info101_ilp104 lec6
TRANSCRIPT
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Information Systems Developmentand Planning
Chapter 6 - Lecture Notes
(Chapter 12 of text book)
ContentsAn Overview of IS Development and Planning
Project Management? Participants in Systems Development? Reasons to Initiate a Systems Development
project? IS Planning? Establishing Objectives for Systems Development
System Development MethodologyTraditional SDLCPrototypingRapid Application Development (RAD)End-User Systems Development Life Cycle
Factors affecting systems development success
Overview? Understanding systems development is important to all
professionals, not just those in the field of InformationSystems (IS).
? In today s businesses, employees in all functional areaswork together and use business information systems.As a result, users of all types are helping with thedevelopment.
? Systems development can mean the success or failureof the entire organization. Successful systemsdevelopment has resulted in huge increases in revenuesand profits; those unsuccessful can lose millions.
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Project Management? What is Project Management?
is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques toproject activities in order to meet project requirements.
? Who are the participants in the project / systemsdevelopment?
users who will interact with t he system regularly system analyst a professional who specialize in analyzing &
developing business systems. programmer a specialist responsible for writing programs. supplier a person who supply materials sponsor a person who sponsor the entire system development
/ project (i.e. boss)
ST
A K EHOLDER S
Development Team
? consists of:- users, systems analysts, programmers
? Team Leader / Project Manager a person who is in charged of the entire
development or project, i.e responsible tomeet the specific scope, time, cost and qualitygoals of projects.
Typical reasons to Initiate a Systems Development projectProblems with
existing system
Desire to exploitnew opportunities
Increasingcompetition
Make effective useof information
Organizationalgrowth
Merger oracquisition
Change in externalenvironment
New laws orregulations
Perception of aproblem by
individual capable of initiating change
Systemsdevelopment
process initiated
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Information Systems Planning
Strategic Plan
IS Planning
Systems development initiatives
. Cont ? refers to the translation of strategic and
organizational goals into systems developmentinitiatives.
? Strategic plan provides direction to the functional areas within an
organization, including marketing, production, finance,accounting & HR. These directions areencompassed in the IS plan.
E.g A strategic plan may identify as organizationalgoals i.e.
? double of sales revenue within 5 years,? 20% reduction of administrative expenses over 3 years? acquisition of at least two competing companies within a y ear,
or
? capture of market leadership in a product category.
Steps of IS Planning
Strategic Plan
Develop overallobjectives
Previouslyunplanned
systems projects
Set priorities andselect projects
Analyze resourcerequirements
Set schedules anddeadlines
Develop ISplanning document
Identify ISprojects
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A sample of Gantt Chart page 477
Developing a Competitive Advantage
? Many companies seek systemsdevelopment projects that will provide acompetitive advantage.
? E.g a company may want to achieve acompetitive advantage by improving thecustomer relationship. As such, thecompany needs a software that candownload & analyze customer feedbackdata from the Internet
? Thinking competitively requires creative andcritical analysis.
? Creative analysis the investigation of new approaches to existing
problems, i.e.
? by looking at problems in different ways, and? by introducing innovative methods to solve them.
? Critical analysis requires unbiased and careful questioning of whether
system elements are related in the most eff ective andefficient ways. i.e.
? considering the establishment of different relationshipsamong system element, or
? introducing new elements into the system.
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Establishing Objectives for Systems Development
? 2 main objectives:- Performance objectives
? Systems performance can be measured by factors
such as:- Quality or usefulness of the output i.e. is the systemgenerating the right information?
Quality or usefulness of the format of the output is theoutput generated in a form that is usable and easilyunderstood?
Speed at which output is generated i.e is the systemgenerating output in time t o meet organizational goalssuch as the customer response time.
............. Cont
Cost objectives? Development costs
? Costs related to the uniqueness of the systemapplication. i.e. an expensive but reusable systemmay be preferable to a less costly system withlimited use.
? Fixed investments in hardware and relatedequipment
? Ongoing operating costs of the system
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
? Systems development refers to theactivity of creating or modifying existingbusiness system.
? It is called a s ystems development lifecycle because the activities associatedwith it are ongoing.
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4 common SDLC
? Traditional SDLC
? Prototyping
? Rapid Application Development (RAD)
? End-User Development
Traditional SDLC
Systems Investigation
Systems Analysis
Systems Design
SystemsImplementation
Systems Maintenanceand Review
understand problem
understand solution
select & plan best solution
place solution into effect
evaluate results of solution
? Advantages Formal review at the end of each phase
allows maximum management control Creates considerable system documentation Documentation allows systems requirements
to be traced back.
? Disadvantages Systems do not meet the users needs Documentation is time-consuming and
expensive to create
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Prototyping
? An iterative approach to the systemsdevelopment process.
? A popular technique in systemsdevelopment.
Iterative 1 Iterative 2 Iterative 3
Determinerequirement
Analyzealternative
Specifydesign
Implementdesign
Userreview
Determinerequirement
Analyzealternative
Specifydesign
Implementdesign
Userreview
Determinerequirement
Analyzealternative
Specifydesign
Implementdesign
Userreview
Types of PrototypesOperational Non Operational
-A prototype that works accesses- real data files, edits inputdata, makes necessarycomputations andcomparisons, & producesreal output.
- is a mock up or model- includes output and inputspecifications & formats.-outputs i.e printed reportsto managers & the summarylayout.- can be discarded.
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Advantages and Disadvantages? users provide
constructive feedback
? take weeks only toproduce anoperational prototype
? allows early detectionor errors
? meet users needs.
? do not have formalend-of-phase, theproject never seemsto end
? lack of systemdocumentation
? overlook on systemsecurity issues.
Rapid Application Development (RAD)
? A system development approach that employstools, techniques & methodologies design tospeed application development.
? Advantages: Very fast in producing an application Lots of interaction between users and developers
? Disadvantages:- Needs a lot of users time Systems developers and users must know how to use
the tools and techniques Can burn out systems developers energy
End-User Development Life Cycle
? Describes any systems developmentproject in which the primary effort isundertaken by a combination of businessmanagers and users.
? Many end-users today are developing theirown PC-based systems with technicalassistance from IS personnel.
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Factors affecting systems developmentsuccess
? Successful systems development means delivering a system that meet user and
organizational needs i.e on time and withinbudget.
? A major factor that can affect the successof systems development is degree ofchange .
Degree of Change refers to:-
? Continuous Improvement projects do not require significant business
process or information system changes,therefore they have a high degree of success,whereas,
? Reengineering involves fundamental changes in how the
organization conducts business, thereforethey have high degree of risk but also highpotential for major business.
? Managing change The ability to manage change is critical to the success
of system development. E.g the working environment habits of users are
invariably affected by the development of a newinformation system.
Many problems can result from implementing a newsystem or modifying an existing system. Problemssuch as:-
? Employee fear of losing his/her job? Belief that the proposed or new s ystem will create more work? Reluctant to work with computer people ? Unwillingness to learn new approaches.
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Quality of Project Planning
? Another key success factor is the quality ofproject planning. The bigger the project, themore likely that poor planning will lead tosignificant problems i.e. over budget Projects fall behind schedule Do not meet expectations.
? Although proper planning cannot guarantee thatthese types of problems will be avoided, it canminimize the likelihood of their occurrence.
Factors contributing to the project failure
? Solve the wrong problem? Poor problem definition and analysis? Poor communication? Project is too ambitious? Lack of top management support? Lack of user s involvement? Poor testing and implementation
- End of Chapter 6-