htay ra war da yae

a&pBudK t½Sif{odu a&;om;aom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom ( NydKifyGJ0if yxrqk& )

udkudkusdKuf (NrefrmusL;ypf) rS uGefNyLwm pmpDpm½dkufNzifh 'geNyKonf

ESvkH;vSpmay jzefYcsDa&;

trSwf...5?vrf; 100? vGwfvyfa&;&yfuGuf? r*FvmawmifnGefYNrdKUe,f? ( 11221 )&efukefNrdKU/

pmwdkufaowÅm ( 87 )? A[dkpmwdkufBuD;? urf;em;vrf;? &efukefNrdKU/

ykHESdyfrSwfwrf;

1997? azazmf0g&Dv? yxrtBudrf? tkyfa& ( 1000 )?150 usyf/

1998? Mo*kwfv? 'kwd,tBudrf? tkyfa& ( 500 )? 200 usyf/

twGif;ykHESdyfESifY xkwfa0ol

OD;a½TxGef;atmif? vkyftm;yHkEdSyfwdkuf ( 0207 )? ESvkH;vSpmay ( 01522 )

trSwf 5? vrf; 100? r*FvmawmifnGefY? &efukefNrdKU/

pmrlcGifYjyKcsuf.......... 50/98 ( 8 )

rsufESmzkH;cGifYjyKcsuf..........30/98 ( 8 )



i

rmwdum

(yxrydkif;)

tcef;(1)

ax&0g' ESifh r[m,me ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 1

Ak'¨jzpfawmfpOf tusOf; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 1

ouú&mZf &Sif;csuf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 1

oCm*dkPf; uGJjcif;taMumif; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 2

ax&0g'ESifh r[moHCdu ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 4

Ak'¨bmom *dkPf;uGJrsm; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 5

ax&0g'ESifh 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 7

jAm[®PwdkU\ aoG;cGJrSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 8

ok*Facwf Ak'¨omoem ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 9

uedoQurif;ESifh Ak'¨bmom ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 11

uedoQurif;\ oH*g,emwifyGJ ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 13

ax&0g'? r[m,me? [de,me ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 14

r[m,me*dkPf;\ y"mevrf;pOf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 15

tdE´d,ü omoemuG,fyHk ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 17

tcef; (2)

ax&0g'omoem jyefUyGm;&m ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 19

oD[dkVfEdkifiH ax&0g'jzpfpOf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 19

oD[dkVfoHCm*dkPf;rsm; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 20

,ckacwf*dkPf;rsm; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 22

xdkif;EdkifiH ax&0g'jzpfpOf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 23

xdkif;EdkifiH wnfaxmifjcif; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 24

uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiH ax&0g'jzpfpOf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 25

owår Z,0&refrif;ESifh Ak'¨bmom ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 26



ii

avmEdkifiH ax&0g'jzpfpOf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 27

tcef;(3)

ax&0g'oH0g,emyGJrsm; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 28

oH*g,emed'gef; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 28

yxr oH*g,emyGJawmf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 30

'kwd, oH*g,emyGJawmf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 32

wwd, oH*g,emyGJawmf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 33

pwkw¬ oH*g,emyGJawmf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 35

yOör oH*g,emyGJawmf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 36

q|r oH*g,emyGJawmf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 38

tcef;(4)

ax&0g' yd#uwfawmf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 40

ax&0g'[lonf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 40

0de, yd#uwfawmf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 41

okwå yd#uwfawmf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 41

tbd"r® yd#uwfawmf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 44

Ak'¨usrf;pm pdppf&m ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 45

tcef;(5)

ax&0g' "r®&wem ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 47

bmomrsm;xJu Ak'¨bmom ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 47

Ak'¨bmom0ifjzpfjcif; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 48

Ak'¨bmom oDv ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 49

umvmra'oem pHjyKp&m ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 50

raumif;rSK p&dkufqkd; 10 yg; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 51



iii

vlwdkUusifh&m r*Fvm ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 52

BuD;yGm;csrf;om a'oem ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 54

Ak'¨\ 'óew&m;awmf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 56

r*¾if&Spfyg; jrwfw&m; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 58

edAÁmef oabmw&m; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 60

tcef;(6)

ax&0g' ESifh jrefrmEdkifiH ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 62

Ak'¨bk&m;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiH ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 62

omoemtp wykóESifh ov’du ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 64

'kwd,ajrmuf omoema&mufjcif; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 66

ax&0g'ESifh okawoetjrif ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 68

oa&acwå&macwf ax&0g' ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 70

jrefrmwdkU 0ifa&mufvmjcif; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 73

ax&0g' omoemh EdkifiHawmf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 75

jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxuf Ak'¨bmom ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 77

tcef;(7)

ax&0g' *dkPf;uGJrsm; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 79

yk*Hacwf*dkPf;uGJrsm; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 79

&mrn oHCm*dkPf;rsm; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 80

omoemawmf oefU&Sif;pifMu,fa&; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 82

t&nf;BuD;*dkPf; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 83

yGJausmif;*dkPf; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 86

oabmif*dkPf;ESifh t&Hk*dkPf; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 89

,aeUacwf*dkPf;rsm; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 91

bmom0ifOD;a& ESdkif;,SOfcsuf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 92



iv

( 'kwd,ydkif; )

tcef;(1)

ax&0g'ü a&maESmvmaom udk;uG,frSKrsm; ..... ..... ..... ..... 95

udk;uG,frSKxGef;um;vmjcif; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 96

jrefrmwdkU ewfudk;uG,frSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 98

odMum;ewfudk;uG,frSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 99

ol&ówDewf udk;uG,frSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 102

uGrf,ifr,fawmfudk;uG,frSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 105

N*dK[fewfudk;uG,frSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 106

ewfBuD; 5yg;ESifh a'0D 21yg; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 109

jynfwGif;jzpfewfrsm; udk;uG,frSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 111

bdk;awmf? r,fawmf udk;uG,frSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 114

rif;0wf&kyfyGm; udk;uG,frSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 117

'du©dPomcgESifh tjcm;&kyfyGm;udk;uG,frSK ..... ..... ..... ..... 121

&SifOy*kwf udk;uG,frSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 123

tcef;(2)

ax&0g'üa&maESmaom ,HkMunfrSKrsm; ..... ..... ..... ..... 127

*E¨m&Dtwuf ,HkMunfrSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 128

aA'if,HkMunfrSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 130

&aohwdkU pdwfajz&musrf;pmrsm; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 132

e*g;udk;uG,frSK vufusef,HkMunfrSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 136

t[dwfedrdwfponf ,HkMunfrSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 138

rEÅef&Gwfqdk ,HkMunfrSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 141

pdwfykwD;jyóem tajz&Sm ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 144

od'd¨wifjcif; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 146



v

tcef;(3)

ax&0g'ESifh jyify,HkMunfudk;uG,frSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 149

jyifyudk;uG,frSK awmfvSefa&; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 150

e*kF|Zmwfawmf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 152

ax&0g'tjrifESifh u,fwif&Sif ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 154

ax&0g'ESifh twdedrdwf,HkMunfrSK ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 156

edrdwfpGJqefUusifa&; Zmwfawmfrsm; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 159

ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom rl 5-&yf ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 161

,HkMunfudk;uG,frSK rSefuefa&; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 163

ed*Hk; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 166

udk;um;pmpkpm&if; ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 167



1

ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom

( yxrydkif; )

tcef; ( 1 )

ax&0g'ESifY r[m,me

Ak'¨jzpfawmfpOftusOf;

bk&m;tavmif;awmf od'¨w¬rif;om;onf uydv0wfjynfbk&if oka'¨g'er[m&mZm\ rdz&m;BuD;

oD&dr[mrm,ma'0DrS r[mouú&mZf 68 ck? uqkefvjynfY aomMumaeYwGif vkrdÁeDrnfaom

tifMuif;awmü zGm;jrifawmfrlonf/ tavmif;awmfonf touf 16 ESpft&G,fwGif

,aomf"&ma'0DESifYtwl eef;r 3aqmifü rif;pnf;pdrfudk 29 ESpft½G,ftxdcHpm;cJYonf/

xdkYaemuf edrdwfBuD; 4yg;udkjrifawmfrlí oHa0*&awmfrlojzifY awm0emodkYxGufum

w&m;"r®usifYMuHcJY\ 'kuú&p&d,[kqdkaom tusifYrsKd;udk yifyef;BuD;pGmusifYokH;cJY\/

w&m;rSefudkr&ojzifY rZdösry#dy'g usifYxkH;jzifYajymif;vJusifYokH;cJY&m r[mouú&mZf 103 ck?

uqkefvjynfY Ak'¨[l;aeYwGif bk&m;tjzpfodkY a&mufawmfrlavonf/

bk&m;tjzpfodkYa&mufawmfrlNyD;aemuf uGswfxdkufaoma0ae& owå0g vlewfjA[®mwdkYtm;

w&m;a&at;tNrdKufaq;udk wdkufauGs;awmfrl\/ 45 ESpfumvywfvkH; "r®a'oemwdkYudk

a[mMum;cJYonf/

oufawmf 80 jynfYaomtcg r[mouú&mZf 148 ck? uqkefvjynfY t*FgaeYü ukodem&kHjynf

rv’mrif;wdkY\ tifMuif;a[rm O,smOfom0,f y&dedAÁmef jyKawmfrlavonf/

ouú&mZf½Sif;csuf

r[mouú&mZf qdkonfrSm bk&m;ryGifYrDu bdk;awmftOöerif; wnfxm;aom ouú&mZfudk ac: onf/

omoemouú&mZf qdkonfrSm bk&m;y&dedAÁmefjyKNyD; yxroH*g,emwifonfYESpfrSpí

a&wGufaomESpfjzpfonf/ jrefrmouú&mZfqdkonfrSm ykyÜm;apm&[ef;rif;vufxuf wnfxm;aom

ouú&mZfjzpfonf/ c&pfESpf ( bD? pD )qdkonfrSm c&pfray:rDESpfudk ac: onf/ c&pfESpf (at?'D)

qdkonfrSm c&pfawmfay:NyD;ESpfrSpí a&wGufonf/ omoemouú&mZfonf jrefrmouú&mZfxuf



2

1182 ESpf BuD;onf/ c&pfouú&mZfxuf 554 ESpf BuD;onf/ c&pfouú&mZf ( at? 'D )onf jrefrm

ouú&mZfxuf 638 ESpf BuD;onf/ xdkYaMumifY bk&m;½Sif y&dedAÁmefjyKaomESpfudk c&pfray:rD bDpD 544

[k omoemYordkif;rsm;u twnfjyKxm;\/ urÇmYordkif;tqdkESifY tenf;i,fjcm;em;rlY½Sdonf/

oHCm*dkPf;uGJjcif;taMumif;

bk&m;½Sif y&dedAÁmefjyKNyD;aemuf wjynfYom; &[ef;oHCmwdkYonf bk&m;½Sifa[mMum;aom

a'oemwdkYudk wpfaoGrwdrf; vdkufemcJYMuonf/ usifYMuHcJYMuonf/ omoemESpf 100

odkYa&mufaomtcgürl &[ef;om;avmuü tawG;tjrifrsm;ajymif;vJvmMuonf/

oabmw&m;opfrsm; ay:aygufvmonf/ Ak'¨\ 0de,Oya'udk jyifqifrI jyKvmMuonf/

xdk&[ef;rsm;rSm a0omvDjynfrS 0ZdÆykwåuac: 0ZdÆwdkif;om;&[ef;rsm;jzpfonf/ 0ZdÆwdkif;om;

&[ef;wdkYonf bk&m;½Sif\ 0denf;a'oemESifYqefYusifaom t"r®0wåK10rsKd;udk

jyifqifusifYokH;aeMuonf/ ,if;yk*d¾KvfwdkY jyifqifusifYokH;aom t"r®0wåKrsm;rSm þodkYjzpfonf/

(1) o*ÐavmPuyÜ/ / om;csKdbl;xJüxnfYí aqmifxm;tyfaomqm;udk aeYpOf qGrf;pm;wdkif;

a&maESmípm;Edkifonf[k jyifqifonf/ ( &[ef;wdkYonf rdrdbmom odrf;qnf;í

aemuf&ufa&mufrS qGrf;ESifYa&mí okH;aqmifygvQif ygpdwftmywfoifY\/ )

(2) 'G*FkvuyÜ/ /rGef;wnfYNyD;aemuf ae&dyfvufESpfopfvGefonftxd &[ef;rsm; qGrf;paom

t[m&udk okH;aqmifEdkifonf[kjyifqifonf/ ( &[ef;wdkYonf rGef;wnfYNyD;aemuf

abmZOft[m&udkokH;aqmifvQif 0dumvabmZe odu©myk'ft& ygpdwftmywfoifY\/ )

(3) tm0gouyÜ/ / odrfwpfcktwGif;üyif udk,fYtkyfpkESifYudk,f wpfzGJYqDcGJí

oHCmYuHrsm;jyKvkyfEdkifonf[k jyifqifonf/ ( 0denf;a'oemt& odrfwpfcktwGif;rSm

oHCmnDnGwfrIYudkjyK&ef &[ef;wpfyg;ESifY wpfyg; wpfawmiYfxGm[w¬ygofpyfatmif

xdkifMu&onf/ udk,fYtkyfpkESifYudk,f oHCmuHjyKvkyfygu uHysufonf/

oHCmuGJjym;aeaomaMumifY tmywfoifYonf/ )

(4) tEkywduyÜ/ /oHCmYtpnf;ta0;jyKvkyf&mwGif oHCmpkHnDatmifrapmifYbJ

aemufrSa&mufvmaom oHCmYxHrS oabmwlnDcsufudk aemufrS&,lrnf[kMuHí

tvsifa&mufESifYaom oHCmrsm;u oHCmYuHjyKEdkifonf[k jyifqifonf/



3

(oHCmYtpnf;ta0;odkY rwufa&mufEdkifaom oHCmrsm;onf xdktpnf;ta0;u

qkH;jzwforQudk oabmwlaMumif; BudKwifí qE´ay;Mu&onf/ tpnf;ta0;jyD;rS

ay;aomqE´onf w&m;r0ifay/ xdkYaMumifY oabmwlnDcsuf r&½SdbJ a&muforQ oHCm

wpfpdwfwpfydkif;jzifY qkH;jzwfrIYonf w&m;r0if/ oHCmrnDnGwfaom qkH;jzwfrIYrSmvnf;

atmifjrifrIYr½Sdacs/ )

(5) tmpdPÖuyÜ/ /rdrdwdkY\ q&morm;jyKvkyfcJYaom tpOftvmudk vufcHíjyKvkyfEdkif

cGifY½Sdonf/ q&morm;wdkYudk twkvdkufí jyKvkyfjcif;aMumifY tmywfroifY[k

jyifqifonf/( q&morm;wdkY jyKvkyfaom tpOftvmxkH;pHrsm;onfvnf; 0denf;ESifYnDvQif

tmywfroifY/ 0denf;ESifYrnDvQifum; tmywfoifYonfomjzpfonf/ )

(6) *grEå&uyÜ/ /tjcm;½GmodkYoGm;&ef udpö½Sdygu y0g&dyfoifYaom &[ef;onf

twd&dwf0denf;uHrjyKbJ qGrf;udkpm;Edkifonf[k jyifqifonf/ ( &[ef;onf qGrf;pm;pOf

]]awmfNyD;}} [kajymvQif y0g&dyfoifYonf[kac: \/ pm;cGifYr&SdawmYay/

tu,fípm;vdkjyefvQif tjcm;&[ef;tm;pGefYvdkuf&onf/ xdk&[ef;rS jyefay;rS

pm;cGifY&Sdonf/ þodkY jyKvkyfjcif;udk twd&dwf0Denf;uHjyKvkyfonf[kac: \/

twd&dwf0denf;uH rjyKbJ pm;okH;ygu ygpdwf tmywfoifYonf/ )

(7) trxdwuyÜ/ /y0g&dyfoifYaom &[ef;onf twd&dwf0denf;uHrjyKbJ EdkY&nftjzpfudkvGefí

'defcsOftjzpfra&mufao;aom EdkYcsOfudk aomufcGifY&Sdonf[k jyifqifonf/

( 0dwnf;odu©myk'fwGif EdkY&nfudkvnf;aumif;? 'defcsOfudkvnf;aumif;? abmZOfü

xnfYoGif;xm;&mpyful;ryful;umvjzpfaom EdkYcsOf&nfrSm bk&m;a[mabmZOfrS

tvGwfjzpfonf[k MuHqí avQmYaygYjyifqifjcif;jzpfonf/ )

(8) ZaVm*D/ /aumufn§if;qef? xef;vQuf? MuHoumponfwdkYudk pdrf&nfjzpfatmif az:pyf&mü

pdrf&nftjzpfra&mufao;aom ao&nftEkpm;? xef;&nfcg;wdkYudk &[ef;awmfrsm;

aomufokH;Edkifonf[kjyifqifonf/ ( &[ef;awmfrsm;onf pdrf&nf? xef;&nf? acgif&nf?

ao&nftEkpm; rl;,pfaq;0g;udk okH;aqmifcGifYr&Sd/ okH;aqmifygu ygpdyf

tmywfoifYonf/)



4

(9) t'ouHedoD'eH/ / &[ef;rsm;twGuf tNrdwftqmrygaom edoD'dkif ( ae&mxdkifcif; )

udkokH;aqmiftyfonf[k jyifqifonf/ ( tNrdwftqmrygaom ae&mxdkifcif; ( edoD'dkif )

udkrtyfpyf[k Ak'ÿnwfcsuf&Sdonf/ )

(10) Zmw½ly &Zw/ / &[ef;awmfrsm;onf a½T aiG tojym udktvlcHEdkifonf[k jyifqifonf/

( &[ef;awmfrsm;onf a½T aiGwdkYudk tvlrcH&[k Ak'ÿnwfcsuf½Sdonf/ )

ax&0g'ESifY r[moHCdu

0ZdÆwdkif;om; &[ef;wdkYonf txufygjyifqifcsuf 10 ck ( 'o0wåKu ) wdkYudk w&m;0iftvkyfuJYodkY

ajymifajymifwif;wif; vkyfudkifaeMuonf/ ½Sifr[m,orax&fBuD;onf xdkowif;udkMum;ojzifY

a0omvDjynf r[m0efausmif;wdkufodkY &muf½Sdvmonf/ xdktcsdefwGif oHCmrsm; OykofjyKcsdefESifY

wdkufqdkifae\/ xdkaeYwGif &[ef;wdkYonf oHCmYtv,frSm a½Tzvm;BuD; csxm;\/

OykofaeYwGifw&m;emaom 'g,um 'g,dumrwdkYudk y&du©&mzdk; vI'ef;Mu&efa[majymonf/

vlwdkYuvJ wwftm;oívl'ef;Muonf/ ½Sifr[m,oonf þvkyf&yf 0denf;w&m;awmfESifY

rnDaomaMumifY rjyKvkyf&efajymMum;onf/ odkYaomfvnf; 0ZÆd&[ef;wdkYu ½Sifr[m,o\ pum;udk

vufrcHay/

]]½Sifr[m,oonf 'g,umwdkY\ o'¨gw&m;udk wm;qD;ydwfyifol}}[lí jypfwif½IwfcsMuonf/

aemufqkH;wGif ½Sifr[m,otm; oHCmYabmifrS 0dkif;y,frl ( Oau©yeD,uH )jyKMuawmYonf/

½Sifr[m,oonf 0ZÆdwdkif;om;&[ef;wdkYESifY oabmxm;rnDnGwfojzifY rdrdESifYoabmwl&m

&[ef;wdkYudk pkpnf;&onf/ pnf;½kH;&onf/ xdktcg bk&m;½Sif\a'oemwdkYudk

&if;jrpfususvufcHvdkaom &[ef;rsm;pGmudk pkpnf;rdvm\/ ½Sifr[m,oonf rdrdESifY

oabmwl&moHCmwdkYudk aygif;pkí Ak'ä'oemwdkYudk oH*g,emwifMu&onf/

oH*g,emwifyGJwGif <ua&mufvmaom oHCmawmftm;vkH;wdkYu....

]]Ak'¨bk&m;½Sif\ "r®a'oemwdkYudk jyifqifjcif;? jznfYpGufjcif;? Ekwfy,fjcif;rjyKbJ rlv½SdonfYtwdkif;

vufcHusifYokH;Mu&ef}} [líqkH;jzwfcsufcscJYMuonf/ xdk*dkPf;onf aemiftcgü ]]ax&0g'*dkPf;}}

[lí xif½Sm;vmavonf/



5

þowif;udk Mum;&aomtcg 0ZdÆwdkif;om;&[ef;wdkYonfvnf; rdrdwdkYESifYoabmwl&m &[ef;wdkYudk

pnf;½kH;Muonf/ xdkYaemuf oabmwl oHCmaygif; 10000( wpfaomif; )jzifY aumorDÁjynfü

oD;jcm;oH*g,emwifyGJ jyKvkyfMuonf/ rdrdwdkYwifaom oH*g,emudk r[moH*Dwd[k ac:

qdkMuonf/ rdrdwdkYoHCmtzGJYtpnf;udkvnf; ]] r[moHCdu*dkPf;}} [kac: qdkMuavonf/

xdkaMumifY omoemESpf 100 tMumwGif Ak'¨bmom&[ef;awmf avmuü

(1) ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;

(2) r[moHCdu Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;

[lí*dkPf;BuD; 2 *dkPf; uGJjym;oGm;avonf/

Ak'¨bmom *dkPf;uGJrsm;

rlvAk'¨bmomxJrS r[moHCdu*dkPf;BuD; cJGxGufoGm;jyD;aemuf tjcm;&[ef;tkyfpkwdkYuvJ

*dkPf;cGJrludk pdwf0ifpm;vmMu[efwlygonf/ tiftm;&Sdaom oHCmYacgif;aqmifwdkYonf

tajctaeay;wdkif;? tcGifYtcgoifYwdkif; *dkPf;opfrsm;udk zGJUpnf;cJYMuonf/

r[moHCdu*dkPf;BuD;rS.....

(1) a*gukvdu*dkPf;

(2) {uaAsm[m&du*dkPf; [lí 2 *dkPf; uGJjym;onf/

..........wpfzef a*gukvdu*dkPf;rS

(3) yPÖwdå0g'*dkPf;

(4) A[kókwdu*dkPf; [lí 2 *dkPf; uGJjym;onf/

wpfzef A[kókwd*dkPf;rS

(5) apwd,*dkPf;[lí 1 *dkPf;cGJxGufonf/

xdkaMumifY r[moHodu*dkPf;rS *dkPf;&if;ESifYwuG oHCm ( 6 )*dkPf; uGJjym;oGm;avonf/



6

r[moHodu*dkPf;BuD;udk twkvdkufí rlvax&0g'rSvnf; *dkPf;trsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;ukefMuunf/

a½S;OD;pGm rlvax&0g'*dkPf;BuD;rS......

(1) r[domou*dkPf;

(2) 0ZdÆykwå*dkPf; [lí 2 *dkPf;uGJjym;onf/

(3) "r®Kwå&d,*dkPf;

(4) bj',medu*dkPf;

(5) qEé*g&du*dkPf;

(6) ord®wd,*kdPf;[lí 4 *dkPf;uGJjym;onf/

.........wpfzef r[domu*dkPf;rS

(7) oAÁwd¬0g'*dkPf;

(8) "r®*kwdåu*dkPf;[lí 2*dkPf;uGJjym;onf/

......... wpfzef oAÁwd¬0g'*dkPf;rS

(9) uóydu*dkPf; cJGxGufjyefonf/

...........wpfzef uóydu*dkPf;rS

(10) ouFEdåu*dkPf;cGJxGufjyefonf/

...........wpfzef ouFEdåu*dkPf;rS

(11) okwå0g'*dkPf; cGJxGufjyefonf/

xdkYaMumifY rlv ax&0g'ESifYaygif;vQif ax&0g'*dkPf;aygif; ( 12 )*dkPf;½Sdayonf/ ax&0g'ESifY

r[moHCdu *dkPf;rBuD;rsm;ESifY *dkPf;uGJtm;vkH;aygif;vQif *dkPf;aygif; ( 18 )*dkPf;½Sdavonf/

xdk 18 *dkPf;uGJykHudk 'Dy0Housrf;üjyqdkxm;\/ ,if;*dkPf;rsm;tjyif ykAÁaovd,*dkPf;

ty&aovd,*dkPf;? &mZ*d&du*dkPf;? od'¨wd¬u*dkPf;? a[r0wdu*dkPf;? 0gZd&d,*dkPf;?

Owå&myx*dkPf;? a0wkv’*dkPf;? a[wk0g'*dkPf; ponfjzifYqufvufuGJjym;aMumif; uxm0w¬K

t|uxmü jyqdkxm;onf/

xdkYjyif ouúwbmomjzifY a&;om;xm;aom 0okrdMw\ rSwfwrf;wGif tjcm;*dkPf;trnfrsm;vnf;

yg½Sdao;onf/



7

ouúwpma&;q&mBuD; bAs\rSwfwrf;wGif xl;jcm;aom *dkPf;trnfopfrsm;udk awGU&jyefonf/

bAsrSwfwrf;xJwGif ] 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;} [laom emrnfwpfckudk xnfYoGif;xm;\/ xdk*dkPf;emrnf

txuf 18 *dkPf;üvnf; ryg½Sday/ xdk*dkPf;onf ax&0g' yifr*dkPf;twGufyg ta&;ygaom

*dkPf;wpfckjzpfygonf/ omoem0ifusrf;rsm;ü trSwfrJYjzpfaeaom *dkPf;vJjzpfonf/

azmfjycJYaom *dkPf;rsm;onf omoESpf 200 cefYtwGif; uGJjym;cJYaom*dkPf;rsm;jzpfonf/

taomurif; eef;wufcsdefavmufwGif *dkPf;toD;oD;wdkYonf udk,fYtifudk,fYtm;ESifYBuD;yGm;aeMujyD;

xdktxJwGif 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;onf taomurif;w&m;\ ajr§mufpm;ylaZmfrIudk cH&aom

*dkPf;BuD;jzpfayonf/

ax&0g'ESifY 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;

0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;onf rlvax&0g'rS*dkPf;cJGwpfckjzpfonf[k rSwfwrf;üqdkygonf/ rnfonfYtcsdefu

uGJjym;onf[k rajymEdkifay/ odkYaomfvnf; 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;rSm taomurif;BuD;vufwufwGif

BuD;yGm;aeNyD;vdkY ajymEdkifygonf/ taomurif; eef;wufNyD;aemuf Ak'¨bm0ifjzpfcsdefwGif tEd´,EdkifiHü

Ak'¨bmomqdkif&m t½IyftaxG;rsm;ay: aygufaeNyD;/ oefY½Sif;aomAk'¨bmomr[kwfawmYay/

omoemYjyifyjzpfaom wdwd¬wdkYuvJ Ak'ömoemxJ0ifí &[ef;jyKaeMu\/ odkYaomf

&[ef;w&m;udktm;rxkwfMu/ wdwd¬wdkY\tvkyfudkomvkyfaeMuonf/ Ak'¨w&m;awmfudk

em;rvnfMuay/ taomurif;onf omoemawmfoefYpifa&;twGuf aqmif½Guf&onf/

&[ef;w&m;udk ar;ppfonf/ xdktcg &[ef;a,mifwdkYu rajzEdkifMu/

]]jrwfAk'önf tb,ft,l½Sdygoenf;/}} [kar;vQif &[ef;wcsKdUu ]]jrwfAk'önf oów

t,l½Sdygonf}} [kqdkoluqdkonf/ tcsKdUvnf; ]]jrwfAk'önf Oapät,l½Sdygonf}}

[kajzoluajzonf/ taomurif;onf xdk&[ef;wkrsm;udk vlxGufapí omoemYabmifrS

ESifxkwfavonf/



8

taomurif;onf &[ef;aumif;wdkYtm; ]]t½Sifbk&m;wdkY? jrwfAk'¨[m tb,ft,l ½Sdygoenf;}}

[kar;onf/ xdktcg &[ef;wdkYu ]]rif;BuD; jrwfAk'¨[m oówt,l? Oapä't,l wdkYudk

cGJjcm;a0zefí tavYtm;jzifYqdkawmfrlwwfaom 0dbZÆ0g'Djzpfygonf}} [kajzqdkMu\/

taomurif;onf xdktajzudkMum;&ojzifY &[ef;ppf &[ef;rSefudkawGU&NyD;[k qkH;jzwfí

xdk0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;oHCmwdkYudk csD;jr§ifY ylaZmfavawmYonf/ xdktcsdefu 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;onf

taomurif;BuD;\ t"du udk;uG,f&m*dkPf;jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifayonf/

0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;\ t,l0g'wdkYudk omoemYordkif;wdkYüazmfjyrxm;ay/ þodkYraz:jyonfrSm

rlvax&0g'ESifY t,ltqcsif; w&m;"r®csif; cH,lrlU wlnDaomaMumifY[k qdk&ayrnf/ þodkY

t,l0g'csif; wlnDaomaMumifYvnf; aemiftcgwGif 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;onf rlvax&0g'ESifY

jyefvnfaygif;pyfEdkifcJYjcif; jzpfayonf/

jAm[®PwdkY\ aoG;cGJrlY

&mpkESpf tenf;i,ftwGif; Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;rsm; þrQuGJjym;oGm;&onfrSm jAm[®PwdkY\

aoG;cGJxdk;ESufrlYvnf;ruif;Edkifay/ jAm[®PwdkYonf Ak'¨bmomudk rsufrkef;usKd;aeolrsm; jzpfMu\/

Ak'¨bk&m; yGifYay: vmpOfuyif jAm[®wdkYu &efoltjzpf rSwf,lcJYMuonf/

rSefygonf/ Ak'¨bk&m;onf jAm[®PwdkYvufcHxm;aom ta&;ygonfY t,ltqrsm;udk

acszsufa[mMum;cJYonf/ jAm[®PwdkYu twåw&m;udk vufudkifxm;ía[mMum;aeMu\/

Ak'¨bk&m;url tewåw&m;udk t"dua[mMum;&m jAm[®PwdkYrSm t½dIufudktxdk;cH&ovdk

emMunf;oGm;\/ xdkYtjyif vlrIa&;avmuüvnf; jA[®PwdkYu Zwfpepfudk tajccHí

vlwef;pm;rsm;udk ykHaocJGjcm;xm;Mu\/ þZwfpepfudkvnf; Ak'¨bk&m;u

acszsufa[mMum;jyefonf/ jAm[®PwdkYu b,frSmESpfoufEdkifMurnfenf;/



9

jAm[®PwdkYu xm0&bk&m;ocif zefqif;½Sifudk twnfjyKonf/ Ak'¨bk&m;u zefqif;½Sifudk

jiif;y,fonf/ jAm[®PwdkY\ t"dut,ltqrsm;udk Ak'¨bk&m;uacszsufa[mMum;aeojzifY Ak'¨onf

jAm[®wdkY\ &efoljzpfcJY&onf/ ¤if;wdkYu &efNidK;zGJYcJYMuavonf/

taomuacwfodkY a&mufaomtcgwGif Ak'¨bmomudktm;ay;ojzifY jAm[®PwdkY

arS;rdSefjrKyfwdrfae&onf/ xdktcgrsKd;wGif tcsKdUjA[®PwdkYonf Ak'¨bmomtwGif;odkY0ifí

yl;owfcJYMuonf/ Ak'¨bmomtwkta&mif jA[®PwdkYonf Ak'¨bmomyd#uwfawmfwdkYudk

avYvmvQuf usrf;pmrsm;udk a&;jyKMu\/ rdrdwdkY\ oabmt,ltqrsm;udk Ak'¨bmomtwGif;odkY

oGwfoGif;Muonf/ topfxJYoGif;xm;aom t,ltqrsm;udk BudKufESpfoufolrsm;vnf; ½Sdvmonf/

xdkyk*d¾KvfwdkYonf vufopft,ltqygaom usrf;pmwdkYudkvufcHí *dkPf;*PtopfwdkYudk

xlaxmifMuonf/ þodkYjzifY *dkPf;opfrsm; wzGm;zGm; ay: aygufvmcJYavonf/

bDpD 3 &mpk taomurif;vufxufavmufuyif r[moHCdu*dkPf;rS ay:xGufvmaom

r[m0wåKt0'geusrf;ü t0avmudawo&ac: bk&m;avmif;oabmw&m; 0g'rsm;udk

Ak'¨bmomtwGif;odkY oG,f0dkufí oGwfoGif;vmMuNyD; jzpf\/ aemiftcgwGif xdkbk&m;avmif;onf

r[m,me*dkPf;\ t"duudk;uG,f&m bk&m;avmif;BuD;wpfyg; jzpfvmcJYavonf/

r[m,me*dkPf;[lí yDjyifpGm jzpfay: vmaomtcsdefü jAm[®PwdkY\ t,l0g'rsm;jzpfaom wEå&?

rEå&oabmw&m;rsm;udkyg odrf;,lvufcHcJYMujyefonf/ aemufqkH;wGif tdEd´,½Sd Ak'¨bmomonf

[dE´LjAm[®P0g'ESifY a&maxG;,Sufwif jzpfoGm;&avonf/

ok*Facwf Ak'¨omoem

Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;rsm;onf tdE´,e,fajr tESHtjym;wGif vIyf½Sm;aeMu&m tcsKdU*dkPf;rsm;vnf;

BuD;yGm;wdk;wufMuonf/ tcsKdU*dkPf;rsm;rSmrl tm;enf;vQuf½SdMu\/ EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfaomrif;wdkYu

ajr§mufpm;vQif xdk*dkPf;rSm BuD;yGm;pnfyifvm&jrJjzpfonf/ xdk*dkPf;rsm;xJwGif

taomurif;ajr§mufpm;ojzifY awmuf<um;cJY&aom*dkPf;rSm ax&0g' 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;BuD; jzpfonf/



10

0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;ESifYtwl xif½Sm;aom*dkPf;BuD;ESpf*dkPf;vnf;½Sdao;onf/ xdk*dkPf;rsm;rSm

ax&0g'rScGJxGufxm;aom oAÁwd¬0g'D*dkPf;ESifY r[moHCdu*dkPf;wdkYjzpfonf/

xdkYaMumifY taomuacwfaemufydkif;wGif xif½Sm;aom*dkPf;BuD; 3 *dkPf;udkawGUjrif&ayrnf/

,if;wdkYrSm........

