latest publications | an-najah scholars - ص ˇ ˆא د...4 sciences of arabic rhetoric in the...

65

Upload: others

Post on 22-Feb-2020

7 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

2

j

����ص���� �

"��� ���وמ�א�����א� �

�"�����د��א�ن���دون� �

��������د�א� �

�:��دאد �

�א��دس�–���ن�א�د�אو�ش�.د � !� �

#د�א� ���א��–����"�و�אس�.�د�� �

�מ20/3/2012א��دس���� �

� �� �الع�مة

�الرحمنإن ��عبد �أشهر�من �خلدون �فهو��أنبن رف، يع

�ولغوي �اجتماع، �وعالم �ومؤرخ، �اختار�. فيلسوف، ،� �الثقافة �متعدد �كان و2ا

� �وهو �اللغوية، �ثقافته �من�بعضا : ""الباحثان��� �א� �א���� =ي��"��وמ

نشأة�: وDي�رد�=ي�مقدمته�من�هذه�العلوم،�وقام�الباحثان�بتحليل�ما�و ،�مقدمته

�الب �علم �ومباحث �العربية، �علم��غة �ومباحث �البيان، �علم ا2عاني،ومباحث

3

،�وعلوم�الب�غة�عند�ا2شارقة،�وعند�ا2غاربة،�وثمرة�علوم�الب�غة،�وDي�البديع

.Wط�ع�عUى�إعجاز�القرآن�الكريم

�ال �كشفت �الع�مةوقد �لهذا �فذة �عقلية �عن �نبوغ� ،دراسة وعن

الها�=ي�وريقات،�من�متم_^ aى�فهم�علوم�العربية�وهضمها�واخUوقدرة�عجيبة�ع�،

� �أن �ا2مكن �وموسوعات، �مجلدات �=ي �لتصبح �الباحثون�تحلل �مfgا يستفيد

.والطلبة

عUى�وخاتمةومطالب،��فصول،وقد�جاء�البحث�=ي�مقدمة،�وأربعة�

:النحو�nتي

.ة،وفيه�ث�ثة�مباحثالب�غة�العربي =ي�نشأة: الفصل�oول

.=ي�علم�ا2عاني،�وفيه�ثمانية�مباحث: والفصل�الثاني

.=ي�علم�البيان،�وفيه�ث�ثة�مباحث: والفصل�الثالث

.=ي�علم�البديع،�وفيه�سبعة�مباحث: والفصل�الرابع

عUي�أبوراس�����������. حس_ن�الدراويش������د. د

4

Sciences of Arabic rhetoric

in the Introduction of "Ibn Khaldun's"

Analytical study

Abstract

The great scholar Abdull-Rahman Ibn –Khaldun

is more well –Known to be introduced; he is a philosopher,

historian, sociologist and a linguist. As he was a multi-

cultured, the two researches have chosen some of his

linguistic culture. It's called sciences of Arabic rhetoric, and

its part of his great Introduction . They have analyzed what

was mentioned in his Introduction, concerning these

sciences. It includes:- Rise of the Arabic rhetoric , topics of

semantics, eloquence, rhetoric , good style and figures of

speech , in addition to sciences of rhetoric in the East and

the West. Finally the fruit of all sciences of rhetoric, which

is a acquaintance of the miraculous and wondrous nature (of

the Holy Koran).

The study revealed the unusual intellectuality of

this great scholar, his distinctive genius, and his marvelous

ability to understand, comprehend and summarize the Arabic

sciences in a few pages that can be analyzed to become

volumes and encyclopedias that are useful for researchers at

the students:-

Importance at the study

This study can gain important once through:

- The linguistic worth of Ibn Khaldun's opinions in the

rhetoric studies and the fertility of his ideas that were

presented in his Introduction .

5

- To pinpoint the efforts of this scholar in the field at

Arabic rhetoric.

The curriculum of the study:

In processing the rhetorical subjects for Ibn Khaldun, the

two researchers depended on the following:

1. Confining the rhetorical subjects and restricting them in just

two pages in his Introduction .

2. Reading the rhetorical subjects stated in the Introduction

and gathering the topics, then relate each topic to the

rhetorical feature it belongs to.

3. Analysis of the rhetorical subjects presented in the

Introduction , and observing their Arabic rhetorical

denotations that support them and show their extensions,

branches, parts and arts.

Recommendations:-

The study came out with a group of recommendations, The

most important of which are:

1. The necessity for the analysis of the other linguistic sides

that are mentioned in Ibn Khaldun's Introduction by

benefitting from method used in analysing is his rhetorical

achievements.

2. Displaying Ibn Khaldun's other achievements in various

fields to benefit from his work in the development of the

nation.

3. Collecting of Ibn Khaldun's heritage to make it accessible

for researchers for the purpose of study research and review.

Dr.Husien Al-Darawish , Dr. Ali Abu Rass

6

�:�א���د� �

� ��א�����،�و���،،،�و���،�و���א ����وא ��م����א����� �

��� �א �ن�،�� �!"� ��ن #�� $%�� �&��ون �א�# '��،�(��)�� ($�

� �و+*$ ،,(- �و �א�01/ع، �و/2 �א �-)"'و�345، 64/7����'08� 9� �א�:��'، 9

� �>ذ ���؛� ?@A0� �א B�� �א �0C� A��4Dوא� Eא� �א B�� �א #�� �0�K

G+و�HI�،')� � ���4��KW'��)م���J#��)م�א �-'�א �

1E '-� �K��Kא �2E (NO ���Kא �3E ن/)P ���Kא �4E QدDא�K�وK� �

S� א WC/P/ن������0V ��Kא��/ن�א � ��Hوא�8'و�/��/�TU�)م�א

�(Iو�X:���Cوא?WH� � ��)م�א P�Z'�א � �('،�وI)�":��9�E؛��,?��Kא P(/ن�א

و���V/ن�?�9�K�)م�א ��/ن�א � �H?א ���Bא[/�\�وא�A��4D،�]�TO)אن�

/$O��Q/P8�����'84א� �Kא �א�I�_<�E^�6א �

7

1E ��O�')� � �م�و1)د�د4א8'�]�(�('�C�':�/8)ل��)م�א P�Z'�א

a0��:��9א�#�&��ون�K� �

2E 9א�#�&��ون��b4אc�')�I��64/7���d�&و�،')Z�P א ��fא �4א�e/8א

a0��:��9�/$C gK� �

3E �' ��B:C�9Kא P�Z'�א � �('�1$)د�I^א�א ���'�>� אزh/و �

4E א�^I�jC/P��k)l(+و�B)�[و�m %�9و�')� � א ���'��9א P�Z'�א

�/$�(�K� �

5E א^I�Elو��A84א� �/د�א �A��B)�N0"�,�אn �aO��Tloא��Vو�،

p)WC/P �W����9�e/�(�rد4אI�'8^א�א�)l)ع��q#�/$Oא �

��K א^I�9�s^0N!+�':�/8�'8م�و1)د�د4א�ع�(l(א�K� �

�QK א� tO �א �א ^,�א�O0/ز tO /�� ،au�+و� �&��ون �א�# �O� HZ�P

�#���U/�0��KC�0��tU�،�')� � �(�aא�#�&��ون��9א P�Z'�א�v�[

� d�� ��+�a7)7א jC/P�� #�� a)�� /�� b�w08x� ،a�)�[وHZ�P �א

')� � �Kא �

8

�]�(���aא}z/ز Kج� H�0�"� /|� �&��ون �א�# �O� tO �א 9� �"�? א

�Kא � �('��B:Cא P�Z'א ���'���9و+)8(�a؛�}{$/1�4$)د�I^א �

('�P+��'~/���9/ع/�و�/��/ن�א7I� �D^א�V/م�א WC/P/ن�/0 א���I/Oא

�Wא�/د��א P��')Z��Oא�#�&��ون �

1E �#�� Q :"� /�)�� X:�� /I�"�[و� ،')Z�P �א �א�/د� �C

a0��:��9�A0N�rK� �

2E � E)و��� �א�:��' 9� �א )א4د� ')Z�P �א �א�/د� �bא V،/$WC/P��

<�jNP��Bد��/O8<و_�jNPא���H�0O+�,^ א P��HZא<a)K� �

3E /$U/*��9� /$�P0+و� �א P�Z('�א )א4د���9א�:��'، �]�(�Bא�/د�

� +�f I/�،�و+*$ �א��0אدI/�و� و$/�،��א P�Z('�א � �('�،�א

�/$U(O��K$/و��U/Oو�V�/�$/�و �

��� �

� �

� �

9

� �

�� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

الفصل األول

íée†ÃÖ]<íÆøfÖ]<ì`�Þ< <

1.1���������א����א�����������א�� � �

2.1���א���� !!!!!!����א���!!!!!"!!!!���!!!!�� �

3.1�#!!!!!!!!���� م�א�!!!!!!�!!!!!!!!�!!!!!!!!!!!!!�� �

10

�א�)'&�א%ول� �

@ @òîi‹ÈÛa@òËýjÛa@@ñd“ã@À@ @

@ @1.1��%&'(�:�)د�א��' �(�א���� �

� ��W#��)م�א P�Z'��א � �('�א W�����9j��' ض�א��"�א�#�&��ون��":)ل

��א W���'��Oא�����Aو��W�??��gو��Kא ،�E"�P��Kא��/HU،�و��Kא P(/ن?/OrDא���

�':�/� �א�K8��Kא P(/ن،�":����)م�א P�Z'�א W��'��א J��HU/W �–،�وI)�א�K8א ���Oא

����:"K�/)P �ن�א Jن�D؛�A��VDא�)�،��+�K��B�/���T:Cא �#�وא�a����C/�+��7)א�

1�a)��d0و��،s &�������� �b��<�K�/Wو���،�C/~وא�،��)��#�eא��،/$)��a)���Zوא

�،a��/���Q� Iو� H�/7� �>_��ن�����א /�)?�� /�)%� B�7+�#� �א B�/��2+�ل��� K�

�d�+4وaوא��)א��(NO �ذ� U/�9�6א /��(����� �0 "��وא P(/ن،،��#��#� �א �I�B�w^א

� ،aא��0& ون�و�&^�1�����6א��� e/$��� aO�� �و[�)א ،a�/0�� #�HI�� ' ^א��א��0אو

�/0��9�� �وא�#��/ ����aא�#�א ����a�/0���9�HU/7א P0(/ن،�/���،�$� �،א��a�m/Pא

�Q/0��9��"و�: �وא ��0(t،�وI)���wC� -r/��#�א}"m/G،�א}"m/Gو1�ل�א �"#�א

�K)1(����?وא �6�Z�#�� W���aO��K)��0א�? ق،��9א ? BI��mא �$�����Oوא ���a��'"/O$^א �

.461-459، ص 1ا�� �� ون، ا��� ،ج) 1(

11

�x/�<�')� � "����Cن���א�#�&��ون�"!U��"4/+�B�w?���א ��)م�א P�Z('�א

�'O7|� �4/P� ���و�1 �א�:�)د /)�(0��� �א ��)م، 6^I� ��?U� �"4/0�� B�� �Z� �)�1א،

��� �$)�"?��>_��ن�א� �>��bא�eو�$�$8/، �و���)א ،K�� �א �I�9^א /�bא :��/��V�b]��)א

a)���#�)��Z)2وא ��1� b/1ن���_<�s &Dא� ���� ��Cوא� K�� �א �و+�I�B�/���T:C^א ،

��V� �و�#�א�� و���ن��Vא�' ،'Z�P �#�א ،� a)��d07�� �? �א �:U� a�/0��� ��� ،�)�

��)ل�����אDول���0 "��א ?� ،�و]�I�a�/0��B�1�?9�v^א��'����e(�U�#�HU/W �א

a+b4دא� e(�Uو� �? �א Q()� �j /W �و&���tא ، �? ��9א ��)3(?א~)د� K��C/~א� و+�6

� ,^ �وC�و+�a?א ،� a+(V� 9� ،H� � �א �א P(/ن K)ز� � (I?)4(� Kن��<� B�� d�N�� �I^א \)

H(8(א�� a�/07�� H� � �א �א P(/ن 9� �אDو_ 'OP� �א dC/r� ��!"� �C/~א� W?ن�/)P א

A)P0 �وr?وא �Vو� ،� aUD� �א P(/ن �I^א \85�� aU��� A�C� ag� a�–��ag� �":)ل /��

A�C� J�W?�Q � O�C�/N)l(+�/O/��(���/ن�א�kl(+�،ص(�O �g�E/��'��#�א

�،, wא�� j /W �א �א : ن #�� �وא ���OאDول HU/W �א �א : ن 9� H� � �א �א P(/ن "�0)4ون

H� � �����K)5(����?و+����4(r�/O)U�#?���א P(/ن�א �

�א��"�jI���?U�#^�6א ��)م�>_��ن�و�K��_<�Brא�08 د��א�#�&��ون�9

���1�t$)دI�'��&�9�6^�6א ��)م،�و�#�א�C��85:/��/�ذ� �6א���)ن��،H�/7� א

.461-460، ص 1ج ا�� ر ����،) 2(

�ح )3(� ا#��ر، ص)1978(" ! �، �� ا��� $%� .34:،�+*( ا&�ان )$ ا'�ر ا&

.66:ا�+*( ا��� ( وت56ره�، ص �23ة،ت�ری/ )1987(��)(، �� ا�-ی-، )4(

�ب �& ا��3، ص)5(� .3: ;� �، :�، م& م( آ

12

� �V� � 'Z�P �א �V)א� ��ن #�� H�/7� �א #?� ���/1� eb/1–�m/0א��� '�/0�� 9� J�

B)�:��\) �b0)א WC/P'�و�s "�xא WC/P/ن��/�+ א�6א �K)6(����?�:)א��א �E��،�(NO� �وא

�،'��W ��)م�א P�Z'�א�j /W �>ذ�" "/ن��ن�א �I�H�/7)�א�85\�א ،�" ��A�C�'?�/

�/��Q� Iو�،K�� �$)�א ^,�����ز����I^א��،, ?�� ������Pא :/I �א~ HU/1،�وא

�xو�/�(r�����'��/V�K�� و4د���B�/���#��a)،�و(���d+4א���0C�،aאI�jC/P��e(08^א�א

�א �ن��و �و�,�/�����H+�"�2א �P)8�H�/7:��"�و��9�4/ل� ��"/د� ،� O:�/ن��($/،

�/�)��،H�/7� ����אVو���،���/�":)ل�א�#�&��ون�d�+4و�#OK� �

� /$Oو�� ،m/0א��� mو %� /Nl(�� �&��ون �א�# E�/0"� K��W

m/G"{7(א(t)��0 ��x#��)8(وא m/Pא��� � /G"�� /$O�� �و"^� �א :�و"�، #"� �א ~�ل

� � �א)9(�/ ��8� m %و� ،HU0�0/زא �א #"� �א � אز�،،،،)10( 9� ,(�� �א �)�� m %11(و(�،

