Le Bisphénol A et le triclosan dans les eaux de la rivière St-François : une préoccupation

grandissante!

Projet de caractérisation – GCI747

Département de génie civil2500, boulevard de l’UniversitéSherbrooke (Qc) – J1K 2R1Hubert.Cabana@USherbrooke.ca www.civil.usherbrooke.ca/environnement/index.htm

Substances perturbatrices du système endocrinien

Un composé chimique exogène ou un mélange de

composés qui altère une ou des fonctions du système

endocrinien des organismes et qui cause des effets

néfastes sur la santé des organismes vivants, sur leur

progéniture ou sur une partie de la population.

Vos et al., (2000), Crit. Rev. Toxicol.

Substances perturbatrices du système endocrinien

http://web.bryant.edu/~dlm1/sc372/readings/toxicology/endocrinedisrupter.jpg

Les effets des EDCs

Effets hormono-dépendants :Estrogène (xénoestrogène);Thyroïde;

• Féminisation des

espèces aquatiques;• Diminution de l’épaisseur de la

coquilles des œufs chez les

oiseaux;• Diminution du nombre de

spermatozoïdes chez l’humain…

Les effets des EDCs

Les effets des EDCs

“However, essentially all of the evidence to date suggests that it is the potent steroidal estrogens that are the primary causative agents leading to feminization of fish…..”

Sumpter and Johnson 2005

Quelques EDCs

atrazine (weedkiller) 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) (sunscreen lotions) butylated hydroxyanisole / BHA (food preservative) bisphenol A (monomer for polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resin; antioxidant in plasticizers) dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (one of the breakdown products of DDT) dieldrin (insecticide) DDT (insecticide) endosulfan (insecticide) erythrosine / FD&C Red No. 3 ethinylestradiol (combined oral contraceptive pill) (released into the environment as a xenoestrogen) heptachlor (insecticide) lindane / hexachlorocyclohexane (insecticide) metalloestrogens (a class of inorganic xenoestrogens) methoxychlor (insecticide) nonylphenol and derivatives (industrial surfactants; emulsifiers for emulsion polymerization; laboratory

detergents; pesticides) polychlorinated biphenyls / PCBs (in electrical oils, lubricants, adhesives, paints) parabens (lotions) phenosulfothiazine (a red dye) phthalates (plasticizers)

DEHP (plasticizer for PVC)

Quelques EDCs

Cabana et al., Eng. Life Sci., 2007

Les xénoestrogènes

Fang et al., (2001), Chem. Res. Toxicol.

17β- estradiol

Bisphénol A

Bisphénol A (BPA)

Origine: Matière première dans l’industrie plastique

Polycarbonates et résine époxy Principales sources : Production de BPA,

lixiviation de résidus plastiques, site d’enfouissement , etc.

Reconnue comme xénoestrogène

OH

C

OH

CH3 CH3

BPA

EDCs étudiées

[BPA]effluents ~ 1 µg/l; [BPA]boues ~ 75 mg / kg; [BPA]lixiviats ~ 15 mg/l

Triclosan (TCS)

Agent antimicrobien utilisé dans les produits de soins corporels (eg. dentifrices, déodorants, savons, etc.)

Relargué dans l’environnement par les effluents et les boues des usines d’épuration des eaux usées municipales

Perturbations endocriniennes mal connues Perturbations du système thyroïdien

[TCS]effluents jusqu’à ~ 5 µg/l; [TCS]boues ~ 55 mg/kg

OH

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

EDCs étudiées

Quelques exemples

Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in US streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance. Kolpin et al., 2002.

Toronto

Occurrence of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Sewage and Sludge Samples in Toronto, Canada. Lee et al., 2004.

In this study, BPA was observed in all 30 sewage samples with concentrationsranging from 0.16 to 28.1 μg/L (median0.75 μg/L) in the influents and from 0.01 to 17.3 μg/L (median 0.13 μg/L) in the effluent (Table 2).

Effluent concentrations (μg/L) of acidic drugs, triclosan, polycyclic musks and hormones for 12 municipal wastewater

treatment plants along the Thames River, Canada

Analyte (μg/L)

MDL n < MDL Median Mean Maximum

Salicylic acid 0.087 36 0.104 0.106 0.121

Ibuprofen 0.061 23 0.353 0.384 0.773

Gemfibrozil 0.077 22 0.255 0.246 0.436

Naproxen 0.074 18 0.351 0.452 1.189

Ketoprofen 0.088 30 0.114 0.125 0.210

Diclofenac 0.062 15 0.140 0.194 0.748

Indomethacin

0.10 30 0.149 0.190 0.507

Fenofibrate 0.026 39 – – –

Fenoprofen 0.066 39 – – –

Clofibric acid 0.066 39 – – –

Triclosan

0.031 15 0.106 0.108 0.324

Celestolide 0.016 28 0.0200 0.025 0.09

Phantolide 0.018 39 – – –

Traseolide 0.013 13 0.047 0.045 0.072

Galaxolide 0.012 0 0.876 0.751 1.82

Tonalide 0.0085 1 0.298 0.274 0.600

Estradiola 0.005 34 – – –

Estronea 0.005 17 0.013 0.0076 0.038

Occurrence and reductions of pharmaceuticals and personal care products and estrogens by municipal wastewater treatment plants in Ontario, Canada. Lishman et al., 2006.