(1) ax&0g'ESifY 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;

(2) ax&0g' oAÁwd¬0g'D*dkPf;

(3) r[moHCdu*dkPf;wdkYjzpfonf/

xdk*dkPf;BuD;rsm; xGef;um;aepOf taomurif;\EdkifiHawmfü rif;quftajymif;tvJrsm;

jzpfvmonf/ r*"EdkifiHawmfwGif taomuaemuf 6 qufajrmufü bDpD 185 ckESpfwGif

jAm[®PvlrsKd;jzpfaom ykoQrdwå&ppfolBuD;u arm&d,{u&mZfudk eef;csum ok*Frif;qufudk

xlaxmifavonf/ ok*FykoQrdwå&rif;onf jAm[®PrsKd;jzpfonfYtavsuf jAm[®Pbmomudk

t"duudk;uG,fonf/

jAm[®Pbmomudkyif EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf aMunmonf/ wd&pmäefwdkYudk owfí

,ZfewfylaZmfyGJBuD;rsm; tBuD;tus,f jyKvkyfavonf/ jAm[®PwdkYonf rdrdwdkY

tmPmpuf&½SdvmNyD;jzpf&m t"du&efNidK;xm;aeaom Ak'¨bmomudk zdESdyfMuawmYonf/

rif;\tmPmudk aemufcHjyKí Ak'¨bmomudk tjywfNzdKMuonf/

ok*FykoQrdwå&rif;uvnf; jAm[®wdkY\ tvdkudkvdkufavsmí trdefYaMunmcsufrsm; xkwfjyefonf/

rdrdEdkifiHawmftwGif; Ak'¨bmom&[ef;\ OD;acgif;wpfvkH;udkjzwfí qufoEdkifygu qkaiG 1000

ay;rnf[kyifaMunmxm;onf/ Ak'¨bmom &[ef;awmfwdkYonf rm*"wdkif;? aumovwdkif;paom

rZdösra'owdkYü rae0HMuawmYojzifY wdkif;pGef;jynfzsm;odkY xGufajy;ykef;a½SmifMu&avawmYonf/

xdktcsdefwGif tiftm;½Sdaom ax&0g'*dkPf;oHCmawmfwdkYrSm 0d'dom ( 0d'd½Sm ) NrdKUteD;½Sd qefcsD

( oODö ) apwD½Sd&m apwd,yAÁodkY a½TUajymif;oGm;Muonf/



11

ax&0g' oAÁwd¬u*dkPf; oHCmwdkYum tdEd´,taemufajrmufydkif; rxk&mNrdKU teD;½Sd O½krk@

( a*g0Eé ) awmifodkY a½TUajymif;oGm;Muavonf/

xdktcsdefwGif 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;oHCmwdkYvnf; awmifydkif;a'oodkYyif a½TUajymif;Mu&ygonf/ xdk

0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;oHCm wdkYonf aemiftcgwGif ½Sifr[dEÉSifY oHCrdwåmwdkY tquftEG,frsm;½Sd&m

oD[dkVfuGsef;odkY ul;a&mufoGm;MuNyD; oD[dkVfoHCmwdkYESifYyl;aygif;í omoemjyKaecJYMuonf/

xdktcsdefrSpí 0dbZÆ0g'Dtrnfaysmufum yifr ax&0g'ESifY wpfaygif;wnf;? wpfom;wnf;

jzpfoGm;avawmYonf/

uedoQurif;ESifY Ak'¨bmom

r*wdkif;wGif ok*Frif;quf ukefqkH;NyD;aemuf uefArif;qufudkxlaxmifMuonf/ xdkrif;qufudkvnf;

tE¨&rif;rsm;u odrf;ydkufvdkufaomaMumifY tdEd´, ta½SUawmifydkif;wpfckvkH;rSm tE¨&rif;wdkY\

vufatmufodkY usa&mufoGm;ayonf/ xdktcsdefwGif tdEd´,taemufajrmuf

a'oBuD;wpfckvkH;rSmvnf; wdkif;wpfyg;vlrsKd;wdkYu qifYuJvma&mufí pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfvsuf½Sdonf/

xdktxJwGifxif½Sm;aomrif;qufrSm ukoQefrif;quf jzpfavonf/

ukoQefvlrsKd;wdkYonf tdEd´,taemufajrmuf a'oBuD;wpfckvkH;udk odrf;ydkufvsuf at'D 40

ckESpfrSpí ukoQefrif;qufudk xlaxmifonf/ xdkrif;rsm;teuf at'D 120 rS 162 txd

pdk;pHoGm;aom uedoQu bk&ifonf wefcdk;tBuD;qkH; jzpfonf/

uedoQurif;onf rlvu yg½Sifbmom0if rif;wpfyg;jzpfonf/ aemufydkif;wGif

Ak'¨bmom0ifjzpfvmNyD;aemuf Ak'ömoemxGef;um;a&;udk tBuD;tus,f tm;ay;onf/

Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkYu xdkrif;udk 'kwd, taomurif;[lí ac: Muonf/ uedoQrif;onf

ax&0g'*dkPf;uGJrsm;jzpfaom oAÁwd¬0g'D*dkPf;&[ef;awmfwdkYudk t"duxm;í MunfndKudk;uG,fonf/

odkYtavsmuf ax&0g' oAÁwd¬*dkPf;u wefcdk;BuD;xGm;aeonf/



12

xdktcsdefwGif yif&if;ax&0g'ESifY 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;oHCmwdkYrSm tdEd´awmifydkif; qefcsDü tajccsaeMu\/

wpf*dkPfESifY wpf*dkPf;tvGefa0;uGmaeMuNyD/

uedoQurif;onf Ak'¨bmom0ifjzpfvmNyD;aemuf omoedu aqmufttkHtrsm;tjym;udk

wnfxm;onf/ Ak'¨\"mwfawmfarGawmfwdkYudk ½SmazGvQuf apwDykxdk;wdkYwGif Xmyemonf/

yk½koQyl&NrdKUawmfü tjrifY oHawmif 160 ausmf? t0ef;oHawmif 300 rQ½Sdaom apwDawmfBuD;udk

wnfxm;onf/ uedoQuapwDawmf [kxif½Sm;onf/ xdkYtjyif apwDawmfteD;rSmyif r[maAm"dudk

pdkufysKd;ylaZmfonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm; oDwif;okH;&ef ausmif;wdkufBuD;udk wnfaxmifonf/ ]] uedoQu

ausmif;wdkuf }} [kyifac: Muonf/

rif;BuD;onf uedoQuausmif;wdkufBuD;ESifY apwDawmf paom omoetaqmufttkHrsm;udk

oAÁwd¬0g'D*dkPf;rS q&mawmfBuD;rsm;tm;tyfESHí tkyfcsKyfapmifYa½Smufaponf/ xdkacwfwGif

uedoQuausmif;wdkufBuD;onf Ak'¨omoemjyK&m A[dkXmeBuD;jzpfavonf/ uedoQurif;

r½Sdaomtcgüvnf; xdkausmif;wdkufBuD;udk ax&0g' oAÁwd¬0g'D*dkPf; oHCmawmfwdkYuyif

tpOftquf omoemjyKvkyfief;udk aqmif½GufaecJYMuonf/

omoemESpf 1000 cefYtxd xdkausmif;wdkufBuD;rSm ax&0g'tpOftvm yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk

ydkYcsaeaomausmif;wdkufBuD;jzpfaMumif; w½kwf&[ef;awmfwdkY\ rSwfwrf;üqdkygonf/

w½kwfrSwfwrf;t& oAÁwd¬0g'D*dkPf;0if &[ef;awmfwdkYu rdrdwdkYudk,fudk ]ax&0g'} [kyif okH;EIef;ac:

qdkcJYMuygonf/ odkY&mwGif ¤if;wdkY\ ax&0g'rSm rlvyifrax&0g'r[kwfbJ oAÁwd¬0g'D*dkPf;cJG

ax&0g'om jzpfEdkifygonf/

a½S;a[mif; okawoeXmerS avYvmcsuft& xdka'o½SdapwDysufrS &½Sdaom uedoQurif;\

"mwfawmfMuKwfwGif ouúwbmomjzifY urÜnf;pma&;xdk;xm;onf/

]]tmus&,meH q&Aofqwd Am'DeH y&d*&a[}} t"dyÜm,frSm ]]oAÁwd¬*dkPf;0if q&m½SifwdkY

odrf;qnf;ydkifqdkifonf/}} [líjzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifY uedoQuausmif;wdkuf½Sd ax&0g'oHCmwdkYrSm

oAÁwd¬0g'D*dkPf;0if ax&0g'om jzpfEdkifaMumif; aumufcsufcs&ygonf/



13

uedoQdurif;\ oH*g,emwifyGJ

uedoQurif;vufxufwGif tdEd´,jynfü Ak'¨omoem*dkPf;uGJrsm; t½Sdeft0gaumif;aeqJjzpfonf/

*dkPf;tcsif;csif; t,ltqa&;&mrsm;ESifY ywfoufí rnDnGwfMuay/ oabmw&m;a&;qdkif&m

t½IyftaxG;rsm; jzpfae\/ uedoQurif;onf þuJYodkY Ak'¨bmomtcsif;csif;

*dkPf;*PuGJjym;aerIudk tm;r&jzpf&onf/ *dkPf;tm;vkH; aygif;pnf;nDnGwfapcsifonf/

þodkYaygif;pnf;&efrSm taomurif; vufxufuuJYodkY oH*g,emwifyGJ jyKvkyfrSjzpfrnf[k

oabmaygufonf/ xdkYaMumifY rdrdudk;uG,faom ax&0g' oAÁwd¬*dkPf; oHCmwdkYudk avQmufxm;í

Ak'¨a'oemwdkYudk oH*g,emwif&ef qkH;jzwfonf/ rdrdtkyfcsKyf&m EdkifiHtwGif;rS *dkPf;aygif;pkH

oHCmwdkYudk yifYaqmifonf/ r[moHCdu*dkPf;rSpí *dkPf;aygif;pkHavmufyif

<ua&mufawmfrlMuonf/

þoH*g,emwifyGJodkY awmifydkif;ax&0g'&[ef;awmfrsm; tenf;i,fom <ua&mufonf

[kqdkygonf/ oH*g,emyGJrSm ax&0g' oAÁwd¬0g'D*dkPf;u OD;aqmifjyKvkyfojzifY ax&0g' ( yifr )

oHCmwdkYrSm avYvmoltjzpfom <ua&mufcJYMuygonf/ xdkYjyif yifrax&0g'oHCmwdkYu

xdkoH*g,emwifyGJudk rdrdwdkY oH*g,emyGJp&if;ü xnfYoGif;jcif;rjyKcJYMuay/

þoH*g,emyGJodkY vkH;0rwufa&mufaom oHCm*dkPf;vnf;½Sdao;onf/ ,if;*dkPfum; taomurif;

oH*g&emyGJudk OD;aqmifcJYMuaom ax&0g' 0dbZÆ0g'D*dkPf;jzpfonf/ xdk*dkPf;onf

yifrax&0g'*dkPf;ESifY aygif;pnf;cJYaom *dkPf;yifjzpfygonf/ uedoQurif;onf oAÁwd¬0g'D*dkPf;rS

q&mawmf 0okrdMwrax&fudk tBuD;trl;jyKí *dkPf;aygif;pkHrS &[ef;awmf 500 wdkYjzifY

oH*g&emwifyGJudk usif;yavonf/

xdkoH*g&emwifyGJrS oHCmwdkYonf okwf? 0denf;? tbd"r®mwdkY\ tzGifYjzpfaom

r[m0dbmomusrf;udk jyKpkMu\/ ,if;wdkYrSm...............

(1) okwåEÅyd#utzGifY 0dbmomusrf; ( *gxmwpfodef; )

(2) 0de,yd#utzGifY 0dbmomusrf; ( *gxmwpfodef; )



14

(3) tbd"r®myd#utzGifY 0dbmomusrf; ( *gxmwpfodef; ) wdkYjzpfavonf/

uedoQurif;onf xdkoH*g,emrS xGufay: vmaom *gxm 3 odef;&Sd 0dbmomusrf;rsm;udk

aMu;jym;ay: wGif ouúwbmomjzifY a&;om;í ausmufaowåmBuD;rsm;jzifY xnfYoGif;um

apwDwpfqlü Xmyemonf[kqdkygonf/

xdk0dbmomusrf;rsm;udk aemiftcgü w½kwfbmomjzifY jyefqdkavonf/

uedoQurif;onf tdEd´,jynfüomrubJ jynfyEdkifiHrsm;odkYvnf; omoemjyKvkyfief;rsm;udk

aqmif½GufcJYonf/ odkYjzpfí ¤if;\vufxufrSmyif tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;wGif Ak'¨bmom

jyefYyGm;cJYavonf/

ax&0g'? r[m,me? [de,me

uedoQurif; oH*g,emwifpOfu r[m,me[laom emrnfr½Sdao;acs/ uedoQurif;onf

omoem*dkPf;uGJwdkYudk yl;aygif;nDnGwfapvdkojzifY *dkPf;aygif;pkH pkqkHí oH*g,emwifcJYjcif;

jzpfayonf/ odkYaomfvnf; uedoQurif;\ apwemrSm t&mra&mufcJYay/ omoem*dkPf;uGJrsm;

yaysmufjcif;r½SdcJYay/ qufívnf; *dkPf;uGJrsm;ay: aygufcJYonf/

uedoQurif;vufxuf twnfjyKcJYaom ax&0g' oAÁwd¬0g'D*dkPf;\ a'oemwdkYudk

wpfcsKdU*dkPf;rsm;uvufrcHcJY/ qufvufí oabmw&m;topfrsm;udk jyKpkysKd;axmifcJYMuonf/

xdk*dkPf;uGJrsm;onf ajrmufydkif;aooü rdrdwdkY\*dkPf; BuD;yGg;rlYudkjyKvkyfcJYMuonf/

oabmw&m;topfrsm;udk jzefYa0cJYMuonf/ odkYtavsmuf ,if;wdkY\ omoemjyKvkyfief;rsm;vnf;

us,fjyefYoGm;cJYavonf/

þodkY us,fjyefYvmaomaMumifY at'D 2 &mpkrS 4 &mpktwGif;wGif xdk*dkPf;oHCmwdkYu

rdrdwdkY\*dkPf;trnfudk BuD;us,faom*dkPf;[lí t"dyÜm,f&onfY ]r[m,me*dkPf;} [líac:

qdkvmMuonf/ rdrdwdkYESifY t,l0g'rwlrQonfY oAÁwd¬0g'D*dkPf;ponfwdkYudk [de,me*dkPf; ( 0g )



15

r[m,meatmuf ,kwfavQmYaom*dkPf;[lí ac: qdkcJYMuonf/

xdktrnfrSnfYac: csdefü rlvyifr ax&0g'rSm r[m,mewdkYESifY tquftoG,f r½SdawmYay/

r[m,mewdkYu [de,me[kac: qdkaom *dkPf;rsm;rSm uedoQu\oH*g,emrS

uGJjym;oGm;aom*dkPf;tcsKdUudk ac: qdkjcif;jzpfonf/ aemufydkif;wGif r[m,me*dkPf;BuD;rSm wdAuf?

qpfuif;? blwef? eDayg? rGef*dk,m;? w½kwf? AD,uferf? udk;&D;,m;? *syefEdkifiHwdkYü

xGef;um;oGm;onf/

rlvu [de,me[kac: cJY&aom *dkPf;rsm;rSmrl tdEd´,EdkifiHü wjznf;jznf; tm;enf;

arS;rdSefoGm;onf/ xdktcsdefwGif yifrax&0g'*dkPf;BuD;rSm oD[dkVf? jrefrmpaomEdkifiHwdkYü

a&muf½SdjyefYESHYoGm;onf/ aemiftcgwGif rdrdwdkYESifY t,l0g'rwlnDaom ax&0g'*dkPf;udkvnf;

[de,me[lí a&maxG;ac: qdkvmMuavonf/

tcsKdUokawoDwdkYurl yifrax&0g'xGef;um;&m EdkifiHrsm;rSm awmifydkif;a'oü½SdojzifY

] awmifydkif;omoem} [kac: Muonf/ r[m,me*dkPf;rSm ajrmufydkif;a'oü xGef;um;

aeaomaMumifY ] ajrmufydkif;omoem } [mac: qdkMuonf/ awmifydkif;omoem ax&0g'ESifY

ajrmufydkif;omoem r[m,mewdkYrSm t,l0g'a&;&mü rsm;pGmjcm;em;aeMuNyD;/ tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif

aumufoif;aumufovdk ½SmazGrS wlnDrI tenf;i,fudk awGY&awmYonf/

oabmw&m;trsm;tjym;rSmrI wGJr&atmif uGJjym;aeavonf/

r[m,me*dkPf;\ y"mevrf;pOf

r[m,me*dkPf;\ pmayrsm;t& tusifY 3 rsKd;udk azmfjyxm;onf/

,if;wdkYrSm

(1) om0u,me

(2) yapöuAk'¨,me

(3) Ak'¨,mewdkY jzpfayonf/



16

þ ,me 3 rsKd;onf ax&0g'üygaom om0uaAm"d? or®moarÁmwdkYESifY twljzpfonf/ tqdkyg 3

rsKd;onf edAÁmefodkY a&mufEdkifaom vrf;pOfcsnf;jzpfonf/ odkYaomfvnf; r[m,mewdkYurl

om0u,meESifY yapöuAk'¨,mewdkYrSm wpfudk,faumif;tusifYjzpfonf[k ,lqNyD; tm;ay;jzif;

rjyKMuay/

Ak'¨,metusifYrSm owå0grsm;udk u,fwifEdkifonf/ Ak'¨,meonfom tjrwfqkH;jzpfonf[k

vufcHMuonf/ xdkYaMumifY aAm"dowåac: bk&m;avmif;vrf;pOfudk tav;xm;Muonf/ rsm;pGmaom

aAm"dowåwdkYudk &nfrSef;í ½kyfwkrsm;jyKvkyfum udk;uG,fqnf;uyfMuonf/ tvm;wlyif a*gwrAk'¨

½kyfyGm;rsm;udkvnf; xkvkyfudk;uG,fMuonf/ aemiftcgwGif *gxmrEÅefrsm;jzifY ylaZmfrIrsm;vnf;

xGef;um;onf/

r[m,mewdkY udk;uG,faom aAm"dowåac: bk&m;avmif;rsm;teuf xif½Sm;aom aAm"dowåudk

þodkYawGU&\/

t0avmudawo&aAm"dowå/ / ,if;aAm"dowfrSm txif½Sm;qkH;jzpfonf/ Muifemoem;wwfaom

aAm"dowfjzpfí t0Dpdi&JodkY usa&mufaeolrsm;udkyif u,fwifoljzpfayonf/

rOÆLoD&d aAm"dowf/ / vlom;wdkYtm; trSefw&m;udk em;vnfap&ef vIHUaqmfay;olljzpfonf/

vufwpfzufwGif "m;vG,fudkudkifaqmifxm;NyD; tjcm;wpfzufwGif pmtkyfudkudkifaqmifxm;onf/

"m;udkudkifaqmifxm;jcif;rSm raumif;rIjyKolwdkYudk acsrIef;&efjzpf\/ pmtkyfudk udkifaqmifxm;jcif;rSm

yg&rD 10 yg;udk tjrJvufudkifusifYokH;aeaMumif; azmfjyonf/

0Zd&ygPd aAm"dowå/ / £E´ewfuJYodkY 0&Zdefrdk;BudK;vufESufudk udkifaqmifxm;onf

,if;aAm"dowfrSmvnf; raumif;rIudkjyKvkyfol tjypfusK;vGefolwdkYudk acsrIef;avY½Sdonf/

arawå,s aAm"dowå/ / ,if;aAm"dowfrSm todrfarGUqkH;jzpfonf/ ,if;onf tem*wfumvwGif

Ak'¨pifppfjzpfrnfY aAm"dowfjzpf\/ ( ax&0g'üvnf; ,if;aAm"dowfudk awGU&rnf/ )



17

r[m,me*dkPf;t& vlwdkif;onf owå0grsm;udk u,fwifEdkif&eftwGuf aAm"dowfqkudk

,lMu&onf/ aAm"dowfwdkY\ udk,fusifYw&m;rsm;wGif 'ge? oDv? 0D&d,? cEDÅ? psmef? ynm xdk yg&rD

6 yg;udk jznfYusifY&\/ xl;jcm;onfrSm r[m,mewdkYonf 0denf;w&m;rsm;udk

rsm;pGmtav;rxm;jcif;yifjzpfonf/ bk&m;qkyefaom bk&m;avmif;rsm;twGuf usyfwnf;

usif;ajrmif;aom 0denf;Oya'rsm; rvdktyf[k ,lqMuonf/

r[m,mewdkY ,kHMunfcsuft& ouf½Sdowå0gtm;vkH;rSm aAm"dowfrsm;BuD;jzpfonf/ yg&rD

tEkt&ifYomvQif uGmjcm;í tajccHcsif; twlwlyifjzpfonf/ aemufqkH;ü owå0gtm;vkH;yif

uGswfwrf;0ifí edAÁefodkY a&mufMu&rnf jzpfavonf/

tdEd´,ü omoemuG,fykH

Ak'¨yGifY&m rZdösra'oü omoemuG,fy&jcif;taMumif;udk avYvmaomtcgtaxGaxGaom

taMumif;&yfrsm;udk awGUMu&\/ xdktxJwGif Ak'¨bmom&[ef;awmfwdkY\usifY0wfusifYxkH;rsm;

vGJrSm;rIudkvnf; taMumif;wpf&yf taejzifYawGUMu&onf/ &[ef;awmfwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\

t"duusaomusifY0wfwdkYudk raqmif½GufMu? pdwful;,Of tpGJtvrf;wdkYudk tajccHaom

pdwful;,Ofb0rsKd;udk arQmfvifYí vkyfudkifaeMuonf/

þb0rsKd;wdkYrSm od'd¨½Sifb0? apwvkH;ydkif½Sifb0? 0dZÆmb0? xGuf&yfaygufq&mb0? arSmfq&mb0

ponfYb0rsm;jzpfMuonf/ þpdwful;,Ofb0rsKd;udk ½SmazGaomtvkyfrSm tdEd´,acwfOD;uyif

&aoYwdkY wDxGifcJYaom vrf;pOfjzpfonf/ þ0g'onf [dE´L jAm[®P wdkYvufxufü

wEÅ&*dkPf;[kac:um wGifus,fpGm vkyfudkifaeMuonf/

a½S;acwfOD; &aoYwdkYonf ewftrsKd;rsKd;? bk&m;trsKd;rsKd;wdkY\ *kPfudk zGJUqdkxm;aom *gxm? rEÅ&m;?

arSmf? yOövufponfY yg0ifaom wEÅ&usrf;rsm;udk a&;om;cJYMuonf/ xdkusrf;rsm;udk tajccHí

vdkufemusifYokH;aom*dkPf;udk ] wEÅ&*dkPf; }[kac: \/ wEÅ&*dkPf;ü vuf0J*dkPf;? vuf,m*dkPf; 2

rsKd;½Sdonf/ vuf0J*dkPf;om;wdkYonf pkef;? wapä? ajrzkwf? ewfbDvl;? ewfrdpäm? &ud©KofponfY



18

qif;&J'ku©udk ay;wwfaom wd&pämefrsm;udk apcdkif;Edkifaom *gxm? rEÅ&m;? tif;tdkif? cg;vSJY?

vufzGJUponfwdkYudk pD&ifMuonf/ þvuf0J*dkPf;pD&ifenf;udk jrefrmEdkifiHom;wdkYu

] atmufvrf;pD&ifenf; } [kac: Muonf/

vuf,m*dkPf;rSm b&m;? ewfwdkY\*kPfudk zGJUqdkxm;aom *gxmrEÅefwdkYjzifY a&m*ga0'em

yaysmufa&;? pnf;pdrfOpömwdk;wufa&; ponfwdkYudk NyD;ajrmufap&ef tm;xkwfMu&onf/ jrefrmwdkYu

] txufvrf;pD&ifenf; } [kac: Muonf/

þ[dE´L jAm[®PwdkY\ wEÅ&*dkPf;udk twk,lí Ak'¨bmombkef;BuD;wdkYuvJ ] Ak'¨wEÅ&*dkPf;}

udkxlaxmifMuonf/ usifY0wfusifYxkH;rsm;udk wDxGifMuonf/ xdktxJwGif [dE´L jAm[®PwdkY\

usifYxkH;udk xyfwlvdkufrIrsm;vnf;½Sdonf/ cGJjcm;usifYokH;rIrsm;vnf;½Sdonf/

wEÅ&Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;\ vkyfief;rsm;rSmvnf; *gxmrEÅef? tif;tdkif? cg;vSJY? vufzGJY? arSmftwwf?

pkef;twwf? ya,m*twwf? aA'iftwwf? t*d¾&wftwwfponfwdkYudk avYvmvdkufpm;aom

bmomjzpfonf/ wdAufjynfwGif arSmfynmudk wwfajrmufojzifY od'd¨ajrmufoGm;aom y*¾dKvf 84

a,muf½Sdonf[k tqdk½Sd\/ b,fvdkaygufoGm;onf[kum; rod&ay/

tdEd´,½Sd Ak'¨bmom&[ef;wdkYonfvnf; þuJYodkY pdwful;,Of od'd¨½Sifb0ponfwdkYudk &vdrfYEdk;jzifY

arQmfudk;usifYokH;aeMuonf/ Ak'¨bk&m;\ vufawGUusaom vlom;tusKd; jyKvkyfief;udkrI

vspfvsL½IaeMu\/ tdEd´,wGif tvGefxif½Sm;cJYaom emvE´Ak'¨wuúodkvfuJYodkY

r[mynmXmeBuD;uvnf; tdrfrufxJu tvSr,fudk wu,f&Edk;jzifY arQmfudk;½SmazGaeaom

ynmrskKd;udk tm;ay; oifMum;aecJYonf/



19

tcef;(2)

ax&0g'omoem jyefYyGm;&m

at'D 12 &mpkwGif tdEd´,EdkifiHü Ak'¨bmomuG,faysmufoGm;cJY&onf/ xdktcsdefwGif

tm&SwdkufwpfcGifü Ak'¨bmom jyefYyGm;xGef;um;aeavNyD;/ tm½Swdkufa'owpfcsKdUwGif

taomuvufxuf? odkYr[kwf xdkxufapmaom umvuyif Ak'¨omoem a&muf½SdjyefYyGm;aecJY\/

r[m,meAk'¨bmomonf ajrmufydkif;a'oBuD;rsm;ü pnfyifaeouJYodkY

ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomonfvnf; awmifydkif;a'orsm;ü xGef;jyefYaeavonf/

ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomxGef;jyefY&m EdkifiHrsm;um; ,ck oD&dvuFmac: oD[dkVfEdkifiH? jrefrmEdkifiH? xdkif;EdkifiH?

uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiH? avmEdkifiHwdkYjzpfonf/ xdkEdkifiHrsm;odkY ax&0g'Ak'¨bmom a&muf½SdjyefUyGm;vmykH

ordkif;tcsKyfudk xkwfEkwf avYvmMuygOD;pdkU/

oD[dkVfEdkifiH ax&0g'jzpfpOf

Ak'¨bk&m;½Sif y&dedAÁmefjyKNyD;aemuf omoemouú&mZf 235 ckESpfü taomurif;w&m;onf

9wdkif;a'o 9 XmeodkY omoemjyKvkyfief;rsm; aqmif½Guf&ef &[ef;awmfrsm;udk apvGwfonf/

