Intensive monitoring Brasschaat

F. Vermeiren, J. Neirynck, A. Verstraeten, P. Roskams

FutMon Workshop D3 Freising, 2010

Introduction: IM1 plots in Flanders, Belgium

0 50 100

Location Nr- Plot Species

Torhout 1102- Wijnendalebos Beech

Ravels 1402- Ravelsbos Cors. pine

Brasschaat 1502- De Inslag Scots pine

Gontrode 1602- Aelmoeseneiebos Oak&Beech

Hoeilaart 2102- Zoniënwoud Beech

De Inslag, Brasschaat: 51°18’N, 4°31’E

(image: Google Earth, Tele Atlas 2010)

• Core plot “De Inslag” located in Brasschaat

• Plateau of the northern lower plain (northern Campine)

• SW: Antwerp, W: petro industry (harbour), E: intensive livestock

Anthropogenic stress factors

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

N

NNE

NE

ENE

E

ESE

SE

SSE

S

SSW

SW

WSW

W

WNW

NW

NNW

NH3

SO2

NO

NO2

Measurements of gradients and fluxes

• SO2 : harbour

• NH3: intensive livestock (Wuustwezel, Brecht, Malle,….)

• NOX: highway E19, traffic (sub)urban

• Similar pollution pattern for other nature and forest sites in the region

µmol m-3

Intensive Monitoring Site “De Inslag” (0.25 ha)

• Stand: 81-year-old (1929) first generation plantation of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

• Located within a 150 ha mixed coniferous/deciduous forest

• Understory: birch (Betula pendula), European rowan (Sorbus aucuparia), oak (Quercus robur, Q.rubra) and Scots pine

• Ground vegetation: various grasses, brambles (Rubus sp.), heather (Calluna vulgaris) and diverse types of mosses

• Elevation: 16 m• Tower: 40 m tower (image)• Topography: flat (0.3 %)• Haplic Podzol (FAO, 1988): sand

deposits covering a 0.5 m thick loamy clay layer at ±1.75 m of depth

• Networks: ICP Forests Level II (1502) & CarboEurope-IP

Meteo sensors (J. Neirynck & P. Roskams, 2007)

Variable height (m) sensor spec.

Relative humidity 2, 24, 40 Vaisala HMP 243, Dewpoint transmitter

Temperature 2, 24, 40 Vaisala HMP 244, PT100

Precipitation 40 NINA Precipitation pulse transmitter Siggelkow Gmbh

Depth GWT -1 PDCR11830 Pressure Transducer, Campbell

Wind direction 40 Potentiometer windvane W200P, Campbell

Wind speed 24, 32, 40 LISA Siggelkow (new)

Wind speed 40 Anemometer Didcot DWR-205 G (old)

Net-radiometer 40 Pyrano/pyrgeometer CNR1 Kipp & Zonen

Solar radiation 40 Pyrano CM6B (Kipp & Zonen), dome solarimeter

Soil temperature -0.02 & -0.09 Soil thermometer, Didcot DPS-404, PT100

Soil heat flux -0.02 & -0.19 Heat flux plate Campbell HFT03, CSI, thermocouple

Air pressure 1.5 Barometer SETRA, pressure sensor

Meteo Tower

Exchange of atmospheric nitrogen above a Scots pine forest – Implications for nitrogen cycling

- Sonic anemometer (flux, gradiënt)

- Profiles of wind speed, temperature, vapour pressure

- Leaf wetness sensor (new: Decagon)

- Global radiation, net radiation

RH & T (2, 24, 40 m)

• Relative humidity and temperature measurements

Open field: Bulk collectors and wet only

Soil Profile (J. Mikkelsen et al 2008)

• H1-3, -8-0 cm: O-horizon L/F/H

• H4, 0-31 cm: Ap1-horizon

• H5, 31-36/48 cm: Ap2 - horizon remains of a single time deep ploughing

• H6, 36/48-52/77 cm: E horizon

• H7, 40/57-56/83 cm: Bg1

• H8, 65-100 cm: Bg2

• H9: tongues (remnants of decaying roots -very local)

• H10, 65-125 cm (simplified): Bg3

• H11, H12, 100-… cm: 2Cg/r, sand

Determination of SWR curve (N. Cools, FSCC) and other soil parameters

• Determination of SWC curve following the FutMon SA14 field protocol:– Using sand and kaolin/sand

suction tables and pressure membrane plates (Eijkelkamp)

– Volumetric water content at matric potential pF 0.0 (saturation), 1.0, 1.7, 2.0 (field capacity sand), 2.5, 3.0, 3.4, 4.2 (permanent wilting point)

– Dry bulk density

– Saturated Hydraulic conductivity

• Texture: (clay (0 -2 ųm), silt (2 -63 ųm) and sand (63 – 2000 ųm) by pipette method)

• Organic carbon content (TOC analyser)

• Roots (#)

EM38 (Cockx, Van Meirvenne & De Vos 2007)

• Shallow vs deep clay layer • Calibration of EM38 in Hoeilaart, beech forest (plot 2102)

Soil moisture (Fieldmap, K. Van de Kerckhoven 2009)

• 2 old locations TDR (since 1997, 2000): biweekly with Tektronix

• 3 new locations FDR, CS616 (FutMon D3, 2010): 6-hourly with CR1000 logger (Campbell Sci)

Appr. 8-10m

Logger

TDR: handmade probes, 50 cm rods, tektronix 1502B, coax

Fig. Experimental setup Level II

(Verstraeten et al 2005)

FDR since 2010 (recent installation)

• CR1000 logger • SWC: 4 depths, 3 locations

• ST: 4 depths, 1 location

Comparative test: 30 through fall collectors

LAI (Pleco, UA)

• LAI is low (< 2), disperse forest

• Thinning in 1999

• Fish eye (UA and INBO)

• LAI2000 (INBO)

LAI Brasschaat

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

1

21

41

61

81

101

121

141

161

181

201

221

241

261

281

301

321

341

361

DOY

LAI98

LAI2000

LAI2007

Thank you!

klad

mean tree height 21 m

mean dbh 0.29 cm

tree/stand age 80 year a (valid for 2009)

stems/ha 377 trees/ha

surface

canopy coverage vertical canopy projection 65 %

leaf area index min => PAI 1.3 PAI

leaf area index max => PAI 1.8 PAI

LAI max- begin (average) 155 DOY

LAI max- end (average) 217 DOY

specific leaf area / m²/(kg DM)

stem area index / see LAI2000

litter fall (C, N in leaf, fruits, bark, wood) => kg/m²/a

roots

max. rooting depth >160 cm

vegetation period

phenology- begin of veg. period (average) 109-117 DOY

phenology- end of veg. period (average) 291-318 DOY

vegetation surface

albedo 0.08