Twelve Ontario MWWTPs discharging into the Thames River were chosen as the sample sites. The Thames River, the second largest river in southwestern Ontario, flows into eastern Lake Erie

Les effets de ces contaminants

La littérature scientifique s’est grandement étoffée au cours des dernières années à ce sujet;

Voici quelques références d’intérêt…

Barnes, K.K., Christenson, S.C., Kolpin, D.W., Focazio, M., Furlong, E.T., Zaugg, S.D., Meyer, M.T. et Barber, L.B. (2004). Pharmaceuticals and other organic waste water contaminants within a leachate plume downgradient of a municipal landfill. Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, vol. 24, n° 2, p. 119-126.

Barnes, K.K., Kolpin, D.W., Furlong, E.T., Zaugg, S.D., Meyer, M.T. et Barber, L.B. (2008). A national reconnaissance of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants in the United States - I) Groundwater. Science of the Total Environment, vol. 402, n° 2-3, p. 192-200.

Bouskine, A., Nebout, M., Brucker-Davis, F., Benahmed, M. et Fenichel, P. (2009). Low Doses of Bisphenol A Promote Human Seminoma Cell Proliferation by Activating PKA and PKG via a Membrane G-Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor. Environmental health perspectives, vol. 117, n° 7, p. 1053-1058.

Cahill, J.D., Furlong, E.T., Burkhardt, M.R., Kolpin, D. et Anderson, L.G. (2004). Determination of pharmaceutical compounds in surface- and ground-water samples by solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography a, vol. 1041, n° 1-2, p. 171-180.

Focazio, M.J., Kolpin, D.W., Barnes, K.K., Furlong, E.T., Meyer, M.T., Zaugg, S.D., Barber, L.B. et Thurman, M.E. (2008). A national reconnaissance for pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants in the United States - II) Untreated drinking water sources. Science of the Total Environment, vol. 402, n° 2-3, p. 201-216.

Lee, H.B. et Peart, T.E. (2000). Bisphenol A contamination in Canadian municipal and industrial wastewater and sludge samples. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada, vol. 35, n° 2, p. 283-298.

Lee, H.B. et Peart, T.E. (2002). Organic contaminants in Canadian municipal sewage sludge. Part I. Toxic or endocrine-disrupting phenolic compounds. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada, vol. 37, n° 4, p. 681-696.

Lee, H.B., Peart, T.E., Chan, J. et Gris, G. (2004). Occurrence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in sewage and sludge samples in Toronto, Canada. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada, vol. 39, n° 1, p. 57-63.

Meeker, J.D., Sathyanarayana, S. et Swan, S.H. (2009). Phthalates and other additives in plastics: human exposure and associated health outcomes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, vol. 364, n° 1526, p. 2097-2113.

Mills, P.C., Kolpin, D.W., Scribner, E.A. et Thurman, E.M. (2005). Herbicides and degradates in shallow aquifers of Illinois: Spatial and temporal trends. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, vol. 41, n° 3, p. 537-547.

Oehlmann, J., Schulte-Oehlmann, U., Kloas, W., Jagnytsch, O., Lutz, I., Kusk, K.O., Wollenberger, L., Santos, E.M., Paull, G.C., Van Look, K.J.W. et Tyler, C.R. (2009). A critical analysis of the biological impacts of plasticizers on wildlife. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, vol. 364, n° 1526, p. 2047-2062.

Reinstorf, F., Leschik, S., Musolff, A., Osenbruck, K., Strauch, G., Moder, M. et Schirmer, M. (2009). Quantification of large-scale urban mass fluxes of xenobiotics and of the river-groundwater interaction in the city of Halle, Germany. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, vol. 34, n° 8-9, p. 574-579.

Shi, W., Wang, X.Y., Hu, W., Sun, H., Shen, O.X., Liu, H.L., Wang, X.R., Giesy, J.P., Cheng, S.P. et Yu, H.X. (2009). Endocrine-disrupting equivalents in industrial effluents discharged into Yangtze River. Ecotoxicology, vol. 18, n° 6, p. 685-692.

Talsness, C.E., Andrade, A.J.M., Kuriyama, S.N., Taylor, J.A. et vom Saal, F.S. (2009). Components of plastic: experimental studies in animals and relevance for human health. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, vol. 364, n° 1526, p. 2079-2096.

Teuten, E.L., Saquing, J.M., Knappe, D.R.U., Barlaz, M.A., Jonsson, S., Bjorn, A., Rowland, S.J., Thompson, R.C., Galloway, T.S., Yamashita, R., Ochi, D., Watanuki, Y., Moore, C., Pham, H.V., Tana, T.S., Prudente, M., Boonyatumanond, R., Zakaria, M.P., Akkhavong, K., Ogata, Y., Hirai, H., Iwasa, S., Mizukawa, K., Hagino, Y., Imamura, A., Saha, M. et Takada, H. (2009). Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, vol. 364, n° 1526, p. 2027-2045.

La rivière St-François

http://www.cogesaf.qc.ca/SaintFrancois/IndexSaintFrancois.html

Pour de plus amples informations

COGESAF : http://www.cogesaf.qc.caCatherine Frizzle : catherine@cogesaf.qc.ca