þXmersm;wGif oD&dvuFm ac: oD[dkVfEdkifiHvnf;yg0ifonf/

oD[dkVfEdkifiHü wm0efusaom rax&frsm;rSm om;awmft½Sifr[dE´ESifY aemufyg oHCmawmf

5yg;jzpfonf/ t½Sifr[dE´rax&fESifY tzGJYonf 236 ck? e,kefvjynfYaeYwGif oD[dkVfEdkifiHodkY

a&muf½Sdonf/ xdkYaemuf orD;awmf oHCrdwåmax&Dudkvnf; oD&dvuFmol trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;

bdu©KeD ( &[ef;r )jyKvkyfay;&eftwGuf apvGwfcJYjyefonf/

oHCmrdwåmax&Dr,fonf Ak'¨*g,m½Sd r[maAm"dyifrS awmifudkif;udkyGm;,lum oD[dkVfodkY

yifYaqmifcJYonf/ oD[dkVfEdkifiH tEk&m"NrdKUü pdkufysKd;xm;&m ,ckwdkif rsKd;qufrjywf½Sdaeavonf/

t½Sifr[dE´wdkY a&mufoGm;csdefwGif oD[dkVfEdkifiHü a'0geHyd,wdórif; tkyfpdk;aecsdefjzpfonf/

xdkrif;onf tbdodufcHí wpfvrQom½Sdao;onf/



20

yd,wdórif;onf rif;jzpfí wpfvajrmufaom e,kefvjynfYaeYwGif rdóuawmifodkY

awmupm;xGufvmonf/ xdkawmifay:üyif t½Sifr[dE´raxESifY awGYqkHzl;MuKH&onf/

t½Sifr[dE´raxu a'0geHyd,wdórif;tm; plV[wd¬ya'gyrokwfudk a[mMum;onf/

a'oemawmftqkH;wGif aemufvdkuftacGst&H 40000 ( av;aomif; )ESifYwuG o&P*HkwnfMuNyD;

Ak'¨bmom0ifjzpfMuukef\/

t½Sifr[dE´rax&fESifYtzGJYonf 0gqdkvjynfYaeYwGif Oykoftdrf odrfudkorkwfMuNyD; t&d|trwfESifY 55

a,mufwdkYudk &[ef;cHay;onf/ xdkESpfwGif rdóuawmifüyif 0guyfí omoemjyKawmfrlMuonf/

a'0geHyd&wdórif;onf rax&frsm; oDwif;okH;&eftwGuf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufudk

aqmufvkyfvl'ef;onf/ xdkYjyif apwD? ykxdk;? aAm"d? odrf? t&mrfrsm;udkvnf;

wnfxm;aqmufvkyfavonf/

aemufrif;rsm;vufxufwGifvnf; Ak'¨omoemudk qufvuftm;ay;cJYMuonf/ xdkrif;rsm;xJwGif

Ak'¨bmomudk txl;tm;ay;aom rif;rsm;vnf;ay: xGufcJYonf/

'k|*grPdrif;onf avm[ygom'ac: ausmif;wdkufBuD;udkwnfaxmifonf/ tEk&m"NrdKUawmfü

r[mapwDBuD;udkvnf;wnfaxmifonf/ xdkapwDBuD;onf oD&dvuFmü ,ckwdkif xif½Sm;aom

apwDBuD;jzpfonf/ oD[dkVfoHCmwdkY\ xl;jcm;aomaqmif½GufcsufrSm Ak'¨a'oemwdkYudk

oH*g,emyGJusif;yí ayvGm½GufjzifY tu©&mwifEdkifjcif;yif jzpfygonf/

oD[dkVf oHCm*dkPf;rsm;

oD[dkVfEdkifiHüvnf; ax&0g'omoema&;qdkif&m *dkPf;uGJrsm;ay: xGufcJYygonf/

þodkYuGJjym;vmcJYonfrSm EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfaomrif;wdkYu tm;ay;cJYaomaMumifYvnf;jzpfonf/

oD[dkVfEdkifiHwGif a½S;OD;acwfuuGJjym;aom *dkPf;BuD; 3 *dkPf;½Sd\/ ,if;wdkYrSm

(1) r[m0d[m&0goD*dkPf;

(2) tb,*d&d0goD*dkPf;

(3) aZw0e0goD*dkPf; wdkYjzpfayonf/



21

r[m0d[m&0goD*dkPf;/ / þ*dkPf;BuD;rSm t½Sifr[dE´rax&fwdkYacwfu wnf½Sdvmaom

yifr*dkPf;jzpfonf/ a'0geHyd&wdórif; wnfaxmifay;aom r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufBuD;ü

rax&frsm; pOfqufrjywf apmifYa½SufvmcJYaomaMumifY ] r[m0d[m&0goD*dkPf; } [k

ac:wGifvmjcif;jzpfonf/

tb,*d&d0goD*dkPf;/ / 0#*grPdrif;onf usnf;om;wdkY\ ab;&efaMumifY xGufajy;

ykef;a½Sifae&pOf &[ef;awmfwdkYu jyKpkaxmufyHYxm;cJYonf/ xdkrif;onf aemufxyf

wpfBudrfrif;jzpfvQif tb,*d&dausmif;wdkufESifY tb,*d&dapwDawmfudkwnfxm;í

aus;Zl;jyKcJYzl;aom t½Sifwdórax&ftm; wifvSLonf/

xdkt½Sifwdórax&fonf ukvoHo| jzpfaomaMumifY r[m0d[m&0goD &[ef;wdkYu yAÁmZed,uH

jyKMuonf/ xdktcg t½Sifwdó\wjynfYjzpfol r[m'|d,wdó&[ef;u wm;jrpfonf/

xdk&[ef;udkvnf; rpifMu,frIudk twkvdkufol[k qdkum 0dkif;y,frI ( Oau©yed,uH ) jyKMujyefonf/

xdk&[ef;onf rdrdtm;0dkif;y,frIudk rauseyfaomaMumifY oHCm 500 wdkYudkcJG,lí

r[m0d[m&0g'D*dkPf;rS xGufoGm;\/ xdktcsdefrSpí tb,*d&d0goD*dkPf;[k xif½Sm;oGm;\/

xdk*dkPf;cGJaomESpfrSm omoemESpf 454 ckESpf wnf;/

aZw0e0goD*dkPf;/ / xdk*dkPf;onf r[maoerif; vufxufwGif ay:aygufvmonf/

r[maoerif;onf r[m0d[m&0goDausmif;wdkufBuD;twGif;ü aZw0efausmif;BuD;udk

wnfaqmufonf/ xdkausmif;BuD;odkY 'ud©P*d&dausmif;wdkufrS oHCmrsm;vma&mufaexdkifMuonf/

xdkoHCmrsm;onf r[m0d[m&0goD &[ef;wdkYESifY aygif;azmfrIrjyKbJ

oD;jcm;*dkPf;wpfckudkwnfaxmifMuonf/ aZw0e0goD*dkPf;[k ac: Muonf/

aZw0e0goDwdkYonf r[m0d[m&0goD*dkPf; ysufpD;ap&ef r[maoerif;ESifYwdkifyifí

r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufBuD;udk zsufqD;Muonf/ 'k|*grPdrif;BuD; aqmufvkyfcJYaom

avm[ygom'jymom'fausmif;BuD;udk zsufqD;Muonf/ xdkYaMumifY r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufBuD;rSm

9ESpfrQ oHCmqdwfokOf; ae&avonf/



22

azmfjyyg *dkPf;BuD; 3 *dkPf;wdkYrSm oD[dkVfEdkifiHü ESpfaygif; tawmfMumrQ wnfwHYaecJYonf/

oD&docFaAm"d y&uúrAm[krif; eef;wufaomtcgwGif r[m0d[m&0goD oHCmwdkYtm;

oefYpifaom*dkPf; oHCm[lí todtrSwfjyKonf/ usef 2 *dkPf;rS oHCmwdkYudk tusifYrJYaom

'kóDvrsm;jzpfonf[kqdkum vlxGufaponf/

xdktcsdefrSpí r[m0d[m&0goD*dkPf;om usef½SdawmYonf/

,ckacwf*dkPf;rsm;

,cktcsdefwGif oD&dvuFmEdkifiHü a½S;OD;*dkPf;BuD; 3 *dkPf;pvkH; uG,faysmufcJYNyD;/ xdkEdkifiHü

wdkif;wpfyg;om;rsm; 0ifa&mufpdk;rdk;aomaMumifY vnf;aumif; obm0ab; tEå&,frsm;aMumifY

vnf;aumif; ax&0g'omoem tm;enf;arS;aysmYcJY&onf/ xdkYaMumifY aemufydkif;acwfrsm;wGif

jrefrmEdkifiHESifYxdkif;ESdifiHwdkYrS tultnDjzifY omoemawmf jyefvnftm;qufcJY&ayonf/

,cktcsdefwGif oD&dvuFmEdkifiHü atmufyg*dkPf;BuD;rsm; xGef;um;jyefYyGm;vsuf½Sdonf/

oQmrf;*dkPf;/ / omoemouú&mZf 2289 ckESpf eef;wufaom udwdåod&d &mZoD[rif;vufxuf

&[ef;oHCmrsm;r½SdaomaMumifY ,dk;',m; ac: xdkif;EdkifiHrS &[ef;wdkYudk yifYaqmifí

omoemudkjyKpkcJY&\/ xdk*dkPf;udk oQmrf;*dkPf; ( oQmredum, )[kac: onf/

tr&yl&*dkPf;/ / omoemESpf 2344 ckESpfwGif oD[dkVfomraP 6 yg;ESifY Oygoumwpfa,muf

jrefrmEdkifiH tr&yl&NrdKYawmfodkY a&muf½SdvmNyD; qifBudK;a½T*lodrfü ÓPmbd0Ho

"r®aoemywdrax&fudk OyZösm,fjyKí yOöif;cHMuonf/ xdkYaemufvnf; oD[dkVf&[ef;wdkYvma&mufNyD;

odu©mopfwif,lMuonf/ xdk&[ef;wdkY\ tquftEG,frsm;onf oD[dkVfEdkifiHü tr&yl&*dkPf;

( tr&yl&edum, ) [kxif½Sm;onf/

&mrn*dkPf;/ /omoemESpf 2406 ckESpfwGif oD[dkVfrS t½Sif"r®mvuFm&? t½SifokrewdóESifY &[ef;

17 yg;wdkYonf &mrnwdkif; yJcl;NrdKUodkY <ua&mufvmMuNyD; &efukefNrdKUrS o'¨r®"&r[max&fudk



23

OyZösm,fjyKí uvsmPDodrfawmfü odu©mopf wif,lMuonf/ xdk*dkPf;udk &mrn*dkPf; ( &mrn

edum, ) [k ac: onf/

xdkjyif 'kwd,urÇmppf rwdkifrDu oD[dkVfom;wpfcsKdUonf rEÅav;NrdKU r[m0dok'¨g½kHwdkufodkY

vma&mufí ynmoifcJYMubl;onf/ xdk&[ef;rsm;xJrS ½Sifod&do'¨r®q&mawmfonf

oD[dkVfjyefa&mufaomtcg r[m0dok'¨g&mrausmif;wdkufudk wnfaxmifí omoemjyK&m

qufyGm;wynfY oHCmrsm;xGefum;cJYonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkq&mawmf ysHvGefonfYaemuf

wynfY&[ef;rsm;\ tm;enf;rIaMumifY oD&dvuFm a½Tusif*dkPf;rSm xif½Smjcif;r½SdawmYacs/

xdkif;EdkifiH ax&0g'jzpfpOf

xdkif;EdkifiHonf acwfOD;umvu xdkif;vlrsKd;rsm;e,fajrr[kwfay/ rGefvlrsKd;wdkY tajcpdkufcJYaom

EdkifiHjzpfonf/ rGefvlrsKd;wdkYonf ,ck xdkif;EdkifiH e,fajrü rGefjynfaxmif 2 ckudk

wnfaxmifcJYMuonf/ awmifydkif;rGefEdkifiHudk 'Gg&0wD[kac: onf/ NrdKUawmfrSm avmYyl&D ( v0yl& )

jzpfonf/ avmYyl&DNrdKUum; ,ckwdkif ½Sdao;onf/ AefaumufNrdKUawmf\ajrmufbuf

rJerfjrpfurf;ay:ü wnf½Sdonf/

ajrmufydkif;EdkifiHudk [&dbkOÆ[kac: onf/ NrdKUawmfrSm vefzkef;jzpfonf/ xdkNrdKUrSmvnf;

Zif;r,fNrdKUawmif,Gef;ü ,ckwdkif ½Sdaeygao;onf/

'Gg&0wDEdkifiHonf at'D 700 ckwGif wefcdk;tBuD;rm;qkH;aomumvjzpfonf/ at'D 10

&mpkausmfavmufwGif uarÇm'D;,m;vlrsKd;rsm; vma&mufwdkufcdkufMuaomaMumifY rGefEdkifiH

ysufpD;cJY&onf/ ,if;crm ( uarÇm'D;,m; ) vlrsKd;wdkYonf xdkif;EdkifiHtv,fydkif;txd

pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfaeMuonf/ xdkYaMumifY avmYyl&Drif;orD; cskmra'0Donf tiftm;opfrsm;pk½kH;í

[&dykOö,EdkifiHudk jyefvnfxlaxmifcJYonf/

xdktcsdefwGif w½kyfjynf taemufydkif;rS xdkif;vlrsKd;wdkYonf awmifbufodkY wjznf;jznf;

a½TUqif;vmMuonf/ xdkif;vlrsKd;wdkYonf 11 &mpkavmufwGif uarÇm'D;,m; ac: crmwdkY



24

tkyfcsKyf&me,fajrodkY a&muf½SdvmMuonf/ crmwdkY tkyfcsKyfrIatmufü cdkvIHaecJYMuonf/ xdkpOfu

xdkif;vlrsKd;wdkYonf tkyfpdk;ol crmwdkY udk;uG,faom r[m,me Ak'¨bmomESifY

jAm[®PbmomwdkYudkyif udk;uG,fMuonf/ xdkYaMumifY xdkif;vlrsKd;wdkYtay:ü r[m,meESifY

jAm[®PwdkY\ ,Ofaus;rIrsm; vTrf;rdk;cHcJY&onf/

,ckwdkif xdkif;wdkY\ "avYxkH;pHrsm;ESifY yGJvrf;obiftcrf;tem;rsm;wGif r[m,me ESifY

[dE´Lbmom,Ofaus;rI t&dyftaiGUrsm; xif[yf xifusefaeqJ jzpfayonf/

xdkif;EdkifiH wnfaxmifjcif;

c&pfESpf 13 &mpk tv,fydkif;avmuf a&mufaomtcg xdkif;vlrsKd;wdkYonf tiftm;aumif;vmojzifY

uarÇm'D;,m;wdkYudk wdkufxkywfvdkufMuonf/ [&dykOö,EdkifiHi,fudkvnf; zsufqD;í

odrf;ydkufvdkufMuonf/ xdkif;vlrsKd;wdkYonf ajrmufydkif;ü vefem ( Lanna ) EdkifiHudkvnf;aumif;?

tv,fydkif;ü qlcdkxdkif; ( Sukhothai ) EdkifiHudkvnf;aumif; wnfaxmifvdkufMuonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí

xdkif;EdkifiH[k xif½Sm;ay: aygufvmavonf/

xdkif;vlrsKd;wdkYonf vefemESifYqlcdkxdkif; 2 EdkifiHudk wnfaxmifNyD;onfYaemufwGifrl xdkif;bk&ifwdkYonf

oD&dvuFmEdkifiHodkY &[ef;awmfrsm;udk apvGwfí ynmoif,lapcJonf/ oD&dvuFmrS

ynmwwfq&mawmfrsm;udkvnf; xdkif;EdkifiHodkYyifYaqmifí ax&0g'omoemawmfudk

jyKpkapcJYMuonf/

þodkYaqmif½GufcJYMuojzifY uarÇm'D;,m;vufatmufcHb0u cH,lcJYaom r[m,meESifY

jAm[®Pt,l0g'rsm;rSm wjznf;jznf; jrKyfwdrfarS;rdSefoGm;&onf/ aemufydkif;wGif

ax&0g'uvTrf;rdk;vmNyD; ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomonfomvQif EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpfodkY

a&muf½Sdvmavonf/

c&pfESpf 19 &mpktv,fydkif;wGif tkyfpdk;aom armif;uGwf ( Mongkyt )bk&ifonf bkef;BuD;aom

rif;wpfyg;jzpfonf/ ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomudkvnf; tvGef½dkaoaomoljzpf\/ armif;uGwfbk&ifonf



25

omoemawmf oefY½Sif;ap&efESifY 0denf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk vdkufemap&eftwGuf xr,kwfac:aom

"r®,kwdå*dkPf;udk pwif wnfaxmifonf/

xdktcsdefrSpí xdkif;EdkifiHü

(1) xr,kwf*dkPf; ( "r®,kwdå*dkPf; )

(2) r[meDudkif*dkPf; ( r[medum,*dkPf; )

[lí *dkPf;BuD; 2 *dkPf; jzpfay: vmavonf/

uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiH ax&0g'jzpfpOf

tif'dkcsKdif;em;uGsef;qG,fBuD;onf at'D 1 &mpkavmufuyif tdE´d,ukefonfrsm; ul;oef;oGm;vm&m

jzpfcJYonf/ tif'dkcsKdif;em;udk a½S;tcgu tmeH[k ac: Muonf/ tdEd´,EdkifiHrS yv’0gvlrsKd;wdkYonf

tmeHa'oodkY ukefa&mif;ukef0,f vma&mufMuonf/ tcsKdU yv’0gwdkYonf prÜm ( Chanpa )t&yfwGif

tajccsum plrMwm; (okrdwå)? *smAm;ESifY ta½SUtdEd´,uGsef;pkrsm;odkY ul;oef;aecJYMuonf/

ESpf½Snfvmaomtcg prÜmonf ukefoG,fqdyfurf;jzpfí pnfum;vmonf/

yxrOD;qkH; prÜma'oudk tkyfpdk;aombk&ifrSm tdEd´,EdkifiH yv’0gaejynfawmf uefcsDrS

jAm[®PtEG,f0if aum@nonf rif;jyKí bdodufcHaomtcg yv’0grif;rsm; cH,laombJGUtwdkif;

0&ref ( Varman ) [laom bGJUudkcH,lonf/ xdktcsdefurif;rsm;onf [dE´Lbmomudk t"dutm;jzifY

udk;uG,fMuonf/ ax&0g'rS cGJxGufxm;aom oAÁwd¬0g'D*dkPf;vnf; tenf;tusOf;

½Sdonf[kod&onf/

uarÇm'D;,m;awmifydkif;ü [dE´Lrif;rsm; tkyfpdk;aecsdefwGif ajrmufydkif;a'oürI urÇLZ[laom

vlrsKd;rsm;aexdkifMuonf/ xdkvlrskKd;wdkYonf at'D 435 ckESpfwGif uarÇmZEdkifiHudk xlaxmifMuonf/

uarÇmZrif;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY\e,fwGif Ak'¨omoemYtaqmufttkHrsm;udk aqmufvkyfMu\/

apwDykxdk;wdkYudk wnfxm;Mu\/ Ak'¨bmomudk pkrMwmuGsef;? oD&d0dZ,EdkifiHrS &,ludk;uG,fMuonf/

at'D 9 &mpkwGif Z,0&ref ( Jaya Varman ) rif;onf uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiHwGif tifaumtrnf½Sdaom

NrdKUawmfudk wnfaqmufonf/ tifaum t"dyÜm,frSm rif;aejynfjzpfonf/ tifaumaejynfawmfü



26

tifaum0yfac: bk&m;ausmif;BuD;udkvnf; BuD;us,fcrf;em;pGm aqmufvkyf\/ xdkausmif;BuD;onf

urÇmYtHYzG,frsm;teuf wpfcktygt0ifjzpfonf/ tifaumbk&ifwdkYonf [dE´Lbmom0ifrsm;

jzpfaomfvnf; r[m,me Ak'¨bmomudkvnf; tm;ay;csD;ajr§mufcJYMuonf/

owår Z,0&refESifY Ak'¨bmom

at'D 11 &mpkcefYwGifrl Ak'¨bmomudk MunfndKudk;uG,faomrif;rsm; ay:aygufvmonf/ xdktcsdefu

Ak'¨bmomrSm r[m,meAk'¨bmomjzpf\/

Ak'¨bmomudktm;ay;aom rif;rsm;teuf owårajrmuf Z,0&refrif;onf tBuD;us,fqkH;

tm;ay;aom rif;wpfyg;jzpfonf/ xdkrif;onf tjcm;EdkifiHawmfzGHUNzdK;a&;udkvnf; pGrf;pGrf;wrH

aqmif½Gufonf/ tifaumNrdKUawmfopfudk 12 &mpk twGif;ü wnfaqmufcJYonf/

tifaumNrdKUawmfopfudk tvsm; 2 rdkif? teH 2 rdkif us,f0ef;aom pwk&ef;ykHjzifY

wduspGmaqmufvkyfxm;\/ NrdKUawmftvnfA[dkwGif bm,Geftrnf½Sd Ak'¨bmomausmif;BuD;udkvnf;

wnfaqmufonf/ bm,Gefausmif;BuD;onf ayaygif; 130 jrifYonf/ 0&refrif;onf

ausmif;awmfBuD;udk tEkynmvuf&mrsm;pGmjzifh jc,frIef;wnfaqmufonf/ ausmif;awmf\

A[dkarQmfpOfBuD;wGif ÓPfawmf 102 ay½Sd Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfBuD;udk xkvkyfylaZmfxm;cJYavonf/

0&refrif;onf eef;pHNyD;aemuf 5 ESpftMumwGif wmy½Gefac: ausmif;wdkufBuD;udkvnf;

wnfaqmufcJYonf/ ausmif;awmfBuD;rSm rdbk&m;BuD;\ r,fawmftwGuf &nfpl;í

aqmufvkyfcJYjcif;jzpfayonf/ wmy½Gefausmif;awmfBuD; aqmufvkyf&eftwGuf aus;½Gmaygif; 3140

rS ½Gmol½Gmom;aygif; 79365 a,mufudk tvkyfwm0ef ay;cJYonf[k qdkygonf/

xdkausmif;wdkufBuD;ü -

q&mawmfBuD;aygif; 18 yg;

&[ef;awmfaygif; 2740 yg;

omraPaygif; 2202 yg; oDwif;okH;aexdkifMuonf/



27

at'D 1200 ckavmufrSmyif 0&refrif;qufvnf; ukefqkH;cJYygonf/ at'D 12 &mpkavmufwGif

jrefrmEdkifiHrS &[ef;wpfyg;onf uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiHodkY <ua&mufí ax&0g'Ak'¨omoemudk

a[mMum;jzefYjzL;cJYonf/ xdktcsdefwGif uarÇm'D;,m;bk&ifwdkYonf ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomudk

ESpfNcdKufMuojzifY tm;ay;ulnDcJYMuonf/ aemufydkif;wGif ax&0g'omoem jyefYyGm;vm&m 13 &mpk

ukefcsdefü r[m,meESifY [dE´LbmomwdkY aysmufuG,foGm;&\/

14 &mpkavmufwGif oD&dvuFm ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomESifY vnf;aumif; xdkif;EdkifiH ax&0g'

Ak'¨bmomwdkYESifYvnf;aumif; qufoG,frdMuonf/ xdkrS aemufydkif;wGif ax&0g'om tajccdkifí

wnfwHYvmcJYonf/

,cktcsdefwGif uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiHü ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomonf aerif;yrm vrif;tvm;

xif½Sm;aeavonf/

avmEdkifiH ax&0g'jzpfpOf

avm ( vmtdk )EdkifiHonf 14 &mpka&mufrS oDjcm;EdkifiHay: aygufvmjcif;jcpfonf/ avmEdkifiHjzpfay:

vma&;twGuf crmwdkYu tultnDay;cJMu&onf/ avmEdkifiHwGif tapmydkif;umvrsm;u

r[m,meAk'¨bmomvnf; xGef;um;cJYbl;onf/ ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomudkrl crm(uarÇm'D;,m;)ESifY

xdkif;EdkifiHwdkYrSwpfqifY &½SdcJYonf[k qdkayonf/

avmEdkifiHbk&ifwdkYonf ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomudk tm;ay;csD;ajr§mufcJYojzifY 14 &mpkausmf umvuyif

ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomudk edkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf aMunmEdkifcJYonf/ avmEdkifiHonf uGefjrLepfrsm;

tkyfpdk;aom umvüvnf; ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomrSm ,dkifvJjydKuGJjcif;r½SdbJ wnfwHYjrJwnfwHYaecJYonf/

Ak'¨bmomt½Sdeft0g usqkH;jcif;r½SdbJ ydkíyif wdk;wufaeonf[k qdk&ayrnf/

,cktcsdefwGif avmEdkifiH½Sd vlOD;a& 95 &mcdkifEIef;rSm ax&0g'Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; jzpfaeMuavonf/



28

tcef; ( 3 )

ax&0g'oH*g,emyGJrsm;

oH*g,em ed'gef;

Ak'¨bk&m;½Sifonf r[mouú&mZf 148 ck? ( bDpD 544 ) uqkefvjynfY t*FgaeYwGif ukodem½kHjynf

tifMuif;O,Ofü y&dedAÁmefjyKawmfrlavonf/ ½Sifr[muóyrax&fjrwfonf aemufyg &[ef; 500

jcH&Hvsuf jrwfpGmbk&m;udk zl;jrif&ef yg0gjynfrS ukodem½kHjynfodkY<uvmMuonf/

raxjrwfESifYtzGJUonf vrf;c&D;tMum;ü &moDOwkyljyif;aomaMumifY opfyifatmufü

em;cdkaeMuonf/ xdkpOf tmZD0u wuúwGef; wpfa,mufonf ukodem½kHrSyg0gjynfodkY vmae\/

wuúwGef;onf tem;,laeaom ½Sifr[muóyESifY awGYqkHMuonf/

½Sifr[muóyraxjrwfu jrwfpGmbk&m;½Sif\ taMumif;ar;jref;&m ]] bk&m;½Sif

y&dedAÁmefjyKoGm;NyD;jzpfaMumif; }} avsmufxm;\/ &[ef;oHCmwdkYonf xdkowif;udk odvdkuf&ojzifY

aqmufwnf&mr&awmYbJ 0rf;enf;ylaqG;í idka<u;Muavonf/

tjcm;&[ef;awmfrsm; idka<u;aeMuaomfvnf; okb'f&[ef;rSmrl idka<u;&rSef;rod?

bk&m;r½SdawmYonfudkyif 0rf;om\/ okb'f&[ef;onf idka<u;aom&[ef;wdkYudk tm;ay;pum;

ajymMum;onf/

] igY½SifwdkY? bmjzpfvdkY idka<u;aeMuoenf;? igwdkY[m a*gwr&[ef;BuD;vufrS vGwfajrmuf

oGm;MuNyD;? a*gwr½Sdwkef;uqdkvQif igwdkYudk 'DtrIYrvkyfESifY? 'DtrIYudk vkyf&rnf } qdkNyD;

uefYowfcsufawG jyKvkyfaecJYonf/ olrBudKufwmvkyfrdvQif b,ftmywfoifYapqdkNyD;

Oya'ynwfcsufawGESifY wm;qD;aeonf/ a*gwr[m igwdkYudk EdSyfpufnOf;qJaeoljzpfonf/ ckawmY

igwdkYjyKvdkorQ jyKEdkifMuNyD;? vkyfcsif&mudk vkyfEdkifNyD;? vGwfvyfNyD; }

okb'f&[ef;\ pum;udkMum;&ojzifY ½Sifr[muóyrax&fBuD;onf ]] ,cktcsdefuyif rzG,fr&m

ajymqdkpnf;½kH;aeNyD;? aemifwpfcsdef 'D&[ef;rsKd;awGwdk;yGm;vmygu t"r®rIrsm; wGifus,f



29

vmawmYrnf/ Ak'¨bk&m;½Sif a[mMum;xm;aom "r®a'oemawmfwdkYudk oH*g,emwifxm;rSomvQif

oifYawmfvdrfYrnf/ }} [k MuHpnfpOf;pm;rdavonf/

½Sifr[muóyESifYtzGJYonf ukodem½kHjynfodkY a&mufvmaomtcg bk&m;½Sif\½kyfuvmyfawmfudk

awaZm"mwfavmifuGsrf;jcif;? "mwfawmfjzefYcsDjcif;udpöwdkYudk aqmif½Guf&onf/ xdkYaemuf

e,kefvqef; 5 &ufaeYwGif "mwfawmfxm;&mZ&yfü oHCmtpnf;ta0; usif;yonf/

oHCmtpnf;ta0;BuD;wGif ½Sifr[muóyrax&fBuD;u oH*g,emwifyGJusif;ya&;udk

tqdkjyKavQmufxm;\/

]igh½SifwdkY? okb'f&[ef;vdk &[ef;zsif;rsm; toif;tyif;rsm;cJYvQif Ak'¨bk&m;½Sif\

Mo0g'a'oemawmfrsm; uG,fyoGm;Edkifygonf/ bk&m;½Sif\ a'oemawmfrsm; rysufrpD;

wnf½SdaerSomvQif bk&m;½Sif\omoemawmf t½SnfwnfwHYaernfjzpfygonf/ a'oemawmf

wnfwHYaeorQ bk&m;½Sif oufawmfxif½Sm; ½SdaeouJYodkY jzpfygrnf/

odkYjzpfí...

rolawmfw&m; rjyefYyGm;rD

olawmfaumif;w&m; raysmufysufrD

tvZDÆwdkY 0denf;w&m; rysufjym;rD

t"r®0g'DwdkY tiftm;raumif;rD

"r®0g'DwdkY tm;renf;rD...

bk&m;½Sif a[mMum;awmfrIaom okwåefa'oemawmf? 0denf;a'oemawmf? tbd"r®m

a'oemawmfwdkYudk pkaygif;í oH*g,emwifMuygukeftHY? } [k avQmufxm;onf/

½Sifr[muóy\ tqdkjyKcsufudk oHCmawmfwdkYu ] t½SifwifjyaomtaMumif;rSm tvGef

oifYavQmfvSygonf? oH*g,emwif&eftwGuf t½Sifbk&m;u OD;aqmifOD;½GufjyKí oifYavQmfrnfY

oHCmwdkYudk a½G;aumufawmfrIyg? } avQmufxm;Muonf/



30

yxr oH*g,emyGJawmf

½Sifr[muóyrax&fBuD;onf oH*g,emwifyGJ usif;yEdkif&eftwGuf y&d,wåd"r®

uGsrf;usifawmfrlaom y#dordÇ'gywå&[EÅm 499 yg;udk a½G;cs,fpdppfí pm&if;aumuf,lonf/

oH*g,emwifyGJtwGuf &[EÅm 500 yg0if&ef &nf½G,fxm;onf/ xdktxJwGifvnf;