� � ��?و7I^א K$O��� ،aU(C ?"�m/0א���t)��+����mא �? �א BPV� W�،H7P� �א (Iא�� ,�و

HUوא}" א�H� -א��Q(:�"�(Iو�H� -وא��،HU0�0/زא �K)����)12?و�(Iא �

�3A(، م@?< ا�=> ا�+*$، ص)6(� ، 143:)�ی

�ح )$ ��5م ا�+*( )7(Cج$،� �وت(ا"ی��� F�@�ا �� ).1938:ت=& G م=�

.م1904:،� �وت1ا��I J،ط)8(

ا�;�� ا��K5K$(ا����ح، )9(�� G &=ه�ة)ت� .، ا�

���، ا���6( ا�=�5دی(، ا&�ه�ة،1330ا�56ل، )10(J�ه�ة وا� .م1914هـ ، ا&

.م1914ا�6از، م��6( ا�&�O6، ا&�ه�ة،)11(

�3A(، م� ر س��G، ص)12(� ، .144:)�ی

13

��/V� 'Z�P �א ����א�-/�4'��9�)م 'V4/?ق�א�(�+� �و"���Bא�#�&��ون�8 W� ?�'V4/?�/�

�9�Hא ��)م�א ��/U('،�وא��א����a�U��،K/�–�وaPP8���I^א�א �#��V)م،��#�א�-/�4'�،�

Q -א��#��/Uא �� � ('�+)�9��1و�)�4א �� אن�،�وא�? ق��و/�7 �K)13(?وא ��E�/Oא �

�:א������)د�א��* ����)'&%���و�מ�2.1 �

� �9� �א�-/�4'، �O� 'Z�P �א ��)م ��?U� #� v�N0"و�#� 'W"�C� ��� ض

�(:)ل�،E"�P ��W?�aא&�0/ص���BIא�- �K�����Qא/Or��#��Q -א��BI���t0&و>�/�א–�

'Z�P �א ��)م �/Or�� ��:"� J��QدDא� ��)م '��� #�� �و��1)6 ،'r/&� �א P(/ن !K�

�9 �/ن��/I(�C��K$U)א���/،�وزא(Uא��(!�(Uدوא���)א�/،�و�و�،/�/: ��a א ?� "'،�و� �!)א��

�/{�،�و�ن���Kא B$8�E"�P!�א��&^،�אDא��A"�0��!ع( ( � �Qو>�/��K$�u���ذ ��א

�)א�/w0�� ،/�$)U/ض���(�Zو� ،/�I4/*U�� 'V� � �وא P(/ن ،'Z�P �א ^&��� K$)��TP!� rو

/�$O? )14(� �

�HU/א��� H��� #� �א�-/�4' 9/��Q/P8�� B��!"� �&��ون �א�# � و"!����Cن�

� /��/PV<� Q/P8و�� �وא E"�P،�وא P(/ن، HU/א��� H��� jC/P�� 'V� � E"�P �א K�� ��

���� '�W����Q G"و� �א��&^، B$8� (I�,^ �א E"�P �א K��#��\7� ����א /�$l(�Zو

.461: ، ص1ا�� �� ون، ا��� ،ج)13(

461:���G، صا�� ر ا)14(.

14

HUوא�: �א �)%4� �א�# K$Oو�� �א�-/�4'، #�� E"�P ���9א�� #��� �א�#��)15(ذ �و"��5 ،

� �1 وא �V� \ �UDא� BIو�� ،� �א�-/�4' ��ن �4%(�&��ون �א�# Q/0�� �NO�� �����/V�W

F6/NO�����\ �UDوא�'):" �<�BI��#���W��s 14،�و($?������ �E )16(Kو��Q/0א �

� �

3.1��%��+�:��وמ�א���� �

� ��'Z�P و�x":��א ���'�א�#�&��ون��C��Oود�% �mو��r4و+�)�4�)م�א

��kl("�B��،d�Nא �W ��א�:(:('،�وא���O'�א8/8D('��#�د4אI�'8^�6א ��)م��')� � א

��،'��W �$�Kא}w/ز���W?���و�a1א}�/ل��(:)ل�א��HI�/�<�#� وא���Kن�¢ ��I^א�א

�אCD)אل�� e/)G0:�� E)�£� aO�� ' x� �א b/��و 9� �>w/ز6 �Dن �א K" 7؛ �א : cن #�

�9� }/� D/��t0¤� /�)�� �א 7�م E�� �א �7/ل، d+א �� ���� HIو� �و��$)�'، 'V(�O�

�א} (I� �وI^א ،/$P)� +و� ،/$�rو� �و1)د� ،/$�/:0Uא�#� �א}�$/م �0:"� ,^ �א w/ز

a�4دא<�،H� � �א �א ��/ن '� /�¥� �ذوق a � ��/ن #�� aO�� bH? �����א ¦4�"� �و>�/ ،

�#"^ �א Q � �א ���א4¦ TU/�� ��$^א،aVذو� 4�V� ��� �>w/ز6 #�� ¦4�!)�،'7��� و�C)ل

ا=� (ا& �وا�$، ا�� ر! G، ا�� ة )$ ��5م ا�+*(، )15(�� .م1955:ا&�ه�ة)ت=& G م=�

.461: ، ص1ا�� �� ون، ا��� ،ج)16(

15

�KI�O� �وא ^وق�! ،!a!+^�/$1و� �א 7�م � 8/ن!�K$UD� ،� ��9ذ /�/:������ '-S�P!�� 6(�§

�K)17(?��و� ��/�"7)ن!�و��a©Nr)1)د� �

�_<� a�/�^��Br(+��Vن�א�#�&��ون����)����/� و"*$ ��#�א �tOא

�'� ��� 9� ���0 �وא ،HUc : �א �א}w/ز K$� � '��0�� ')� � �א 'Z�P �א ��)م �)}(+

B1و��א���Q/0��48��9 א�HU/8 א�4א����K�����HUc : و"*$ ��^ ����Kא}w/ز�א

�a א+�dא �7/ل،�وI^א�א(C���&�x�،k)Nrم��7K� �

�#�!Cو�}/� Dא�b/:0U�9א�K" 7 ��K" ���א�#�&��ون����>w/ز�א : cن�א

�ذא��/��ªPUא �/���9�2نא&�Q/0��9��/I4/)0א�،�و"���5��،HVذو�K��(Iز�/w{א�K�

���E)�0�"�^��O>د4א¦�� ،� 'Z�P �א �و�9��84�)م ،'7��� 6�O�TNPrو�� ،')� � �א �)م

: ��a0א �-)"'�وא P�Z('،�وذو�aVאDد�<Hw/ز�א/:��4�V����،K" 7 �cKن�א �

��V� ،K$)�� �א : cن ��Uل #"^ �א b/��: �א Q � �א ��ن �&��ون �א�# و"^�

�>د4א�/� W��� ��/U)א ^א� 4�(E؛� �ذوق �ذو, �و�/U)א �و8/د+$/، 'Z�P �א Ag/8�� �/U)א

KI�Z�#��K" 7 �{Kw/ز�א : cن�א �

.461: ، ص�1 ون، ا��� ،جا�� �)17(

16

_<� �א O/س ��C)ج ��ن �&��ون �א�# s "و�� #� �א �א P�I–�'Z^א ��)م J�

�K" 7 و�C)ج��/�"7)ن�>_�I^א��KI�?�Wא��� ون،��(:)ل��–א����'����>w/ز�א : cن�א

�K)18(?א��� ون �

�I^א� �و� #�� ��ول aU�� �و"^� ،, ?�� �א '��� /�� �&��ون �א�# 6(©O"و

��/V�،6���+����a:Pg��)و��،�#� ��0Cو��W �+�/��8א��W�،aO��B��Z��A��:0?�א

{$ ��4/1א��א ��? ,،�وو�9�a�/0��Elא �0��،�و+c�EP0,�א : cن�א 7C���K" 7/م�

�E)�� ��� BG� �א ��$^א �/�U د� �>w/ز6، #�� !��P �א ,�P"� /¥� ،#� �א I^א

�8/�0 �K)19(?א �

�� ��/V� ') �א�0א 4/7��� #�� , ?�� �א ���+� 9� b/1� /�� ��� � a�PO"و�W�������

)��"5"�aU��x�BI����/:א �Pع�?�'Z�P ،�وI�B1D^א���OאP0V/$8/��#�א : cن��)1)�6א

�4(�� )20(?�#�א P�/G��'Z�BI��#���W��6/�N0"a0א ��E��،'Oو �

�, ?�� �Q/07א�s���0"�#��4^و��k�O"وF�/�?7 �/د�����aOن�Eאn �،

�(:)ل��،b)אIع�و����#��a(���K7:/���א �O'،�و%/4¦��9א د©��#��WC?�"7)ن����א�¥/�

1�#�A�0"�aU���،6�:0���9�6 G+�xو�،/$Oض� �!)��'���/$U��K��"و���،a����\O

.461: ، ص1ا�� �� ون، ا��� ،ج)18(

.461: ا�� ر ا���G، ص)19(

.461: ا�� ر ا���G، ص)20(

17

�،bא(IDع�وא�P �*� ��?��bH#�א}w/ز،���Eא ���'��#�א�Q/07 �(�aא I�9� *O^א�א

B)P� ))21?وא��א�/د,��#��"?/�b>_�(8א�bא.�� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

.460: ، ص1ا�� �� ون، ا��� ،ج)21(

18

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

الثانيالفصل

êÞ^ù]<Ü×Â< <

1.2�)!!!!�!!!*�!!!!!��+!!�!!!!��-!!!!� !!!!�!,�א �

/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.!!!!!!!!!!א��2.2!!!!!!!!!!!!!!�!!!!!!!!�� �

��!!!!!!!!!�!!!!!!!3!!!!!!!!��2א�!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!3.2�01 �

��!!!!!!!!!�!!.��,�وא�!!!!!!!!!�*!!!!�!!!.!!!א��4.2 �

��*+!!!!!��وא�.�!!!!!!!�!!!!4!!!!!�!!!!!.!!!א��5.2 �

�א���78א:9*��وא���78א6.2���56 �

;!!!!!!!!&��وא�!!!!!!!!!'!!!!!)!!!!!א��7.2!!!!!!!!&� �

��ز!!!!!!!!<!!!!!!!!!!��2وא=*!!!!!!!!!�!!!א=>�8.2 �

19

�א�)'&�א�@� - �

@ @@ïãbȾa@áÜÇ@ @

1.2��,�� ���( �:��מ�א�� ��Or��: �')� � ����4(�('���9��HIא�#�&��ون��)م�א P�Z'�א/Or��'���

� �":)ل /��?WولDא��O� �א WNP"j�)�/�+�f �א �وאCD)אل، e/�)א�� #� a���� /�� ��

0:��E)�G)א�/ل�e/�?)22(�K� �

����Kא��/I�HU)�،وV�/��/:C/ل�א�#�&��ون�?�Wم��7 +�EP0&)אص�+ א�(�dא

���($/�#�א[����9�9א}�/د(V( �،�و�/�"��B�0$/��#�אN08x�/ن�و6�Z؛� (N0 ز��/

�P�+?)23(�K(��א 7�م�����/�":�HG0א�/ل�ذ� 6 �

� (I� �?�و /$�� f �א H� � �א ��� �א ��C)אل a�� � �"� K��"��/�!"�!���G0:

�Wא ��? ,�":)ل�% ��א ��)م،������Kא K*O،�وI)��#����وI^א�א ���K�!"�K)24(?א�/ل

�?O و� א/+I،��a)��م��>w/ز�א : אن�א K" 7،�وא :/U)ن�א ^,�و�EV��a)א �K*�KKKKKK,�N0א

I��K���dz�/��©�25(? א��(��K� �

.461: ، ص1ا�� �� ون، ا��� ،ج)22(

�ح، ص )23(��آ$، ا��R�57: ا.

�حا&-وی@$، )24(CیS84: ، صا.

3�ف، )25(R�3ي،اJ-م526:، ص2ج ا.

20

g��#م�و�ول���7 �����jC/Pא[­�وא}b/?U،�א �HU/������F�TNPr��fא��Wو�I�jC/P^א�א ��26(�K�HI�K(���KI������/��9E)א�Q��Kא��/I�HU)�א�#��/4س �

1� J ��Fאل�א(C�,­]د�א/O8{K

2� J �a) <��O�אل�א�(C�

3� J ��O�אل�א�(C�

4� J �B�� ��e/:��0א

5� J �: � א

6� J �b/?U{א

7� J �Br( א ���Bوא

8� J ز/z{א�E)27(�K

�א��و-�د���2.2 �� �

�B�?"�aO7 � ،�����/W"�C��)�(0 "�v�N0א ���'�א�#�&��ون��#�א

�(:)ل� ')� � �א 0)�(���9א � Br/���#��B����KI�� ?� W��� �א}O8/د �)��+� �و�^א

'��،�K�(:��،'��~�Wאx� ز"��K�/V،�و>ن�ز"�א�K�/V،�و>ن�ز"�א� :/�K،��0-/" ����$/��9א

�ن�אDول�א �/4,�#�א 0)�(��>�/�"�(��א[/ ��H$/،�>و��،�Qא א}��" g�#��e(08ن�א

7 ،��$��0��H'��،>�/�"�(��א�oدد�E>ن�Fوא �HU/Wא�����5®�Oא���)�"�j /W ��K)28(?وא �

)26( .277: ، ص3، م�#F ا���6=�ت ا�+* (، ج)1987(م5�6ب، أ;�

)27 (� �; ،Wروای .24:، ا�� ة )$ ��5م ا�+*( ا��� (، ص)2009(ا

.460: ، ص1ا�� �� ون، ا��� ،ج) 28(

21

��ن� �C�!"��9� �)�(0 �א Q(�8�� ��/� �א tO �א 9� kl("� �&��ون א�#

� '-� ��9א (I�,^ �א ،')� � �א 'Z�P �א ?W!�� �?�#���0א )�q/د W� (Iא�و!+�,^ ��BP ?����aא

dא����O�� :P �K)29(?א �

/C��rא�(Iو?� WO �אو�����O]:(��א���9��Oא ،��� � 30(?�\���/د�(��KF� �)�(0 �و��و�1و�sא �� �e4א���5، ��U�9\�א �/���U>ذא a�� ��� /� ،E�9� a0O7�

aP�V�'$P%�T4،�و����و�+)�� ،a0~/&�/¥ T�I����'��Za0 �)����TU��/E)31د�6��ز �K�(Iو�PUW�aU/4,4و,�#��א�#�א�WD? א�9�HU/1ذ ��":)ل���Pא :/I �א~¯�jدV(��א����،�

�V/ل W7 �א d�4�O��0א�� �א �P/س��, H���_<��–دא�­�� J�a � �وV/ل ،� WHU<��9� � �1D���1א � l(��,��9�W�Q)ع�و�e�1ذ �؟��:/ل��W�م�א � C�Q?)א،��:/ل���)�א �P/س

)ن(:"� W،K�/V� )ن��Pא�(:"� K�Wن�( (:"� K�� ،K�/V� ��Pא� �>ن W�،K�/: � ��Pא� >ن�Cوא� �Oوא��� �4 70�� }/� D/��:/ل<� ،�� �א �P/س (��� W���0&x� '��0�� HU/א��� B�

K�(:��،}/� Dא�WP�K�/Vא����WK�(Vو�،a�/)V�#�4/P&<�WK�/Vא���Pن�<�W�#�Q1)א �/B�W،�و�K�(V>ن��Pא�� :/�58²�Kאل�8!Dא�e4 7+��:��،a�/)V� 7O��4/7U<�#�Q1)א�}

��/��70��W א�4א��/V�،�HU/لC��032(?1)א�/���/�4א�(�K� �

��/V� HU/1 ~א� E�/0!"و� ?� W� ,�O7 �א ��/ن �C"و>ذא ،� a)�� �I^א dI^��0/��� ���oض، ��و ،K$�0��� Q(�4� a)�� d� "אد���� 9� (I� #�� ��و �/�'؟،/���O}

%� �¤��x�/|؟�'�/� �a؟א/Pא��^I�aP?)33(K� �

.138:، ص6ا�� )�رس، م�#F م&�ی Y ا�X(، ج )29(

.472: ، ص1@=5، جا= رة،ا �@$، آO3 ا� $( [R3��F ا )30(

�ب ا�-ی-، ج )31(�R OA� .264:، ص5ا� �وزا��دي، ����A ذوي ا � � )$ ا6

�ز، ص )32(#�Sا [A"ه�، د� ا&�� ،$�� .57: ا#�ج

.58: ا�� ر ا���G، ص) 33(

22

�"/�.�א������3.2 �

� �� ��³)ص �&��ون �א�# '��:�� 9� �و4د /�)�� *O �א �O��­]א� Q l

،'Z�P �א b/��� /Iد�C�f �א '��W ��C/ط����Q lא[­�א �V� �&��ون �א�# �)���Cن�

/�P+�dg/��� ��:�!+�f a0،�":)ل��9ذ ��א�#�&��ون��وא/��–��P8�/��� J��/:)��+

��/� �א tO �א ��� J�� ?W!"� /�<� �)��0 �א #� ,4/� �א �אDول �ن��� �)�،#I^ �א H /&

�j"!�(��א�q<�E 7Oن��HU/��®�Fא���5�Wوא/W و�rق�א�#�&��ون��34(�K��/�)(?"�(��א�oد�د،�وא

�E"(O+�#��a) <�dIل��9ذ(:"�،APg/אل�א��(Cو��،Q/�]א�e/)G0:��d�C�Q/���

,�O~א� µ"د4و� �א ?�ن �I^א ?W�}/� �� ��� �א[­ dC/r� �0:"� ��ن d1א( �א و�#

�و �א�/1'، 4�V���� ')P)� +��" א�� E��d)P� /��dg/א��� E7)ن��"� �t"!?�©�،ن

' a0،�و"��(d8/O!"�/��a!�+���א�//C?)35(K� �

�(7)ن�א 7�م�����4�Vא�'1/��?/$Oزא��א��x؛��/�V/U�xو�،/WP7)ن�"���

- ض/�� B¤��� � /$O?)36(K���e/�/:�� '���� 'Z�P �א b/��� ��و4د ���Oא�� �I^א و�#

:/�bא[­�،�وא+�:)א����<��O�'Z�P� :/�bא[­��<��O�e/�/:�6א�^I��/א ��dz�aU

HIو�W� �

.460: ، ص1ا�� �� ون، ا��� ،ج)34(

.26:ا#@ ي، درویW، ص )35(

.48: ا?�!�$، ج5اه� ا�+*(، ص )36(

23

1� J � ?&��#���:�!"� /¥�a �K��x�dg/א�:/م��ن�"7)ن�א��� �و��VوI��r^א ،4/P

aU��W�F#I^ �א H /&E/א�� 6^I�9و� ،� ،a)�� �א[­�א��:� �0��x/ج ' �_<

D� �I)؛ �א[­���/ � a) <��:�!"� B�� 6��5+�e��5��6א^I�9�dg/א��� ن

�' (\�¯/1'�>_�א 0)�(�،�و"����א[­�I�9^�6א�/�' א[­��WFא�/

H�0א��xאE)37(� a (V� aOو�� ،� J_/�+� JW� F� F� F� Fãã ããΑΑΑΑ$$$$ yy yyϑϑϑϑ øø øø9999 $$ $$#### tt ttββββθθθθ ãã ããΖΖΖΖ tt tt6666 øø øø9999 $$ $$#### uu uuρρρρ èè èèππππ uu uuΖΖΖΖƒƒƒƒ ÎÎ ÎΗ——— ÍÍ ÍÍοοοο 44 44θθθθ uu uuŠŠŠŠ yy yyssss øø øø9999 $$ $$####

$$$$ uu uu‹‹‹‹ ÷÷ ÷÷ΡΡΡΡ ‘‘ ‘‘‰‰‰‰9999 $$ $$#### (( ((EEEE�����z�$7 א[���"��)ن�>_�،����/��/ن�א�D ���"$(/،�و��W41x��Bא

�?ذ ���b/1א[­����+)�(��

2� J ?�/P /g� ،aV�r� 9� ��oددא a)�� �א[­ b/: <� �O� dg/א��� �"7)ن �ن

0)�(�� ��،aO���)��0�����x�^��Oن�"�Kw�Oא 7�م��PZ4�E'�א����dg/

6�O��? �و"�0: ��،א[­� �a¥���5وא�j)C��C"�ول�א و"^�dI+ دد6،

� ' �א�/ 6^I�9�­]א�H§و� ،a��U�9�­]אF¸�� و�E)38(��aOא[­�א

a (V� J�_/�+� JW��F�F�F�F¨¨ ¨¨ββββ ÎÎ ÎÎ)))) šš šš ÏÏ ÏÏ ee ee$$$$!!!! $$ $$#### yy yy‰‰‰‰ΨΨΨΨ ÏÏ ÏÏãããã «« ««!!!! $$ $$#### ÞÞ ÞÞΟΟΟΟ≈≈≈≈ nn nn==== óó óó™™™™ MM MM}}}} $$ $$#### 33 33EEEE��zאن� �ل�cW19x�K�/�7�

���I)�א �"#�א}8����H/ن�����א O/س�"0?��9��7ن�"7)ن�א �"#�א��0

�b/1�7?0 �Kא[­����5א� � د�I^א�א �

.49: ا�� ر ���� ص )37(

.49: ا?�!�$، ج5اه� ا�+*(، ص)38(

24

3� J �?�،a� /¤�/�)� :/�bא[­�> (7O��a א� �a،���0:�א�<��O�dg/ن�"7)ن�א���

��j)¯� ،��5�� #�� W���� a � �א[­ �)�(+� � d1א( �א #�� kP�!"� /O$�

dg/א����O�4/7U{د14'�א� �)39(?+�"��א���5א�9�eא[­���"/د� K�a /Wو�

�a (V–_/�+� J��"�� �/ن�א� ���א���� J�F�W!$$$$ tt ttΒΒΒΒ uu uuρρρρ ää ää———— ÌÌ ÌÌ hh hh���� tt tt//// éé éé&&&& ûû ûû ÅÅ ÅŤ¤¤¤ øø øø���� tt ttΡΡΡΡ 44 44 ¨¨ ¨¨ββββ ÎÎ ÎÎ)))) }} }}§§§§ øø øø���� ¨¨ ¨¨ΖΖΖΖ9999 $$ $$####

88 88οοοο uu uu‘‘‘‘$$$$ ¨¨ ¨¨ΒΒΒΒ VV VV{{{{ ÏÏ ÏÏ þþ þþθθθθ �� ��¡¡¡¡9999 $$ $$$$$$ ÎÎ ÎÎ////EEEE����z�8("�W53��x،و��j)CV�E�®��':�/� ��E>ن�Fא 0)�(���9א¹"'�א

�א��F':�Cو �א��Eא �م KC4� /�� � �x<� b(� /�� �4/���\�O �א ��ن� �)��0 � ،–

_/�+� JK� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

.49: ا�� ر ����، ص )39(

25

�א��&����א���د�מ�و��4.2 �� �

�-/" ��Eز"����s +�x�F�W�HUb/1ن��W�K�(V?�":)ل�I�9^א�א�D �א�#�&��ون

K�(: � F� W�"ز� HUb/1� EqBP²V� #���#��� ،K�70א�� �O� KIDא� (I� /�$O�� �א�0:��م �ن

�و�#�V/ل�HUb/1Eز"�VFW/ل ،a) <� �O�א��t�? �א BPV� ،bHº/�� a�/�0Iא� ��ن �/د�،FW��"ز

HUb/1E��a�/�0Iد��ن�א/���،�²O�א���t�? /�?�KKKKKKK)40(K� �

��&�0 "��9��Cא �tOא �/����ن�א�#�&��ون�"!)�Q(�8��klא �K"�:0وא

'- ��&�0 �و�#�א�� و���ن�א ،')� � ��9�Fא WK"�:0� �B�/:�E)41(� K��&�0 وא �K"�:0وא

�/C��rאF4ض�א&�0/ص�،��و�/� �،/Iو������،')�rDא�aP+4�BPV�aP+4�9���� �B�1�(Iא

،�')�I���4و lو��E)42(K� �

��,^ �א�Q(�8Dא P��HZא �"!%وI^א �א�#�&��ون a) <� 4/#����� KI���jC/P

��P�a)���Kא��/�HU،�و ���a �وא�9�klא 7?��#�א��/HU،�و�� �'��K*Uא 7�م،�":)ل�

�HU/1 ~א� I/: �،�x?א �0 �"�אل�"���W��Q/��(I�oא �)א��،��K1א�/8#،�وא�E8א

�و"! ،'�"���#�� ��HG����"و،a�§��Vو "� �و�x+�אل�+ �s%� א ،'�)� �_<���

.460: ، ص1ا�� �� ون، ا��� ،ج) 40(

.397: ا"ص�?��$، ا���دات )$ *�ی^ ا&�[ن، ص) 41(

.154:ا56)$، ا"آ� � )$ ��F ا��� �، ص )42(

26

�Vن����� ���dP8��w0ن�4א�V،�و� *O+�K��،a�V(���"� وC!)©ل�א ������aO%(«،��م �©

�E)43(K#��7/ن�>_��7/ن �

��f ($/�א�#�&��ون�אx&�0/ص�،�":)ل��9%و�#��Z אض�א �K"�:0א<�4/

a"(P)8�� ��W?�Kذ KI�� aU/)�� ,^ �א �":��)ن K$U��U/�� �و>ن ،�O�� aU�?�� KIو� ،/�

K$U/)O�"و�K$U/�$"�/�)�?)44(K� �

� ��FWو��W/ل�ذ )ن�+����aU>ذא/P"�x،�����H14/&�B0:س��/O ��Z ض�א

�(:)ل� ،�H14/]م�א�:"�aU���� ^��4/P&{و�4אد�� "��א� ،K$O��B0: �א 4�r�#��F� W�B0V

�ز"� �H14/]אEل(:"�xو� ،F� W�H14/]א� ���B0VEز"� K��!"� aUx� �א ^,���B0Vא[/H14©�ن؛ (I

�")Oو>ن��/ن�و�،K$V�،a�W��#��B0: �V¼��م��P"�B14�#��B0V�E!��9א0:/د�א O/س�وV)ع�א

�(:)ل��­!א��� ،B/� �א �?ذ� W�14� �ز"� B0V?���&� �א�^�)4 9� �א O/س �x0:/د ،

� �E)45(Kذ �

ون�����ذ ���/��"�j#�א �1����P�0א�bא~��'�¥/���و"��0 د�א�#�&

/O!"א��!d8:��/Vم�/�W?א�:/م�d8/O!"�/¥�'��~א�b�1��#א��P�0 �#��)r)ل،��و�،�و�^א�א

'��K$P�?)46(K،��و��� �

�ز )43(#�Sا [A"ه�، د� ا&�� ،$�� .ا#�ج

�ب، ج س �5ی�، )44(�R36: ، ص1ا.

.89: ا@5ی�ي، !?�ب ا ی�، �?�ی( ا`رب، ص) 45(

.460: ، ص1ا�� �� ون، ا��� ،ج) 46(

27

��B��d8/O!"�/¥א�/ل،�وא}+(/ن��HG0:م����7 ���P8/O'�א^����"�(Iو

��l،��و�אK8،�>%/�4،��و���و�:/م��#��:/�/�eא[�/V��#��Q�/م�א��/4�،��#��)r)ل،�

 ¼�Kو��،��،�/Gو����K�70��0م�א��)��،� ��Zذ ���#�+�7O،�>ذא��/ن�א�:/م�":�HG0ذ

P8/O!"�/��'���B��9/$K� �

5.2�,�� �א��)-���وא�� �jNPא�א�^I�9ل�א�#�&��ون�(:"?�W� (:��� ،�B1 Eא F�W�HUb/1و�^

��א a�)*�+��7O0،�و،�>ذא�F�WB14�HUb/1E(�K�W����aU/7�aO+:)ل^��e��V��x�B14�aU

�K)47(?�/د ����C��a#�א ©1/ل"!� �

��" �0 "!����C#�א �tOא �/����ن�א�#�&��ون�"� �jNP��mא ��7O0وא

��'- ��" �0 >U?/د��Wא}�م،�وא I�W?/G"���" �0)�����/ط�א jNP،�و�#�א�� و���ن�א

' /G �א ��و � ،' /G �א W/I�?U? )48(� K/C��rא� �" �0 �وא W?����� و K8א� B�� (I

t0��،a��O��،x�6�-��B7?!"�?)49(K� �

($�� ،/C��rא� �7O0 �א /��W?��a��t0¤� x� ،a�O1� 9� E�/%� K8א� B�

�Cدون�وא��C50(?�وא(�Kن/�(�8Dאن��א^Iن��?و��ª)�P (�dא P�Z('�א ��C�#��fא/8Dא�#�

���xو� ،aP��0"� ,^ �א a�l(�� /�$O�� B7 � �א 7�م،>ذ 9� �:���#" א($�/� ،6�Z� a)�

.460: ، ص1ا�� ر ا���G ، ج )47(

.137: ، ص1ا�� م@5aر، ا���ن، ج )48(

.539: ، ص2ا= رة، ا �@$، آO3 ا� $( [R3��F ا@=5، ج )49(

.340: ، ص2ا�� ر ا���G،، ج )50(

28

(�� 9� '��7 �א �" �+� !#���(I� \7� �א s +� /�O)�� ،/I�7O+� a)�� #��� xو� ،El

�9�k)N� ���/�"!�(��6א �0 "�،�وאZ�Q/P8Dא c!6���7O0& ؛�ذ ��Dن��/�"!�(�!��)g#א

/$�" �+�_<�(�+�f ���0א�'� /��'��7 �K)51(?א �+�f��7O+�_<�(א �

�a (V،K)*�0 �وU*���/�و4د���Oא�#�&��ون���#�א ��7O0א �אل����א J�

+_/�� J�WF�öö ööΝΝΝΝ ää ää3333 ss ss9999 uu uuρρρρ ’’’’ ÎÎ ÎÎûûûû ÄÄ ÄÄÉÉÉÉ$$$$ || ||ÁÁÁÁ ÉÉ ÉÉ)))) øø øø9999 $$ $$#### ×× ××οοοο 44 44θθθθ uu uuŠŠŠŠ yy yymmmm ’’’’ ÍÍ ÍÍ<<<< '' ''ρρρρ éé éé'''' ‾‾ ‾‾≈≈≈≈ tt ttƒƒƒƒ ÉÉ ÉÉ====≈≈≈≈ tt tt6666 øø øø9999 FF FF{{{{ $$ $$#### öö ööΝΝΝΝ àà àà6666 ‾‾ ‾‾==== yy yyèèèè ss ss9999 tt ttββββθθθθ àà àà)))) −− −−GGGG ss ss???? E��z� :P W179x�Kא

وא 7�م�א ��Z�, ?Pא�:��س،�وא�:/U4'�وא�E�،��9�'�Vא �/4ق���Aא �tOא : �HUcא�:��س

�'���F��/)CE����' �#��،�Dن�,���/)CF'�"���'�)*א �9�K)*�0א �tOא : �HUcא �א

� !B!0: "� x� ،B0V� �>ذא !B 0:!"� aUא� K�� KE� �+�(��Fو���' �&��ون ��tUא�# 9� � 7Oא�� B14

� ^��K)*�0 �E)52(Kא �

�'G" ��(Iص�/�: ��7/��ن�א')�<��)*�xو�،E�0w�� '�א ?�ن�وא[��

��"*� ��9א a ��x"�/د 7Oא�� B1 �و�^ ��א ،�, ?�� �U/V)ن /��K)*� ($��B14� '�

��)��،'P+ ��/r'�وא �/�'א�E�/U،'�¾K� �

� �

� �

ا#� ]،X( ا&�[ن ا�RیF، ص) 51(�� ،F ;�ا �� :340.

