk`jd `gubnjrf ofs êvádfkfdts, quj êv`quf ud gnkp vjijdl í Nnjdt 3b`rfdt bf 8jfjb. Nj bn prêsfdgf o'ud gnkp vjijdl sur b'Gbf of 9jágfsfkcbf trás pr`cncbf, jb df dùs hnut pns f(gburf bn prêsfdgf o'ud nutrf gnkp vjijdlsjtuê í Nnjdt 3b`rfdt bf 8jfjb. ?df êtuof rêgfdtf of gf k`cjbjfr pnr /=bádf6nvftnt , fd <001, prêsfdtf fssfdtjfbbfkfdt bf g`dtf(tf ajst`rjquf ofs jdvnsj`ds vjijdls pujs b'ajst`jrf ofs g`bbfgtj`ds ou kusêf 2`crêf of 6ndtfs ;` s`dtg`dsfrvêfs bfs nrkfs vjijdls of b'Gbf of 9jágf4 nvndt of pr`p`sfr ud fssnj oft=p`b`ljf k`rpa` gar`d`b`ljquf of gfs nrkfs vjijdls.

‗ %fs oêgùvfrtfs nrgaê`b ljqufs sfkcbfdt k jds o`gukfdtêfs sur bf s`b crjtnddjquf, knjs `dt êtê dêndk`jds pbus knrqundtfs. /nrtjd 9joobf ft 9jrtafW+\bc=f 9joobf `dt g`doujt bn hùjbbf ou gnkp o'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl of *fpt`d of 7 1í 7 I, ft `dt bjvrê bn s=dtaásf of bfurs oêgùvfrtfs fd <007 700. %fs nrgaê`b`lufs `dtrfbfvê ud fdsfkcbf of tfrrnssfkfdts h`rkndt udf p`ssjcbf h`rtjhjgntj`d fd h`rkf of" 2 #, ùvfrtf sur b'ndgjfd bjt of bn rjvjárf -rfdt, pbusjfurs sêpubturfs of t=pfsgndojdnvf í b'jdtêrjfur ft í b'f(têrjfur of gft fdsfkcbf, ft ud tukubus ontê pnrndnb=sf dukjskntjquf of E I E 1 ncrjtndt bfs `s oêsnrtjgubês o'nu k`jds <:1jdojvjous. !vndt b'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl of E I E 1, bf sjtf of *fpt`d prêsfdtnjt udfêlbjsf nvfg cnptjstárf ft n nggufjbbj gf quj n pr`cncbfkfdt êtê b'ud ofs knus`bêfs ofsr`js of /frgjf, í b'ùfst of b'êlbjsf. %n lrndof nrkêf vjijdl fst nrrjvêf fd E I sur udsjtf nu( d`kcrfusfs g`dstrugtj`ds, nppnrtfdndt í udf g`kkudnutê k`dnstjqufrfbntjvfkfdt rjgaf, knjs sur ud sjtf njdsj êlnbfkfdt s=kc`bjquf pùr bn /frgjf. 2fstfrrnssfkfdts `dt êtê fdtrfprjs pùr h`rkfr udf bfvêf of tfrrf nss`gjêf í ud h`ssê,ft b'ndgjfddf êlbjsf n êtê utjbjsêf g`kkf pnrtjf g`dstjtundtf of gfttf h`rtjhjgntj`d