½SiftmeE´myg0if&efvnf; &nf½G,fxm;onf/ odkYaomfvnf; xdktcsdefü ½SiftmeEÅmrSm

aomwmyeftqifYom ½Sdaeao;onfYtwGuf pm&if;roGif;Edkifao;ay/

xdktcg tjcm;oHCmawmfwdkYu ½SiftmeEÅmonf aou©yk*¾dKvfyifJjzpfaomfjim;vnf;

w&m;awmft&mrSm b@mpdk;BuD;jzpfaMumif;? "r®u©E¨maygif; ½Spfaomif;av;axmifudk

bk&m;½Sifa½SUawmfrSm oifMum;í EIwfwGifaqmifxm;EdkifoljzpfaMumif;? jrwfpGmbk&m;\

tvkyftauGs;jzpfcJYaom vuf&if;wynfYBuD; ½SiftmeE´mudkcsefxm;NyD; oH*g,em rwifoifYaMumif;

avQmufxm;Muonf/

xdktcgrS ½Sifr[muóyonf ½SiftmeE´mudka½G;aumufí oHCmawmf 500 jynfYoGm;\/

½SiftmeE´monf rdrdudka½G;cs,fNyD;aemuf &[EÅmtjzpf oH*g,emwifyGJ0if&ef w&m;"r®udk

½IUMunfYtm;xkwfav&m oH*g,emwifyGJrwdkifrD &[EÅm jzpfoGm;avonf/

½Sifr[muóyonf oHCmawmf 500 udk a½G;cs,fNyD;aemuf oH*g,emwifrnfY ae&mtwGuf

&mZN*dK[fjynfudk a½G;cs,fvdkufonf/ oH*g,emwifrnfY oHCmwdkYonf &mZN*dK[fjynfü

0gqdk0guyf&rnf/ tjcm;oHCmwdkYudkrl tjcm;NrdKU½Gmrsm;ü 0gqdkap\/ oHCmawmfwdkYonf

&mZN*dK[fjynfü 0guyfNyD;aemuf &[ef;awmf 8 yg;udk a½G;cs,fí tZmwowfrif;xH apvGwfonf/

oH*g,emwifyGJBuD;wGif tZmwowfrif;u ypönf; 4 yg; 'g,um jyKvkyfí tmPmpufjzifY

ulnD&ef arwåm&yfcHonf/

tZmwowfrif;onf &[ef;awmfwdkYtrdefY½Sdonfudk 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omvufcHvdkuf\/ xdkYaemuf

oH*g,emwif&eftwGuf a0bm&awmif p&nf;yifBuD;½Sd&m owåyPÖdvdkPf*l0ü BuD;us,fcef;em;aom

r@yfBuD;udk aqmufvkyfay;onf/



31

½Sifr[muóyESifY oHCm 500 wdkYonf bk&m;½Sif y&dedAÁmefJjyKNyD;aemuf 3 v tMum r[mouú&mZf

148 ck? 0gacgifvjynfY ( vqkwf 4 [kvnf;qdk\ ) aeYü oH*g,emwifyGJudk

qifEGJusif;yMuavonf/

oH*g,emwifyGJwGif yxroH*Dwdem,u ykpäu ( tar;yk*d¾Kvf ) tjzpf ½Sifr[muóyrax&fu

aqmif½Gufonf/

0denf;yd#uawmfudk bk&m;½SdpOfu {w'*fxm;cJYaom ½SifOygvdrax&fu 0dóZÆu ( tajzyk*d¾Kvf )

jyKí ajzqdk&onf/

½SiftmeE´monf yd#uwfawmftm;vkH;udk rsufuG,fr½Sd emMum;cJYolljzpfonf/ odkYaomfvnf;

½SifOygvdrSm 0denf;t&mü {w'*fxm;cJYonfudk av;pm;aomtm;jzifY ½SifOygvdudk 0dóZÆutjzpf

aqmif½Gufapjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf okwåefyd#uESifY tbd"r®myd#ua'oemwdkYudk

½SiftmeE´mraxu 0dóZÆujyKí ajzMum;avonf/

þuJYodkY tar;tajzrsm; jyKvkyfNyD;aemuf oHCmawmf 500 wdkYuaygif;pkí

½Gwfjyefo&Zösm,fawmfrlMuonf/ xdkyxrtMudrf oH*g,emwifyGJrSm 7 v MumNyD;rS

NyD;ajrmufcJYavonf/

Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkYonf omoemouú&mZfudk xdkESpfrSpí a&wGufcJYMu\/ omoemESpftpudk

urÇmYordkif;ynm½SifwdkYu bDpD 487 [kvnf;aumif;? 485 [kvnf;aumif; trSwftom;jyKMuonf/

oD[dkVfrlü bDpD 544 udk twnfjyKxm;Muonf/



32

'kwd, oH*g,emyGJawmf

omoemawmfESpf 100? c&pfray:rD ( bD?pD ) 387 ta&mufwGif a0omvDjynf 0ZdÆwdkif;om;

&[ef;wdkYonf 0denf;awmfESifY rnDaom t"r®0wåK 10 yg; ( 'o0wåKu )tusifY

usifYMuHjyKrlvmMuonf/ ( þ 10 yg;udk txufuazmfjycJYNyD;/ )

xdktcg "r®0g'Drax&fwdkYonf t"r®0g'DwdkY\ 0denf;a'oem jyKjyifusifYokH;rlUudk

y,f½Sm;vdkaomaMumifYvnf;aumif;? "r®0g'Dudk uspfvspfcdkifrmapvdkaomaMumifYvnf;aumif;

oH*g,emwif&ef pDrHMu&jyefonf/

xdkoH*g,emwifyGJudk ½SiftmeE´m\ wjynfYBuD;rsm;jzpfaom oufawmf 180 ½Sd

t½Sifa&owrrax&f? t½SifoAÁumrdrax&f? t½SifomVrax&f? t½SifckZÆaombdwrax&f

t½Sifr[m,orax&f? t½SiforÇLvrax&fwdkYonfvnf;aumif;? t½SiftEk½k'¨g\

o'd¨0d[m&duwjynfY t½Sif0dob*grdrax&f? t½Sifokrerax&fwdkYonfvnf;aumif;

'kwd,oH*g,emwifyGJtwGuf OD;aqmifOD;½GufjyKolrsm; jzpfMuonf/ xdktxJrS tcsKdUrax&fwdkYonf

Ak'¨bk&m;½Sifudk awGUMuKH zl;jrifcJY&olrsm;jzpfonf/

txufyg rax&fwdkYtxJu t½Sifr[m,orax&fudk trSL;xm;í &[EÅm 700 wdkYonf

a0omvDjynf 0gvdum½kHausmif;awmfBuD;ü 8 vwdkifwdkif 'kwd,tBudrf oH*g,emwifyGJudk

usif;yMuonf/ ,if;oH*g,emwifyGJudk a0omvDjynf umvmaomu rif;BuD;u ypönf;av;yg;jzifY

omoemY'g,um jyKvkyfí tmPmpufjzifY jznfYpGufulnDcJYavonf/



33

wwd, oH*g,emyGJawmf

yg#vdykwfjynf taomu ( oD&d"r®maomu ) rif;vufxufwGif Ak'ömoemawmf

pnfa0zGHUNzdK;ae\/ taomurif;onf apmapmydkif;u Ak'¨bmom0ifr[kwfaomfvnf; aemufydkif;wGif

Ak'¨bmom0if jzpfvmcJYonf/ taomurif;onf Ak'¨bmom0if jzpfNyD;aemuf Ak'ömoemudk

tBuD;tus,f csD;ajr§mufonf/ odkYtavsmuf omoemY0efxrf; &[ef;a,musfm;? &[ef;rdef;rrsm;

tajrmuftrsm;wdk;yGm;vm\/

þtajctaeudk tcGifYaumif;,lvsuf omoemYjyifyrS wdwd¬wdkYonf Ak'ömoemwGif;odkY0ifí

&[ef;jyKMuonf/ ,if;wdwd¬wdkYonf Ak'¨bmomudk ,kHMunfí 0ifa&ufvmolrsm; r[kwfMu/

omoemawmf w&m;udkvnf; roifMum;Muay/ xdk&[ef;wk &[ef;a,mifwdkYonf

Ak'¨w&m;ESifYrpyfqdkifaom t,l0g'rsm;udk Ak'¨w&m;awmftjzpf a[majymaeMuonf/ rdrdwdkY\

t,l0g'rsm;udk Ak'¨w&m;xJodkY xnfYoGif;aeMuonf/ Ak'¨\ "r®a'oemrsm;rSm oefYpifrIr&SdawmY/

tcsKdU&[ef;wdkYurI rD;udkylaZmfMuonf/ vkyfa<u;Muonf/ aeudkylaZmfMuonf/ vkyfa<u;Muonf/

Ak'¨&[ef;awmf trnfcHNyD; omoemYjyifyudk;uG,frlrsm;udk ylaZmfudk;uG,faeMuonf/

oHCmppfoHCmrSefwdkYonf azmfjyyg &[ef;wkrsm;ESifY taygif;toif;rjyKMu/ Oykofy0g&Pm paom

oHCmYuHrsm; rjyKvkyfMuay/

taomu½kH ausmif;wdkufBuD;ü aexdkifaom oHCmwdkYonf þodkY t,l0g'uGJjym; aeonfrSm 7

ESpfrQ MujrifYcJYonf/ taomu tkyfcsKyfaome,fajrt&yf&yfwGifvnf; þodkYyif omoemawmfa&;

rpifMu,frIrsm;? t,l0g' a&maxG;aerIrsm; us,fyGm;jyefYyGm;aeavonf/ taomurif;onf

þuJYodkY roefY½Sif;rpifMu,fjzpfaeaom Ak'ömoemawmfudk oefY½Sif;aom omoemjzpfap&ef

pDrHonf/

taomurif;onf Ak'ömoemwGif; 0ifa&mufaeMuaom &[ef;wk&[ef;a,mifwdkYudk

0g'a&;&mESifYywfoufí ppfar;onf/ &[ef;a,mifwdkYonf Ak'¨'tppftrSefudk rajzMuEdkifMu/

Ak'¨0g'jyifyt,l0g'rsm;udk Ak'¨0g'tjzpf a&maESmajzqdkMuonf/



34

taomurif;onf þuJYodkYppfaq;NyD;aemuf Ak'¨0g'trSefudk rajzEdkifaom &[ef;wk wdwd¬aygif;

60000 (ajcmufaomif;) udkt0wfjzLvJí vlxGufaponf/ taomu½kHausmif;wdkufrS

ESifxkwfypfvdkufonf/ taomrif;onf omoemawmfoefYpifa&;udk aqmif½GufNyD;aemuf

½Sifr[marm*¾vdykwåwdó trI;jyKaom &[EÅmaygif; 1000 (wpfaxmif)wdkYonf/ Ak'¨\

"r®a'oemoefYpifa&;twGuf wwd,tBudrf oH*g,emwif&jyefonf/

wwd,oH*g,emwifyGJudk omoemESpf 235 ( bD? pD 252 )ck? e,kefvrSpíjyKvkyf&m 9 v-MumrS

NyD;ajrmufonf/ xdkwwd,oH*g,em wifyGJBuD;\ omoemY'g,umrSm taomurif;w&m;BuD;yif

jzpfavonf/



35

pwkw¬ oH*g,emyGJawmf

pwkw¬oH*g,em rwifrD tBudKESpfrsm;u oD[dkVfuGsef;ü 0#*grPdrif; eef;pHcJYonf/ eef;pHí

rMumrDrSmyif usnf;om;vlrsKd;wdkY\ jA[®Pwdó olykefab;BuD;jzpfyGm;onf/ 0#*grPdonf

olykef&efab;aMumifY eef;rSqif;í xGufajy;ykef;atmif;ae&\/ xdkumvrSmyif rdk;uvnf;acgifojzifY

oD;ESHrsm;ysufcJY&m wpfuGsef;vkH; iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jyD; 'kAdÇu©EÅ&uyfBuD;ESifY &ifqdkifMu&avonf/

oHCmawmfwdkY tpmjywfojzifY Ak'¨\ yd#uwfa'oemawmfwdkYudk ½GwfqdkEdkifjcif;r½SdMuay/

xdktcsdefxd oHCmwdkYonf Ak'¨\ "r®a'oemwdkYudk EIwfjzifYom xdef;odef;vmcJYMu\/ þuJYodkY

iwfrGwfab;ESifYMuHKawGU&aomtcg &[ef;wdkYavema&m*gxí a&m*gb,rsm; jzpfay:vmMuonf/

odkYaomfvnf; yd#uwfawmfrsm; rarYaysmuf&ef BudK;pm;í ½Gwfqdkxdef;odrf;aeMu&onf/

tcsKdU&[ef;awmfrsm;rSm t[m&jywfí jyefvGefawmf rlukefMuonf/

raoraysmufbJ usef&pfaomoHCmwdkYu yd#uwfawmfwdkYudk EIwfqifYurf;í xdef;odrf;aeMu&onf/

þodkY yifyef;BuD;pGm apmifYa½Smufae&onfrSm 12 ESpfrQ MumjrifYcJYavonf/ xdkESpfrsm;twGif;

0#*grPdrif;onf olykef&efudk jyefvnfEdSrfeif;EdkifojzifY 'kwd,tBudrf xD;eef;udk pHjref;&jyefonf/

xdktcg yd#uwf 3 ykHudk EIwfikHaqmifcJYaom &[ef;wdkYonf EIwfqifYurf; o,faqmif&ojzifY

wm0efBuD;vSonf/ tu,fí ab;'ku©ESifyMuKHojzifY jyefqdkjcif; rjyKEdkifvQif Ak'¨a'oemawmfrsm;

uG,faysmufoGm;Edkifonf/ xdkYaMumifY a'oemawmf t&yf&yfudk pmayjzifY rSwfwrf;wifxm;rS

pdwfcs&rnf[k pOf;pm;rdMuonf/

xdkYaMumifY oD[dkVfoHCm &[EÅmwdkYonf yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk ayvGm½Gufay:ü tu©&mpmjzifY

rSwfwrf;jyKí oH*g,emwifMu&ef qkH;jzwfMuonf/ ,if;odkY qkH;jzwfNyD;aemuf t½Sifr[m"r®&ud©w

trI;jyKaom &[EÅm 500 wdkYonf omoemESpf 450 ckESpfwGif rv,Zeyk'f tmavmu vdkPf*lü

pwkw¬ oH*g,emwifyGJudk usif;yMuonf/ yd#uwfa'oemwdkYudk ayxuftu©&m

wifawmfrlMuavonf/



36

yOör oH*g,emyGJawmf

NrefrmEkdifiHudkpdk;tkyfaom rif;wkef;rif;onf Nrefrmouú&mZf 1221 ckESpfwGif rEÅav;&wemyHkNrdKUudk

wnfaxmifonf/ rif;wkef;rif;onf NrdKUawmfopfü aumif;rIawmf avmurm&Zdef

ausmufawmfBuD;bk&m; twkr&Sdausmif;awmfBuD;paom aumif;rIawmfrsm;pGmwdkYudk wnfxm;onf/

&efukefNrdKU&Sd a&Twd*HkapwDawmfBuD;udkvnf; xD;awmftopf wifvIonf/

rif;wkef;rif;onf 1222 ck wefaqmifrkef;vupí yd#uwfoHk;yHk ygVdawmfwdkYudk

ayxuftu©&mwifonf/ xdkrQNzifYtm;r&ao;bJ yd#uwfawmfrsm; t&SnfwnfwHYa&;twGuf

a&S;acwfomoemNyKrif;rsm; raqmif&Gufbl;aom yd#uwfawmf ausmufxuftu©&mwif&ef

qE´&SdvmNyefonf/

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aqmif&Gufonf/ yd#uwfawmfwdkYudk rlrSefoefYpifa&;twGuf atmufyg q&mawmfBuD;rsm;udk

avQmufxm;wm0efay;onf/

1/ rdzk&m;acgifBuD; pBuma'0D\q&mNzpfaom ]Zm*&mbd0Ho wdyd#u "&r[m"r®&mZm"d&mZ*k&k}

bGJYawmf& 'u©dPm&mrq&mawmf?

2/ aoewf0efBuD;\ q&mNzpfaom ]e&dE´mbd od&d o'¨r aZmwdygv"Z &mZm*k&k} bGJU&q&mawmf?

3/ ]okr*Fvomrd od&d y0& rPd"Z r[m"r®&mZm"d &mZ*k&k} bGJY&q&mawmfwdkYNzpfonf/

vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;bufrSvnf; cef;ywfNrdKUpm;? a,mNrdKUpm;? rdkif;cdkif;NrdKUpm; ponfYyk*¾KdvfwdkYudk BuD;Buyf

aqmif&Gufap\/

rif;wkef;rif;\ausmufxuftu©&mwifvkyfief;rSm ouú&mZf 1230 NynfYESpf?uqkefvqef; 14

&ufaeYwGif NyD;pD;atmifNrifcJYonf/ yd#uwfawmfwdkYudk ausmufpmtNzpfrSwfwrf;wif&mü

1/ 0denf;ig;usrf;ygVdawmf...............111 csyf

2/ tbd"r®mygVdawmf........................208 csyf

3/ okwåefygVdawmf............................410 csyf



37

pkpkaygif;ausmufcsyfa& 729 csyf&Sdayonf/

rif;wkef;rif;onf a&S;a&S;aomrif;rsm;NzpfonfY tZmwowf? umvmaomu? oD&d"r®maomu?

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q&mawmfrsm;ESifYnSdEIif;í oH*g,emwifyGJ usif;y&ef qkH;jzwfonf/ xdkYaemuf

'ud©Pm&mrq&mawmf? qD;befeDq&mawmf? pD;awmfjrif;0efwdkufq&mawmf wdkYudk trSL;xm;í

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2415 ck? c&pfESpf 1871 ck? wefcl;vjynfYausmf 11 &ufaeYwGif yOöroH*g,emwifyGJudk usif;yonf/

xdkoH*g,emwifyGJwGif yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk EIwfjzifY ½GwfqdkMu&m 5-vESifY 3-&ufMumrS

NyD;ajrmufcJYavonf/



38

q| oH*g,emyGJawmf

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oHCmawmfwkdYonfvnf; toif;tzGJUxlaxmifí omoema0NzdK;a&;ukd BudK;pm;cJhMuonf/

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y&d,wdåa'oemrsm; ysufpD;oGm;Ekdifayonf/

xkdYaMumifh y&d,wdåa'oem oefYpifa&;twGuf q|rtBudrf oH*g,emwif&ef qkH;jzwfMuonf/

xkdoH*g,emwifyGJBuD;twGuf jrefrmEkdifiHawmfor®w OD;bOD;u omoem'g,umtjzpf cH,lonf/

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ulnDaqmif&Guf&ef wm0ef,lonf/

owdk;oD&dok"r® olaX;BuD; qmOD;oGifOD;aqmifaom EkdifiHawmf Ak'¨omoemtzGJUBuD;uvnf;

wkdif;oljynfom;wkdY\udk,fpm; ypönf;av;yg;jzifh axmufyHhylaZmf&ef wm0ef,lMu\/



39

0efBuD;csKyfuawmf a':jr&DtrSL;jyKaom trsdK;orD;rsm;uvnf; oH*g,em a0,sm0pö vkyfief;rsm;ukd

tm;wufoa&m yg0ifí vkyftm;'gersm; vSL'gef;Muonf/

þokdY tzufzufrS jynfhpkHNyD;aemuf rEÅav;NrdKUrS anmif&rf;q&mawmf tbd"Z r[m&|*k½k

b'ÉÅa&0wrax&f trSL;jyKaom oHCmawmf 2500-wkdYonf &efukefNrdKU? urÇm at;ukef;ajr&dS

r[mygomPvkdPf*lawmfBuD;ü-

- omoemouú&mZf 2498-ck?

- c&pfESpf 1954-ck? arv (17) &uf ?

- jrefrmouú&mZf 1316-ck? uqkefvqef; (15) &uf-

aeYwGif q|rtBudrf oH*g,emwifyGJukfd usif;yMuavonf/

q|oH*g,emwifyGJBuD;okdY xkdif;? uarÇm'D;,m;?avm? oD&dvuFmEkdifiHwkdYrS ax&0g'&[ef;awmf

144-yg;? jrefrmEkdifiHrS &[ef;awmf 2473-yg;wkdYu 245-&uf MumjrifhpGm &GwfyGm;awmfrlMuonf/

xkdoH*g,emwifyGJokdY ax&0g'r[kwfaom *syef? wdAuf? AD,uferf? ukd&D;,m;? *smAm;uRef;?

rav;uRef;? qpfuif;jynfpaom EkdifiHwkdYrS r[m,me*kdPf; &[ef;awmfwkdYvnf;

oH*Dwdum&utjzpfvnf;aumif;? tm*EÅK{nfhonfawmftjzpfvnf;aumif; <ua&mufMu ayonf/

xkdoH*g,emyGJBuD;wGif q|oH*Dwdykpäu (tar;yk*d¾Kvf) tjzpf t*¾r[my@dw r[mpnfq&mawmf

b'ÉÅaombP rax&fuvnf;aumif;? q|oH*Dwd 0dóZÆu (tajz yk*d¾Kvf)tjzpf wdyd#u"&

"r®b@m*g&du t*¾r[m y@dw? tbd"Z r[m&X*k&k b'ÉÅ 0dpdwåom&mbd0Ho

rax&fuvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufawmfrlMuonf/

xkdYaemuf yd#uwfa'oemawmfwkdYukd puúLxufü tu©&mwifí oefYpifa&;ukd

aqmif&GufawmfrlMuonf/

þq|oH*g,emwifyGJBuD;onf omoemawmf 2500-jynfonfhESpf? jrefrmouú&mZf 1318-ck?

uqkefvjynfhaeY? c&pfESpf 1956-ckESpf? arv 24-&ufaeYwGif NyD;qkH;cJhavonf/



40

tcef; (4)

ax&0g' yd#uwfawmf

ax&0g'[lonf

ax&0g'\ t"dyÜm,fukd ] Ak'¨a'oemawmfa0g[m&tbd"mef } usrf; pmrsufESm 274-ü-] ]] rax&f

tqufqufwkdY raysmufrysuf&atmif aqmifxm;tyfaom xdef;odrf;tyfaom bk&m;pum;awmf

t,lpum;pOf }}

]] t&Sifr[muóy tp&Sdaom rax&f tqufqufwkdY rl&if;rysuf oH*g,emwifvsuf xdef;odrf;

apmifha&Smufxm;tyfaom bk&m;pum;ygVdawmftwkdif; usifhMuHaexkdifaom t,l0g'ukd ] ax&0g' }

[k ac:onf/ }}-

[lí zGifhjyxm;onf/

ax&0g'&[ef;awmfwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ "r®a'oemrsm;ukd ygVdbmomjzifh EIwfqifhurf;í

vnf;aumif;? pmrSwfwrf;jzifhvnf;aumif; xdef;odrf;vmcJhMu\/ xkda'oem t&yf&yfwkdYukdpkaygif;í

] yd#uwfawmf } [k ac:qkdMuonf/

yd#u\ t"dyÜm,frSm ] jcif;awmif; } [lí jzpfonf/ vlwkdYonf o,f,lp&m ypönf;rsm;ukd

jcif;awmif;wkdYjzifh o,f,lMu\/ xkdYtwl Ak'¨w&m;awmfwkfdYukdvnf; Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif

vufxufawmfrSpí acwftqufquf rax&fjrwfwkdYu vufqifhurf;í o,f,lcJhMuojzifh

jcif;awmif;ESifh wifpm;um yd#u[lí ac:qkdvmcJhMujcif; jzpfayonf/

ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdY xdef;odrf;vmcJhaom yd#ursm;rSm-

(1) 0de, yd#u?

(2) okwåEÅ yd#u?

(3) tbd"r® yd#u-

[lí okH;rsdK; &Sdonf/ xkdokH;rsdK;vkH;ukd aygif;½kH;í ac:qkdaomtcgü ] yd#uwf } [lí

ac:qkdMuavonf/



41

(1) 0de, yd#uawmf

&[ef;a,musfm;ESifh &[ef;rdef;rrsm;twGuf owfrSwf ynwfxm;aom usifh0wfpnf;urf;rsm;

jzpfonf/ xkd0de,yd#uukd 5-usrf; xyfrH cGJjcm;xm;\/

(u) yg&mZduPf ygVdawmf . &[ef;awmfrsm;twGuf &nfnTef;aom odu©myk'f 49-yg; yg&Sdonf/

(c) ygpdwf ygVdawmf . &[ef;awmfrsm;twGuf &nfnTef;aom odu©myk'f 178-yg;ESifh

bdu©KeDwkdYtwGuf &nfnTef;aom odu©myk'f 311-yg; yg&dSonf/

(*) r[m0*¾ ygVdawmf . oHCmrsm; vkdufem&rnfh usifh0wfrsm;? vkyfenf;vkyf[efrsm;ukd tcef; 10-

ckjzifh azmfjyxm;onf/

(C) plV0*¾ ygVdawmf . oHCmhtzGJUESifh ywfoufaom pnf;rsOf; Oya'wkdYukd tcef;aygif; 12-ckwkdYjzifh

azmfjyxm;onf/

(i) y&d0g ygVdawmf . 0denf;odu©myk'fwkdYukd usufrSwfvkdolwkdYtwGuf tusOf;csKyf jyKpkxm;aom

usrf;jzpfonf/

(2) okwåEÅ yd#uawmf

Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif a&S;OD;pGm a[mMum;aom "r®pMumw&m;awmfrS pí y&dedAÁmefjyKcgeD; aemufqkH;jzpfaom

Mo0g'a'oemawmftxd 45-ESpfywfvkH; a[mMum;awmfrlonfh a'oemawmf trsdK;tpm;rsm;

jzpfonf/

þokwåEÅ yd#uukd edum,ftm;jzifh 5-pk zGJUxm;onf/ ,if;wkdYrSm-

(u) 'DCedum,f ?

(c) rZÑdredum,f ?

(*) oH,kwåedum,f ?

(C) t*kFwå&edum,f ?

(i) ck'´uedum,fwkdY jzpfayonf/



42

(u) 'DCedum,f . &Snfvsm;aom okwfwkdYukd aygif;pnf;xm;aomaMumifh 'DCedum,f[k ac:onf/

,if;'DCedum,fü-

(1) oDvu©E¨0*¾ 13-okwf ?

(2) r[m0*¾ 10-okwf ?

(3) ygxdu0*¾ 11-okwf yg0ifonf/

(c) rZdÑredum,f . r&SnfvGef; rwkdvGef;tv,ftvwfjzpfaom okwfwkdYukd

aygif;pnf;xm;aomaMumifh rZdÑredum,f[k ac:onf/

,if;rZdÑredum,fü-

(1) rlvyPÖmo 50-okwf ?

(2) rZdÑryPÖm, 50-okwf ?

(3) Oy&dyPÖmo 52-okwf yg0ifonf/

(*) oH,kwåedum,f . a'oemawmfcsif; wlnDaom tcsufwpfckckukd rlxm;í pkpnf;

aygif;pyfxm;aom okwfrsm;ukd oH,kwåedum,f[k ac:onf/

,if;oH,kwåedum,fü-

(1) o*gxm0*f oH,kwfaygif; 11 ?

(2) ed'ge0*f oH,kwfaygif; 10 ?

(3) cE¨0*f oH,kwfaygif; 13 ?

(4) oVm,we0*f oH,kwfaygif; 12 ?

(5) r[m0*f oH,kwfaygif; 12- yg0ifonf/

(C) t*Fkwå&edum,f . {uedygwfrS {um'oedygwfwkdifatmif tykdif;i,f edygwf 11-ck? okwfaygif;

9557-okwf/

(i) ck'´uedum,f . a&S;edum,f av;&yfwkdYrS aemufxyfjzpfaom ck'´uygXponfh usrf;tpkukd

ac:onf/



43

,if;ck'úedum,fü atmufygusrf;rsm; yg0ifonf/

(1) ck'úygX . wkdawmif;onfh tpk 9-rsdK; yg0ifonf/

(2) "r®y' . 0*faygif; 26? *gxmaygif; 423-yg0ifonf/

(3) O'ge . Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif usL;&ifhaom pum;rsm; jzpfonf/ 0*faygif; 8-ckESifh O'gef;aygif; 82-yk'f

yg0ifonf/

(4) £wd0kwåu . edygwf 4-ck? okwfaygif; 120-yg0ifonf/

(5) okwåedygw . okwfi,frsm; pkaygif;xm;onf/ 0*f 5-ck? okwf 54-ESifh ykpäm 61ck yg0ifonf/

(6) 0drme0w¬K . bkHeef;Adrmefqkdif&m tjzpftysufwkdYukd azmfjyxm;\/ 0*f 7-ck? Zmwf 83-yk'f

yg0ifonf/

(7) ayw0w¬K . i&Javmu\ qif;&JwkdYukd azmfjyxm;\/ 0*f 4-ck? 0w¬Kyk'faygif; 50- yg0ifonf/

(8) ax&*gxm . rax&fBuD; 107-yg;\ tqkdtrdefYrsm;ukd edygwf 21-ckjzifh cGJjcm; azmfjyxm;onf/

(9) ax&D*gxm . ax&Dr,f 73-yg;wkdY\ wifjycsufrsm;ukd edygwf 16-ckjzifh zGJUpnf;xm;onf/

(10) Zmwu . Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif\ a&S;jzpfpOfwkdYukd azmfjyxm;\/ tykdif;i,f edygwf 22-ck?