.103: ، ص3ا�&��$، �Fa ا رر )$ ت@�س^ اbی�ت وا�5ر، ج )52(

29

6.2��:א�!���א������وא�!���א��0� �

� �:�� /W"�Cא�#�&��ون��v�N0"0وGP/��'��~#�אو� �א[­"' #�א~��'

�(:)ل�')§xאW� �

?�KKKKK{א~��'�א�K�xو��a:�/�+4ج�/&�/��f ،�O8/د"'�+7)ن�&­"'،�و�HIא

aא(U���d�� �)53(?و>U?/�('�و�HIא �x�f&/4ج��/��/ K(I�­]و�#�א���)م��ن�אW?�/�

a+א^ �d"^70 �)אEV،�وא� אد��B�0�?)54(�Kא ��0"��אو�א�a0:�/���­]وא� אد����ق�א

�jC/Pو�� ،EVא(� �a0:�/م�����a�^7�'"­]א~��'�אF���وא�^ ،�)�(0 א ^� ،�و�א

�: �KE وא �K"�:0وא �0&�،�وא �0 "�،�وא �7O0،�وא �

')U/W �א �وא~��' W{א� HI')�/?U�?�xو� /V�r� x� d��0+� x� f �א HIو

I/O���\) �aUD؛/�^�/�،/$:�/�"�H14/&و1)د�� /$�����0 �x?)55(�K"�/�:$/��و��BPVא

�EKא�D ،�وא H$O،�وא�08x$/م�،�وא �Oא�b،�وא �jC/P��F��0א~��'�א}U?/�('�א ��P('و �

� �

� �

.460: ، ص1ا�� �� ون، ا��� ،ج) 53(

.55: ا?�!�$، ج5اه� ا�+*(، ص) 54(

.2228: ا راویW، ا�� ة )$ ��5م ا�+*( ا��� (، ص) 55(

30

�:א�23ل�وא�و2ل�7.2 ��:/ل� ،� ':)Vد� �4/%<� Br( �وא B�� �>_�א 4/%�� K��W?�¦ +�A�0"� �V� K�

Qא א}�#��Bh�')U/W� ��POل�Wא �/�A���gא~���A0>ذא��/ن���E�/0 '�א�O��� ^�

/0�Uא�א�� د��)�(+و���xو������#��Bh�')U/W� �����،��و�"�A�0א ����>ن��#7"�2

�Qא 56(?�א}(K� �

N0"��'��� �#�&��ون�I�9^א�א �tO#�א ���Bوא )�9�Brא P�Z'�א�vא

� ���Bא/��')� ?W�N0��/�$UD�/�<�،�A0��~א�A��X� ن�r)�64و��I/+�،��O)�+ ¦�א

�N0א��' �O¥و��+�r�x�aUD�/�<و� ،A'��O���4و�א��(� �)O)�?)57$�/��9א ��Br( I)�?وא

�s &�����'�����?)58(�K� �

�K)*�#� (�aא�#�&��ون�<�4/%��,^ � ،��d�rא[وI^א�א �#�א P��HZא

��a���و�a$1،�و��x<�،aO7��X)��x#���א����،�دV(��א �"�x�،^&م������K$��9�H+و

Pg�Q � ����V/�א^ ،/N)Nr� /Vذو� �و4زق��9>د4א¦��8 א64 ،/�)�8 ����� ���/�bא

�Br( �א ���Bوא '� ������'Z�P �א�D "א وW��V?:)ل���Pא :/I �א~ I�9�HU/1^א

�א�D ��9ذ ����C�6(��1�K$Uא �(V�#��ª���P� �K$G���#�b/1��:�� ،'Z���B�8�aU

�/$O–'Z�P ��,�א Jل�/:�Wو،a7����'Vود�al(�- �� �'�א ���Bو�א )�Br،وذ ����aU

.460: ، ص1��� ،جا�� �� ون، ا) 56(

�ح ا��5م، ص )57(��آ$، م�R�120:ا.

.120: ا�� ر ا���G، ص )58(

31

� a)�� K)*� �א �א�¹ B�7"� xD� B���x<� �C �/� �'Z�P �א HU/��?)59(،���P� و��م

�V/ل� /¿�Vو،� k)Nrو� k" r� ��/� �א Br( �א �و B�� �א ')�I�� 9� HU/1 ~א� I/: א

�C/~א�?�B)V�H84/�� �Wل/:��'�א ���Bو�א )�WBr/�א P�Z'؟� ���?)60(�K� �

xو�xو�xو�xو��W�W�W�W�B�� �WWWWو ���À�B�'��)אHI�#gو ���À�B�'��)אHI�#gو ���À�B�'��)אHI�#gو ���À�B�'��)א�W�W�W�WHI�#gא ���Bא ���Bא ���Bא �� �� �� �

�א�)g#�אDول� W�،�Oم��9א��/+� ��ن�"7)ن���Aא~���A0א]/د (Iو� ��/ل�אx+�/ل،

HI�4(r�v���a �Wو �

�אDو_ �4(� �א W��5�� ')U/W �א �א~��' �+7)ن ��ن����ن ��و�� و �אDو_، '��w�

�(0 �V��)W��/نא �

��� J H*� � W� a /Wو�Fy““““ WW WW‰‰‰‰ èè èèδδδδ zz zzŠŠŠŠ ÉÉ ÉÉ)))) −− −−FFFF ßß ßßϑϑϑϑ ùù ùù==== ÏÏ ÏÏ jj jj9999 E�� z� :P �א W2�x� ���� ،_/�+� a (V�

FFFFyy yy7777 ÏÏ ÏÏ9999≡≡≡≡ ss ssŒŒŒŒ ÜÜ ÜÜ====≈≈≈≈ tt ttGGGG ÅÅ ÅÅ6666 øø øø9999 $$ $$####EEEE�� z� :P �W2xא �� _/�+� a (:�?� A:0�� � s�I� ?�(I

� �)�(0 �א '�/W¥a (: � H*�� ��?ذ ��א Q/07?א(V� ' �O¥� ($�� ،

?Q/07 O/?�ذ ��א Q/07?�?ذ ��א(V�(��W�"ز"��ز�b/1K

Q�� J �Oو��,(W_/�+� a (V� (�WF¨ββββ ÎÎ ÎÎ)))) šš šš ÏÏ ÏÏ%%%% ©© ©©!!!! $$ $$#### (( ((####ρρρρ ãã ãã���� xx xx���� xx xx.... íí íí !! !!#### uu uuθθθθ yy yy™™™™ óó óóΟΟΟΟ ÎÎ ÎÎγγγγ øø øøŠŠŠŠ nn nn==== tt ttææææ

öö ööΝΝΝΝ ßß ßßγγγγ ss ss???? öö öö‘‘‘‘ xx xx‹‹‹‹ΡΡΡΡ rr rr&&&& uu uu ÷÷ ÷÷ΠΠΠΠ rr rr&&&& öö ööΝΝΝΝ ss ss9999 öö ööΝΝΝΝ èè èèδδδδ öö öö‘‘‘‘ ÉÉ ÉÉ‹‹‹‹ΖΖΖΖ èè èè???? ŸŸ ŸŸωωωω tt ttββββθθθθ ãã ããΖΖΖΖ ÏÏ ÏÏΒΒΒΒ ÷÷ ÷÷σσσσ ãã ãッƒƒ E�z� :P �W6�xא،�_/�+�a (Vن�?�����¼x�¼x�¼x�¼x

�ز، ص )59(#�Sا [A"د ،$�� .145:ا#�ج

.88:، ص1ا#�;c، ا� �ن وا�� �، ج )60(

32

�+��(�א?�"!O²�p5!)ن "!O²�p5!)ن "!O²�p5!)ن "!O²�p5!)ن  b/1،�� a (: _/�+?����pKq$p)¼� � bא ( 8pKq$p)¼� � bא ( 8pKq$p)¼� � bא ( 8pKq$p)¼� � b8 ) א pK!$ +p4  U¼�¼�pK!$ +p4  U¼�¼�pK!$ +p4  U¼�¼�pK!$ +p4  U¼�¼� �pK¼ � pم¼��pK¼ � pم¼��pK¼ � pم¼��pK¼ � pم¼�

pK!Ip4² O!+pK!Ip4² O!+pK!Ip4² O!+pK!Ip4² O!+?�Oن���D�،��'��~א�eb/w��،b8)א�a��א4¦�و^U<�'��~�6א^I

/O (V�(Iز"/د��+: " �و�E���Oא�א��^I����5��')U/W �b/1Kز"���Wa��Uא

� ')U/W �א �4(� �אx+�/ل��#وא ����W/ل �א~��'�+�ن #�� x��� ')U/W �א �א~��' 7)ن

�אDو_،�و�� و���ن��/�Vل���P/�/$O�W� �

1� J ��/ل������W�(��WFFFF öö öö≅≅≅≅ tt tt//// (( ((####θθθθ ää ää9999$$$$ ss ss%%%% ŸŸ ŸŸ≅≅≅≅ ÷÷ ÷÷VVVV ÏÏ ÏÏΒΒΒΒ $$$$ tt ttΒΒΒΒ tt ttΑΑΑΑ$$$$ ss ss%%%% šš ššχχχχθθθθ ää ää9999 ¨¨ ¨¨ρρρρ FF FF{{{{ $$ $$#### ∩∩∩∩∇∇∇∇⊇⊇⊇⊇∪∪∪∪ (( ((#### þþ þþθθθθ ää ää9999$$$$ ss ss%%%% #### ss ssŒŒŒŒ ÏÏ ÏÏ rr rr&&&&

$$$$ uu uuΖΖΖΖ ÷÷ ÷÷FFFF ÏÏ ÏÏΒΒΒΒ $$$$ ¨¨ ¨¨ΖΖΖΖ àà àà2222 uu uuρρρρ $$$$ \\ \\////#### tt tt���� èè èè???? $$$$ ¸¸ ¸¸ϑϑϑϑ≈≈≈≈ ss ssàààà ÏÏ ÏÏãããã uu uuρρρρ $$$$ ‾‾ ‾‾ΡΡΡΡ ÏÏ ÏÏ rr rr&&&& tt ttββββθθθθ èè èèOOOOθθθθ ãã ããèèèè öö öö7777 yy yyϑϑϑϑ ss ss9999 ∩∩∩∩∇∇∇∇⊄⊄⊄⊄∪∪∪∪ E��zن(O�5א�W81� J82��x�

�'���A��B�� �)�d1א�?W� ن(� �)א����?��،�و��'�?V¼/ل �א �¼و � �)ن �V¼/ل �א �¼و � �)ن �V¼/ل �א �¼و � �)ن �V¼/ل �א �¼و �/¼Vא(� /¼Vא(� /¼Vא(� /¼V �?�')U/W ،�Dن�א

�K#�א�Dو_?��B?��ل���/���

2� J � #�� b�1� ���ل B�?B��#������ ?_/�+� �V)ل (�� W????����(( ((####θθθθ àà àà)))) ¨¨ ¨¨???? $$ $$#### uu uuρρρρ üü üü““““ ÏÏ ÏÏ%%%% ©© ©©!!!! $$ $$####

//// ää ää.... ££ ££‰‰‰‰ tt ttΒΒΒΒ rr rr&&&& $$$$ yy yyϑϑϑϑ ÎÎ ÎÎ//// tt ttββββθθθθ ßß ßßϑϑϑϑ nn nn==== ÷÷ ÷÷èèèè ss ss???? ∩∩∩∩⊇⊇⊇⊇⊂⊂⊂⊂⊄⊄⊄⊄∪∪∪∪ //// ää ää.... ££ ££‰‰‰‰ tt ttΒΒΒΒ rr rr&&&& 55 55ΟΟΟΟ≈≈≈≈ yy yyèèèè ÷÷ ÷÷ΡΡΡΡ rr rr'''' ÎÎ ÎÎ//// tt tt ÏÏ ÏÏΖΖΖΖ tt tt//// uu uuρρρρ ∩∩∩∩⊇⊇⊇⊇⊂⊂⊂⊂⊂⊂⊂⊂∪∪∪∪ ;; ;;MMMM≈≈≈≈ ¨¨ ¨¨ΖΖΖΖ yy yy____ uu uuρρρρ AA AAββββθθθθ ãã ã㊊ŠŠ ãã ãããããã uu uuρρρρ ∩∩∩∩⊇⊇⊇⊇⊂⊂⊂⊂⊆⊆⊆⊆∪∪∪∪

�Ezbא �? �W132א J134xK�

���Aא~��0 B�� �א d1(�� �א �Pل '�/W¥� ')U/W �א �Dن �אDو_،��A؛ #�����

�T����j)C_وD$0/�א����f �Kא~��'�א U/W('�א �K�Oא �

33

3� J �a (V�(ل�א%�0/ل����–_/�+� J��?� W uu uu !! !!%%%% yy yy` uu uuρρρρ ôô ôô ÏÏ ÏÏΒΒΒΒ $$$$ || ||ÁÁÁÁ øø øø%%%% rr rr&&&& ÏÏ ÏÏππππ uu uuΖΖΖΖƒƒƒƒ ÏÏ Ïω‰‰‰ yy yyϑϑϑϑ øø øø9999 $$ $$#### ×× ××≅≅≅≅ ãã ãã____ uu uu‘‘‘‘