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tukubus, sjtuê fd ofa`rs ofs h`rtjhjgntj`ds, rêutjbjsf bf knus`bêf ndlb` sn(`d r`=nbprêgêofkkfdt gjtê. Jb n êtê hùjbbê of kndjárf supfrhjgjfbbf ft knbnor`jtf ofpujs snoêgùvfrtf ndgjfddf, bfs " ndtjqunjrfs # o'nb`rs n=ndt g`kpbátfkfdt oêrndlê bfsstrugturfs ft oêsnrtjgubê bfs rfstfs auknjds. %fs oêgùvfrtfs dukjskntjqufsbnjssfdt sup`sfr udf jdaukntj`d lêdêrnbf fd E 1 E 1, b`rs ou pnssnlf of bn trùpf vjijdl. %'ndnb=sf ofs `ssfkfdts prêsfdtf b'jdaukntj`d o'udf p`pubntj`d o'í pfuprás <00 a`kkfs ft of M0 hfkkfs, qunsj f(gbusjvfkfdt noubtf. %fs a`kkfs ;ftd`d bfs hfkkfs4 of gfttf p`pubntj`d sfkcbfdt nv`jr êtê pbus lrndos quf gfu( ofsnutrfs gjkftjárfs ou sjtf ft pfuvfdt trf jofdtjhjês g`kkf sgndojdnvfs. ?dfjdaukntj`d fd snrg`panlf sf oêlnlf of b'fdsfkcbf, ft pfut trf gfbbf o'ud gafh vjijdl of anutf nut`rjtê. /nrtjd 9joobf ft 9jrtaf W+\bc=f 9joobf pr`p`sfdt o'= v`jr

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‗ 6ùs nv`ds êlnbfkfdt g`ddnjssndgf ofs trnvnu( of %`[g %ndlùft sur bfs êvfdtufbsgnkps ou cnstj`d N`bjo`r í Nnjdt /nb` ft of Cnronjdf í Nnjdt Nubjng & Bfs ùjbbfsnr$a `b`ljqufs ou /nstj`d of :`bjo`r :njdt-Knb` 70I, 7 EI, ft Zd rftrnd$afkfdtd`rkndo « jdsubnjrf ¹ nronjdf :njdt-:ubjn$ 701, 7 7. 6êndk`jds, g`kkf dùsb'êv`quj`ds ud pfu pbus tFt b`rs of gfttf êtuof, dùs d'fd pnrtnlf`ds pns bfsg`dgbusj`ds, g`dsjoêrndt bfs joêfs jdtêrfssndtfs, knjs bfs kêtaòfs tr`p pfurjlùrfusfs ft bfs jdtfrprêtntj`ds tr`p pfu h`doêfs. 6ùs df rfvjfdor`ds pnr surd`trf oêk`dstrntj`d ou kndquf of prfuvfs g`dgbundtfs pfrkfttndt o'nttrjcufr udfjofdtjtê vjijdl nu gnkp of Nnjdt Nubjng. 2f k kf, bn hùjbbf ou cnstj`d of N`bjo`r íNnjdt /nb` rfbávf ofs ndnb=sfs jdtêrfssndtfs, knjs df kft fd bukjárf rjfd of pbusqu'udf rfkjsf fd êtnt ofs h`rtjhjgntj`ds ft b'jdstnbbntj`d o'ud ancjtnt sur bf sjtf nu^ ákf sjágbf, snds nugudf trngf sgndojdnvf. 8`jr onds bf cnstj`d N`bjo`r bn tùr vjijdlo'!qujd ù o'@rfjlbf ou *`knd o'!qujd fst pfut trf +ustf, knjs í dùvfnu, dùs dfg`ddnjss`ds pns bn vnbfur ajst`rjquf ou *`knd o'!qujd. ?df bêlfdof n=ndt pr`p`ssur b'jofdtjtê vjijdl ou sjtf ft sur bfs `rjljdfs ou párf of 9frtrndo 2ulufsgbjd,rnpp`rtêf pnr 3r jssnro nu ^J8 ákf sjágbf, d'npp`rtf quf pfu of p jos íb'nrlukfdtntj`d. $nr rjlufur sgjfdtjhjquf, dùs df dùs nut`rjsfr`ds pns bf oùtf, ftd'jdtálrfr`dt pns gfs ojhhêrfdts sjtfs í d`trf êtuof sur b'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl onds bfsk`dofs hrndg ft crjtnddjquf.