Zmwf0w¬Kaygif; 547-Zmwf yg0ifonf/

(11) r[meda'ó .okwåedygwfusrf;vm t|u0*f\ a0g[m&t"dyÜm,fwkdYukd xyfrH zGifhqkdxm;onf/

(12) plVeda'ó . okwåedygwfusrf;vm aemuf0*f 3-ckukd xyfrH csJUzGifhxm;onf/

(13) y#dorÇd'gr*¾ . "r®\ tajccH tcsufwkdYukd o½kyfcGJí a0zefjyonf/ u@BuD; 3-ckESifh

u@i,f rsm;pGm yg0ifonf/

(14) ty'ge . rGefjrwfaom usifhxkH;wkdYukd usifhokH;cJhaom yk*d¾KvfwkdY taMumif;ukd azmfjyxm;onf/

u@ 55-ckjzifh rax&f 550-wkdY b0ukd azmfjyxm;\/ xkfdYjyif u@ 4-ckwkdYjzifh ax&D 40-wkdY\

b0ukdvnf;aumif;? aemufqufwJGtjzpf Ak'ÿ'geESifh yapöuAk'ÿ'gewkdYukd qufvuf

azmfjyxm;onf/

(15) Ak'¨0Ho . bk&m;&SifwkdY\ b0jzpfpOfukd tpDtpOfjzifh azmfjyxm;\/ xkdYjyif Ak'ÿudPÖu

u@ESifh "mwkbmZed, uxmwkdYukdvnf; xnfhoGif; azmfjyxm;onf/

(16) p&d,myd#u . bk&m;tavmif;awmf yg&rD jznfhqnf;cJhonfh b0wkdYukd azmfjyonf/ Ak'¨\

a&S;b0aygif; 35-ckom yg0ifonf/



44

(3) tbd"r® yd#uawmf

okwåef? 0denf;wkdYxuf uJvGefaom oabmw&m;rsm;? eufeJaom obm0"r®rsm;ukd pkpnf;

azmfjyxm;aomaMumifh tbd"r®yd#u[k ac:onf/ þtbd"r® yd#uukd usrf;tm;jzifh 7-usrf;

cGJjcm;xm;onf/

(u) "r®o*FPD . tykdif;BuD; 4-ykdif; cGJvsuf ouf&Sdf oufrJhtm;vkH;wkdY\ ½kyfemrfobm0ukd

a&wGufjyonf/

(c) 0db*F . "r®obm0ukd t"dyÜm,f cGJjcrf;jyoxm;aom 0db*Fac: tzGifhaygif; 18-ck yg0ifonf/

(*) "mwkuxm . y&rw¬w&m;wkdYukd u@ 14-ck cGJjcm;um enf; 4-yg;wkdYjzifh tus,fw0ef;

&Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;onf/

(C) yk*¾vynwdå .u@BuD; 10-ckwkdYü 1-rS 10-txd yk*¾dKvftrsdK;tpm;wkdYukd eda'ótvkduf

xnfhoGif;xm;\/

(i) uxm0w¬K . Ak'¨0g' *kdPf;uGJrsm;\ t,l0g'rsm;ukd pkaygif;wifjyxm;onf/ 0*faygif; 23-

ckjzifh ax&0g'rS okwfaygif; 500-ESifh y&0g'rS okwfaygif; 500-wkdYukd EdIif;,SOfjyxm;onf/

(p) ,ru . tbd"r®moabmw&m;rsm; jzpfwnfaeykHukd rlv? cE¨? tm,we? "mwk? opö? ocFg&?

tEko,? pdwå? "r®? £Èd´,[laom ,ru 10-yg;wkdYjzifh azmfjyxm;onf/

(q) y|me . "r®tEkavmrponfwkdYü wduy|mepaom y|mef; 6-yg;wkdYjzifh yGm;tyfonf jzpfí

24-yg;aom y|mef;wkdYukd &&Sdonf/ y|mef;wpfyg;pDü y#dpö0g&paom 0g& (7) yg;wkdYjzihf

wefqmqifxm;onf/

txufu azmfjycJhNyD;aom yd#uwfawmfrsm;rSwpfyg; tjcm;aom ygVdusrf;*ef rsm;vnf;

&Sdao;onf/ xkdusrf;rsm;onf yd#uwfokH;ykH\ aemufqufwGJusrf;rsm; jzpfonf/ t|uxmwkdY\

a&SUajy;jzpfaom ygVdusrf;pmrsm; jzpfonf/ ,if;usrf;wkdYukd atmufygtwkdif; awGU&onf/

(1) aewdåyu&P ."r®a&;&mESifh ywfoufaom a0g[m&ESihf t"dyÜm,fwkdYukd &Sif;vif;

azmfjyxm;onf/

(2) ay#aumya'o . yd#uwfokH;ykHrS aumif;Ekd;&m&m tcsufwkdYukd aygif;pk wifjyxm;onf/

(3) rdvdEýO§m . yd#uwfawmfwGif tus,fw0ifh yg&Sdaom owd? orm"d?ynm ponfh

tusifhw&m;rsm;? zó? a0'empaom tjzpfw&m;rsm;ukd aphpyfpGm aqG;aEG;wifjyxm;onf/



45

Ak'¨usrf;pm pdppf&m

ax&0g' Ak'¨0g'Dyk*d¾KvfwkdYonf Ak'¨bk&m; a[mMum;aom yd#uwfokH;ykH w&m;pkHwkdYukd

pwkw¬oH*g,emwifyGJü ay&Gufjzifh tu©&mwifcJhMu\/

yOör oH*g,emwifyGJü ausmufpmjzifh tu©&mwifí rSwfwrf;jyKcJhMuonf/

q| oH*g,emwifyGJwGifrl puúLjzifh tu©&mwifí rSwfwrf; jyKcJhMuonf/ q| oH*g,emrSrSwfwrf;

jyK&mü ] q|rl } ac: pmtkyfrsm;jzifh þokdY cGJjcm; ½kdufESdyfxm;Mu\/

usrf;trnf........... usrf;a&............... pmtkyfa&

0denf;.................. 5........................ 5

'DCedum,f.......... 3........................ 3

rZdÑredum,f......... 3........................ 3

oH,kwåedum,f..... 5........................ 3

t*Fkwå&edum,f.... 11...................... 3

ck'´uedum,f....... 19...................... 11

tbd"r®m............. 7........................ 12

pkpkaygif;............. 53...................... 40

pwkw¬? yOör? q| oH*g,emwifyGJwkdYü aypm? ausmufpm? puúLpmwkdYjzifh rSwfwrf;wifcJhMu&mwGif

ta&twGufwkdYukd þokdY awGU&Sd&onf/

- ay&Gufa&.................. 6345 - &Guf ?

- ausmufcsyfa&............ 729 - csyf ?

- pmtkyfa&................... 40 - tkyf ?

- pm&Gufa&................... 6547 - &Guf ?

- pmrsufESm................... 13094 - rsufESm ?

- pmaMumif;a&.............. 404070 - aMumif; &Sdayonf/



46

yd#uwf okH;ykHvkH;ü yg0ifaom tu©&m vkH;a&rSm 11021750 (wpfuka# wpf oef; ESpfaomif;

wpfaxmif ckepf&mh ig;q,f) &Sdavonf/



47

tcef; (5)

ax&0g' "r®&wem

bmomrsm;xJu Ak'¨bmom

urÇmhorkdif; wpfavQmufwGif vlom;wkdY ukd;uG,fcJhMuaom bmom0g'rsm;um; rsm;jym;vSayonf/

orkdif;OD; bmoma&;onf vlom;wkdY\ t,ltqt& jzpfay:vmaom bmomt,l0g'rsm;

jzpfonf/ aemufykdif;wGif bmom0g'ukdxlaxmifaom vlom;rsm; ay:aygufvm\/ bmomw&m;ukd

a[majymaom yk*d¾Kvfrsm;onf bmom&Sifrsm; jzpfvmMuonf/

bmom0g'ukd xlaxmifa[majymaom olwkdYonf omrefyk*d¾Kvfrsm; r[kwfMu/ obm0ukd

avhvmvsuf tawGUopf? todopfwkdYukd &SmazGMuolrsm; jzpfonf/ rdrdwkdY\ ywf0ef;usifwGif

cH,laeMuaom ,kHMunfcsufrsm;ukd todopfjzifh acszsufí a[mMum;Muonf/

xkda[mMum;csufrsm;ukd aESmif;vlwkdYu rSwfwrf;wifcJhMuonf/ xkdrSwfwrf;BuD; rsm;onf

bmom&SifwkdY\ "r®pmayrsm;tjzpf wnf&Sdaeavonf/

bmom0g'rsm;ukd avhvm&mü tcsdKUaom bmom&SifwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ "r®opfrsm;ukd

½kd;&m,Ofaus;rIjzifh csOf;uyfí a[majymMuonf/ "avha[mif; ,Ofaus;rIukd rSDckdí bmom0g'ukd

xlaxmifMuonf/ xkdbmom0g'rsm;rSm-

(1) [dE´Lbmom ?

(2) c&pf,mefbmom ?

(3) tpövmrfbmom ponfwkdY jzpfonf/

urÇmay:wGif xif&Sm;aom txufyg bmomBuD; 3-ckwkdYonf a&S;a[mif;,Ofaus;rI

t,l0g'rsm;wGif yg0ifaeaom xm0&bk&m;ukd tajcjyKonfh bmom0g'rsm; jzpf ayonf/

xm0&bk&m; qkdonfum; urÇmavmuBuD;ESifhwuG ouf&Sd oufrJh t&mtm;vkH;ukd zefqif;aom

teEÅwefckd;&Sif jzpfonf/ tvkH;pkHukdodaom ÓPfawmf&Sifvnf; jzpfonf/ arwåm&Sifvnf;



48

jzpfonf/ xkdt&Sifonf pMu0VmteEÅü tpOfxm0& wnf&Sdaeonf/ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; r&Sdaom

wefckd;&SifBuD; jzpfonf/

vl wd&pämefESifh rnfonfht&m0w¬Krqkd xm0&bk&m;ocif\ tvkdqE´twkdiff;om jzpfay:vm&onf/

ysufpD;oGm;&onf/ pMu0Vm avmu"mwfBuD; r&SdrDuyif xm0&bk&m;&Sif &SdaeNyD jzpf\/

pMu0VmBuD; ysufpD;oGm;aomfvnf; xm0&bk&m;ocifum; ysufpD;jcif; r&Sd/ qufvufí

wnf&SdaeOD;rnf jzpf\/ þum; xm0&bk&m;ocif\ oabmyif jzpfonf/

xm0&bk&m;ukd jiif;y,fvsuf obm0w&m;ukd azmfjyaom bmomum; Ak'¨ bmom jzpfonf/

Ak'¨bmomü-

- xm0&bk&m;ukd jiif;y,f\/

- twåw&m;ukd vufrcH/

- u,fwif&Sif[lí r&Sd/

- zefqif;rIukd twnfrjyK/

rdrdukd,fukd rdrdomvQif zefwD;onf[laom "r®a'oemopfukd a[mMum;vsuf bmom0g'ukd

xlaxmifcJholum; a*gwrAk'¨ jzpfonf/ Ak'¨bk&m;onf "avh½kd;&m pdwful;,Of0g'rsm;ukd vufrcHbJ

tajccHusaom vlom;b0ukd t"duxm;í w&m;"r®wkdYukd a[mMum;cJhavonf/

Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf rdrd\ "r®opfa'oemwkdYukd 45-ESpfywfvkH; aumovwkdif;? r*"wkdif;ESifh

**Fgjrpf0Srf;ajrmufbuf&Sd a'otESHYtjym;ü a[mjycJhonf/ rdrd\ bmom0g' jyefYyGm;a&;twGuf

oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;ukd xlaxmifí atmifjrifpGmaqmif&GufEkdifcJhonf/

Ak'¨bmom0if jzpfjcif;

Ak'¨bmom0ifwpfOD; jzpf&eftwGuf us,fjyefYaom Oya'rsm; r&Sday/ Ak'¨bmom avmuü

ukd;uG,f&m 3-rsdK; &Sdonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm-

(1) Ak'¨bk&m;ukd ukd;uG,f&m[lí qnf;uyfjcif;?

(2) Ak'¨\ w&m;awmfukd ukd;uG,f&m[lí qnf;uyfjcif;?



49

(3) Ak'¨\ oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;ukd ukd;uG,f&m[lkí qnf;uyfjcif;-

wkdY jzpfayonf/ þokH;yg;ukd ,kHMunfvufcHvkdufygu Ak'¨bmom0if jzpfayNyD/ xkdokH;yg;ukd

o&P*kH 3-yg;[k Ak'¨bmomwkdY ac:qkdMuonf/

Ak'¨bmom oDv

Ak'¨bmom0if wpfOD;twGuf vkdufemusifhokH;&onfh usifh0wf 5-rsdK; &Sdonf/

(1) olUtoufukd owfjcif;rS a&SmifMuOf&jcif;?

(2) olwpfyg; ypönf;ukd ckd;,ljcif;rS a&SmifMuOf&jcif;?

(3) umr*kPf azmufjyefrIrS a&SmifMuOf&jcif;?

(4) r[kwfrrSef ajymqkdjcif;rS a&SmifMuOf&jcif;?

(5) rl;,pfypönf; okH;pGJjcif;rS a&SmifMuOf&jcif; wkdY jzpfonf/

Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdYonf tcgBuD; &ufBuD;rsm;wGif 8-yg;oDvukd aqmufwnf usifhokH;Mu\/ xkdYjyif

tjcm; usifh0wfoDvrsm;vnf; &Sdao;\/ Ak'¨bk&m;\ "r®a'oemrsm;ü vlom;wkdYtwGuf vufiif;

vufawGU tusdK;jzpfaprnfh "r®a'oemrsm;vnf; rsm;jym;aX;<u,fvSonf/ Ak'¨bk&m;u ol\

"r®a'oemwkdYrSm vufiif;csrf;omukd &&Sdap&rnf/ tcgrqkdif; tusdK;&Sdap&rnf/ prf;oyfcHEkdifaom

pGrf;&nf &Sdonf[lí twdtvif; a[mMum;cJhonf/

Ak'¨bk&m;vufxufwGif bmom0g'ukd xlaxmifaeMuaom *kfdPf;q&mBuD;rsm; ay:aygufae\/

,if;q&mBuD;wkdYuvnf; rdrdwYkd\ w&m;omvQif trSefjzpfygonf[k a<u;aMumf atmf[pfvsuf

a[m>rufaeMu\/ tdEd´,jynfolwkdYonf 0g'rsm;tMum;ü Asmrsm;aeMuolrsm;vnf; &Sdaeonf/

rnfonfh0g'urSefonf rSm;onf[lí ra0cGJwwfolrsm; &Sdaeonf/ xkdtxJwGif

auorkwåed*kH;&Gmom; umvmrrif;om;wkdYvnf; tygt0if jzpfonf/



50

umvmra'oem pHjyKp&m

auorkwå&Gmom; umvmrrif;om;wkdYu Ak'¨bk&m;&Siftm; þokdY avQmufxm;\/

]] jrwfpGmbk&m;? auorkwåed*kH;okdY a&mufvmMuonfh &[ef;ykPÖm; *kdPf;q&mrsm;u rdrdwkdY\

t,l0g'om rSefonf? tjcm; t,l0g'rsm; rSm;onf[k ½IwfcsuJh&JhNyD; ajymqkdMuygonf?

wynfhawmfwkdUYrSm b,ft,l0g'u trSefjzpfonf[k ra0cGJEkdifatmif jzpfae&ygonf? t,l0g'awG

tay:rSm oHo,jzpfae&ygonfbk&m;? 0g'rSef &rnfh enf;vrf;ukd a[mMum;awmfrlyg? }}

xkdtcg Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifu t,l0g'a&;&mESifh ywfoufí pHxm;p&m a'oem 10-csufukd

a[mjyawmfrlonf/

]] tkd- umvmr rif;om;wkdY? oifwkdYonf t,l0g' wpf&yfukd-

(1) wpfqifhpum; Mum;&kHjzifhvnf; vufrcHMuESifh?

(2) ab;bkd;pOfvm t,l0g' jzpfívnf; vufrcHMuESifh?

(3) ] 'Dt&mu 'Dvkd jzpfowJh } [laom aumvm[v pum;ukdvnf; vufrcHMuESifh?

(4) rdrdwkdY avhvmxm;aom usrf;pmESifh nDnGwfonf[lívnf; vufrcHMuESifh?

(5) rdrdwkdY awG;ac: MuHqrIESifh ukdufnD½kHrQjzifhvnf; vufrcHMuESifh?

(6) ] 'Dt&m[m ,kwdå&Sdonf } [k enf;rSD axmufqí &½HkrQjzifhvnf; vufrcHMuESifh?

(7) ] 'Dt&m[m rSefuefNyD } [k rdrdbmom qifjcif okH;oyfí &½kHrQjzifhvnf; vufrcHMuESifh?

(8 ) rdrdwkdY pOf;pm;awG;MuH vufcHxm;aom t,l0g'ESifh ukdufnDNyD[lívnf; vufrcHMuESifh?

(9) rdrdwkdY ,HkMunfxkdufaom yk*d¾KvfBuD;u ajymaompum; jzpfívnf; vufrcHMuESifh?

(10) rdrdwkdY av;pm;aom q&morm;\ pum;jzpfívnf; vufrcHMuESifh? }}

þtcsufwkdYukd axmuf½Iaomtm;jzifh Ak'¨bk&m;onf vlrItusdK;w&m;ukd azmfaqmifEkdifrnfh

opö0g'ukd &&SdEkdif&eftwGuf ÓPcsdefcGifwGif wifí qkH;jzwfckdif;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ Ak'¨bk&m;onf

0g'a&;&m pHjyKp&m 10-csufukd a[mjyNyD;aemuf ukd,fwkdifvufawGU prf;oyf&rnfh

a'oem"r®ukdvnf; qufvufí a[mjyawmfrlonf/

]] tkd- umvmrrif;om;wkdY? oifwkdYonf ] 'Dw&m;u raumif;rI tukokdvfw&m;yJ? 'Dw&m;u

tjypf&SdwJh w&m;jzpfw,f? ynm&SdwkdY uJh&JhtyfwJh w&m;jzpfw,f? 'Dw&m;ukd usifhokH;&if



51

tusdK;rJhjzpfr,f? qif;&J'ku© a&mufapr,f } [k oifwkdYukd,fwkdif od&SdvmrnfqkdvQif xkdw&m;ukd

z,f&Sm;Mu&rnf? }}

þae&mwGif aumif;rIESifh raumif;rIqkdaom oabmw&m;ukd avhvm&awmhrnf/ raumif;rI[laom

oabmukd t,l0g'wpfckESifhwpfck owfrSwfykHcsif; rwlnDMuay/ Ak'¨a'oemawmfurl

raumif;aomtrI raumif;aom p½kdufwkdYukd þokdY tajz&Smay;xm;onf/

raumif;rI p½kdufqkd; 10-yg;

Ak'¨a'oemawmfü raumif;rI p½kdufqkd; 10-yg;ukd rjyKvkyf&ef wm;jrpfxm;\/

,if; 10-yg;wkdYrSm-

(1) ukd,fjzifh jyKvkyfaom p½kdufqkd; 3-yg; ?

(2) EIwfjzifh jyKvkyfaom p½kdufqkd; 4-yg; ?

(3) pdwfjzifh jyKvkyfaom p½kdufqkd; 3-yg;-

wkdY jzpfayonf/ ,if;p½kdufqkd; 10-yg;ukdvnf; þokdY csJUzGifhjyxm;\/

(1) ukd,fjzifh jyKvkyftyfaom p½kdufqkd; 3-yg;rSm-

(u) olwpfyg;\ toufukd owfjcif; ?

(c) olwpfyg;\ Opömukd ckd;,ljcif; ?

(*) umrrIü azmufjyefjcif; wkdYjzpfonf/

(2) EIwfjzifh jyKvkyfaom p½kdufqkd; 4-yg;rSm-

(u) r[kwfrrSef vdrfnm ajymqkdjcif; ?

(c) cifrifaeol tcsif;csif; pdwf0rf;uGJatmif ukef;wkdufpum; ajymqkdjcif; ?

(*) rdrd olwpfyg; tusdK;r&Sdaom pum;ukd ajymqkdjcif; ?

(C) Murf;wrf;aom pum;ukd ajymqkdjcif; wkdY jzpfonf/



52

(3) pdwfjzifh jyKvkyfaom p½kdufqkd; 3-yg;rSm-

(u) olwpfyg;\ ypönf;ukd rdrd&,l&ef rw&m;aom enf;vrf;jzifh MuHpnfjcif; ?

(c) olwpfyg;\ pnf;pdrfOpömukd zsufqD;&ef MuHpnfjcif; ?

(*) t,ltjrif rSm;,Gif;jcif; wkdY jzpfonf/

azmfjyyg p½kdufqkd;rsm;ukd rjyKvkyfbJ a&SmifMuOfaeolukd p½kdufaumif;&Sdol? pm&dwåaumif;ol [lí

Ak'¨a'oemawmfü a[mjyxm;avonf/

vlwkdYusifh&m r*Fvm

Ak'¨a'oemawmfü vlrIb0usifhxkH;rsm;ukd taumif;qkH;azmfjyonfh a'oemwpfckvnf; &Sdonf/

,if;um; r*Fvokwfw&m;awmf jzpfonf/ r*Fvokwfonf vlUb0wpfckvkH;twGuf aqmif&ef

a&Smif&efrsm;ukd azmfjyxm;\/ w&m;awmfukd tESpfcsKyfvQif 38-yg;rQ &Sdonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm

atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/

(1) vlrkdufukd raygif;azmfjcif;?

(2) ynm&Sdolukd qnf;uyfjcif;?

(3) ylkaZmfxdkufolukd ylaZmfjcif;?

(4) oifhavsmfaom t&yfa'oü aexkdifjcif;?

(5) a&S;u jyKaom aumif;rI&Sdjcif;?

(6) rdrdukd,fukd aumif;pGm xdef;odrf;jcif;?

(7) tMum;tjrif A[kokw rsm;jcif;?

(*) pufrI vufrIpaom tjypfrJhynmukd wwfajrmufjcif;?

(9) ,Ofaus;rI tusifhodu©mukd oif,ljcif;?

(10) aumif;aom pum;ukd ajymqkdjcif;?

(11) rdbESpfyg;wkdYtm; vkyfauR;jcif;?

(12) om; r,m;wkdYtm; ay;urf; axmufyHhjcif;?

(13) rnfolUukdrQ rxdckdfufaom tvkyfukd vkyfjcif;?

(14) ay;urf; vSK'gef;jcif;?



53

(15) jrwfaomtusifhukd usifhjcif;?

(16) aqGrsdK;wkdYukd wwfEkdifoavmuf axmufyHhjcif;?

(17) tukokdvf uif;aom tvkyfukd vkyfjcif;?

(18) raumif;rIukd pdwfjzifh a0;pGm a&Smifjcif;?

(19) raumif;rIukd ukd,f EIwfESpfyg;jzifh a&Smifjcif;?

(20) ao&nf ao&uf rl;,pfaq;0g;wkdYukd a&Smifjcif;?

(21) aumif;rIwkdYü rarhavsmhjcif; ?

(22) ½kdaoxkdufolukd ½kdaojcif;?

(23) armufrmrI r&SdbJ ESdrfhcsjcif;?

(24) &orQESifh a&mifh&J wif;wdrfjcif;?

(25) olwpfyg;\ aus;Zl;ukd odwwfjcif;?

(26) tcgtcGifh oifhwkdif; w&m;emjcif;?

(27) onf;cHwwfjcif;?

(28) qkdqkH;r vG,fulol jzpfjcif;?

(29) t&d,m oHCmwkdYukd zl;awGUjcif;?

(30) oifhavsmfaom tcgü w&m;aqG;aEG;jcif;?

(31) NcdK;jcHpGm usifhjcif;?

(32) jrwfaom tusifh &Sd&jcif;?

(33) t&d,opömw&m;ukd odjrif&jcif;?

(34) edAÁmefcsrf;omukd rsufarSmufjyKEkdifjcif;?

(35) avmu"Hw&m;wkdYukd cHEkdif&nf &Sdjcif;?

(36) pkd;&drf aMumifhMurI r&Sdjcif;?

(37) jyif;jyaom tvkd&r®uf uif;jcif;?

(38) aMumuf&GHUrI r&Sdjcif;?



54

BuD;yGm;csrf;om a'oem

vlom;wkdYonf b0wpfck jzpfwnfvmNyDqkdvQif t"duusaom vlUb0vkdtifrsm; rvGJraoG

jzpfay:vm&onf/ ta&; 4-yg;onf vlUb0\ y"mevkdtifrsm; jzpf\/ ,if;wkdYrSm-

(1) pm;aomufa&; ?

(2) 0wfqifa&; ?

(3) aexkdifa&; ?

(4) pdwfajza&; wkdY jzpfayonf/

orkdif;pOfquf vlom;wkdYonf þta&; 4-yg; jynfh0a&;twGuf vIyf&Sm;cJhMu&onf/

½kef;uefcJhMu&onf/ vlUorkdif;BuD; wnf&SdaeorQ enf;[ef trsdK;rsdK;jzifh vIyf&Sm;aeMu&rnfom

jzpfonf/ þokdY vIyf&Sm;aerSomvQif b0vkdtifrsm; jynfhpkHvmrnf/ vkdtifrsm; jynfh0a&;twGuf

pD;yGm;OpömwkdYukd &SmazGMu&onf/ pD;yGm;Opöm jynfhpkHrSomvQif ta&; 4-yg;ukd vG,fulpGm

ajz&Sif;EkdifMu\/

Ak'¨bk&m;onf vlrIb0 zlvkHa&;? pD;yGm;Opöm jzpfxGef;a&; twGufvnf; a'oemrsm;jzifh

a[mMum;cJhonf/ oAÁnKw ÓPftjrifjzifh bufpkH axmifhpkHrS a[mjycJhonf/

Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf yuú&ywårnfaom ed*kH;ü oDwif;okH;aepOf As*¢yZÆac:aom 'g,umwpfa,mufu

vlrIb0 zlvkHa&;twGuf pD;yGm;jzpfaMumif; w&m;wkdYukd ar;avQmufcJhonf/ xkdtcg bk&m;&Sifu

avmucsrf;om&aMumif;&Smí orÜ'gw&m; 4-yg;ukd a[mjyawmfrlavonf/

(1) O|me orÜ'g = rysif;r&d x<uvkHYv 0D&D,&SdrIESifh jynfhpkHjcif;?

(2) tm&u© orÜ'g = &&Sdvmonfh ypönf;OpömwkdYukd vdr®muRrf;usifpGm apmifha&Smuf

xdef;odrf;wwfrIESifh jynfpkHjcif;?

(3) uvsmPrdwå orÜ'g = rSDckd ukd;pm; tm;xm;avmufonfh rdwfaqGaumif; &SdrIESifh jynfhpkHjcif;?

(4) orZD0dw orÜ'g = pepfwus rQwpGm toufarG; okH;pGJ aexkdifwwfrIESifh jynfhpkHjcif;?

xkdYjyif BuD;yGm;csrf;omjcif;? atmifjrifausmfMum;jcif;paom tusKd;aumif;rsm; &&Sda&;twGuf

orÜwdåpufac:aom puf 4-rsdK;ESifhvnf; jynfhpkH&ef vkdtyfonf/



55

(1) y#d½ly a'o0go = pD;yGm;a&;? bmoma&;ponfh atmifjrif wkd;wufEkdifaomt&yfü tajccs

aexkdif&jcif;?

(2) oyÜK&dolyedó, = olawmfaumif;rsm;ESifh ynm&Sd rdwfaqGaumif; taygif;toif;rsm; &Sd&jcif; ?

(3) twåorm yPd"d = rdrdukd,fukd vlawmfvlaumif; jzpfatmif jyKjyifay;&jcif;?

(4) ykaAÁp uwyknwm = a&SUykdif;umv a&S;b0u jznfhusifh qnf;yl;cJhaom aumif;aom

vkyfaqmifrI &Sd&jcif;?

avmuD avmukwå&m bufpkHzGHUNzdK; wkd;wufa&;ukd &,lvkdaomyk*d¾Kvfonf txufyg a'oemtwkdif;

vkdufemusifhokH;tyfayonf/ þa'oemawmfvm BuD;yGm;csrf;omaMumif; w&m;rsm;onf

vufiif;b0twGuf {uef BuD;yGm;EkdfifaomOya'orsm; jzpfonf/ vufawGUusaom w&m;"r®vnf;

jzpfonf/

]] OKHzG ref;vQif t&rf; BuD;yGm;rnf? }} [laom rEÅ&a'oem pdwful;,Of *gxmrsKd;vnf; r[kwf/

]] wu,fvkyfrS t[kwfBuD;yGm;rnf? }} [laom vufawGU a'oem aqmifyk'fpmrsm; jzpfacsonf/

vlwkdYonf orÜ'g 4-yg;ESifhtnD BudK;pm;tm;xkwfojzifh b0ESifh b0pnf;pdrfrsm;ukd &&SdEkdifMuonf/

xkd&&Sdvmaom b0tajctaeukd rysufr,Gif;atmif rdrdb0ukd xdef;odrf;aewwfzkdYvnf;

vkdtyfonf/ tu,fí rdrdu taetxkdif rwwfcJhvQif &&SdNyD;aom b0pnf;pdrfrsm;

ysufpD;oGm;&rnf jzpfonf/

b0pnf;pdrfOpöm ysufpD; qkwf,kwfaMumif; w&m;rsm;ukd þokdY azmfjyxm;\/

(1) ao&nfao&ufpaom rl;,pfypönf;rsm;ukd okH;pGJavh &Sdjcif;?

(2) tcsdeftcgrJh c&D;oGm;vmavh &Sdjcif;?

(3) yGJobifwkdYü oGm;vm Munhf½Iavh &Sdjcif;?

(4) avmif;upm; ponfü 0goemxkHjcif;?

(5) raumif;aom taqGcifyGef;wkdYESifh aygif;oif;jcif;?

(6) ysif;&davh &Sdjcif;?



56

Ak'¨pmayü od*Fgavm0g'okwf a'oemawmfonf vlrI'ku© ajz&Sif;a&;? vlwef;pm;tcsif;csif;

ajyvnfpGm qufqHa&;paom vlrIa&;uxm pOf;rsOf;tjzmjzmwkdYukd azmfjyxm;aom w&m;awmf

jzpfonf/ Ak'¨w&m;awmfrsm;onf vlom;wkdY\ ta&; 4-yg;twGuf vufawGU&&SdEkdfifaom

"r®a'oemrsm; jzpfonf/

Ak'¨\a'oemwkdYwGif vkd&if;ukdEkwfí tusOf;csKyfxm;aom a'oemwpfyk'f &Sdonf/ ,if;a'oemrSm-

(1) raumif;rIukd rjyK&?

(2) aumif;rIukd jyK&rnf?

(3) pdwfukd jzLpifap&rnf-

[lí jzpfayonf/ txufyg 3-csufonf Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif\ "r®a'oemawmf tESpfcsKyf jzpfownf;/

Ak'¨\ 'óew&m;awmf

Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf trSefw&m;ukd&SmazG&mwGif obm0w&m;tay:ü csOf;uyfí &SmazGcJhonf/

avmuobm0ukd tajccHuspGm okH;oyfMunfh½IcJhonf/ xkdtcg avmuobm0ü wu,fwrf;

&Sdaeaom w&m; 4-rsdK;ukd awGUjrifvm&onf/

(1) tm½kHukd odwwfaom pdwfobm0w&m;?

(2) pdwfukd trSDjyKí jzpfay:wwfaom apwodufobm0w&m;?

(3) azmufjyef ajymif;vJaeaom ½kyfobm0w&m;?

(4) pGJvrf;rIrsm;rS vGwfajrmufaom edAÁmefoabmw&m;?

azmfjyyg obm0w&m; 4-yg;wkdYonf wu,fwrf;&Sdaeaom obm0w&m;rsm; jzpfonf/

xkdt&Sdw&m; 4-yg;wkdYwGif edAÁmef[laom obm0w&m;rSm Ak'¨ukd,fwkdif &SmazGawGU&SdcJhaom

"mwfobm0wpfck jzpfonf/ edAÁme"mwfonf vlom;wkdY\ Nidrf;csrf;rIukd tpOfxm0&ay;aeaom

"mwfobm0vnf; jzpf\/ Ak'¨bmomwkdY\ txGwftxdyfjzpfaom "mwfvnf; jzpfonf/

edAÁme"mwf\ tESpfom&obm0ukd &&SdEkdif&eftwGuf Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdif; tywfwukwf BudK;pm;

tm;xkwfaeMuavonf/



57

Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf edAÁme"mwfobm0ukd odjrifcHpm;Ekdif&eftwGuf a'oemtpm;pm;jzifh

a[mMum;jychJonf/ edAÁme"mwfukd odjrifEkdif&eftwGuf tm;xkwfMu&mü a&SmifMuOf&rnfh udpöwkdYukd

a&S;OD;pGm a[mjyxm;onf/

- umr*kPftm½kHaemufokdY &r®ufBuD;pGmvkdufí cHpm;aeojzifh edAÁme"mwfukd rodEkdif/

- rdrdcE¨mukd,fukd tqif;&JcHí yifyef;BuD;pGm usifhaeojzifhvnf; edAÁme"mwfukd rodEkdif/

rSefayonf/ edAÁme"mwfoabmukd ÓPfpu©Kjzifhom od&SdEkdif\/ cE¨mukd,fukd tyifyef;cHí

usifhMuHjcif;jzifh ÓPfvrf;aMumif;ay:okdY ra&mufEkdifay/

Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifukd,fwkdif 6-ESpfMumrQ cE¨mukd,fukd tyifyef;cHí usifhMuHcJhzl;onf/ tyifyef;cHvQif

tjrifrSef &vdrfhrnf[kvnf; ,kHMunfcJhonf/ xkdtcsdefu tdEd´,EkdifiH&Sd ½kd;&musifhxkH;rsm;rSm

trsm;tm;jzifh cE¨mukd,fukd n§Of;yef;&aom usifhxkH;rsm; jzpfonf/

Ak'¨avmif;vsm vkdcsifonfum; b0Nidfrf;csrf;rI jzpf\/ jidrf;csrf;rI &&Sd&eftwGuf cE¨mukd,fukd

n§Of;yef;usifh&onf/ cE¨mukd n§Of;qJojzifh cE¨m'ku¨om &cJhonf/ b0Nidrf;csrf;rIukd r&cJhay/

xkdYaMumifh ½kd;&musifhxkH;rsm;ukd vufvTwfNyD; b0Nidrf;csrf;rIukd rZÑdry#dy'gac: tv,ftvwf

vrf;pOfjzifh &SmazGcJhonf/ xkdtcgrS Nidrf;csrf;aom edAÁme"mwfukd awGUod& onf/ Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf-

(1) qif;&Jjcif; w&m;ukdvnf;aumif;?