44 44 tt ttëëëë óó óó¡¡¡¡ oo oo„„„„ tt ttΑΑΑΑ$$$$ ss ss%%%% ÉÉ ÉÉΘΘΘΘ öö ööθθθθ ss ss))))≈≈≈≈ tt ttƒƒƒƒ (( ((####θθθθ ãã ããèèèè ÎÎ ÎÎ7777 ®® ®®???? $$ $$#### šš šš ÎÎ ÎÎ==== yy yy™™™™ öö öö���� ßß ßßϑϑϑϑ øø øø9999 $$ $$#### ∩∩∩∩⊄⊄⊄⊄⊃⊃⊃⊃∪∪∪∪ (( ((####θθθθ ãã ããèèèè ÎÎ ÎÎ7777 ®® ®®???? $$ $$#### tt ttΒΒΒΒ āā āāωωωω öö öö//// ää ää3333 éé éé==== tt tt↔↔↔↔ óó óó¡¡¡¡ oo oo„„„„ #### \\ \\���� ôô ôô____ rr rr&&&&

ΝΝΝΝ èè èèδδδδ uu uuρρρρ tt ttββββρρρρ ßß ß߉‰‰‰ tt ttGGGG ôô ôôγγγγ •• ••ΒΒΒΒ ∩∩∩∩⊄⊄⊄⊄⊇⊇⊇⊇∪∪∪∪ ?�z\"�W20� J21x��'��w� �Á p1¼��pK�7א x�¼x�¼x�¼x¼� � #� #� #� # א+ ��²P!)אא+ ��²P!)אא+ ��²P!)אא+ ��²P!)א .?¼�p� "אÁ p1¼��pK�7� ¼�p� "אÁ p1¼��pK�7� ¼�p� "אÁ p1¼��pK�7� ¼�p� "�

� ?� '��� #�� �א �! A²� 8p ����?��ل �א �! A²� 8p א+ ��²P!)א �א �! A²� 8p א+ ��²P!)א �א �! A²� 8p א+ ��²P!)א �א+ ��²P!)א ?�A�8 א�� �Dن �א%�0/ل، ���ل (Iو

�'�� Kو����E/I�Z�م�58אل�אF 1D"?��0)ن����I^�6א

HU/W ����aP%W/ل��אx+�/ل��Wوא�)g#�א �

�58א #� �1)א�/ ')U/W �א �א~��' H+�+� ��ن �I^א �Oو��K$�� א~��'���#�ل

a /Wو�� �אDو_، W_/�+� a (VFW zz zzΝΝΝΝ tt ttFFFF yy yyzzzz ªª ªª!!!! $$ $$#### 44 44’’’’ nn nn???? tt ttãããã öö ööΝΝΝΝ ÎÎ ÎÎγγγγ ÎÎ ÎÎ////θθθθ èè èè==== èè èè%%%% 44 44’’’’ nn nn???? tt ttãããã uu uuρρρρ öö ööΝΝΝΝ ÎÎ ÎÎγγγγ ÏÏ ÏÏèèèè ôô ôôϑϑϑϑ yy yy™™™™ (( (( ## ##’’’’ nn nn???? tt ttãããã uu uuρρρρ öö ööΝΝΝΝ ÏÏ ÏÏδδδδ ÌÌ ÌÌ����≈≈≈≈ || ||ÁÁÁÁ öö öö//// rr rr&&&&

×× ××οοοο uu uuθθθθ≈≈≈≈ tt tt±±±± ÏÏ ÏÏîîîî (( (( öö ööΝΝΝΝ ßß ßßγγγγ ss ss9999 uu uuρρρρ ëë ëë>>>>#### xx xx‹‹‹‹ tt ttãããã ÒÒ ÒÒΟΟΟΟŠŠŠŠ ÏÏ ÏÏàààà tt ttãããã ∩∩∩∩∠∠∠∠∪∪∪∪ E�� z� :P �W7x��7א��xن�58א�$��K#�א~��'�אDو_،�

(Iو�W�א�����r�¸O �א ��!aÂ�a)F��¼� وKI4^O"�K�8؟،�:(O�5"�x��K�/��/��B)ن�وא  K 0 &��¼� �!aÂ� �א  K 0 &��¼� �!aÂ� �א  K 0 &��¼� �!aÂ� �א  K 0 &

pK$²�(���VpK$²�(���VpK$²�(���VpK$²�(���VEKKKK� �

jوא�)/W �g#�א WB�� ��#��)�e/P1א Wع/�:Uxل�א/��� W�A0��~א�A7)ن��"� ��ن (Iو

Áb/?U<��0/�&­א�وÃم���ن�/+�#"/P+_وD70)ن�א��،��')U/W >U?/�('،���/��9&­"'،�وא

34

a (V� J�_/�+� JF�Wy7 è=t↔ó¡o„ â¨$ ¨Ζ9$# Ç tã Ïπ tã$¡¡9 $# ( ö≅è% $ yϑ‾ΡÎ) $yγ ßϑù=Ïæ y‰ΖÏã «! $# 4E��z

Qא�CDא�W63�x��_وDא�'��~/��W')�/?U<�')U/W �K&­"'�وא �

�Eא� �%���aP/ل�אUx:�/ع��e/P1(��#�Wא ����WBوא�)g#�א �

� ����+وذ ���ن /�$��� �z)ز ،A0��£� 'V(P��� '���� /OI� 7)ن

"�x��0C���� �oO¦�א�،')U/W א~��'�א : "�KI(���9�/���/�$O��'P��$�/���0א

V�WFFFFII)ل�+�/_ IIωωωω rr rr&&&& öö ööΝΝΝΝ ßß ßßγγγγ ‾‾ ‾‾ΡΡΡΡ ÎÎ ÎÎ)))) ãã ããΝΝΝΝ èè èèδδδδ ââ ââ !! !!$$$$ yy yyγγγγ xx xx���� �� ��¡¡¡¡9999 $$ $$####EEEE��z� :P W13�x���aא(V����� �

�_/�+FFFF(( ((#### þþ þþθθθθ ää ää9999$$$$ ss ss%%%% ßß ßß ÏÏ ÏÏΒΒΒΒ ÷÷ ÷÷σσσσ çç ççΡΡΡΡ rr rr&&&& !! !!$$$$ yy yyϑϑϑϑ xx xx.... zz zz tt ttΒΒΒΒ#### uu uu ââ ââ !! !!$$$$ yy yyγγγγ xx xx���� �� ��¡¡¡¡9999 $$ $$####EEEE��z� :P و§I�H^א�א ���W13�x�K�Bא

�/O�08א/���W��K" 7 �Kو���9�a0�Wא : אن�א �

��A#��)אg�W#g#�א[/�\وא�)/�7 �Wא ��B،�א �A��X8(0א �

� /$0:�/8�E�� ')U/W �א �>% א¦�א~��' �"! אد �x�� (I9و��� �Dن�ذ ،Qא א}

!"�-�� a /Wو�� ،�Oא��V_/�+� a (W�F#### ss ssŒŒŒŒ ÎÎ ÎÎ)))) uu uuρρρρ (( ((####θθθθ àà àà)))) ss ss9999 tt tt ÏÏ ÏÏ%%%% ©© ©©!!!! $$ $$#### (( ((####θθθθ ãã ããΖΖΖΖ tt ttΒΒΒΒ#### uu uu (( ((#### þþ þþθθθθ ää ää9999$$$$ ss ss%%%% $$$$ ¨¨ ¨¨ΨΨΨΨ tt ttΒΒΒΒ#### uu uu #### ss ssŒŒŒŒ ÎÎ ÎÎ)))) uu uuρρρρ (( ((#### öö ööθθθθ nn nn==== yy yyzzzz 44 44’’’’ nn nn<<<< ÎÎ ÎÎ))))

öö ööΝΝΝΝ ÎÎ ÎÎγγγγ ÏÏ ÏÏΨΨΨΨŠŠŠŠ ÏÏ ÏÏÜÜÜÜ≈≈≈≈ uu uu‹‹‹‹ xx xx©©©© (( ((#### þþ þþθθθθ ää ää9999$$$$ ss ss%%%% $$$$ ‾‾ ‾‾ΡΡΡΡ ÎÎ ÎÎ)))) öö ööΝΝΝΝ ää ää3333 yy yyèèèè tt ttΒΒΒΒ $$$$ yy yyϑϑϑϑ ‾‾ ‾‾ΡΡΡΡ ÎÎ ÎÎ)))) ßß ßß øø øøtttt ww wwΥΥΥΥ tt ttββββρρρρ ââ ââ ÌÌ ÌÌ““““ öö ööκκκκ tt ttJJJJ óó óó¡¡¡¡ ãã ããΒΒΒΒ ∩∩∩∩⊇⊇⊇⊇⊆⊆⊆⊆∪∪∪∪ ªª ªª!!!! $$ $$#### ää ää———— ÌÌ ÌÌ““““ öö ööκκκκ tt ttJJJJ óó óó¡¡¡¡ oo oo„„„„ öö ööΝΝΝΝ ÍÍ ÍÍκκκκ ÍÍ ÍÍ5555 ÷÷ ÷÷ΛΛΛΛ èè èèεεεε ‘‘ ‘‘‰‰‰‰ ßß ßßϑϑϑϑ tt ttƒƒƒƒ uu uuρρρρ ’’’’ ÎÎ ÎÎûûûû

öö ööΝΝΝΝ ÎÎ ÎÎγγγγ ÏÏ ÏÏΨΨΨΨ≈≈≈≈ uu uuŠŠŠŠ øø øøóóóó èè èèÛÛÛÛ tt ttββββθθθθ ßß ßßγγγγ yy yyϑϑϑϑ ÷÷ ÷÷èèèè tt ttƒƒƒƒ ∩∩∩∩⊇⊇⊇⊇∈∈∈∈∪∪∪∪ ( ]� :P �א W14� J15�x����� (��Fªª ªª!!!! $$ $$#### ää ää———— ÌÌ ÌÌ““““ öö ööκκκκ tt ttJJJJ óó óó¡¡¡¡ oo oo„„„„ öö ööΝΝΝΝ ÍÍ ÍÍκκκκ ÍÍ ÍÍ5555E��'����

35

F$$$$ yy yyϑϑϑϑ ‾‾ ‾‾ΡΡΡΡ ÎÎ ÎÎ)))) ßß ßß øø øøtttt ww wwΥΥΥΥ tt ttββββρρρρ ââ ââ ÌÌ ÌÌ““““ öö ööκκκκ tt ttJJJJ óó óó¡¡¡¡ ãã ããΒΒΒΒ�E�')U/W �/�e4א~��'�א�?ªª ªª!!!! $$ $$#### ää ää———— ÌÌ ÌÌ““““ öö ööκκκκ tt ttJJJJ óó óó¡¡¡¡ oo oo„„„„ �?�9�'�&دא���،A:�/Oم�א�

�KوI^א��/ ���Z�EPوא4د �� �� �� �

/)U/�/)U/�/)U/�/)U/��W�W�W�WBr( �א )Brא )Brא )Brא �� �� �� �

HI�#gא(��'����Br(� ��Wو �

�KH��a> א�7C>ذא����V>% א¦�א~���W�9�A0א�)g#�אDول���������(V�9�/����Cوא–�

_/�+� J�? ª!!!! $$ $$#### ää ääÝÝÝÝ ÝÝ ÝÝ¡¡¡¡ öö öö6666 tt ttƒƒƒƒ ss ss−−−− øø øø———— ÎÎ ÎÎ hh hh����9999 $$ $$#### yy yyϑϑϑϑ ÏÏ ÏÏ9999 ââ ââ !! !!$$$$ tt tt±±±± oo oo„„„„ ââ ââ‘‘‘‘ ÏÏ Ïω‰‰‰ øø øø)))) tt ttƒƒƒƒ uu uuρρρρ 4 ?� z� �א W26�x��'���T��!�j)C

F4²�: "4²�: "4²�: "4²�: "�E��'����F�X!�pP "�X!�pP "�X!�pP "�X!�pP "E�')U/W �W�HI؛�Dن�א� אد�>% א�$/��9> א�Qوא��C>ذ�א~��'�א

�' ����א~��/G"��­]א�' �O¥Fא�Eم��7 �Eא���/V�X8/دF4،�و+:�" �א �

HU/W �א+�/ق�א~���A0&­א�و>��Wb/?Uא�)g#�א �

��� J ­]ل�א/W0"و�_/�+�a (V�AW�Ft ÏÏ ÏÏ%%%% ©© ©©!!!! $$ $$#### tt ttββββθθθθ ãã ããΖΖΖΖ ÏÏ ÏÏΒΒΒΒ ÷÷ ÷÷σσσσ ãã ãッƒƒ ÍÍ ÍÍ==== øø øø‹‹‹‹ tt ttóóóó øø øø9999 $$ $$$$$$ ÎÎ ÎÎ//// tt ttββββθθθθ ãã ããΚΚΚΚ‹‹‹‹ ÉÉ ÉÉ)))) ãã ãッƒƒ uu uuρρρρ nn nnοοοο 44 44θθθθ nn nn==== ¢¢ ¢¢ÁÁÁÁ9999 $$ $$####EEEE�����z

� :P 3xKא

Q�� J )�/?U{ل�א/W0و�_/�+� a (V�AW�F(#θßϑŠÏ%r& uρ nο4θ n=¢Á9$# (#θ è?#u uρ nο4θ x.“9 $#E��z

� :P �W43xKא �j /W �א�)g#�א W�O��/�����B�� �و>Áb/?U،�و�/ن�א �א&�T��0א~��0/ن�&­א �K>ذא

� �و��/�Wو�W/ل�ذ ،�C/~ذ� �6אI� ،�"�� ��7 �א ����V ��)��ن���/ ،aOא���Hl4

a ����Q(��a���B14����WB1 �/¦�א�،�وI)�"! "���ن���E)P+�Wא Q(W؟��:/ل�א/�x

36

�a)��(�"ن���x�،a �(�"�K�/����� 7��(���aPO��a �(�aא B1،�وV/ل����&�W��:

BV�،ن(���+�K0O��( �K0���Wא��¦/��xE)61(K،�و/ �

� ��� �I^א Br( �وא B�� �א jNP�� ��ن �C�"وa0�8��B&و+�א� وא��0אد6

��^��)(l�a+/و�a�]��V�a0�(�rא�#�&��ون����9'�وא��C،�وI^א�"�ل����:�('�

�K�� �Kو�א&64/�0و|(����9א&�0אل�א �

א5ط) .�وא5�! ز���8.2

� �&��ون �א�# �א 7�م�?":)ل �()4د� �א}z/ز، ��و Q/Og{א� Bא�� HG0:"� K�

�$)�/?)62(�K(I�,^ �دא�bא�:�)د�����v�N0"�F�W� Wא ���'�א�#�&��ون�#�א}�Q/Ogא

'� �/���?�و��E)63(���(I#�א �P/��4א�4/�0�a)�زא����������Oא���bدא�K?� �

I�� �و+#�7 �א -�)ض�وא}�$/م H�U���� a+4�V�9�Q/Og{א� ')�F�/����و

P ��#�א}z/ز�"?����H^"^�א �P/4א�eوא��/HU،�وא :���4���א}�Q/Ogא /O7@�d�r��ª)�

D�� '�+�)�א ª)�P،�وذ/g{ن�אBא���_<K{م�دون�א�7 '��9א/g{א�08/ع�א�#���ل��

b/-�P �$)�8(��אE)64(�K/$Oم��/�V��Q/Ogn �Wو �

1� J Fم/� Kذ� �א[/ص�����א

2� J م�����א[/ص/� ذ� �א

.261: ، ص3ا#�;c، ا� �ن وا�� �،ج) 61(

.460: ، ص1ا�� �� ون، ا��� ،ج ) 62(

.30: ا#�ج��$، ا���ی��ت، ص )63(

.30: م5�6ب، م�#F ا���6=�ت ا��� ( )$ ا�X( ا��� ( وا"دب، ص )64(

37

3� J م/$�xא�����m/G"{א

4� J " 70 א

5� J א}"-/ل

6� J אضoxא

7� J אسoCxא

8� J B)"^0 א

9� J K)�00א

10� J B)�70 �E)65(Kא

� �א}z/ز /����� HU/1 ~א� �":)ل /��� ($F:א�� b����4دא/P� �א #�� BV��� )د

'� ����א :��FB)و��E�(Iא�4/�0/����W7 و�$�/�"E)66(K��� ���#��#7א ��P�0#�א��/�HUא

�ن�� (�aא�#�&��ون�"�(��א4�Uאج�א��/�HUא ����W7א}z/ز�9+� "��א}z/ز�<�4/%��,^ א

Dא� T[ ¾ � m/���وא} 'U/�{א� E�� '�)�: �א }/� ��/ل�� /$0P8/Oو�� /$:8/O+و� }/

dg/א��F�K#א���Cوא�'Z�P �e/N�����KIא P�Z'���و"��!�א}z/ز���/�":)ل���/�bא

� �/g/O����+�f �0('� ���Kא��/��HUوאOא�Na0Vود�H� � ��K7E)67(K���4و'�א�Q(�8Dא �

�":(�)ن��(�aא �#�א ?� ,�����אÃ^�א O:/د��#�א}z/ز��:(/V/8و /)8/8

�و6�(�N��0)ن�1(� �و�)6�1 ،¿8��:�� ،aP$�و�� a)4د�� ���/w�/I)ن �TO��Tא��(�'�

FFل/:��)א��6����W/��/ل�g�#�� W���¦4/�V)א �؟�D/و��Äذن��وD�9א�/$UDEE)68(K� �

ري، وإم ] ی�&5ب، ا�� � )$ ا�+*(، ص )65(K ،5ی� .219: م

ا&�ه�، '+ث رس�A] )$ إ�#�ز ا&�[ن ا�RیF، ص )66(�� ،$�� .80: ا#�ج

.162 :ا�?@ س، وه�(، م�#F ا���6=�ت ا��� ( )$ ا�X( وا`دب، ص) 67(

.80:أ�5 ه+ل ا���Rي، ا�@�� �، ص )68(

38

�P �א b/��� #� �א}z/ز ')�I�� d-+�2א�و� 'Z�("/�� ,4�V� ���A":)ل

"�E"���B)زو��/z{א�')�I��9�Q(:��F�Wز/z{א�����م�(:"�HZ���Q(�8��HU/א���E

'�)�: �/{�אD�9א�� "�- �אو�א&4/�0א،����E א/��א )�m(lوא �9����0א�H:�0،��א /�^C

�א O/س��#� '�/� a)�� k��rא� �و�/ �وאW�D/ل، K7א�� Q(�8�� �א}z/ز BW¿� /�� و&�

e/��hE)69(K^و �

��V� _<� �א}z/ز K�:"و/�I�A� Wa)��و �^C� �>z/ز W�#�� b�1א�� �^[

HU/W �א �وא O)ع �א 7�م، #� �א �G)ل X:�"و� �א~��' Wز/z<��: �א ?�b0)אC/�� و"7)ن

�^Cون�����W7 �����Oא�B)�: �K)70(?א ����א �

�ن�א�#�&��ون��B�$"�xא��"�� K#�א}z/ز��jو7I^א�

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

ري م�ی5 و[��، ا�� � )$ ا�+*(، ص )69(K :219.

�ر، ��F ا����$، ص )70(�J6 (، م�185:.

39

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

الثالثالفصل

Â{{{{{{{{{{×{{{{{{{{{{{<ÜéfÖ]á^{{{{{{{{{{< <

��ن!!!!!!!!!!!!!,�א���!!!!�*+���!!!(��1.3 �

�!!!�!!�BوאA6.!!�!!��!!.!!!א���2.3��� �

�!!!!!!4!!!!!א��3.3!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*�!!!!!!!!!��� �

40

�א�@���Cא�)'& �� �

@ @æbîjÛa@áÜÇ@ @

1.3�:,�� :��מ�א��� ن��

� �

�&��ون �א�# a)�� �א �زم�W?":)ل ��� ' x� �א #� jNP"� ,^ �א �O� وא

�وא a،�'"/O7א ��*�Hو���و� �4/�08xא�HIو� J6/O�V� /��� J�!"و�ن��/)P �א K���?)71(K�

aUن���/)P ����Kא �"�j)C?W')Z�P �)?)72��Kא �)�4א K(I"!?و��א(Vل�و(r��/$��� �

'�א �:�('�'���0>" אد�א����Oא )א����C ق��!x� �K)73(?���ذ ��א���9��Oو�m(lא �

lووאE�(I� K�� �א �I^א W،HU/1 ~א� I/: �א �P� �)? �?א ,^ �א ($���K7C

�و%(� ،K�� �א �I^א ��8�،6b/O/س ����V�6)א�d�،6 و4+��� b/1� #�� � �ذ 9� a�P+74(?و(�K

a+��/�و�0U/1،��4(U/�م،و�� دא4،�و�^�Qوqو�r���84�/O1���C���s +�x��U��(I��W�/?و

��#�?)75(K��Kא P(/ن�8 א1/ �

.460: ، ص1ا�� �� ون، ا��� ،ج)71(

.23:ا راویW، ا@Fa ا&�[�$ )$ س5رة ا�&�ة، ص )72(

�ح، ص )73(��آ$، ا��R�161: ا.

.97:، ا�+*( وا`س��5 (، ص)1999(س، ی5سO أ�5 ا� و )74(

�ز، ص )75(#�Sا [A"ه�،د� ا&�� ،$�� .46:ا#�ج

41

�²�$^אو7I^א�� (�aא�#�&��ون�"!�K!�א<�4/%��,^ ���r�B)�4א 7�م،�و"��©w א

،Q/�]א�d) /8��Â�C�B���9א� אد���O�4،�و"*$ �א�:�)د�و":�م�א��(r�B����9و�،'

�9�a) <�B)@و�a"($0�+ل�(:� �(�B�wא �O\�+0)ق�> (a،�وא�،�� �ª��K� �

��I�jC/P�� W^א�א ��HI�Kو�{$ �1� J 'Z�P Kא ��/C'�وא

2� J ')P?0 Kא

3� J �4/�08xאK

4� J ز�/ºאK

5� J '"/O7 K�����EE)76(Kא

2.3���%� �:א��'���7وא��0 �

�B:0O"�K���_<��/Vن�/)P ������ل��W!"��V�K?א��"�j�jC/P��#��Kא/�

!"�xو"!و�،aV(�Oن��/ن��� دא אد��<�aز�xل+،���/� אد�(:FW�8���"زE!+���،�':):C��"

،'V(�O¥��8Dא��_<�/I�O�+و�،aز�� �K)77(?و+����א��4/�08،ز"�و>�/�+ "��א �

�� �C�"�a)P?0 �א /�Iو� �א P(/ن K�� jC/P�� #�� AWNP�� �د�� aU

/����4/�08x���4/�08 ��א�وאxא�jNP�����FF��HI��4/�08xא�:(:'�>وא��O���b/د

-'��9א �m g�E��a)P?0ذ� �א�/P�� �bH? �*/�9א�A�)? �وو+:�" א�?��aP#�א ن�>،

%�T�T�V�W²bH? ?��²bHو�B�1א/،�²bH? �?��²bHو��B�1אE)78(� Kو��HIFW�bH? +��('�א

.460: ، ص1ا�� �� ون، ا��� ،ج)76(

.460: ، ص1ا�� �� ون، ت�ری/ ا�� �� ون ،ج) 77(

.65: ا@5ی�ي، �?�ی( ا`رب، ص )78(

FF

42

�6�Z�K8/�a�/:م��/Vذא�<EE)79(�K�a�/?א��a0V�ز�/��HIو�K������4א�#�&��ون���Vو

،�P�0� � ���Q(�8אº/ز 4/0Ã�/$U(��9�')O��'�)V�eذא� /$UD��4/�08xא�$��6^I�#��H

�Aو��aO)��,ز/�� &c��O���_<�a �Elو�,^ א �B:O+�')C/Oא �����#���O/�6א�H�rDא

$�/?��H�rDא��Oא���'E�/� ��U�9����0\�א،K� �

� �4/�08xوא�ª����#�a)P?0 +�H8/Oא ��a)P?0���ن�+ �(O����/$P/؛�Dא

��"�1�64(r�B)Ã�_<�/U(�"و�F�F�P�0 ?�aPא��H�/OFא W!وC/U�#��HI('�א ����+o¦�א

aP?وא��a�EÂx<� ¦/OI�\) � aUא� H�"� ,^ �א �אCD/د,، �P�0 �א B��0�+و� ،�JbH%���Cوא

� ��:P"و�aO�v�N0"�':�����4/70EE)80(K �9�6:��א4/�08xא�eא�( �

��4/�08�و7I^א�xن�א�?،A+�/P0��A0:):C�A��Q :+��,��#��/+د ���V

�4/�08xא� 6^$�� ،/$�$�� #7¿� 'V��¿�،'"د/� �א�4/�08 ��#�� د W��� �+7)ن ��ن #7

bدאDא�#�G0+�f �9�Hא�� �'�و�HI�/¥4א/W81(?א�(K� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

.103:، ص1ا#�;c، ا� �ن وا�� �، ج )79(

.38:ا��! )$ ا�+*(، صا-ی�، �� ]، )80(

)81( �?���س، )C] ;��، ا�+*( )@�5?� وأ)@��"hی .231:، ص" ��F ا� �ن وا�

43

3.3��:א�-) � �

� ���/V� '"/O7 �א #� v�N0"وW�FF����� ' x� �א d� א����� /�� �" +� �Vو

،aل����و�(:+�/��W²Vא~)د�و�#��aO�� �م�ذ�/��a���" +و4،�و�: �sز"����4��W/د�א

�)G �$�Hدא �a�($�/،�؛א�،/�$O�»%/Uد�/� وI^���6$/�دא �aزא��������W���aUD ��א

d� א�� د�وא��#��}/� Dא�' xدE)82(K� �

�א jNP�� tO �א �I^א 9� �&��ون �א�# m �"�jNP �א ���/ط ��� '"/O7

� '"/O7 �>_�HIW�FFوא aO�� B:0O"و� �א ��وم، 9� a"و/�"� /�� _<� bH? /�� k" �0 �א ¦ +

�EE)83(Kא���وم �

�($/��/O��T)�W/"'و§���)? ?��bHو �$/�א/��k" �0 �#�>&�/�bو�a1א

HI�a (:��HU/1 ~א� I/: ���EO@�x�'O" V�E،�ن�+����א ����و+ "��xزم���?W�6/O��Pא

H:):א���O84(?�#�>4אد��א��(K� �

��Vو� �و��Aאº/ز، '"/O7 ���Aא ��U ق ��ن E)�0�U� HU/1 ~א��" �+� و�#

 T��אº/ز��� ��ن� ��x'O" V� #�� a)�H:):א���Oא��� �>4אد� #�� EO@،��9� ')U : �א /��

� ^��a+ز�>4אد(z�B��،H:):א���O4אد��א��<�#��EO@����'"/O7 �Kא �

aO��O7�4א�/P0/��'"/O7 ���_<W��V��'�/م�و+:��Kא �

.460: ، ص1ا�� �� ون، ت�ری/ ا�� �� ون ،ج) 82(

.406:ا#�;c، ا� �ن وا�� �، ص )83(

�ز، ص )84(#�Sا [A"ه�، د� ا&�� ،$�� .25:ا#�ج

44

1� J '�r�#�'"/O��W'�� Kو�HIא �U�/$��d��"�f\�א

2� J �(r(א��#�'"/O7 ��"���U�/$��d\�אو�HIא W�fא(r(�K

3� J 'P�O �א #� '"/O7 �Wא f �א HIو+'�� �א /$�� �^،�!"� � �mو2

� B�� ،�(r(�� � /$0P�O�+�(r(�� � ��& ��s�ز�' 'P�U� �^�)85(K

�'"/O7 ��9�­0 �/{�א�+��UD� (���T#�אº/ز� '"/O7 �א ��ن �א���)م و�#� /I/O�¥� �و+�(� ،')�rDא� /$)U/��� (:�� �"o�� �א�:�)د، (I� /)U/�� �O��F�W��

�1)אدאE �/دא aU(������) �و���Bذ ��د ،a0:):C،د"��و>4אد��� �א �ذ� '"/O7 /���Kא� دو �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

�س، )C] ;��، ا�+*( )@5 )85(�� �?��� وا)@?�"hی .231:، ص" ��F ا� �ن وا�

45

� �� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

الرابــعالفصل

Äè‚fÖ]<Ü×Â< <

1.4�D*��א��,���+*��)� �

2.4�D*��م���,�א��E�1� �

�3.4�Eא�!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!>!!!!!!!!!!!!!D� �

�D!!!!!!!!!!!!!!�!!�;!!!!!.!א����4.4 �

�!!<!!.!!א���5.4!!�!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!F� �

�*!!!!!!!!!!!.!!!!!א���6.4!!!!!!!!!!!�� �

��ق!!!!!!!!!!!!!�!!!!!G!!!!!!!!!!!א��7.4 �

46

��א�Dא��א�)'& �� �

@ @Éí‡jÛa@áÜÇ@ @

� �

��,���מ�א��د��1.4�:8�:

� �

I� &c��Or)�א �A"�+�9� *Oא 7�م������$�/�و?":)ل��(�aא�#�&��ون

،aO)�[و��O0 �KI?)86(K��Kא E"�P��Oو"!���O���KKK)ع��#�א

(Iو� ')*�� �א e/O�א�� (I� E"�P �א K����FF�#�[� �و1)6 a�� � �"� K�

'�א 7�م،����x� �4EE)87(K�a:)P�+�'"/������G0:א�/ل،�و�و�m(lא �

�:"(� מ���מ�א��د�2.4:�8 �

/�I�A��V�_<�H�"�P �Wو+:��Kو1)�6א N0�#�א �

�1�($/�4א�و�HIא �f"7)ن�א ��WA�N0א���e/Oא �P"�('�א��O)"'א���e/Oא �P"�('�א��O)"'א���e/Oא �P"�('�א��O)"'א���e/Oא �P"�('�א��O)"' -أ /��،�Oא���_<