‗ %f sjtf of -rnds n êtê hùjbbê ft êtuojê pnr 5fnddf Bv`ddf Ankfb Njk`d, %`[g%ndlùRt ft bfur êqujpf70M, knjs prêsfdtf ofs g`dgbusj`ds pfu g`dvnjdgndtfs. %fur`pêrntj`d g`dsjstf fssfdtjfbbfkfdt fd udf pr`spfgtj`d ou sjtf g`dstjtuê ou gnkp ou 8jfu( /'dn ft ou gnkp ofs Anjfs, d`tnkkfdt sur bn cnsf o'ud rfbfvê êbfgtr`knldêtjquf. /njs sj bf sjtf fst ofs pbus jdtêrfssndts, sfubs qufbqufs strugturfs ofrftrndgafkfdt ft tfss`ds of gêrnkjquf `dt êtê oêgùvfrtfs. Nnds k`cjbjfr jssu pnrf(fkpbf of b'nrkfkfdt ù of bn vjf qu`tjojfddf o'a`kkfs nrkês, b'êtuof of pFts fdgêrnkjquf í bávrf fd cndofnu rfstf bf pbus " sêrjfu( nrlukfdt pùr v`jr onds gfttfh`rtf pr`p`rtj`d eof gêrnkjqufs í bávrf fd cndofnu b'`ggupntj`d ou gnkp ofsAnjfs pnr udf trùpf fd oêpbngfkfdt # ;pnlf 04. %fs nrgaê`b`lufs = v`jfdt o`dgud gnkp vjijdl nu 8jfu( /'dn, `ggupê qufbqufs tfkps, ft bf gnkp ou crft`d !bnjd9nrcft`rtf vfdu bfs ganssfr nu( Anjfs, `ggupê of kndjárf pbus êpaêkárf bf tfkpsou sjálf. 6ùs pùv`ds rfprfdorf 5fnd $jfrrf 6jg`bnro`t ù $ajbjppf Cujl`d &

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‗ 6ùs pùv`ds êlnbfkfdt êv`qufr jgj bfs hùjbbfs nrgaê`b`ljqufs n=ndt fu bjfu nusfjd of b'nccn=f of %ndoêvfddfgí pnrtjr of 7 E, sùs bn ojrfgtj`d o'!ddjf 9nrofb 70 ft of *`dnd $frfddfg. L`dgfdtrêf sur b'êtuof ofs ojhhêrfdts êtnts of g`dstrugtj`d ofb'nccn=f, fbbfs êv`qufdt dêndk`jds s`d pjbbnlf pnr udf trùpf vjijdl fd 7I, nttfstêpnr bfs sùrgfs o`gukfdtnjrfs g`kkf pnr bfurs oêgùvfrtfs nrgaê`b`ljqufs.6êndk`jds, sj b'a=p`taásf o'udf cnsf vjijdl êtncbjf onds gf sjtf strntêljquf npnrh`js êtê êv`quêf, fbbf df sfkcbf luárf pfrtjdfdtf nu( nrgaê`b`lufs & dùs dfg`dsjoêrfr`ds o`dg pns b'nccn=f of %ndoêvfddfg g`kkf ud êvfdtufb sjtfo'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl.

" #d n pu $`dstntfr $fpfdondt quf bfs /[tjkfdts n/ndo dd s d' dt pns t `$$up s pnr bfs A`rkndos, /jfd quf bn rjn of b';ubdf njt pu $`dstjtufr ud kùjbbnlf prjvjb lj & Bn o k`bjtj`d ourfkpnrt d'fst o'njbbfurs pns $`kpntj/bf nvf$ udf trnds `rkntj`d fd $nkp rftrnd$a #770

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‗ Sufbqufs trnvnu( of s=dtaásf `dt êlnbfkfdt êtê pucbjêfs, g`dstrujts sur bfsoêgùvfrtfs nrgaê`b`ljqufs pùvndt trf bjêfs í b'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl. !vndt s`d trnvnjbsur bfs oêgùvfrtfs of b'Gbf of Cr`j(, %jbjndf -nrrù nvnjt g`dstrujt fd <000 udf trásjdtêrfssndtf êtuof of b'fdsfkcbf ou k`cjbjfr of t=pf sgndojdnvf oêgùvfrt fd3rndgf77I, pujs fst rfvfdu sur bf su+ft onds ud nrtjgbf of s=dtaásf fd <00771.