(2) qif;&Jjcif; taMumif;w&m;ukdvnf;aumif;?

(3) Nidrf;csrf;rI w&m;ukdvnf;aumif;?

(4) Nidrf;csrf;jcif; taMumif;w&m;ukdvnf;aumif;-

ukd,fykdifÓPfjzifh awGUjrifvmonf/ xkd 4-rsdK;ukd opöm (trSefw&m;) av;yg;[k ac:qkd\/ ,if;

4-yg;\ t"dyÜm,frSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/

(1) qif;&Jjcif;w&m;/ / y#doaE¨ ae&jcif;? tkdrif;&jcif;? emzsm;&jcif;? aoqkH;&jcif;? rcspfolESifh

aygif;&jcif;? cspfolESifh cGJ&jcif;? tvkd&Sdaom tm½kHukd r&jcif;? tusOf;tm; jzifh pGJvrf;rItm½kHjzpfaom

½kyfemrftpkwkdYonf qif;&Jjcif;w&m; rnf\/



58

(2) qif;&JaMumif;w&m;/ / jyif;jyaom vkdcsifrI (0g) wPSmonf b0opfukdarQmfvifh jzpfay:avh

&Sd\/ xkdwPSmonf umrukd pGJvrf;jcif;? b0ukd pGJvrf;jcif;? 0db0ukd pGJvrf;jcif;rsm;

jzpfay:aponf/ xkdtpGJtvrf;rsm;onf qif;&JaMumif;w&m;rsm; jzpfonf/

(3) Nidrf;csrf;rIw&m;/ / pGJvrf;rIw&m;\ uif;&m? csKyfNidrf;&m? wPSm\ uyfNidfjcif;uif;&m

edAÁmefonf &Sd\/ xkdedAÁmef[laom oabmw&m;onf qif;&J\ csKyfNidrf;&m Nidrf;csrf;rI trSef jzpf\/

(4) Nidrf;csrf;jcif; taMumif;w&m;/ / edAÁme"mwfoabmukd od&SdEkdif&eftwGuf tajccHw&m; 8-yg;

&Sdonf/ xkd 8-yg;udk rZdÑry#dy'gvrf;pOf[k ac:onf/ r*¾if 8- yg;[kvnf; ac:\/

r*¾if&Spfyg; jrwfw&m;

(1) or®m'd|d/ / rSefuefaom tofdtjrifukd ac:onf/

'ku©opömukd odjrifjcif;? 'ku©opömjzpfaMumif; ork',opömukd odjrifjcif;? 'ku© csKyfNidrf;&m

eda&m"opömukd odjrifjcif;? 'ku©csKyf&m edAÁmefokdY a&mufaMumif; tusifhukd oddjrifjcif;?

(2) or®mouFyÜ/ / rSefuefaom tMuHtpnfukd ac:onf/

umr*kPftpGJrS xGufajrmuf&mukd MuHpnfjcif;? olwpfyg;wkdYtwGuf aumif;pm;a&; csrf;om;a&;ukd

MuHpnfjcif;? oem;a&S;½Ií owå0gwkdY\ csrf;oma&;ukd MuHpnfjcif;?

(3) or®0gpm/ / rSefuefaompum; ajymqkfdjcif;ukd ac:onf/

r[kwfrrSef ajymqkdjcif;? ukef;wkdufpum; ajymjcif;? ½kefY&if;Murf;wrf;aom pum;ukd ajymjcif;?

tusdK;r&Sd jydefzsif;aom pum;ukd ajymqkdjcif;wkdYrS a&SmifMuOfjcif;?

(4) or®mur®EÅ/ / rSefuefaomtrI jyKjcif;ukd ac:onf/

olUtouf owfjcif;? olUOpömukd ckd;,ljcif;? 0w¬Kumr*kPfwkdYü rSm;,Gif;pGm usifhjcif;wkdYrS

a&SmifMuOfjcif;?

(5) or®mtmZD0/ / rSefuefaom toufarG;rI jyKjcif;ukd ac:onf/

toufarG;rI vkyfief;ukd jyKvkyfaomtcg EIwfrI p½kdufqkd; 4-yg;? ukd,frI p½kdufqkd; 3-yg;wkdYukd

a&SmifMuOfjcif;?

(6) or®m0g,mr/ / rSefuefaom tm;xkwfrIukd ac:onf/



59

rjzpfao;aom tukokdvfw&m;wkdYukd rjzpfap&ef tm;xkwfjcif;? jzpfNyD;aom tukokdvfw&m;wkdYukd

qufvuf rjzpfay:ap&ef tm;xkwfjcif;? rjzpfao;aom ukokdvfw&m;wkdYukd jzpfay:ap&ef

tm;xkwfjcif;? jzpfNyD;aom ukokdvfw&m;wkdYukd xyfrH jyefYyGm;ap&ef tm;xkwfjcif;?

(7) or®mowd/ / rSefuefaom atmufarhrIukd ac:onf/

um,? a0'em? pdwf? "r®[laom ½kyfemrf obm0wkdYü tBudrfBudrf avhvmatmufarhjcif;?

(8) or®morm"d/ / rSefuefaom wnfMunfrIukd ac:onf/

½kyfemrf obm0ukd ½Ijrifqifjcif&mü pdwfukd wnfNidrfpGm xm;&Sdjcif;?

txufazmfjyyg r*¾if&Spf&yf w&m;jrwfukd tkyfpk trsdK;tpm; cGJjcm;&mü -

- or®'d|d? or®ouFyÜwkdYukd ] ynmr*¾if } üvnf;aumif;?

- or®m0gpm? or®ur®EÅ? or®mtmZD0wkdYukd ] oDvr*¾if } üvnf;aumif;?

- or®0g,mr? or®mowd? or®morm"dwkdYukd ] orm"dr*¾if } üvnf;aumif; xnfhoGif;

zGJUpnf;xm;avonf/

þr*¾if&Spfyg;onf opömac: trSefw&m;ukd odjrifEkdifaom w&m;rsm; jzpfonf/ edAÁme"mwfukd

awGUjrifEkdifaom taMumif;w&m;rsm; jzpfonf/ edAÁm"mwf\ obm0ukd awGUjrifod&Sdaomolonf

Ak'¨bmom\ txGwftxdyfjzpfaom w&m;"r®ukd &&Sdol rnfavawmhonf/

Ak'¨bk&m;onf jrifhjrwfaom trSefw&m; (opöm) 4-yg;ukd rd*'g0kefawm0emü tapmqkH;

a[mMum;cJhonf/ a'oemawmf\ trnfukd ] "r®puúy0wåeokwf } [k ac:onf/ xkdokwfü

a[mxm;aom a'oemxJwGif t"dyÜm,fazmf,l&ef cufcJaom taMumif;t&mrsm;vnf; yg&Sdonf/

t"dyÜm,f t,ltqrsm;vnf; uGJjym;Ekdifonf/

þokwfawmfüom r[kwf/ Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;aom tjcm;a'oemawmfrsm;üvnf; t"dyÜm,f

azmf,l&ef vQdKU0Sufeuf½Idif;aom cufcJodrfarGUaom taMumif;&yfrsm;ukd awGU&SdMu&onf/ vGefcJhaom

ESpfaygif; 2600-cefYu a[mMum;cJhaoma'oempum; a0g[m&rsm;rS &nfnTef;csufwkdYukd

,aeYacwftjrifESifh t"dyÜm,fazmf,l&ef cufcJonfrSm tqef;r[kwfay/ xkdYjyif Ak'¨a[mMum;aom

bmompum;uvnf; jrefrmbmom pum;r[kwf/



60

vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; 900-0ef;usifu yk*Hacwfxkd; jrefrmbmoma&; ausmufpmrsm;ukdyif jrefrmwkdY

t"dyÜm,fzGifhqkdcsufrsm;? aumuf,lqkH;jzwfcsufrsm; uGJjym;jcm;em;cJhMuonf r[kwfygavm/ rnfokdY

&Sdap? "r®puúy0wåeokwfü a[mMum;aom a'oemawmf\ vkd&if;tcsufukdrl odEkdifMuygonf/

owå0gwkdY qif;&Jjzpfay:ae&onfrSm wPSm[laom pGJvrf;rIaMumifh jzpfonf/ wPSmukd

jzwfawmufEkdifvQif pdwfykdif;qkdif&m qif;&J'ku¨vnf; jywfuif;oGm;rnf/ qif;&Juif;&m

edAÁme"mwfukdvnf; awGUjrifEkdifrnf jzpfavonf/

edAÁmefoabmw&m;

edAÁmefqkdonfrSm edyk'f? 0geyk'fwkdYukd aygif;pyfxm;aom a0g[m&jzpfonf/

ed= r&Sdjcif;? 0ge= pGJvrf;rI-

[lí t"dyÜm,f &Sdonf/ pGJvrf;rI r&Sdjcif;onfyif edAÁme"mwf\ t"dyÜm,fjzpfonf/ þa0g[m&ukd

jrefrmEkdifiH Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdYu ] edAÁmef } [lí ygVdowf a0g[m&jzifh ac: qkdaeMuonf/

edAÁmef\ *kPfyk'fukd zGifhqkda&;om;Muaom pmayrsm; tvGefrsm;jym;vSonf/ edAÁmefonf tvGefw&m

jrifhjrwfonf/ tpOfxm0& wnfNrJaeaom w&m;jzpf\/ ajr a& av rD;[laom "mwfBuD; 4-

yg;wkdYjzifh wnfaqmufxm;aom t&mvnf; r[kwf/ qif;&JrIukd ausmfvGef\/ qif;&JrI\

tqkH;vnf; jzpf\/ rnfolrQ zefqif;xm;aom t&mvnf; r[kwf/ wPSm Oyg'gefwkdYukd tajccHí

jzpfay:vmaom cHpm;rI a0'emrsdK;vnf; r&Sday/

edAÁmefü jzpfjcif;oabmw&m;vnf; r&Sd/ ysufjcif;oabmw&m;vnf; r&Sd/

obm0tavsmuf xm0&Nidrf;csrf;rI &Sdae\/ edAÁmef\ wnf&mukd nTefjyívnf; rjzpf/ tcsdefra&G;?

ae&mra&G; aoG;ESifhukd,f om;ESifhukd,fyif edAÁmefcsrf;omukd &&SdEkdifMuonf/ edAÁmefcsrf;omukd

wpfBudrfrQ awGU&SdcHpm;zl;olonf edAÁmef\ t&omukd xyfrHqkH;½IH;onf[k r&Sdawmhay/ tcsdefra&G;

edAÁmeft&omukd cHpm;EkdifMuavonf/



61

edAÁmefonf txnfukd,fj'yf[lí xif&Sm;r&SdbJ obm0tm;jzifh csKyfjidrf;aeonfh oknwvu©Pm

&Sdonf/ xkdjidrf;csrf;rIonf xm0&wnf&Sdaeaom obm0w&m; jzpfonf/ xm0&jidrf;csrf;aeaom

obm0onf xm0&0dnmOfawmfESifh rnfokdYrQ rywfoufacs/

edAÁmefonf umvrJhoabmw&m;vnf; jzpfonf/ tjzpfw&m; r&SdbJ wnfwHh ae\/ xkdYaMumifh

edAÁmefukd ] tjzpfrJh t&Sdw&m; } [k ac:qkdtyfayonf/ xkdtjzpfrJh t&dSw&m; tm½kHay:ü

pdwf0dnmOfukd wnfxm;Ekdifolonf vGwfajrmufrIukd &&SdoGm;awmhonf/ edAÁmef\ Nidrf;csrf;rI

oabmukd awGUjrifol jzpfayawmhonf/

edAÁmefukd jrifodEkdifaom? edAÁmef\ t&omukd cHpm;Ekdifaom yk*d¾KvfwkdYukd Ak'¨a'oemawmfü -

(1) aomwmyef tqifh?

(2) ou'g*grf tqifh?

(3) tem*grf tqifh?

(4) &[EÅm tqifh [lí 4-rsdK; cGJjcm; xm;\/

þokdY 4-rsdK; cGJjcm;xm;onfrSm pGJvrf;rI w&m;rsm;ukd y,fcGmEkdifaom pdwfpGrf;tm;ukd Munfhí

tqifhjyKvkyfxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ tqifh 4-rsdK;vkH;yif edAÁmefukd odjrifEkdifolrsm; jzpfonf/

xkdyk*d¾Kvfrsm;ukd ] t&d,myk*d¾Kvf } [lí ac:qkdxm;avonf/



62

tcef; (6)

ax&0g'ESifh jrefrmEkdifiH

Ak'¨bk&m;ESifh jrefrmEkdifiH

Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf oufawmfxif&Sm; &SdpOfuyif jrefrmEkdifiHokdY <ua&mufcJhaMumif; tcsdKU

rSwfwrf;rsm;ü azmfjyMuonf/ bk&m;&Sifonf *0Hywd&[EÅmrax&f\ yifhavQmufcsuft& aemufyg

&[EÅm 500-ESifhtwl ok0PÖbkrd®NrdKUokdY <ua&mufawmfrlvm\/ bk&m;&Sifonf yifv,fjyifxuf

aumif;uifjyifrS <uvmawmfrlpOf yifv,fa&jyiftwGif; [oFmwpf0yfpmrQ ay:aeaom oJjyifay:ü

[oFmzkdu atmuf? [oFmru xyfí 0yfaeonfukd jrif&onf/ xkdjzpf&yfukd Munfhí bk&m;&Sif

NyHK;awmfrl\/ xkdtaMumif;ukd ar;avQmuf&m ]] aemifaomtcg þae&mrSm [Hom0wDtrnf&Sdaom

jynfBuD; jzpfvdrfhrnf? }} [lí Asm'dwfMum;awmfrl\/

ok0PÖbkrd®jynfESifh Ouúvmyjynfü omoemawmf wnfxGef;rnfhtaMumif;ukdvnf;

Asm'dwfay;cJhonf/ ,if;Asm'dwfpum;t& [Hom0wDjynf? ok0PÖbkrd®jynf? OuúvmyjynfwkdYrSm

omoemxGef;um;&m jynfrsm; jzpfcJhMuonf/

tvm;wlyif t&dr'´eac: yk*HjynfBuD; wnfrnfhtaMumif;ESifh omoemawmf xGefum;rnfh

taMumif;ukdvnf; bk&m;&Sifonf wefYMunfhawmifrS Asm'dwfay;awmfrlonf/ okemy&EÅ? ty&EÅ ac:

rif;bl; v,fukdif;ausmif;awmf&mokdYvnf; <ua&mufonf/ pufawmf&mrsm;ukdvnf;

csxm;awmfrlavonf/ xkdrQ ruao;/ jrefrmEkdifiH apwDykxkd; trsdKrsdK;ESifh NrdKUawmfwnf&m

tjzmjzmwkdYukdvnf; bk&m;&Sif\ Asm'dwfawmft& jzpfay:vm&aMumif; orkdif;tapmifapmifwkdYü

a&;om; azmfjyxm;Muonf/ ,if;okdY a&;om;xm;MuonfrSm o'¨gw&m;ukd tajccHí ay:ayguf

vmaom pmayrsm; jzpfygonf/

Ak'¨bk&m;ESifh qufpyfí azmfjyaeMuonfrSm jrefrmEkdiHom r[kwf/ oD&dvuFmac:

oD[kdVfEkdifiHuvnf; Ak'¨bk&m;onf oD[kdVfuRef;okdY <ua&mufawmfrlvmaMumif;

oD[kdVfAk'¨bmom0ifwkdY vufcH,kHMunfaecJhMuonf/



63

tcsdKUokawoDwkdYu jrefrmEkdifiHokdY bk&m;&Sif <uvmawmfrlaMumif; t|uxmpum;jzifh

ukd;um;jyMuonf/ þukd;um;csufwkdYrSmvnf; rjiif;omaom ukd;um;csufrsm; jzpfonf/

tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf jrefrmEkdifiH twGif;&Sd omoedu txdrf;trSwf tcsdKUrSm xkdusrf;rsm;ESifh

ukdufnDaeaomaMumifhwnf;/ þokdY ukdufnDaeonfrSmvnf; a&S;acwfjrefrm wkdYonf

omoemawmfusrf;vm jzpfpOfwkdYukd twkvkdufí jyKvkyfxm;aomaMumifh jzpfayonf/

&Sif;ygOD;rnf/ jrefrmEkdifiHonf &mpkESpf tapmykdif;uyif tdEd´,vlrsdK;rsm;ESifh qufqHcJhMuonf/

tdEd´,,Ofaus;rIukd vufcHcJhMuonf/ xkdYaemuf Ak'¨bmomvnf; a&muf&Sdvmavonf/

jrefrmwkdYonf Ak'¨bmomukd vufcHNyD;aemuf Ak'¨pmayrsm;ukd avhvmMuonf/

MunfndKo'¨gyGm;Muonf/ Ak'¨bmom pmayxJu trnfemrrsm;ukd jrwfEkd;ojzifh twk,lí

rSnfhac:Muonf/

aemufykdif;wGif Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdYonf xkdtrnfwkdYukd tajccHí Ak'ömoedu txdrf;trSwf

ypönf;rsm;ukd wnfaqmufcJhMuonf/ xkdypönf;rsm;ukd usrf;*efwkdYjzifh jyefvnf udk;um;í

orkdif;jyKMujyef&m jrefrmEkdifiHokdY bk&m;&Sif <ua&mufvmygonfqkdaom t,ltqrsm; tjiif;yGm;p&m

jzpfae&avonf/

usrf;*efvm pum;t& omoeduvuf&m ypönf;rsm;pGmukd wnfxm;jyKpkMuonf/ orkdif;rsm;ukd

a&;om;Muonf/ þokdY a&;om;&mrS 'Gd[jzpf&mrsm; ay:aygufvm&jcif; jzpfayonf/

trSefrl Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf jrefrmEkdifiHokdY a&mufjcif;? ra&mufjcif;rSm jyóemwpf&yf r[kwfyg/

t"durSm Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif\ "r®a'oemawmfrsm; a&muf&Sdvmjcif;om y"me jzpfayonf/

Ak'ä'oemawmfrsm; a&muf&Sdaeojzifh w&m;awmf\ tESpfom&ukd &&SdaeMuonf?

usifhokH;aeMu&onf/

þokdY w&m;"r®ukd awGodusihfyGm;ae&onfyif Ak'¨bk&m;ukd awGUodzl;jrifae&jcif; jzpfygonf/

Ak'¨w&m;awmfukd rcH,l&vQif Ak'ä&muf&SdchJaomfvnf; tusdK;w&m; xl;jcm;rnf r[kwfay/



64

Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif ukd,fwkdifuvnf; w&m;awmf\ tESpfom&ukd rjrifvQif igbk&m;ukd zl;jrif&onf

rrnfaMumif;? w&m;awmfukd jrifrSom igbk&m;ukd jrifodEkdifrnf jzpfaMumif; 0uúvd&[ef;tm;

a[mMum;cJhygonf/ ,ckqkdvQif Ak'¨yGifh&m rZdÑra'oü omoemawmf tm;enf;arS;rSdefae&NyD/

omoemqkdonfrSm tqkH;trw&m;awmf jzpfonf/ w&m;a'oemawmf uG,faysmufvQif

vnf;aumif;? vlom;wkdYu ,kHMunfrI r&SdvQifaomfvnf;aumif; omoem uG,fy&rnfom

jzpfonf/

þokdY ,kHMunfrIukd vufqifhurf;í rxdef;odrf;EkdifcJhojzifh qHcsDxlyg? aAma&mAl;'l;?

tifaum0yfpaom apwDykxkd;wkdYrSm a&S;a[mif;ypönf;rsm; tjzpf txD;usef jzpfaecJh&avonf/

,cktcg jrefrmEkdifiHonf vufqifhurf; o,faqmifEkdifcJhojzifh ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom yGifhvif;&m

t"duEkdifiHawmf wpfcktjzpf &yfwnfaeEkdifcJhygonf/ ax&0g' 5-EkdifiH\ OD;aqmifEkdifiHvnf;

jzpfae\/ ax&0g' Ak'¨bmomonf jrefrmEkdifiHokdY rnfonfhumvrS pí 0ifa&mufvmcJhavoenf;/

omoemtp wykóESifh bvd’u

jrefrmEkdifiHokdY Ak'¨bmomukd pwifo,faqmifvmolrsm;rSm OuúvmyNrdKUom; wykóESifh

bvd’unDaemifwkdY jzpfaMumif; orkdif;a[mif;rsm;ü azmfjyMuonf/ þtaxmuftxm;ukd

r[m0gygVdawmfrS ,lí wifjycJhjcif; jzpfonf/ rlvu Ouúvmyonf jrefrmjynfü &Sdonf

r[kwfay/ tdEd´,EkdifiHwGif Ouúv wkdif;[kac:onf/ Ouúvwkdif;\ a&S;trnfrSm todwOöe jzpf\/

,cktcg a"mufvD[k ac:Muonf/ b*Fvm;taemufawmifbuf Mo&dóm(O&dqm)e,f yk&D'dpBwdwf

pD&ifpk e,fy,frsm;0,f &Sdonf/

wykó? bvd’u? OuúvwkdYESifh ywfoufí Ak'¨omoeduyx0D0ifusrf;ü þokdY

&Sif;csufxkwfxm;onf/



65

jrefrmjynf OuúvmytrnfrSm tdEd´,jynf Ouúvwkdif;rS ajymif;a&TUvmMuaom vlrsdK;rsm;u rdrdwkdY

ae&if;Xme Ouúvtrnfukd ,lí rSnfhac:vmjcif; jzpfonf[k rSwf,l&rnf/ xkdYaemuf OuúvrS

Ouúvmy[k trnfajymif;vJvm\/ wykóESifh bvd’unDaemifwkdY\ trnfukd ,if;usrf;ü

] wyók }ESifh bvd’du[k ac:qkdxm;\/ wykóESifh bvd’uwkdY\ rl&if;Zmwfd ae&yfa[mif;rSm

tdEd´,EkdifiH&Sd Ouúvwkdif; jzpfonf/

ukefonfnDaemifwkdY\ rsdK;½kd;onf Ak'¨ryGifhrD ESpfaygif; 100-ausmfavmufuyif

jrefrmjynfatmufykdif; &mrnwkdif;ü tajccscJhMuolrsm; jzpfonf/ ukefonfnDaemifwkdYonf

jrefrmjynf OuúvmyESifh tdEd´,jynf OuúvwkdY tMum;ü ukeful;oef;aeolrsm; jzpfonf/

ukefonfnDaemifwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ Zmwd Ouúvwkdif;rS wpfqifh rZdÑra'ookdY ukefa&mif;

oGm;Muonf/ y@Kwkdif;? vmVwkdif;wkdYukdausmfí O½ka0vawmpcef;okdY a&mufoGm;&m

Ak'¨bk&m;&SifESifh awGUMu&onf/

xkdtcsdefwGif Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;ukd rxlaxmif&ao;ay/ yGifhawmfrlNyD;p

umvjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh nDaemifwkdYonf o&P*kH 2-yg;ukdom cH,lMu&onf/ xkdYaemuf

bk&m;&Sifonf qHawmf"mwfrsm;ukd csD;ajr§mufcJhonf/ ukefonfnDaemifwkdYonf qHawmf"mwfukd

yifhaqmifNyD;aemuf Zmwd Ouúvwkdkif;rS y0wdåXme jrefrmjynf OuúvmyNrdKUokdY jyefa&mufvmMuonf/

OuúvmyokdY jyefa&mufvmaomtcg Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif\ qHawmf"mwfwkdYukd Xmyemí wdukH (a&Twd*kH)

apwDawmfukd wnfxm; ylaZmfMuonf/

xkdtcsdefrS pí jrefrmEkdifiHü Ak'¨omoem a&muf&SdcJhonf[k rSwf,lEkdifonf/

þqkH;jzwfcsuft&qkdvQif Ak'¨bmomESifh ywfoufaom apwDykxkd;wkdYwGif jrefrmEkdfifiH&Sd

a&Twd*kHapwDawmfonf urÇmay:wGif a&S;tusqkH; apwDawmf[k qkd&rnf/

]] apwDtp a&Twd*kHu }} [lí aqmifyk'frSwfwrf;jyKí vufcH&awmhrnf/



66

'kwd,ajrmuf omoema&mufjcif;

taomurif;vufxuf wwd,oH*g,em wifNyD;aemuf wkdif;a'oBuD; 9-ckokdY omoemjyK

rax&frsm;ukd apvTwfcJhonf/ xkdtxJwGif t&SifaomPESifh t&SifOwå&rax&f wkdY trSL;jyKaom

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67

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68

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70

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tqkdrsm; wdrf;,drf;cJh&onf/



74

jrefrm[k ac:wGifrnfh tpk0ifrsm;onf at'D 5-&mpkavmufuyif jrefrmjynf ajrjyefYa'ookdY

tajccscJhNyD[k qkdEkdifayonf/

a&S;OD;jrefrmwkdYonf at'D 5-&mpkcefYwGif taxGaxG taMumif;rsm;aMumifh a&Munf&m jrufEk&mokdY

qif;vmMuonf/ tcsdKUonf &ckdifawmifwef;qDokdY a&mufoGm;Muonf/ olwkdYonf &ckdifa'oü

] urf;,H } trnfjzifh tajccs aexkdifMuonf/ tcsdKUonf ykHawmif ykHnmokdY wufoGm;Muonf/

olwkdYukd ] a,m } (,0f) [k ac:onf/

tcsdKU jrefrmwkdYonf {&m0wDESifh csif;wGif;jrpf ESpfoG,f pyfMum;ü ae&mopfukd &SmazGMuonf/

xkdtcsdefwGif jrefrmwkdYtwGuf tajccsp&m ae&maumif;rsm; &Sm;yg;aeNyD/ ajraumif;

ajrjyefYa'orsm;rSm ysLvlrsdK;wkdY\ vufatmufü &SdaecJhMuNyD/

a&Tbkd0ef;usifonf [efvif;ysLwkdY\ vufatmufü &Sdae\/ v,fwGif;a'o

ausmufqnfvGifjyifrSmvnf; yifv,fysLwkdY\ vufatmufü &Sdae\/ atmufykdif;a'orSm

oa&acwå&mysLwkdY\ e,fajrjzpfonf/

jrefrmwkdYonf ae&mopfukd &SmazGMu&mü jrpf0Srf;a'oukdvnf; vkdcsifMuonf/ okdY&mwGif

jrpf0Srf;a'oü ae&maumif;rsm; &Sm;yg;aeNyD/ xkdYaMumifh ysLvlrsdK;wkdY rufarmjcif; r&Sdaom

a'owpfckü tajccs aexkdifMu&onf/ xkda'oum; aemiftcgwGif t&dr'´eyl& ac: yk*HNrdKUawmfBuD;

jzpfvmrnfh {&m0wDjrpfauGU a'oyifwnf;/

{&m0wDjrpfauGU&Sd wk&ifawmifajc a'oonf jrpfESifh eD;aomfvnf; pkdufcif;ysdK; uGuf vkyfcsuf

raumif;ay/ rkd;enf;a'ovnf; jzpfonf/ &moDOwk yljyif;onf/ xkdYaMumifh

usefppfom;ausmufpmrsm;ü yk*Ha'oukd ] wwåa'o } (avmavmylaomt&yf) [k qkdcJh\/

ajreDoJ0Srf;rsm; jzpfaomaMumifh ] wrÁ'Dy } (aMu;eDa&mifa'o) [lívnf; &Sif'domygarmuf

ausmufpmü a&;xkd;xm;cJhavonf/



75

at'D 6-&mpkavmufwGif jrefrmwkdY tiftm;pkpnf;rdvmNyD/ rdrdwkdY\ ukd,fykdif,Ofaus;rIukd

xlaxmifMuNyD/ at'D 638-ckESpfwGif jrefrmwkdYu ukd,fykdif ouú&mZfukd tokH; jyKMuonf/

at'D 9-&mpkausmfavmufwGif eefacsmif (eefapm) a'oü uGJuGmae&pfaom jrefrmvlrsdK;wkdYESifh

wpfEG,fwnf; jzpfonfh ] riftpk } 0ifwkdYvnf; jrefrmjynfwGif;okdY a&muf&SdvmMuonf/

xkdtcsdefwGif jrefrmwkdY tiftm;pk BuD;xGm;vmNyD; yk*Hukd A[kdjyKí EkdifiHawmfopfukd xlaxmifMuonf/

xkdtcsdefü ysLvlrsdK;wkdYvnf; 0g;tpnf;ajyovkd jzpfaeMuNyD/ oa&acwå&monf vlrsdK;pkcsif;

y#du©jzpfjcif;? ukd;uG,frIjcif; rajyrvnfjzpfjcif;paom taMumif;wkdYaMumifh pdwf0rf;uGJaeMuNyD

jzpfí tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmvnf; rwnfwHhawmh/ tmPmvk wkdufyGJrsm; jzpfyGm;&mrS aejynfawmf

ysufpD;cJh&onf/

ajrmufykdif;&Sd [efvif;NrdKUawmfrSmvnf; at'D 832-ckESpfwGif eefacsmifwkdY wkfdufckdufaomaMumifh

ysufpD;&onf/ wpfzef 835-ckESpfwGif v,fwGif;a'o yefavmifjrpfteD;&Sd rkdif;arm[k ac:aeMuaom

yxryifv,fNrdKU (w½kwftac: rdcsJif= pyg;NrdKU)ukdvnf; eefacsmifwkdYu qufvufí

wkdufckdufzsufqD;cJhjyefonf/ þokdYjzifh ysLa'o tkyfcsKyfa&;rsm; ysufpD;cJh&avonf/

xkdtcsdefwGif yk*Ha'oü&Sdaom jrefrmwkdYonf EkdifiHawmftiftm;ukd csJUxGifEkdifMuonf/

ysLe,fajrrsm;ukdyg tkyfpkd;vmEkdifMuonf/ ysLvlrsdK;wkdYonf wjznf;jznf;ESifh jrefrmwkdY\

tkyfcsKyfrIukdcH,l&aom vlrsdK;rsm; jzpfvmMuonf/ aemufykdif; &mpkESpfrsm;wGif ysLwkdYonf

jrefrmwkdYESifh aoG;aESmum ]] ysLvnf; jrefrm jrefrmvnf; ysL }} [laom tqihfokdY

a&muf&SdvmcJhavawmhonf/

ax&0g' omoemhEkdifiHawmf

at'D 8-&mpk 0ef;usifwGif ysLwkdY\ NrdKUjyEkdifiHi,frsm;ü bmomt,l0g'rsm; ½IyfaxG;ae\/

r[m,me? jA[®P0g'? ewfukd;uG,frI? e*g;ukd;uG,frIpaom t,l0g'rsdK;pkHukd vufcH

usifhokH;aeMuonf/



76

þt,l0g'rsdK;pkHonf jrefrmEkdifiHawmfopfukd xlaxmifaomtcgü yk*HNrdKUawmfokdY

ul;a&mufvmMuonf/ xkdYaMumifhyif yk*HacwfOD;ü t,l0g'rsdK;pkHukd awGU&SdaeMu&onf/

xkdt,l0g'rsm;xJwGif orxD; t&nf;BuD;wkdY\ wEÅ&*kdPf;rSm tus,fjyefYqkH;[k qkdEkdifonf/

yk*HacwfOD;wGif t&nf;BuD;acgif;aqmif wEÅ&&[ef;BuD; 3-usdyfESifh wynfhaygif; 60000-