�و��>و ،/G"����� �"�(��]��Aא /$G0ن��/ن����/$�F���� )��Z(© �א� /$U�

B�/V� �V/ل �>ذא �W��� �א�^�)4، �א��# �-0"� 2� a��¥ אد W�A�� � � H�&�

�و s(I� ����'��،E{$ �א �G)ع 9� K�/V� /"(O��� /O�h� a0���� �P/ق/�

.460: ، ص1ا�� �� ون، ا��� ،ج) 86(

)87( Oوس، ی5س .169:، ا�+*( وا`س��5 (، ص)1999(أ�5 ا�

47

FH�&�Eو�F� $}�E�� ��)�وO�l/��7/ن�א�BW��#" &c�A*FK0���Eو�F�?���E

�:P"���� �E)88(Kא �P/ق��)1)دא����א ��KZ#�א&0���א �

� -ب ')*�� �א e/O�א�� ')*�� �א e/O�א�� ')*�� �א e/O�א�� ')*�� �א e/O�א�WWWW����� �א _<� 'r/³� �4א�1/ A�N0 �א �"7)ن f �א H$�،�Oא���A�[�'-)و���F�aOאد�� !"�/��_<�HU/W )���Zא ����א�/$U��/$0��و

�@/م H��� �V)ل � �ذ ��W/ل �א��#، � �ذ �8)د��Wزאل x� k�/�� �א �)���/N� �EKKKKא A�� \U/w�� ،Fk�/�� �Eא �O�¥� ،F�()� �א EوF��/N� �Eא

��O�¥Fو4אقDא�E��W��k�/�� ��)�U�Z/�אF/�()8�Eس/O~א�B�P E)89(K

� �

�:9998!99�9999א��3.4 �� �

�#�j"�9א�����/V�Ew� و]�(O��aO)ع��#��א 7�م�+�"Aو+�K�7#�א

�)�O0 ��Wא KKKKKF<���� /�!a����"� EwEKKKKK )90((I� Ew� /�W� � �� Fع���ن/w8Dא� e/���

Dא� 'O�/87)ن�+� ��ن ��� '(l(��A��\U/zض��ن� - �א �Dن ��($/؛ /�(V(�� w/ز،

K�(V�_<�s +�x��،�(V( /��x<�� �/e،�و�V�W א�#�و"�אوج��(O$/�و�K0"�xذ�/�������/�/�

(I�/��Q V����،ec���b/�<�#������#7"�2�B�+�TPIذ�(�K7C�a)G0:"�/��#א� : وא& �א

Qא א}،��al Z�E1/� �����0�0وא& �א : א�#�و"�)�eאE )91(K� �

)88( Oوس، ی5س .169:، ا�+*( وا`س��5 (، ص)1999(أ�5 ا�

.138:ا�� ر ا���G، ص) 89(

.460: ، ص1ا�� �� ون، ت�ری/ ا�� �� ون ،ج) 90(

.158:ا@5ی�ي، �?�ی( ا`رب، ص) 91(

48

��/V�E)ro �א ��Ewא �א�#�&��ون��#��V�/م �Fوذ� W�E�:"�E)r +� �و

aUوزא�E )92(�،�HIאع�(U��'��4��Ew� �Wو�#�א���)م��ن�א �

1� J E)ro �א W?Dא� ':�0�� �אDوزאن '"(0��� }/� Dא� �+7)ن ��ن (Iزو/w?،�

��_/�+� a (:FW ¨¨ ¨¨ββββ ÎÎ ÎÎ)))) !! !!$$$$ uu uuΖΖΖΖ øø øø‹‹‹‹ ss ss9999 ÎÎ ÎÎ)))) öö ööΝΝΝΝ åå ååκκκκ uu uu5555$$$$ tt ttƒƒƒƒ ÎÎ ÎÎ)))) ∩∩∩∩⊄⊄⊄⊄∈∈∈∈∪∪∪∪ §§ §§ΝΝΝΝ èè èèOOOO ¨¨ ¨¨ββββ ÎÎ ÎÎ)))) $$$$ uu uuΖΖΖΖ øø øøŠŠŠŠ nn nn==== tt ttãããã ΝΝΝΝ åå ååκκκκ uu uu5555$$$$ || ||¡¡¡¡ ÏÏ ÏÏmmmm ∩∩∩∩⊄⊄⊄⊄∉∉∉∉∪∪∪∪ E�

z�')%/- ��W25א J26xK

2� J ,א�0)אز�W?!"ن���(Iو�#��A+�&Dא�A0��7 א )زن���Eא : "A0O،� א�9�Hא

/�$O���&Dא�� �a+�/_�)93(?א+�/ق�א� (:��،F $$$$ pp ppκκκκ���� ÏÏ ÏÏùùùù ÖÖ ÖÖ‘‘‘‘ çç çç���� ßß ßß���� ×× ××ππππ tt ttããããθθθθ èè èèùùùù öö öö���� ¨¨ ¨¨ΒΒΒΒ ∩∩∩∩⊇⊇⊇⊇⊂⊂⊂⊂∪∪∪∪

ÒÒ ÒÒ>>>>#### uu uuθθθθ øø øø.... rr rr&&&& uu uuρρρρ ×× ××ππππ tt ttããããθθθθ àà ààÊÊÊÊ öö ööθθθθ ¨¨ ¨¨ΒΒΒΒ ∩∩∩∩⊇⊇⊇⊇⊆⊆⊆⊆∪∪∪∪ E�z�')%/- ��W13א J14Kx

3� J ��א�� � W?!"� ��ن (Iو��Z� #��A0P" V�A0����9��&Dא���א� Hא

�a+�/_�)94(?�� א/��א )زن(:��،�WFFFF$$$$ ¨¨ ¨¨ΒΒΒΒ öö öö//// ää ää3333 ss ss9999 ŸŸ ŸŸωωωω tt ttββββθθθθ ãã ãã____ öö öö���� ss ss???? ¬¬ ¬¬!!!! #### YY YY‘‘‘‘$$$$ ss ss%%%% uu uuρρρρ ∩∩∩∩⊇⊇⊇⊇⊂⊂⊂⊂∪∪∪∪ ôô ôô‰‰‰‰ ss ss%%%% uu uuρρρρ

öö öö//// ää ää3333 ss ss)))) nn nn==== ss ss{{{{ #### �� ��‘‘‘‘#### uu uuθθθθ ôô ôôÛÛÛÛ rr rr&&&& ∩∩∩∩⊇⊇⊇⊇⊆⊆⊆⊆∪∪∪∪ E�zm(U�W13� J14xK

4� J א�0)אزن�?WI)��ن�"!و��א O" : ��A0Eא )زن���9א �A0��7א��A+�&D#�א

/�$O���&Dא�� �a+�/_�،)95(?א&0���א� (:�WF�$$$$ yy yyϑϑϑϑ ßß ßßγγγγ≈≈≈≈ oo ooΨΨΨΨ ÷÷ ÷÷���� ss ss????#### uu uu uu uuρρρρ || ||====≈≈≈≈ tt ttGGGG ÅÅ ÅÅ3333 øø øø9999 $$ $$####

tt tt ÎÎ ÎÎ6666 oo ooKKKK óó óó¡¡¡¡ ßß ßßϑϑϑϑ øø øø9999 $$ $$#### ∩∩∩∩⊇⊇⊇⊇⊇⊇⊇⊇∠∠∠∠∪∪∪∪ $$$$ yy yyϑϑϑϑ ßß ßßγγγγ≈≈≈≈ oo ooΨΨΨΨ ÷÷ ÷÷ƒƒƒƒ yy yy‰‰‰‰ yy yyδδδδ uu uuρρρρ xx xxÞÞÞÞ≡≡≡≡ uu uu���� ÅÅ ÅÅ __ __ÇÇÇÇ9999 $$ $$#### tt ttΛΛΛΛ ÉÉ ÉÉ)))) tt ttGGGG óó óó¡¡¡¡ ßß ßßϑϑϑϑ øø øø9999 $$ $$#### ∩∩∩∩⊇⊇⊇⊇⊇⊇⊇⊇∇∇∇∇∪∪∪∪Eze/�/� W117،118xKא

.460: ، ص1ا�� �� ون، ا��� ،ج) 92(

.160:ا@5ی�ي، �?�ی( ا`رب، ص) 93(

.161: ا�� ر ا���G، ص )94(

.161: ا�� ر ا���G،ص )95(

49

�:א��!)�س�4.4 �� �

?� ��ن�"7)ن�א (IوOوא��� ����وא�Cא، /��0���?)96( ��d�%�aO��d�?0"و

/$O����W�W� �

�א 0/م -أ ���א��0) W�A0��0�� ،/*� � A0:�0�� A0��7�� K�70א�� »z� ��ن (Iو

$P)�9+ א��eو/�+�x�،�O����(��،/�$+/� C�9��وא[���(/�?/،�و�xא&0�

��#���)��s�Pא�K?� �

�وא����0 -ب W��C و �אDول��9א+�/ق BW�� (Iو�a� /¤� aU�� x<�A0��7 �א W� /�<�9

� a (V� (�� �א� �'، '�)I–�K�8و� a)�א��� ��r� J�F� TpO �pC¼�� / �¼�� � K!$�¼� ��¼TpO �pC �א / �¼�� � K!$�¼� ��¼TpO �pC �א / �¼�� � K!$�¼� ��¼TpO �pC �א / �¼�� � K!$�¼� א

H²:� &H²:� &H²:� &H²:� & ، H²:��!&�p#�²� N¼�H²:��!&�p#�²� N¼�H²:��!&�p#�²� N¼�H²:��!&�p#�²� N¼�E )97(K� �

א� �/U���Z،e$�/��وI)��ن��f�U/w0��A0��7��»Åא ���،��B"�Wf:�0א�^ - ج

� (:�� ،/�I &�� 9� /�<� � ¯� ���0Ã/ن WB�/C� �C/م ��ن�DP�،4(�Dא� b/

��Æ/���B�/C�Jא~�$)4/�K� �

�Wوr�(I)4+/ن�Wא� �d -د �

1� J�K�(:��،/�&و�/*� �a�/?0��(I�/��W�'��0א���!I') /� �Kא �

2� J�(�� �א Ow0(\�א�� وق، �و"��� ،/*� � a�/?0وא�� W�9� E�g� ،TO�

" �P���, ��B$~و��/"/�א�،�EK� �

.246: ، ص1ا�� ا"' �، ا�i] ا���A، ج) 96(

.280: ، ص1وا@jی�، ج ا�X � )$ أ;�دی> ا�3 � ا#�مhا� 5:$، ج+ل ا ی�، )97(

50

�א� � -ه d� א�� ��U)אع �ع)و�# W��A�� E��� ��ن (Iو�#�� �V�� /�Iא�C<�A0��

��و ،HU/א�����C و #�� /� C� ��)�: �>_�א KG0�� ،s &D��7'��א ��א C� #�

K�(:��\)Ow0 �א /O�4� �"��0ل �0C� /�� �אº/و�4 W¼�� ��- و4 /"²�����\²Vو

¼�����("p�²�¼�)98(K� �

� �

99999و��99�99א��5.4:� �

� �

��/V� '"4(0 �א �^"� E"�P �א jC/P�� 6�"��+� ��� ض �?و9 W'"4(+� �א������Oو #/�$O)��'*�� �ن��W?وא �HI�'"4(0،) 99(?א�:�)د����$/م���aO����&���O؛o%xא¦�א

���O(/ن /�� '���� K�70א�� �^"� W�(Iو� �)��� ���Z�d" V:�)د،و�����O:�)د

�+�/_�،) 100(?א�:�)د a (V� /�$Oو�F� Wߧ§§§ ôô ôôϑϑϑϑ ¤¤ ¤¤±±±±9999 $$ $$#### ãã ãã���� yy yyϑϑϑϑ ss ss)))) øø øø9999 $$ $$#### uu uuρρρρ 55 55ββββ$$$$ tt tt7777 óó óó¡¡¡¡ çç ççtttt ¿¿ ¿¿2222 ∩∩∩∩∈∈∈∈∪∪∪∪ ãã ããΝΝΝΝ ôô ôôffff ¨¨ ¨¨ΖΖΖΖ9999 $$ $$#### uu uuρρρρ

ãã ãã���� yy yyffff ¤¤ ¤¤±±±±9999 $$ $$#### uu uuρρρρ ÈÈ ÈÈββββ#### yy yy‰‰‰‰ àà ààffff óó óó¡¡¡¡ oo oo„„„„ ∩∩∩∩∉∉∉∉∪∪∪∪ E�z#u �W5א J6xK

I� KwO �א '��7�Oن/)O��� /�� /� W(Iو� a�� s4(�� ،d" VW��d8/Oא�� d�(7 א

\�?� �א �e/POא ^,�8�x/ق��/��، (Iو� aO�s4(���)����Oو��� وא :� ،و���Z�(I אد،

w?� �d8/O0)4"'�"�9�#�7>�،�א� 0:/ط��א�����OوI)�א� אد،و8 ��/ل�אx�6/P0Ux��4א/

�Kא�:�)د �

.164:ا@5ی�ي، �?�ی( ا`رب، ص) 98(

.460: ، ص1ا�� �� ون، ا��� ،ج) 99(

�وي، م=� أم �، م� � ا6�^ )$ ��5م ا�+*(، ص )100(@C138:ا.

51

�: ق�99�99999ط999א��6.4 �

� �

���/V� �א �P/ق /G"�� �Fوذ� Wאد�lDא� A�� B�/:0 /�� �Pg/ق �،)�E )101و

�(Iق�/P� �Wو"7)ن�א �P/ق��،) 102(?א~��A��Eא ?�bHو6�l?وא �

�� J��(��A§א�A��?�WöΝåκâ: |¡øtrBuρ $ Wß$s)÷ƒ r& öΝèδuρ ׊θ è%â‘ ?��z�$7 �W18xKא �

Q� J��(��Aو������W�F�Ç‘øtä† àM‹Ïϑムuρ 4 44 44�����zE'�(0 �W116xKא �

�ج J�� (�� �A� ¯� ��و ?� W4 $ yγs9 $tΒ ôM t6 |¡x. $ pκö� n=tãuρ $ tΒ ôM t6 |¡tFø.$# 3 ?�

z� :P �W286xKא �� �وא�:/��' �א �P/ق A�� �א �G"#،���ن�?وא � ق A�� E�~/�� �"7)ن א �P/ق

�$�/�"�"��א 7�) 103(?وא�:/��'�+7)ن��/�lDאد،�و��Zא�lDאد/Ãو�A)Oא���B�/:+م�،�و

x/و��'��O�CK/�وg א �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

.164: ا@5ی�ي، �?�ی( ا`رب، ص) 101(

ا#� ]، �� ا&�در، ا`س��5 ( و'+'( ا وا�A ا��� (، ص) 102(��521:.

)103( hيا�� ا�$ ا"ص����&�ان، صاا hی � ،:32.