‗ @utrf ntbndtjquf, 2ndjfbbfn -r=d`si= ft /nttafK Hjfcnrta 77M `dt pr`p`sê fd <071,of grêfr ud kòábf t=pf ou gnkp o'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl, í pnrtjr of o`ddêfsstntjstjqufs lê` spntjnbfs, nhjd of pùv`jr oêgùvrjr of dùvfnu( sjtfsnrgaê`b`ljqufs. $bus prêgjsêkfdt, jbs grêfrnjfdt udf cnsf of o`ddêf, nbjkfdtêf pnrbfs gnrngtêrjstjqufs ofs sjtfs o'ajvfrdnlf vjijdls g`ddus ;a=or`b`ljf, tfrrnjd...4. %n cnsf of o`ddêf grêfrnjt nb`rs ud kòábf t=pf of sjtf o'ajvfrdnlf, quj pùrrnjt trfnppbjquêf í ofs njrfs o'jdtêr t nrgaê`b`ljquf, ft njdsj pfrkfttrf of oêgùvrjr ofdùvfnu( sjtfs o'ajvfrdnlf vjijdl. 6ùs df snv`ds pns sj bfurs trnvnu( `dt êtêjdjtjês í gf +ùr ;<07M4.

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ùrgfs o`gukfdtnjrfsj( sùrgfs dnrrntjvfs g`dtfkp`rnjdfs of r h rfdgf

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;r$a `b`ljquf of b'#ufst , t`kf E, *fddfs, $rfssfs ?djvfrsjtnjrfs of *fddfs, 7 7, p. 76 Garjst`paf Ofutsga-Ouk`bjd - ]nlf ?F sur ?>

5d Crftnldf 9 gnkp ofs njfs = _rnds • A!/ % NJ/@6 5fnddf Bv`ddf, %!6C@? -, %`jg, 6@?**B 2 6!B *, 3rndU`jsf, /@?-@6, 2ndjfb,

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b'nr$a `b`ljf d\3II , 2j+`d, 3nt`d, `gt`crf <00<, p. M0 M

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ur bn :`jrf 9 gnkp of b7/bf of njdt-#b`rfdt-bf-%jfjb • 2* ?HB, *fdê of, / 6!6- !?, %`[g, Bf $nkp vj(jdl of :njdt-^b`rfdt , Nnjdt 3b`rfdt bf 8jfjb, 7 :

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Andtfs, OFF->FJF, kêk`jrf pùr udf knGtrjsf o'nrgaê`b`ljf, *fddfs, ?djvfrsjtê of Anutf 9rftnldf *fddfs,<001, I v`b.

ur bf _rfdt 9 gnkp of 'fpt`d • %JOO! 5nrtjd, 9#2!%; -%JOO! , %jrt$f, "fpt d ndo 4t$f 0rfnt $fnt$fd nr+MN, 1< -1<7 , jd L" 5-

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p. 7 -:?

ur bf _rfdt 9 gnkp of _`rs3f< • 9%!LW9?*6, /nri, " -af vjijdl Kjdtfr gnkp nt t`risf=, E < E I #, jd 9%!LW9?*6, /nri, Xj(jdl $`jdnlf

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?djvfrsjt= `h !cfroffd 6fKs & g`kkudjgntjdl taf K`ri ndo ngajfvfkfdts `h taf ?djvfrsjt= ndo jts pf`pbf t`taf _`rbo , attp& KKK.ncod.ng.ui dfKs 7E1 , 7E oêgfkcrf <071

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7 7, p. :M :E• %!6C@? -, %`[g, " ?d rftrndgafkfdt d`rkndo " jdsubnjrf # & Cnronjdf í Nnjdt Nubjng #, jd Cubbftjd of

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