(ajcmufaomif;) rQ &Sdaeavonf/

taemf&xmrif; eef;wufvmaomtcgü t,l0g'rsdK;pkHwkdYrSm ukd,fhenf;ukd,fh[efESifh

tm;jydKifaeMuonf/ taemf&xmrif;onf ukd;uG,frIoefYpifa&;ukd aqmif&GufvkdaomqE´

jyif;jyvsuf &Sdonf/ okdYaomfvnf; rnfodYk aqmif&Guf&rnf[k rodEkdifbJ jzpfae& avonf/

xkdtcsdefwGif oxkHrS t&Sift&[Hrax&fESifh awGUBuKHcJh&onf/ Ak'¨\ ax&0g' a'oemawmfukd

emMum;cJh&onf/ taemf&xmrif;onf t&Sift&[H\ a'oemawmfukd oabmusoGm;onf/

MunfndKo'¨gyGm;oGm;onf/ rdrd\ yk*Haejynfawmfü ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom xGef;jyefYap&rnf[k

qkH;jzwfvkdufonf/

xkdYaemuf t&Sift&[Hrax&fukd q&mjyKí ukd;uG,frIoefYpifa&;ukd aqmif&Gufavawmhonf/

,cifu jynfolwkdYukd;uG,faeaom t,l0g'rsm;ukd acszsufypfonf/ wEÅ& rEÅ&wkdYjhzifh

yk*HjynfolwkdYukd vSnfhpm;aeaom t&nf;BuD;wkdYtm; vl0wfvJaponf/ xkdYaemuf

t&nf;BuD;vlkxGufrsm;ukd tJarmif; vSHukdif qifacs;usKH; jrif;acs;usKH; tvkyfwkdYukd apckdif;onf/

awmifolBuD;rif; vuffxufu tm;ay;ojzifh xGef;um;cJhaom e*g;udk;uG,frIukdvnf; rif;rdefYjzifh

wm;qD;ypfonf/

xkdtcsdefrSpí ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom xGef;um;vmavonf/ EkdifiHtkyfcsKyfaomrif;u tm;ay;ojzifh

EkdifiHom;wkdYuvnf; Ak'¨bmomukd ukd;uG,fqnf;uyfvmMuonf/ aemufykdif;wGif jrefrmEkdifiHonf

ax&0g' omoemhEkdifiHawmf jzpfvmcJhavonf/



77

jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxuf Ak'¨bmom

taemf&xmrif;BuD; jyKpkcJhaom ax&0g' Ak'¨bmomrSm tajcckdifoavmuf&SdaeNyD;rS

apmvl;rif;vufxufwGif tm;enf;ovkd jzpfoGm;&jyefonf/

apmvl;rif;onf t&nftcsif; csnfheJYaom rif;wpfyg; jzpfonf/ pGrf;&nf&SdolwkdYukd rcsD;ajr§mufwwf/

rdrdukd tEÅ&m,fjyKrnfholtm; eef;wGif;üxm;í ajr§mufpm;onf/ usefppfom;uJhokdY opömapmifhodaom

vlpGrf;aumif;ukdyif yk*HaejynfawmfrS y,fxkwfxm; cJhonf/

þtcGifhaumif;ukd,lí yJcl;pm; i&refu ykefuefonf/ i&refonf apmvl;rif; ajr§mufpm;xm;aom

NrdKUpm;wpfOD; jzpfonf/ i&refonf ppftiftm;ukd pkpnf;vsuf yk*Haejynfawmfukd odrf;ykduf&ef

csDwufvmavonf/

apmvl;rif;onf yJcl;pm; i&ref\ ppfOD;ukd ukd,fwkdifcsDwufí wkdufckdufonf/ i&ref\

ppfy&d,m,fukd em;rvnfaomaMumifh apmvl;rif; tzrf;cH&onf/ xkdpOf usefppfom;u oGm;a&muf

u,fwifao;onf/ okdYaomfvnf; usefppfom;ukd txifvGJojzifh tu,frcHcJh/ aemufqkH;wGif

apmvl;rif;onf i&ref\ vufcsufjzifh toufao&avonf/

i&ref\ xkd;ppfqifvmrIaMumifh yk*HjynfolwkdYonf aMumuf&GHUxdwfvefYaeMu\/ apmvlrif;

usqkH;í yk*HwyfBuD;ysufaomtcg NrdKUawmfae jynfolrsm;ESifh &[ef;oHCmwkdYonf NrdKUawmfESifh

a0;&mokdY ajy;a&SmifukefMuonf/ yk*Hjynfü ½kwfw&uf vlOD;a&avsmhyg;oGm;NyD; pnfa0p

&[ef;oHCmrsm;vnf; yg;&Sm;oGm;awmhonf/

aemufykdif;wGif usefppfom;OD;aqmifí i&ref\ykefuefrIBuD;ukd EdIrfeif;EkdifcJhonf/ usefppfom;

atmifEkdifojzifh yk*HjynfolwkdYu usefppfom;tm; yk*HxD;eef;ukd tkyfcsKyf&ef vTJtyfMuonf/

usefppfom;onf rarQmfvifhbJ rif;jzpfvm&onf/



78

usefppfom;rif;onf yk*Hjynfukd jyefvnfpnfyGm;atmif aqmif&Guf&onf/ ajy;a&Smifaeaom

yk*HjynfolwkdYukd jyefí ac:aqmif&onf/ &[ef;awmfwkdYukd jyefí yifhaqmif&onf/ þokdY jyefvnf

pnf;½kH;Ekdifojzifh yk*Hjynf Ak'¨omoemvnf; qufvuf zGHUNzKd;vmcJhavonf/

xkdYaemuf yk*HacwfwpfavQmuf tkyfpkd;oGm;Muaom rif;wkdYonf ax&0g' Ak'¨bmomukdyif

qufvuf ukd;uG,fcJhMuonf/ tm;ay;csD;ajr§mufcJhMuonf/ jrefrmrif;pOf wpfavQmufvkH;wGif

Ak'¨bmomukd tav;rxm;bJ rav;rpm;vkyfaom rif;[lí tvGefenf;yg;vSonf/

yk*Hacwf e&olrif;onf &[ef;awmfwkdYukd taeSmifht,Suf ay;cJhzl;onf/ tif;0acwfwGif

Ak'¨bmomukd r,kHMunfaomaMumifh &[ef;awmfwkdYukd owfjzwfaom okd[efbGm;uJhokdY

rif;wpfOD;ukdvnf; awGU&onf/ okd[efbGm;onf Ak'¨bmom0if r[kwfaomaMumifh

omoemh0efxrf;wkdYukd ESdyfpufcJhjcif; jzpfonf/

apmapmykdif;u Ak'¨bmom0if jzpfygvsuf aemufykdif;wGif rdrdbmomukd opömazmufum

tjcm;bmomokdY ul;ajymif;oGm;aom rif;wpfyg;ukdvnf; &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; awGU&onf/ xkdrif;um;

&wkbk&if[k ac:wGifaeMuaom awmifilbk&if ewf&Sifaemif jzpfayonf/

jrefrmorkdif;pOf &mZ0ifwpfavQmufwGif Ak'¨bmomukd trnf;uGufxifatmif jyKvkyfcJholwkdYrSm

xkdrif; 3-OD;omvQif &Sdavonf/



79

tcef; (7)

ax&0g' *kdfPf;uGJrsm;

yk*Hacwf *kdPf;uGJrsm;

tdE´d,EkdifiHESifh oD&dvuFmEkdifiHwkdYwGif Ak'¨omoem*kdPf;uGJrsm; ay:aygufvmouJhokdY

jrefrmEkdifiHüvnf; omoem*kdPf;uGJrsm; ay:aygufcJh\/ okdY&mwGif tdEd´,*kdPf;uGJrsm;rSm

t0wftqif? tusifhtMuH? pmayrS pí tvGefuGJjym;Muonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHü uGJjym;aom *kdPf;rsm;rSmrl þrQ jcm;em;jcif; r&Sday/ ax&0g' avmif;&dyfrSyif

uGJjym;cJhMujcif; jzpfonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH omoem*kdPf;uGJrsm;ukd avhvmvQif tcsdKUrSm rmeukd tajccHí

uGJjym;Muonf/ tcsdKUrSm tenf;i,faom t,ltqukd tajccHí uGJJjym;Muonf/

tenf;i,faom usifhMuHrIukd tajccHí uGJjym;Muonf/ ukd;uG,fol bk&iftm;ukd;jzifh

uGJjym;Muonf/ q&mpGJ twåpGJukd tajccHí uGJJjym;Muonf/ yk*HacwfwGif rlvu oxkHrSvmaom

t&Sift&[H OD;aqmif jyKpkcJhonfh oHCmh tzGJUtpnf; wpfckwnf;om &Sdonf/

e&ywdpnfolrif;vufxuf a&mufaomtcg oD[kdVfjyef oHCmhtzGJUu q&mpGJjzifh oHCmhuHukd

oD;jcm;jyKMu&mrS *kdPf;wpf*kdPf; xyfyGm;vmonf/

xkdtcsdefrS pí yk*Hjynfü oHCm*kdPf; 2-*kdPf; jzpfvmonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm-

(1) yk&droHCm*kdPf; ?

(2) ypämoHCm*kdPf;-

wkdY jzpfayonf/

(1) yk&droHCm*kdfPf;rSm t&Sift&[H xlaxmifcJhonfh a&S;OD;oHCm*kdPf; jzpfonf/

(2) ypämoHCm*kdPf;rSm t&Sifqy'rax&f xlaxmifaom*dkPf; jzpfonf/

qy'onfoD[kdVfokdY oGm;í pmayoifMum;&mrS tjyefwGif t&SifoD0vd? t&SifwmrvdE´?

t&SiftmeE´mESifh t&Sif&m[kvmwkdYukd yifhvmcJhonf/ jrefrmjynf a&mufaomtcg ¤if;wkdYu



80

rdrdwkdYbmom oHCmhuHukd jyKvkyfMuonf/ e&ywdpnfolrif;uvnf; xkd&[ef;tzGJUukd tm;ay;onf/

xkd*kdPf;rSm aemufrS ay:aygufvmaomaMumifh ] ypämoHCm*kdPf; } [k ac:Muonf/

xkd*kdPf;xJrS t&Sif&m[kvmrSm vlxGufNyD; rmvm,kokdY xGufoGm;onf/ rMumrD t&Sifqy'vnf;

ysHvGefawmfrlonf/ acgif;aqmifrax&f 3-yg;om usefawmhonf/

xkdrax&f 3-yg;wkdYvnf; aemufykdif;wGif vmbfvmbESifh pyfí oabmxm; rnDnGwfojzifh

uGJjym;ukefMuonf/ *kdfPf;wpfckpD xlaxmifMuonf/ xkdtcsdefwGif yk*Hjynfü-

(1) yk&droHCm*kdPf; ?

......ypämoHCm*kdPf;rS-

(2) t&SifoD0vd tEG,f*kdPf; ?

(3) t&SifwmrvdE´ tEG,f*kdPf; ?

(4) t&SiftmeE´m*kdffPf;-

[lí 4-*kdPf; ay:aygufcJhavonf/

&mrnoHCm*kdPf;rsm;

yk*Hacwf aemufykdif;wGif atmufykdif;a'oüvnf; &mrn*kdPf;ac: oHCm*kdPf;uGJ rsm; ay:aygufcJh\/

xkd*kdPf;xJrS tcsdKU*kdPf;rsm;rSm yk*Homoem*kdPf;uGJrsm;rS jyefYyGm;aeaom *kdPf;rsm; jzpfonf/

&mrnwkdif; [Hom0wDukd tkyfpkd;aom "r®apwDrif; vufxufü oHCm*kdPf;BuD; 6-*kdPf;rQ

&Sdaeonf/

(1) uarÁmZ*kdPf;/ / taomurif; vufxufu t&SifaomPESifh t&SifOwå&rax&fwkdY

tquftEG,f*kdPf; jzpfonf/ ,if;*kdPf;ukd ] t&d,moHCm*kdPf; } [kvnf; ac:onf/ xkd*kdPf;rS

rax&fwpfyg;onf pmayy&d,wf jynfhpkHaomaMumifh xif&Sm;onf/ xkdrax&fonf vud©,NrdKU?

y*Fgacsmif;teD;ü oDwif;okH;onf/ xkdausmif;ESifh reD;ra0;ü tdrfaps;BuD;vnf; &Sdonf/ xkdtdrfaps;

ywf0ef;usifwGif uarÁmZwkdif;om; okHUyef;wkdYukd aeaponf/ xkdaps;ukdvnf; uarÁmZaps;[k

ac:onf/ aemufykdif;wGifum; ausmif;ukdvnf; uarÁmZaps;ausmif;[k ac:onf/



81

wpf&Haomtcg 'vNrdKUrS oD&dpnfol trnf&Sdaom 'g,umu uarÁmZaps;ausmif; rax&ftm;

ausmif;BuD;aqmufí wifvSLukd;uG,fonf/ xkdrax&frS qif;oufvmaom oHCmwkdYukd

]uarÁmZ*kfdPf; } oHCm[k ac:qkdMuonf/

(2) &SifoD0vd*kdPf;/ / xkd*kdfffPf;rSm yk*Hjynf t&SifoD0vd rax&f*kdPf;rS qufyGm;vmaom*kdPf;

jzpfonf/

(3) &SifwmrvdE´*kdfPf;/ / yk*HrSyif a&mufvmonf/

(4) &SiftmeE´m*kdPf;/ / yk*HrSyif a&mufvmonf/

(5) &SifAk'¨0Ho*kdPf;/ / rkwårNrdKUom; t&SifAk'¨0Hoonf oD[kdVfokdY oGm;í yOöif;cHNyD; jyefvmonf/

rdzk&m;u ukd;uG,fojzifh rdzk&m;q&mawmf[k ac:onf/ xkdq&mawmfuvnf; *kdffPf;wnfaxmifí

oHCmhuHukd oD;jcm; jyKavonf/

(6) &Sifr[mem**kdPf;/ / xkdrax&frSmvnf; rkwårNrdKUom;yif jzpfonf/ oD[kdVfoGm;í yOöif;cHonf/

jyefvmaomtcg oD;jcm; oHCmhuH jyKí *kdPf;axmifaeol jzpfonf/

txufyg *kdPf;BuD; 6-*kdPf;wkdYonf wpf*kdPf;ESifh wpf*kdfPf; aygif;oif;jcif; rjyKMu/ rdrdwkdY

*kdPf;tcsif;csif;om oHCmhuH jyKaeMuonf/ "r®apwDrif; eef;wufcsdeftxd xkdtwkdif;yif aqmif&Guf

jyKusifhaeMuonf/

"r®apwDrif;onf omoemawmf xGef;um; jyefYyGm;a&;ukd txl;aqmif&Gufaeonf/ omoedu

taqmufttkH rsm;pGmukd aqmufvkyfonf/ oHCmawmfwkdYtm; ypönf; av;yg;jzifh axmufyHh

ylaZmfonf/ okdYaomfvnf; oHCmwkdYrSm *kdPf;tcsif;csif; aygif;oif;jcif; rjyKMuojzifh

pdwfauseyf[ef rwlay/ oHCmcsif; pnf;vkH;nDnGwfapcsifonf/ okdYaomfvnf; a&S;txufuyif

uGJjym;vmcJhMuojzifh pnf;vkH;ay;&ef rvG,fvSacs/



82

"r®apwDrif;onf oHCm*kdfPf;rsm;ukd pnf;½kH;&ef rjzpfEkdifaomaMumifh oD;jcm; omoemukd

xlaxmif&ef qkH;jzwfvkdufonf/ þudpöukd aqmif&GufEkdif&eftwGuf odrfoHo,

ukdtaMumif;jyonf/

"r®apwDrif;onf vuf&Sdodrfrsm;rSm oHo,jzpfzG,f &Sdonf[k qkdum &[ef;awmf rsm;ukd oD[kdVfokdY

apvTwfí odu©mopf wifaponf/ jyefa&mufvQif oD[kdVfjyef q&mawmf rsm;jzifh

uvsmPDodrfawmfBuD;ukd orkwfonf/ xkdodrfawmfBuD;ü yOöif;opf tajrmuftjrm;ukd cH,laponf/

tjcm; &[ef;awmfrsm;ukdvnf; odu©mopf wif,laponf/ "r®apwD rif;onf uvsmPDodrfxGuf

&[ef;wkdYukd OD;pm;ay;onf/ tjcm;odrfrsm;rS &[ef;jyKolwkdYukd tav;rxm;awmhay/

"r®apwDrif;\ aqmif&Gufcsufonf atmifjrifonf[k qkd&ygrnf/ aemufykdif; wGif txufyg *kdPf;

6-*kdPf;rS &[ef;wkdYvnf; uvsmPDodrfawmfü odu©mopfukd wif,lMuonf/ yl;aygif;

nDnGwfoGm;Muonf/

"r®apwDacwf aemufykdif;wGif oHCm*kdPf;uGJrsm;vnf; arS;rSdefoGm;\/ aysmufuG,foGm;awmh\/

"r®apwDrif;\ *kdPf;aygif;pnf;a&; aqmif&GufcsufrSm csD;usL;zG,f aumif;vS\/

omoemawmf oefY&Sif;pifMu,fa&;

"r®apwDrif;onf omoemawmf oefYpifa&;ukdvnf; tav;xm;í aqmif&Gufonf/ xkdacwfwGif

omoemawmfESifh rtyfpyfaom tvkyfwkdYukd usifhaqmifaeolrsm; &Sdonf/

xkd&[ef;rsdK;ukd Ekdifeif;pGm wm;jrpfyg&ef q&mawmfwkdYtm; avQmufxm;cJh\/ rif;BuD;\

omoemawmfa&; avQmufxm;csufrsm;rS atmufygtcsufwkdYukd MunfhvQif xkdacwf\

roefYpifrIrsm;udk awGUMu&ygrnf/

- aq;ukaom trIukd jyKaom&[ef; ?

- *Pef; (aA'if)twwf? vuform;twwf? qifpG,fyGwform; twwfukd jyKaom&[ef; ?

- rif;ESifh rif;trwf tp&Sdaom olwkdY\ uav;oli,fwkdYukd csDykd;xdrf;,jcif;ukd jyKay;aom &[ef; ?



83

- OyÜgwoEdÅusrf;? edrdwfzwfusrf;? tdyfrufzwfusrf; zwfjcif;ukd jyKojzifh csrf;omqif;&Jukd

a[majymaom &[ef; ?

- yef;csDaq;a&;trI? yefykorm;trI? yef;xdrform;trI? bk&m;qif;wk vkyfaom

yef;&eform;trIponfwkdYukd jyKí umr*kPf pnf;pdrfukd cHpm;ukefaom vlwkdYuJhokdY toufarG;aom

&[ef; ?

- 0gcif;? oav;cif;? aumufcif;? rka,mcif;? i½kwfcif; ponfwkdYokdY oGm;í &SnfpGmaom

oDcsif;oHjzifh w&m;a[mvsuf 0g? aumufpyg;? oav;pyg;? rka,mpyg;? i½kwfoD;ponfukd

&onf&Sdaomf ukefoG,fa&mif;csjcif;jyKaom &[ef; ?

- ravsmfaom vlwkdYESifh a&maESmjcif;jzifh a&maESmaexkdifaom &[ef; ?

xkdtvkH;pkHaom &[ef;wkdYonf ,kwfrmaom &[ef;wkdYwnf;/ xkd,kwfrmaom &[ef;wkdYtm;

t&Sifbk&m;wkdYonf rdrdtxHü tNrJrjywf aepdrfhaomiSm tcGifh ray;Muapukefownf;/

"r®apwDrif;onf þokdYyif omoemawmfoefYpifa&;? t,ltjrif rSefuefa&;ukd OD;pm;ay;í

aqmif&GufcJhaom rif;jzpfayonf/

t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;

yk*Hacwf aemufykdif;rS pí jrefrmjynfwpf0ef;wGif *kdPf;BuD; 2-*kdPf; xGef;um;cJhonf/

xkd*kdfPf;BuD;rsm;rSm ] t&nf;BuD;*kdPf; } ESifh ] yGJausmif;*kdPf; } wkdY jzpfonf/

,ckazmfjyrnfh t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;rSm taemf&xmrwkdifrDu ay:aygufcJhaom t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;

r[kwfay/ taemf&xm rwkdifrDu t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;rSm r[m,me*kdPf;rS yJhyGm;vmaom

wEÅ&*kdPf;uGJwpfck jzpfonf/ xkd*kdPf;rSm taemf&xmrif;u wkdufzsufvkdufojzifh 11-&mpkuyif

uG,faysmufoGm;cJhonf/ xkd*kdPf;ukd yxrt&nf;BuD;*kdPf;[k ac:Ekdifonf/

,ck azmfjyrnfh t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;rSm e&ywdpnfolrif; vufxufrSpí ay:aygufvmaom

*kdPf;jzpfonf/ xkd*kdPf;ukd omoem0if q&mpOfwkdYü xnfhoGif;xm;jcif; r&Sday/

okawoeynm&SifwkdYu ausmufpmtukd;tum;jzifh &SmazGawGU&Sdxm;aom *kdPf;jzpfonf/



84

t&nf;qkdonfrSm t&n[laom ygVda0g[m&ukd emrowfjyKí ac:qkdxm;jcif; jzpfonf/

jrefrmbmomjzifh ] awmausmiff;*kdPf; } [k t"dyÜm,f&onf/

awmausmif;*kdPf;0if t&nf;BuD;wkdYonf awmausmif;ü aeMuaomfvnf; w&m;bm0emukd

yGm;rsm;aeMuolrsm; r[kwfay/ olwkdYonf avmuDt,l0g'wkdYukd vkdufpm;Muonf/ wEÅ&*kdPf;\

vkyfaqmifcsufwkdYukd tarGcHí vkyfukdifMuonf/ 0dZÆmjzpfa&;? od'd¨aygufa&;qkdaom vkyfief;rsm;ukd

jyKvkyfMuonf/

t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;0ifwkdYrSm trJtpm pm;jcif;? ao&nft&uf aomufokH;jcif;? nbufwGif trJao&nf

ponf tvSLcHí okH;aqmifMuaMumif; ausmufpma[mif;rsm;ü awGUMu&onf/

xkd*kdPf;ukd wnfaxmifolrSm &Sifuóy jzpfonf/ &Sifuóyonf awmausmif; ü aeí wEÅ&*kdfPf;

tvkyfukd wGifus,fatmif jzefYjzL;onf/ rdrdukd,fwkdifum; ax&0g'Ak'¨bmom &[ef;awmftjzpf

cH,lxm;onf/ ax&0g'avmif;&dyfukd ckdvIHí avmuDwEÅ& tvkyfukd BudK;ukwf aqmif&Gufaeol

jzpfonf/

xkd&Sifuóy\ tw¬KyÜwdåwGif usm;ukdpD;í c&D;oGm;jcif;? rdausmif;ukdpD;í yifv,fjyifukd

jzwfausmfjcif;paom tHhbeef;Zmwfvrf;rsm;jzifh tqef;wMu,f azmfjyMu\/ xkdyk*d¾KvfBuD;ukd

wefckd;&Sif? od'd¨&Sif? r[d'd¨&SifBuD;tjzpf ÓPftm;csnfheJYolwkdYu ,kHMunfcJh Muavonf/

&Sifuóyonf tedrfhawmausmif;[kac:aom t&yfrS aeí *kdPf;BuD;yGGm;atmif csJUkjzefYcJhonf/

a&S;acwfu MuHwl (uefwl) [k ac:onf/ ,cktcg a&pBudK csif;wGif;jrpful; wHwm;BuD;\

ta&SUbufurf; teD;ü &Sdonf/ &Sifuóy\ awmausmif;wkdufa[mif;BuD;ukd ,aeYwkdif

awGUEkdifMuao;onf/



85

xkdrax&fonf e&ywdpnfolrif; vufxufwGif yk*HjynfokdY a&muf&SdoGm;onf/ yk*HjynfolwkdYonf

rax&fBuD;ukd MunfndKMu\/ wEÅ&qefaom vkyf&yfwkfdYkukd oabmus ESpfjcdKufukefMuonf/

rif;rSL;rwf tokdif;t0kdif;rS yk*¾dKvfwkdYonf rax&ftwGuf yk*Hjynfü ausmif;uefrsm;ukd

wnfaqmufvSL'gef;Muonf/ ajr,mrsm;pGmukd vSLK'gef;Muonf/

yk*HjynfolwkdYonf t&nf;BuD;wkdY\ vkyf&yfrsm; jzpfaom wEÅ&qefonfh tvkyfwkdYukd

pdwf0ifpm;vmMuonf/ wefckd;£'d¨yg'f &&Sda&;? a'0g a'0DwkdY\ ulnDrI&&Sda&;ukd

arQmfvifhvmMuonf/ ]] ukd,fhtm;ukd,fukd; }} 0g'xuf ]] olrsm;tm; ukd,fukd; }} 0g'ukd

cH,larQmfvifhaeMuonf/

at'D 13-&mpkwGif rGef*kdwkdYu usL;ausmfwkdfufckdufvmMuonf/ xkdtcsdefwGif tarQmfvGef0g'ESifh

obm0vGef tm½kHwkdYukd ckHrifaeMuaom jrefrmwkdYrSm t½IH;ESifh &ifqkdifMu&onf/ ppf½IH;&jcif;rSm

þtaMumif;onf t"du r[kwfaomfvnf; taMumif;wpf&yftaejzifh yg0ifaMumif;

rjiif;qkdEkdifMuay/

tdE´d,EkdifiHwGifvnf; þuJhokdY tarQmfvGef0g'aMumifh EkdifiHjcm;om;wkdY vuf atmufokdY vG,fulpGm

usa&mufcJh&onf/ Ak'¨bmomvnf; uG,fycJh&onf r[kwfavm/

yk*Hacwf ukefvkeD;umvwGif awmausmif;*kdPf;BuD;onf txGwftxdyfokdY a&mufcJhonf/ &Sifuóy

r&Sdonfh aemufüvnf; olUwynfhrsm;u t&nf;*kdPff; vkyfief;rsm;ukd qufvuf

aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/

xkdtcsdefwGif rif;tqufquf orm;½kd;us omoemjyKcJhMuaom *gr0goD y&d,wdåoifMum;a&;

*kdPfrsm;ukd t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;avmuf vlBudKufrsm;[ef rwlawmhay/ tcdsKU *gr0goD

q&mawmfwkdYonf þuJhokdY pdwful;,Ofvrf;aMumif;ukd vkdufaeMuvQif omoemawmfvnf;

usqkH;rnf/ EkdifiHawmfvnf; epfemawmhrnf[k oabmaygufvmcJhMu onf/



86

yif;,acwf a&mufaomtcg y&d,wdåomoemukd jzefYa0aeaom *gr0goD &[ef;awmfwkdYonf

vufawGUusaom twwfynmrsm;ukd tajcjyKonfh ] yGJausmif;*kdPf;}ukd xlaxmifcJhMu\/

yGJausmif;*dkPf;BuD; pnfa0wkd;wufvmaomtcg t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;rSm wjznf;jznf;

tmenf;oGm;&onf/ 15-&mpkavmufwGif t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;ac: awmausmif; *kdPf;BuD;

aysmufuG,foGm;&onf[k orkdif;okawoDwkdY cefYrSef;Muonf/

t&nf;BuD;*kdPf;BuD; aysmufuG,foGm;aomfvnf; t&nf;BuD;wkdY\ vkyf&yfrsm;ukd qufvuf tarGcH

usifhokH;aom ax&0g' trnfcH bkef;BuD;rsm;ukd qufvuf awGU&SdMu &ygonf/

Am;rJhq&mawmf? Am;warmhq&mawmf? i&eJq&mawmf paom yk*d¾KvfwkdYonf aemufacwfwGif

t&nf;BuD;wkdY\ vkyf&yfrsm;ukd tarGcHí ausmfMum;cJhaom yk*d¾Kvfrsm; jzpfayonf/

t&nf;BuD;wkdY\ pdwåZa0'emtvkyfukd BudK;ukwfaqmif&GufMuaom ax&0g'

oHCmhtzGJUtpnf;0ifwkdYrSm acwftqufquf aysmufysuf&ef rvG,fvSay/ vlom;wkdY\

tawG;vGeftm½kHESifh tarQmfvGef&r®uf xefjyif;rIukd tajccHí {uef &SdaevdrfhOD;rnf/ 20- &mpk

ukefvkeD;jzpfaom ,aeYtxdvnf; jrefrmEkdifiH wpfeHwpfvsm;wGif uGufwduGufusm; ay:aygufvsuf

wefckd;awmufaeMuqJwnf;/

yGJausmif;*kdPf;

yGJausmif;*kdPf;\ jrpfzsm;cH&m A[kdXmeum; pum; 7-ausmif; jzpfonf/ Opöem rif;onf ouú&mZf

684-ckESpfwGif yif;,ü rif;jyK\/ Opöemrif;onf yif;usm;t&yfü pum;opfjzifh ausmif;BuD; 7-

aqmif aqmufvkyfonf/ ouú&mZf 702-ckESpfwGif ausmif;awmfBuD;rsm;ukd yk*Hacwfu

xif&Sm;cJhaom *gr0goD*kdPf;rS rax&fwkdYtm; wifvSL cJhonf/

Opöemrif;onf rdrd\ ausmif;awmfBuD;rsm;ukd *gr0goD *kdPf;BuD; 2-ckrS rax&fwkYkd tm;

wifvSLcJhonf/ yk*Hacwfu *gr0goD oHCmwkdYrSm t&Sift&[HtEG,f yk&droHCm*kdPf; ESifh

t&Sifqy'tEG,f ypämoHCm*kdPf;[k 2-*kdPf; uGJae\/



87

Opöemrif;onf ausmif;awmfBuD;rsm;ukd *kdPf; 2-ckvkH;rS rax&fwkdYukd yl;wGJ wifvSLcJhonf/

*kdPf;tcsif;csif; aygif;oif; nDnGwfapcsifaomaMumifh jzpf[efwlygonf/

þqE´rsdK; &SdcJhygvQif Opöemrif;\ qE´ jynfh0onf[k qkd&ygrnf/ tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf *gr0goD

*kdPf;uGJrsm; aysmufuG,foGm;aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/

pum; 7-ausmif;ukd tvSLcH&aom oHCmwkdYonf yk*Hacwfu uGJjym;cJhaom *kdPf;*P pdwf"mwfukd

acszsufí pnf;vkH;a&;pdwf"mwfukd arG;jrLcJhMuonf/ EkdifiHawmfa&SUa&;twGuf vufawGUusaom

twwfynmrsm;ukd yl;wGJoifMum; ay;Muonf/

pum;ausmif;u oifMum;ay;aom avmuDtwwfynmrsm;rSm "m;ckwf? vSHxkd;? jrif;pD;? qifpD;?

ppfqifrI? pufoGif;vSHxkd;? vufa0SUxkd;paom ynm&yfrsm; jzpfonf/

xkdacwfu jynfolwkdYonf avmuD avmukwå&m pG,fpkHynm&yfrsm;ukd oifMum;ay;aom *gr0goD

ausmif;rsm;okdY uav;rsm;ukd tyfESHí twwfynmwkdYukd oifMum;apcJhMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh *gr0goD

ausmif;rsm;onf uav; vlBuD; rsm;pGmwkdY 0ifxGufoGm;vm&m XmeBuD; jzpfvmonf/

þokdY vl0ifvlxGuf rsm;jym;vmrIukd taMumif;jyKí *gr0goD ausmif;rsm;ukd ] yGJausmif; } [lí

ac:qkdvmMuonf/ aemufykdif;umvwGif yGJausmif;rsm; wkd;yGm;vm&m yGJausmif;tzGJU0if

oHCmwkdYvnf; rsm;jym;vmonf/ xkdoHCmtiftm;pk BuD;xGm;vm&mrS ] yGJausmif;*kdPf; } [lí

ac:wGifxif&Sm;vmavonf/

yGJausmif;*kdPf;BuD; tiftm;BuD;xGm;vmonfhtavsmuf yGJausmif;ukd vSL'gef;Muaom

0w¬KuHajr,mrsm;vnf; tajrmuftjrm; jzpfvmonf/ yGJausmif;oHCmwkdYonf 0w¬KuH ajr,mwkdYukd

ajrvkyfom; csxm;jcif;? tcGefb@m awmif;cHjcif;? aqmfMo&jcif;? pyg;rsm;ukd jcifwG,f,l&jcif;?