52

�I�:א� �� �

^�6א �4א�9�'8]�(�B�)م�א P�Z'�א � �('���9:��'�א�#��&�א�+I�H$0Oو

&��ون،�و��Cx��Vא WC/P/ن��ن�א ���'�א�#�&��ون��/ن�l(��9�d07"�/��O)ع��/�

א(l(�6�e/א ��"���א V �"�f$/،�8)א�TU/���bא�01/('�،��م� -)"'،��م���U،')Z א��#�

�jNP ��9א Brא�0)א� 6�$1� �و"P^ل ��9ذ ��א�)l)ع، 6�"� a) <� T�rو� /�� B�� E�z

�f �א ')��� �א a+ل��/د(���H��!"� '�/07 �א � ":'��9א 6^$��(Iو،EP00 وא�b/�:08xوא

�و  'U/0�� /$WC/Pو�� /$V �" 8 �¼'א�/د��� 4/�V�� E)�£� '�/+� 'g/C<و� ،�����f �א ')��� א

z{א�E�� ،/$84�"� ��و /$WNP"�a0��:��a��/�Uو� '��� �א �I^א �و�#��O)ز ،Bא����Z� /ز

�0Cز�/z{وא�'U/0وא��'V� ��/د�eא &�e(C�f�r'�א ��)م،�و��9�BW��Q G��TNPrא

�7K)ن�l �/��#�א}w/ز+�ن� �

'-� /�� 'r/]א��)? �א ��)م �א�:��' 6^I� ��/��و�#��O)ز /$Oو�� ،')� � א'��W �א ')� � �א 'Z�P �א ����)م ���0"� Wن،א��/)P �وא ،HU/�� ،E"�P ��#��ذp>وא BV�� 9� �و4د

N�r�6^I�� ¢وא�-/�4'،��و�'V4/?א���O�/$+�?U�^O��')� � &�A0�r'��)م�א P�Z'�א��I^�6א ��)م،�و���jC/Pא ��)م�א���/Or��_<��4/%{א�E��،K" 7 '����>w/ز�א : cن�א

�� Q(�8��� ،a)�� �"��� x� /|� /$U/O��و� /$U(O��א ��)م،و 6^Iن��� �N0�"� ،dG0:�� ª)�4�0"�� ���)م ��9�a��s�0:"KאDدא�bא ���H،�وא �

�Wא �4א8'��$^�6א c�e/)r(0& א�+I�H$0O^6و �

53

1� J��#א�� '��:��9� �א )א4د� s &�Dא� '"(-� �א dUא~)א� B)�[�#�� ���� x

�ذ ��Dن�I^א�א � ":'&��ون���� �א P�Z('؛ �1$)د6 /$��T��!C�f א �B)�N0"!(� ��א

�BP!8�B$�!"א�#�&��ونو��Oم�(�� �Kא )r)ل�>_��)(l�e/א �

2� J�(�� �א �0%� 9� �&��ون �א�# �1$)د 4/$}<� #�� ��� xم�#�� �/د�n � ؛

�)ºא�/$)l/و��/I4و��4/��/�£^و،/$+/P8�#��'�D�6א^$��/l($U�،a�(�K� �

3� Jאن�(O�T[�،א�#�&��ون�vא +���E)��E)���#�����x�W�#א��'P07�

� vאo �א �I^א (7)ن� �وא �t)N�0&��ون، jNP �وא �א �4س e/"/- � ،AWC/P �א ,�"� A�

��Kوא N0:(��وא V�0(��وא� א�1' �

��: �وא���#�و4א�bא �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

54

J!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!K!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!��א �

� �

��و!ز���!��א�ن���دون)�1(���ق��(מ� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

� �

�)2(���ق��(מ� �

� �� �� �

�)2(���ق��(מ� �

� �� �

55

� �� �� �� �

56

� �� �� �� �

57

�)2(���ق��(מ� �

� �� �� �

58

� �� �� �� �

59

DLא���א�'�د��وא �� �

�א���<ن�א�-��מ�:�"و0= �

�א��2 د�:�+ )� =� �

1K ،�#"� ]:(���F���hא��BWא �/� ���9د�Qא �Q/07وא ?/ א��BWא �/� ���9د�Qא �Q/07وא ?/ א��BWא �/� ���9د�Qא �Q/07وא ?/ א��BWא �/� ���9د�Qא �Q/07وא ?/ ����א�#�א�b/)l�،��Dא

'G"(���hE�،eو���،')��� KمI1998®،1419،�دא�4א �d07א

2K א�H���#א��، ���'G$O �،�دא�4א %�H�OC��):[�،نc : }�EPrא�� ,،���"�Eא

�،� I/: 1KEطKeKدFא

3K �،� I/: אHU/$�rD،�א א�dZ،�א�� دא�d" Z�9�eא : �P���#Uc'�������א��¸،�א

1381®I� J1961مK

4K �4(� ]:(�����hF��Pא /:PI ��،H/ن�א �"#�،�K*Uא ��d8/O+�9�44א�e/"¹وא

�#،�א��O،����\�دא� ��א��/4��א ��c�4�)C�،')U/�W/د،�א �،���E�'�Pא��(��&/ن

1339،®I� J1969مK

5K ��A)P0 دא�4א ���):[�E� 7��Pא ��م�I/4ونFא~/�C،�� و��#�¯ �،�א P(/ن�وא

�،eو���،H� � 1948Kא

6K ط�،� I/: ،�2א~ �،HU/1�Pא :/I �،�د�B�xא}w/ز،�% �'�א �P/'�א �O('،�א

1381،®I1961مK

7K 1 ~א،eن،���و/OP �'P07�� ?U�،e/�" �0 Kم�#����h�،HU/1978�H،�א

60

8K �،')��� א��V�، ��1�#א�'�،�U:��א ?� �،�+:�"A�C�ag�K،�א�P07'�א

،eم��1985وK

9K ط�،eم،���و�C�#1�،1424א�#�&��ون،�+/4"��א�#�&��ون،�دא�4א�®I� J�2003مK

10K د�' /84�،�� :P �0)4א��O���Z?)�4،�א �4אو"�A�C�،µ،�א �K*Oא : 8�9�HUc)��4א

،')� � Kم1986א~/��'�א4DدU('،���('�א¹دאQ،�دא� ��א �-'�א

11K �،� I/: א �/HU،�وא~ HU/1،�وא V/P���،HU��9�B�/84�vאw/ز�א : cن�א K" 7،�א

Kم1968

12K �4دא�،B"�0و ��#�C:/���א B"�O0،�و()ن�אVD/و"�9�Bو1)�6א/?7 א ��? ,،�א

�،e7 ،���و� �I®1397א J1977مK

13K /7��� א P0(/ن��9��Kא P(/ن�א����E������Pא K" 7،א )א�،H��#���CU�Pא�#�א

�א �/Q(����#���u���):[�E�،'�P����،HU،و&�z'�א��"FHWאw/ز�א : cن�،�

KمI1964®،�1�،1383-�אد�،�ط

14K �،د�/�� א �H7P،�وא[�(d،��وא 0�0/زאHU،��وא�- �H،�% و�mא �P���،t)��0'�א

،� I/: Kم1342I،®1923א

15K �،�� I/: א ��m/0���،Q(:�"�(���،H�/7א ��)م،����P'�א �Q/Pא��¸،�א

13506®I� J1927مK

16K eو���،d07 a"(P)8K،�א ��):[�،Q/07��Pא ��م�I/4ون،�/�2א

61

17K �،Hא���'�P���،� "^O א �()Hg،�1�ل�א �"#،�א~/��Eא �-��C��9/د"�jא P0?��وא

KeKEدF،�1א :/I �،ط

18K �8�،9(�/ن(� ]:(���Pא :/دF�4א}�����9��Kא �#��،�،���0��Pא :),�א

A�CE�،� I/: KمP07��،1977'�אxدאQ،�א

19K ¸)� دא�4א~(B،���و�E�،e�Pא ��4/0ز�)طWود4אF��):['8א P0(/ن��9א P(/ن،�،�א

1416،®I1996مK

20K ،� I/: Kم1971א ��I(���،, 7�ل�،�א �/OA0،�دא�b/)C<�4א �d07א � �('،א

21K (�� �م1932,،��(��،�א � אز،����P'�א�:��0،�א :/I �،א J1914مK

22K م��� א�#��/4س،�א�)�א��#��#�ز� "/�،�����Kw:/"(\�א �-'،�]:(���Pא

�،� I/: KمI1971/4ون،����P'�א��¸،�א

23K �Q/07 �0((���9 �/���א א ��وز�c/د,،���א �"#��#�"�:)Q،���/� �ذو,�א

��"�� EطKeKدUF? �א�P07'�א ���('،���و���h��):[،،e��Hא F�،4/wOא

24K ��،��#u ،�% �95�m�)م�א P�Z'�،ط�א}"m/Gא :�و"�،�1�ل�א �"#��#���Pא

،eو���،HU/OP� KمI1938®،1400و+��(�����h��Pא�H1/�&�K�O،�دא�4א �Q/07א

25K �،� I/: Kم1965א :�و"�،�א[�(d،�א �P���،t)��0'�א��¸،א

26K �����h�9/�#8א ?� �وcدא��aو���h��):[�،6�:Uא :�وא�HUא�%4�#(��،א

�،� I/: Kم�Hh1963א �"#���Pא��(�،�א

62

27K �d07 א�#��/ �،����4א �"#�،�א���9�m/P��Kא��/�HUوא P(/ن�وא E"�P،�دא�4א

�W2،1405®Iא ���('،���وe،�ط J1985مK

28K �#"� �9�O)ن�אDد�Q،د4א8'�وF�e733��®I�KEא �Q/$%�،, "(Oא�Q4Dא�'"/$U��):[

��A�C1،1428®Iא �4وא"�P���،µ'�אD"/م،�4אم�א��،�����A،ط J2007مK

29K ��'81��0،�د4א�/��' /84�،(NO א (��،�א�(��4،��?��א�?�9�B7��Kא

�،')� � و]:���Q(:�"���h�B�/���))�אaO)O8،���('�א¹دא�K�V�،Qא �-'�א

�،� I/: �I®�11395/��'�א J�1975مK

�:�א���א!8:�+ �+ =� �

1K 4� אو"�A�C�،µ،�א ������9�)م�א P�Z'،�دא�4א �7 ،�א :�س�א�I®1،1429،ط J2009مK

2K �،ن/���،E"0)ز א �"#،��B)PU���Pא :/د4،א� �9��%א P�Z'،�دא�4א8/�'� �O? �وא Kم1996

3K �،')��� �9�d�)م�א P�Z'،�دא�4א �d07א/� א OG/و,،��A����،A�����hא�I®��2،1421وe،ط J�2000مK

4K ��U(O$/�و��C�BG�W�/$U/O�#�،�א P��'ZP/س�،�FE"�P ،�دאE�4��Kא P(/ن�وא�I®1،1407א � V/ن،���/ن�،ط J1987مK

5K �'Z�P �U(O$/�و���W�/$U/OP/س�،��C�BG�#�،�אFHU/א���K�E�،ن/V � ،�دא�4א

Kم1،1985��/ن�،ط

63

6K ?O� �b/�r�4دא�،�')� � ���Pא~�(�،B��Pא :/د4،�א�8D)�('�و���(�'�א �وא� �א

�I®1،1422وא 0)ز"E،���/ن�،�א4Dدن،�ط J2002مK

7K ،'W"א���' /8 -'�א : cن�א �P���،K" 7'�א�،�B)�~א�P�،�K)C ��Pא

�I®1400��/ن،�א4Dدن، J1970مK

8K �')�(�8xوא�'Z�P U? �א���P'�א�ID('��،�e/��:�EF'��/א�)�א ��وس،")�8،�א

Kم1999 �O? �وא 0)ز"E،���/ن،

9K ،�"�� �'،��Pא ��'/P� +/U��"4?����)م�א P�Z'�א � ��)'�و+�I4(/،�دא�4א

Kم1�،1987א :/I �،�ط�Kא���"'

10K '"4�O78xא�،HU/א���K��،�4/0�،'�)��Wb/�( Kم2004،אK،'"4�O78xدא�4א

11K � ?O ��P/'�وא�b/PV�4دא�،HZ�P � "�،�/�?'�،�O��،A�C$��א �jNPא

�Kم1،1977وא 0)ز"E،�א :/I ،ط

12K א�P،A%x�m/0� � I/: ��،�W�Z'�א : cن��c�9/�4א :/�P���،�Hl'�دא�4א : cن،א

Kم1978

13K �H��� ���)�Kw���،�u��،Qא�����e/Nא P�)Z'�و+�U�،/I4(? �א�E�ºא

Kم1987א � א��HV-�אد،�

14K eو���،QدDوא�'-� �Wא�$�Oس،�و�Kw����،�'PIא�����e/Nא � �('��9א

FدKeKطKE

64

��#�س�א��و/و� ? �

� العربية��ملخص�باللغة �2� �� �� �� �ية � ملخص�باللغة�Wنجل_ �4� �� �� �� �

� ةــــا2قدم �6� �� �� �� ���א����א�������Wא�)'&�א%ول�� � �� �9� �� �� �� �

�نشأة�الب�غة�العربية�عند��1.1 �10� �� �� �� ��نشأة�الب�غــــــة�عند��2.1 �13� �� �� �� �� ثمــــــــرة�علــــــوم�الــــــــبــــ�غـــــــــة�3.1 �14� �� �� �� �

���,�א��� -��W)'&�א�@� -א �� �18� �� �� �� �� تــــعـــريـــــف�عــلــــم�ا2ـعــــانــــي�1.2 �19� �� �� �� �� الــــــــــتـــــــــــــــــــوكــــــــــــــيــــــــد�2.2 �20� �� �� �� �� أضــــــــــــــــــرب�الــــــــخـــــــبـــــــــر�3.2 �22� �� �� �� �� ـــــــرالـــتـــقــــديـــــــــم�والتأخــيــ�4.2 �25� �� �� �� �� الـــتـــــنـــــكــــيـــــــر�والتعـــــريف�5.2 �27� �� �� �� ��الجملة�الخ�رية�والجملة��6.2 �29� �� �� �� �� الـــــفـــــصـــــــــل��والــــــــوصــــــــل�7.2 �30� �� �� �� �� �طـــنـــــــــاب�و�يــــــــــجــــــــاز�8.2 �36� �� �� �� �

C��@א�)'&�א��W!!!!!!!�!!!!!!!!!!��,!!!!� �39� �� �� �� �� تعـــريف�علــــم�البيـــــــــــــان�1.3 �40� �� �� �� �� الـــتــشبــيــه�وWستــعـــارة��2.3 �41� �� �� �� �� الـــــكــــــنـــــــــأيـــــــــــــــــــــــة��3.3 �43� �� �� �� �

�Dא�)'&�א��א��WD*��א��,��� �� �45� �� �� �� �� تعريف�علم�البديع�1.4 �46� �� �� �� �� أقسام�علم�البديع�2.4 �46� �� �� �� �

� الســـــــــــــــجـــــــــــــع�3.4 �47� �� �� �� �� الــتــجــنــيـــــــــــــــس� 4.4 �49� �� �� �� �

65

� �

� الـــــتـــــــــــوريـــــــــــة� 5.4 �50� �� �� �� �� الـــــــــــطـــــبـــــــــــــاق� 6.4 �51� �� �� �� �

� الخاتمة �52� �� �� �� �� ملحقات �54� �� �� �� �

� ا2صادر�وا2راجع� �59� �� �� �� �� ا2وضوعات� فهر�س �62� �� �� �� �