88

uRJEGm; &SmazGay;&jcif;? ol&if;iSm;wkdY t½IyftaxG;rsm;ukd ajz&Sif;ay;&jcif; paom wm0efwkdYukd

aqmif&GufMu&onf/

yGJausmif;oHCmwkdYonf ajr,mrIpaom trIudpöwkdYukd ajz&Sif; aqmif&Gufae&ojzifh y&d,wf

y#dywftvkyfwkdYukd aumif;pGm raqmif&GufEkdifMu/ tcsdKU trIudpörsm;rSm oHCmhOD;aqmif

q&mawmfBuD;rsm;ukd,fwkdif ajz&Sif;ay;Mu&onf/ omoema&;qkdif&m rIcif;rsm;ukd

bk&ifh½kH;awmfuvnf; 0ifa&muf pGufzufavh r&SdMuacs/

omoema&;qkdif&m rIcif;rsm;ukd oHCmawmfrsm;uom ajz&Sif;qkH;jzwfae&onf/ tcsKdU

q&mawmfBuD;rsm;rSm omoema&; rIcif;rsm;wGif bk&ifozG,f tkyfcsKyf ajz&Sif;ae&aomaMumifh

xkdtBuD;trSL; &[ef;wkdYukd ] oHC&mZm } (oHCmrif;)[k ac:qkdvmMuavonf/

jrefrmrif;wkdYonfvnf; i,fpOf uav;b0u yGJausmif;rsm;ü pmayukd oifMum;Mu&onf/

avmuDynmrsm;ukd qnf;yl;Mu&onf/ odkYjzpfí rif;jzpfaom tcgwGif rdrdwkdYq&m oHC&mZmwkdYukd

ypönf;av;yg;wkdYjzifh vSL'gef; ylaZmfMuavonf/

ouú&mZf 726-ckwGif tif;0ukd wnfaxmif tkyfpkd;aom owkd;rif;zsm;onf ywl;BuD; oHC&mZmukd

q&mjyKí ukd;uG,f qnf;uyfonf/

ouú&mZf 730-ckESpfwGif eef;wufaom rif;BuD;pGmapmfuJ vufxufwGif &ckdifq&mawmfukd

oHC&mZmbGJU qufuyfí ylaZmfukd;uG,fonf/

ouú&mZf 763-ckESpfwGif eef;wufaom bk&ifrif;acgifBuD; vufxufwGif yGJausmif;*kdfPf; oHC&mZm

q&mawmfwkdYukdyif ukd;uG,f qnf;uyfcJhonf/ jrefrmhorkdif;wGif xif&Sm;aom vufa0SYausmf

atmifpnf;ckH oHC&mZmonf xkdrif;vufxufrSmyif ay:xGuf cJhayonf/



89

yGJausmif;*kdPf;BuD;onf acwftqufquf wkd;wufvmcJhNyD;aemuf anmif&rf;acwfaESmif;wGif

tm;enf;ovkd jzpfvm&onf/ þokdY jzpf&onfrSm jrefrmjynfü tjcm;*kdPf;opfrsm;

ay:aygufvmaomaMumifhvnf; wpfaMumif;yg0ifonf/

ukef;abmifacwf A'kHrif;vufxuf a&mufaomtcg yGJausmif;q&mawmfwkdYukd ukd;uG,fjcif;

rjyKawmhay/ aemufykdif;wGif yGJausmif;*kdPf;ukd rif;rdefYjzifh wm;qD;ypfonf/ A'kHrif;onf

yGJausmif;*kdPf;u oifMum;ay;aom ynmjzifh EkdifiHawmfukd ykefuefEkdifonf[k taMumif;jyí

zsufodrf;ypfcJhonf/

xkdtcg jynfolESifh &[ef;oHCmwkdYonf yGJausmif;rsm;ukd zsufodrf;vkdufaom aMumifh rauseyfrIrsm;

ay:aygufcJh&onf/ xkdtajctaet& yGJausmif;rsm;ukd jyefvnf zGifhvSpfEkdiffaMumif; A'kHrif;u

tcGifhjyKjyefonf/ okdYaomfvnf; yGJausmif;trsm;tjym;rSm ysufpD;cJhNyD jzpfí wkd;wufpnfa0vmjcif;

r&Sdawmh/ yGJausmif; tcsdKUavmufom jyefvnf zGifhvSpfEkdifawmhonf/

yGJausmif;rsm; jyefvnfí tm;,laepOf rif;wkef;rif; eef;wufvmonf/ rif;wkef; rif;onf ouú&mZf

1217-ckESpfwGif *gr0goD yGJausmif;rsm;ukd vkH;0 ydwfypfvkdufonf/ xkdtcsdefrS pí

yGJausmif;*kdPf;vnf; vkH;0 aysmufuG,foGm;&awmhonf/

yGJausmif;*kdPf;BuD;onf ouú&mZf 702-ckESpfrS pí wnfaxmifcJhonf/ ouú&mZf 1217-ckESpfwGif

rif;wkef;rif;u tNyD;tykdif zsufodrf;vkdufonf/ xkdYaMumifh yGJausmif;*kdPf; BuD;onf ESpfaygif; 515-

ESpfrQ oufwrf;&SnfcJhonf[k qkdEkdifavonf/

twif*kdPf;ESifh t½kH*kdPf;

twif*kdPf;ESifh t½kH*kdPf;wkdYrSm omoem0ifwGif xif&Sm;aom *kdPf;BuD;rsm; jzpfonf/ csJUum;ívnf;

a&;om;cJhMuonf/



90

twif*kdPf;onf ouú&mZf 1060-ckESpf eef;wufaom &rnf;oif;rif;om;awmf

paerif;vufxufwGif ay:aygufvmonf[k qkdMuonf/ xkdrif;vufxufü ov’m0wD

csif;wGif;jrpf taemufbufurf;rS wkef&Gmausmif;ae t&Sif*kPmbdvuFm& rax&fonf

twif*kdPf;ukd xlaxmifcJhol[k qkd\/

q&mawmfonf omraPwkdYtm; &Gm0if &GmxGufwkdYü ouFef;ukd r½kHapbJ vuf0Jwpfzuf yckH;xufü

wifíom 0ifaponf/ ,yfukd ukdifaponf/ þokfdY ouFef;ukd wifí 0if&aomaMumifh ] twif*kdPf;

} [k ac:onf/ wkef&Gmq&mawmf wnfaxmifaom *kdPf;jzpfí ] wkef*kdPf; } [kvnf; ac:Muonf/

xkdtcg awmifilNrdKUae t&SifAk'¨uFk&? t&Sifpdwå? 'DyJ,if;NrdKU aus;vufae t&SifokeE´? wvkyfNrdKU

i&hHtkd&Gmae t&SifuvsmPwkdYurl omraPwkdY &GmwGif;okdY 0ifa&mufaomtcg ouFef;½kHí ,yfukd

ukdif;apNyD;rS 0if&onf/ þokdU &Gm0if&GmxGufwkdYü ouFef;ukd ½kHMu&ojzifh ] t½kH*kdPf; } [k ac:onf/

ouFef;wifrI ½kHrIudpöukd taMumif;jyKí *kdPf;BuD; 2-*kdPf; uGJjym;oGm;onf/ aemufykdif;wGif

þ*kdPf;BuD;rsm; BuD;yGm;vm\/ t,ltqi,f wpfckukd taMumif;jyKí y#dyu©rsm; ay:aygufvm\/

*kdPf;tcsif;csif; nDnGwfjcif; r&SdMuacs/

t½kH*kdPf;0if q&mawmfwkdYu we*FaEGrif; vufxufwGifvnf;aumif;? [Hom0wDa&mufrif;

vufxufwGifvnf;aumif; rdrdwkdY\ t½kH0g'om trSefjzpfaMumif; tqkdjyKMuojzifh

twift½kHufdpöukd tqkd tacsjyKí ajymqkdMu&onf/ okdYaomfvnf; jyóemrSm ajyvnfrI r&cJhacs/

xkdYaemuf pOfhul;rif; eef;wufaomtcgwGif t½kH*kdPf;0ifwkdYu rdrdwkdY t½kH0g'om trSefjzpfaMumif;

tqkdjyKMujyefonf/ xkdYaMumifh twift½kHudpöukd tqkH;tjzwf ,lMu&\/ xkdtcg t½kH*kdPf;u

tEkdif&ojzifh twif*kdPf;BuD; arS;rSdefoGm;&onf/



91

A'kHrif;vufxufwGif twif t½kHjyóem xyfrH jzpfyGm;vmjyefonf/ okdYaomfvnf; ta&;t&m

BuD;xGm; rvmawmhay/ aemufykdif;wGif t½kH*kdPf;uom tiftm;BuD;xGm;vmNyD; twif*kdPf;rSm

wjznf;jznf; arS;rSefjrKyfwdrfcJh&avawmYonf/

,aeYacwf *kdPf;rsm;

,aeYacwfwGufvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHü todtrSwf jyKxm;aom ax&0g'*kdPf;BuD; 9-*kdPf; &Sdonf

,if;wkdYrSm-

(1) ok"r®m*kdPf; ?

(2) a&Tusiff*kdPf; ?

(3) r[m'Gg&*kdPf; ?

(4) rlv'Gg&*kdPf; ?

(5) taemufacsmif;'Gg&*kdPf; ?

(6) a0VK0ef*kdPf; ?

(7) iSufwGif;*kdPf; ?

(8) *P0drkwf*kdPf; ?

(9) r[m&if*dkPf; wkdYjzpfonf/

xkd*kdPf;BuD;rsm;teuf ok"r®m*kdPf;rSm a&S;tusqkH; *kdPf;BuD; jzpfouJhokdY tiftm;tBuD;qkH;vnf;

jzpfayonf/

,ck &Sdaeaom 9-*kdPf;vkH;rSm ax&0g' abmiftwGif;rSyif uGJjym;aeaom *kdPf;rsm; jzpfonf/

r[m,me*kdPf;uJhokdY ax&0g' yd#uwfukd ajcuefí awmfvSefaom *kdPf;rsm; r[kwfay/

tav;rxm;avmufaom tao;trTm; t,ltqukd tajccHxm;í uGJjym;aeMujcif; jzpfayonf/

jrefrmEkdifiH tpkd;&onf uGJjym;aeaom *kdPf;BuD;rsm;ukd aygif;pnf;apvkdaom qE´jzifh

*kdPf;q&mawmfBuD;rsm;ESifh awGUqkHí aqG;aEG;avQmufxm;cJhonf/ ax&0g'tcsif; csif; nDnGwfyg&ef

awmif;yefcJhMuonf/



92

xkdYaemuf *kdPf;aygif;pkH oHCmhtpnf;ta0;BuD;ukd urÇmat;ukef;ajr&Sd q|oH*g,em r[mygomP

vkdPf*lawmfBuD;ü 1980-jynfhESpf? ouú&mZf 1342-ck? e,kefvwGif usif;yEkdifcJhavonf/

xkd*kdPf;aygif;pkH oHCmhtpnf;ta0;BuD;rSyif *kdPf;aygif;pkH oHCmrsm; yg0ifaom oHCem,utzGJU

tqifhqifhukd zGJUpnf;í omoema&; wm0efukd aqmif&GufaeMuavonf/

bmom0ifOD;a& EIdif;,SOfcsuf

jrefrmEkdiffiHonf acwftqufqufü ax&0g' Ak'¨bmomukdom vufqifhurf; ukd;uG,fcJhMuonf/

vlOD;a& wkd;yGm;vmoavmuf Ak'¨bmom0if OD;a&vnf; wkd;rsm; vmcJhonf/

jrefrmrif;rsm; vufxufü &Sdaom Ak'¨bmom0if pm&if;ukd rawGU&aomfvnf; t*FvdyfwkdY

tkyfcsKyfaom ukdvkdeDacwfwGifrl bmom0ifOD;a& pm&if;ukd wduspGm od&Sd&\/ ukdvkdeDacwftwGif;

1920-jynfhavmufu jrefrmEkdifiHwGif vlOD;a& 13-oef;cefYom &Sdao;onf/ xkdtcsdefu bmom0if

toD;oD;wkfdY pm&if;ukd þokfdY awGTUod&onf/

...bmom a,musfm;+rdef;r vlOD;a&

Ak'¨bmom................. usm;.................. 5525159

....../........................... r .................... 5676784

ewfukd;uG,fol......... usm;...................... 369188

......./.......................... r.......................... 333399

[dE´Lbmom.............. usm;...................... 378177

......./......................... r........................... 106255

yoDbmom............. usm;......................... 314527

......./......................... r............................ 186085



93

c&pf,mefbmom..... usm;......................... 132499

......../........................ r............................. 124608

t&d,bmom.......... usm;................................. 190

......../........................ r...................................... 80

A&mrkdqrwfbmom. usm;................................. 355

........./....................... r....................................... 93

uGefzsL&Syfbmom.... usm; .............................. 9964

........./ .................... r .................................. 4067

*sdef;bmom............. usm;................................. 866

......../ ..................... r..................................... 269

&[l'Dbmom.......... usm;................................. 587

..................................r..................................... 548

&Sifwkdbmom......... usm;.................................... 31

......./ ..................... r....................................... 14

qpfbmom........... usm;............................... 3704

....../ ..................... r................................... 1139

zm&qDbmom....... usm;................................. 229

......../ .................... r.................................... 151



94

oDtkdqkdzpfbmom. usm;................................... 40

........./ .................. r....................................... 11

bmomrukd;uG,fwwfol ....... usm;.......... 21453

........./ ..................................... r .............21640

xkdtcsdefu jrefrmEdkdifiHü vlOD;a&aygif; wpfq,fhokH;oef; wpfodef; ajcmufaomif; ukd;axmif

ukd;q,fhukd;a,muf &Sdonf/ xkdvlOD;a&xJwGif-

&[ef;oHCmawmfaygif; 106429-yg;? oDv&Sifaygif; 47342-yg; &Sdavonf/

(EkdifiHa&; "r®uxdue,'DyeDrS)

c&pfESpf 1986-ckESpf a&mufaomtcg jrefrmEkdifiHü vlOD;a& 33-oef; &Sdvmonf/ xkdtcsdefü

Ak'¨bmom0if OD;a&rsm; wkd;wufvmcJhonf/ tjcm;bmom0ifrsm;vnf; wkd;wufvmonfukd

awGU&ygonf/

Ak'¨bmom0if 30000000- ausmf

c&pf,mefbmom0if 1600000- ausmf

tpövefbmom0if 1300000- ausmf

ewfukd;uG,fol 390000

[dE´Lbmom0if 170000

tjcm; 52000

jrefrmouú&mZf 1356-ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiHü vlOD;a& oef;ygif; 40-ausmfNyD[k od&Sd&onf/

xkdtxJwGif -

&[ef;awmfaygif; 162098-yg;?

omraPaygif; 233840-yg;?

oDv&Sifaygif; 23022- yg;-

&Sdaeavonf/



95

ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom

( 'kwd,ykdif; )

tcef; (1)

ax&0g'ü a&maESmvmaom ukd;uG,frIrsm;

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ewfukd;uG,fol OD;;a& okH;odef; ukd;aomif;ausmf &Sdonf[k aemuf qkH;pm&if;t&

od&Sd&onf/ xkdvlOD;a&rSm Ak'¨bmom ra&mufEkdifao;aom awmifwef;a'orsm; wkdif;&if;om;rsm;

jzpfMuonf/

tu,fí Ak'¨bmomESifhtwl ½kd;&mewfukdyg ukd;uG,folwkdY pm&if;ukd aumuf ,lrnfqkdvQif oef;

30-ausmfyif jyefí &&Sdvmygvdrfhrnf/ tb,fhaMumifhhqkdaomf Ak'¨bmom ukd;uG,fol 90- &mEIef;rSm

½kd;&mewfwkdYukdvnf; vufrvTwfEkdifbJ ukd;uG,faeMuaomaMumifhaywnf;/

rSefygonf/ ,aeY jrefrmEkdifiH jynfoljynfom;wkdYonf t"dutm;jzifh Ak'¨bmomukd

ukd;uG,fMuonf/ okdYaomfvnf; ½kd;&mewfrsm;ukdvnf; wpfqifhedrfh ae&mü xm;í

ukd;uG,faeMuonf/ ylaZmfyoaeMuonf/ Ak'¨bmom ,kHMunfrIESifhtwl ewf0g',kHMunfrIukd

wGJzuf cH,laeMuonf/

ewfukd;uG,fonfh tvkyfrSm jrefrmjynfüomr[kwf/ tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;üvnf; rdrdwkdY\ ½kd;&mewfrsm;ukd

ukd;uG,fylaZmfaeMuonf/ ewfukd;uG,frIonf tvGeftkda[mif; aqG;ajrhaom acwfumvrSpí

,aeYtxd wnf&Sdaeaom pdwful;,Of t,l0g'wpfck jzpfonf/

a&S;OD; urÇmhorkdif;ukd avhvmvQif acwftqufqufü ewf0g'rsm; BuD;pkd;vmcJhonfukd awGU&Sd&\/

a&S;acwfOD; vlom;wkdYonf ukd;uG,fp&m ewf½kyfwk tjzmjzmwkdYukd pdwftawG;jzifh ½SmazG

azmfxkwfcJhMuonf/ ewfbmom ewf0g'ukd azmfaqmifcJhMuonf/ urÇmhorkdif;\

ewf0g'orkdif;csKyfukd xkwfEkwfí avhvmoifhayonf/



96

ukd;uG,frI xGef;um;vmjcif;

vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; 7000 (bDpD 5000) cefYrS pí vlom;wkdY\ ,Ofaus;rIrsm;

wkd;wufajymif;vJvmonf/ pkdufysdK;a&; vkyfief;rsm;ukd wGifus,fpGm vkyfukdifvmMuonf/

pkdufysdK;a&; ud&d,mrsm;ukd wDxGifMuonf/ pkdufysdK;a&;ESifh ywfoufívnf; tawG;tjrifrsm;

ay:aygufvmonf/

ajrBuD;onf vlom;wkdY\ tm[m& jznfhwif;a&;twGuf oD;ESHrsm;ukd xkwfvkyf ay;ae\/

a&onfvnf; oD;ESHjzpfxGef;rIukd tm;ay;ae\/ aea&mifjcnfonfvnf; oDESHjzpfxGef;rIukd

taxmuftul jyKae\/ þoabmukd vlwkdY em;vnfvmMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh obm0ypönf;rsm;

jzpfaom ajr a& av aepaom t&m0w¬KwkdYukd vlom;wkdY\ aus;Zl;&SifBuD;rsm;[lí

owfrSwfcJhMuonf/

umvMumaomtcg ajr a& paom obm0"mwfBuD;rsm;ukd pGrf;tm;&Sifrsm; [lí ,kHrSwfvmMuonf/

pGrf;tm;&SifBuD;rsm;onf vlwkdY\ tm;xm;&m? ukd;uG,f&m[lí ,kHMunfvmMuonf/ þokdYjzifh

ajrewf? a&ewf? avewf? aeewf? rD;ewf paom ewfrsm; ay:aygufvmcJhonf/ xkdtcsdefu

ukd;uG,faom ewfrsm;rSm obm0½kyfypönf;rsm;ukd ukd;uG,faom bmomjzpfí

] obm0ukd;uG,frIbmom } ( Nature Worship ) [k ac:onf/

vlom;wkdYonf ukd;uG,frI acwfOD;ü obm0½kyfypönf;rsm;ukd tajccHí bmom0g'ukd

xlaxmifcJhMu\/ xkdrS wpfqifh obm0avmuukd awG;awm MuHqvmMu jyefonf/

urÇmBuD;ukdvnf;aumif;? urÇmay:&Sd ouf&Sd oufrJht&m0w¬K rsm;ukdvnf;aumif; wpfpkHwpfOD;u

zefqif;xm;jcif; jzpfrnf[k rjrifrawGUEkdifaom pGrf;tm;&Sifukd azmfxkwf vmMuonf/

xkdpGrf;tm;&Sif zefqif;&SifomvQif vlwkdY\ aus;Zl;&Sif? vlwkdY\ ukd;uG,f&m[lkí

,kHMunfvmMujyefonf/ xkdzefqif;&Sifonf tpOfxm0& wnf&SdaeNyD; rysufpD;Ekfdifaom



97

t&mjzpfonf[kkvnf; cH,lvmMuonf/ xkdtcdsefrS pí vlUurÇmwGif j'yfrJhtawG;jzifh zefwD;aom

bmomwpf&yf ay:aygufvmjyefavonf/

bDpD 3000-cefY aemufykdif;wGif vlUurÇmü j'yf&Sd? j'yfrJh wkdYukd tajccHaom tawG;0g'rsm;

xGef;um;vmonf/ tawG;0g'ukd tajccHí tawG;,Ofaus;rIrsm; xGef;um;vmonf/

tawG;,Ofaus;rIukd tajccHaom twwfrsm; ay:aygufvmonf/ tawG;,Ofaus;rI

rSwfwkdifBuD;rsm;tjzpf urÇmausmf ewfuGef;BuD;rsm; ay:aygufvmcJh avonf/

acwfOD; vlom;wkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ vlaerI pepfukd ewfbmoma&; tjrifjzifh zef wD;Muonf/

tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfukdvnf; ewf0g'jzifh azmfaqmifMuonf/ xkdtcg ewfbmomjzifh toufarG;aom

0efxrf;rsm; ay:aygufvmonf/ xkdewf0efxrf;wkdYonf rdrdwkdY ewfrsm;\ £'d¨yg'frsm;ukd csJUrTrf;í

a[majymMuonf/ obm0u&Sdaeaom ½kyf0w¬KpGrf;&nfwkdYukd ewf£'d¨yg'ftjzpf jr§ifhwifay;Muonf/

ewfukd;uG,frI acwfpm;vmcsdefwGif pdwftawG;jzifh arG;xkwfaom twwfynmrsm;vnf;

xGef;um;vmonf/ rEÅeftwwf? aA'iftwwf? ewfa[mtwwf? arSmftwwf? ,ZfylaZmfa&;

ponfwkdYrSm pdwftawG;jzifh arG;xkwfxm;aom vkyfief;rsm; jzpfonf/

urÇmhorkdif;OD;u wDxGifxm;aom ewfrsm;ukd avhvmvQif obm0½kyfypönf; rsm;ukdom awGU&rnf

jzpfonf/ ½kyfypönf;rsm;onf obm0tavsmuf jzpfwnfaeaom t&m0w¬Krsm;om jzpfonf/

touf0dnmOf&Sdaom owå0grsm; r[kwfay/

aemufykdif;acwfrsm;wGif opfyif? awm? awmif? ausmufwkH;? rkdBudK;? jrpf? acsmif; paom ½kyf0w¬K

tajrmuftjrm;ukdvnf; touf0dnmOf &Sdonf[k xifrSwfí qnf;uyf ukd;uG,fvmMuonf/

urÇmhorkdif;OD; bmom0g'rsm;udk avhvmaomtcg-

(1) j'yf&Sd ½kyfypönf;wkdYukd ukd;uG,faom 0g'?

(2) j'yfrJh pdwful;,Of zefqif;&Sif ukd;uG,faom 0g' -



98

[lí ESpfrsdK; ESpfpm;ukd awGYMu&avonf/

þESpfrsdK;vkH;rSm vlwkdY\ tmomqE´t& pdwftawG;jzifh zefwD;xm;aom ukd;uG,f&m bmomrsm;

jzpfonf/

ur¦mhorkdif;OD;wGif þuJhokdY pdwful;,Of tawG;bmomwkdY\ jrpfzsm;cH&m a'owkdYrSm tD*spf?

rufqkdykdawrD;,m;a'o? aAADvkHeD;,m;? tdE´d,? w½kwf? *&d? a&mr ponfh EkdifiHrsm; jzpfonf/

txufyg a'orsm;rS ukd;uG,frIrsm;rSm aemiftcgwGif urÇmwpf0ef;okdY ysHUESHYoGm; onf/

EkdifiHtcsif;csif; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fMu&mrS ukd;uG,frI bmom,Ofaus;rIrsm;vnf;

a&muf&SdfoGm;Muonf/

xkdukd;uG,frIrsm;teuf ewfukd;uG,frIrsm;onf jrefrmEkdifiHokdYvnf; ul;pufysHUESHY vmcJhonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHokdY a&muf&Sdvmaom ewfrsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh tdEd´,EkdifiHrS wifoGif;vmaom ewfrsm;

jzpfayonf/

jrefrmwkdY ewfukd;uG,frI

jrefrmwkdYonf vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; 4000 (bDpD 2000 ) cefYu jrefrmEkdifiHwGif; okdY

ra&mufvmMuao;/ xkdtcsdefu jrefrm[k ac:wGifvmrnfh vlrsdK;rsm;onf w½kwfjynf

taemufajrmufa'oü tajccs aeMuonf/ xkdpOfu jrefrmwkdY\ emrnfukd ] csdtJef } ( Chang ) [k

ac:onf/

csdtJefvlrsdK;wkdYonf taMumif;trsdK;rsfdK;aMumifh a&TUajymif;vmcJhMu&m jrefrmEkdifiH wGif;okdY at'D 5-

&mpkavmufwGif 0ifa&mufvmcJhMuavonf/

csdtJefwkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiH ajrjyefYa'ookdY ra&mufvmrDu ewfukd;uG,frI "avhrsm; &SdcJhonf[k

orkdif;okawoDwkdYu qkdMu\/ csdtJefwkdY ukd;uG,faom ewfrsm;rSm tdrfaxmifpkewf? v,fewf?



99

awmif,mewf? awmewf? opfyifewfwkdY jzpfonf/ xkdYjyif oD;ESHzGHUNzKd;atmif jyKvkyfaom ewfrsm;ukd

,ZfylaZmfaom tavhtxvnf; &Sdonf[k qkdygonf/ jrefrmwkdY a&S;ODukd;uG,faom

ewfrsm;rSmvnf; ½kyfypönf;wkdYukd 0dnmOf&Sdonf[k xifí ukd;uG,fjcif;rsm;om jzpfygonf/

csdtJefwkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;okdY a&mufvmNyD;aemuf ] jrefrm } [laom trnfukd cH,lvkdufMu\/

jrefrmwkdYonf ajrjyefYa'owGif ysLvlrsdK;wkdYESifh aygif;oif;Mu&onf/ ysLwkdYxHrS ,Ofaus;trIrsm;ukd

enf;,lMuonf/

xkdtcsdefü ysKvlrsdK;wkdYonf t"dutm;jzifh ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomukd ukd;uG,fMuaomfvnf;

[dE´LjAm[®Pbmom? r,m,mebmom? e*g;ukd;uG,frIpaom t,l0g' rsm;vnf; &Sdae\/

jrefrmwkdYonf ysLEkdifiHawmfukd vufajymif;í tkyfcsKyfMu&mwGif ysLvlrsdK;wkdY txHrS ukd;uG,f&m

,Ofaus;rIrsm;ukdvnf; cH,lcJhMuonf/ xkdtxJwGif ewfukd;uG,frIvnf; yg0ifvmcJhonf/ ysLwkdYxHrS

vufqifhurf; ukd;uG,fMuaom ewfrsm;rSmvnf; rsm;jym;vSonf/ xkdtxJwGif

odMum;ewfukd;uG,frIonf a&SUwef;u &Sdaeavonf/

odMum;ewf ukd;uG,frI

odMum;ewf ukd;uG,frIonf tdEd´,EkdifiHwGif txl;ta&;ygvSonf/ odMum;ewfukd

ouåwbmomjzifh ] £`E´ } [k ac:\/ ygVdbmomjzifh ] £E´ } [k ac:\/ okdYaomfvnf;

ouú[laom a0g[m&jzifh tokH;rsm;onf/ ouúa0g[m&ukd jrefrmwkdYu ] odMum; } [k jyefqkfd

ac:a0:cJhMuonf/

xkdodMum;ewfonff a&S;a[mif;jAm[®Pusrf;rsm;üomru Ak'¨pmayxJüvnf; tcgrvyf

awGU&Sdae&aom ewfrif;BuD; jzpfonf/ xkdewf jzpfay:vmaom orkdif;aMumif;ukd avhvmaomtcg

tm&d,efvlrsdK;wkdYu pwifukd;uG,fvmaMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/ odMum;rif; jzpfpOfum; þokdYwnf;/



100

bDpD 2000-cefYwGif ta&SUbuf tm&Swkduf tv,fykdif;txd us,fjyefYaom jrufcif;a'orsm;wGif

r,Ofr½kdif; vlrsdK;rsm; aexkdifcJhMuonf/ xkdvlrsdK;rsm;onf rl&if;a'orS t&yfav;rsufESmokdY

c&D;qefYMu&m tcsdKUu taemufbuf? tcsdKUu awmifbuf? tcsdKUu ta&SUbufqDokdY

OD;wnfvmcJhMuonf/

ta&SUbufqDokdY OD;wnfvmcJhMuaom vlrsdK;rsm;onf tdEd´,EkdifiH taemufajrmufa'o&Sd

ckdifbmawmifMum;vrf;rS wpfqifh jrif;&xm;rsm;jzifh 0ifa&mufvmMuonf/ xkdvlrsdK;rsm;ukd

]tm&d,ef } ( Aryan ) vlrsdL;[k ac:onf/

tm&d,efvlrsdK;wkdYonf tdE´Kjrpf0Srf;a'ookdY a&muf&SdvmMuNyD;aemuf a'ocHjzpfaom

'&mAD'D,efvlrsdK;wkdY\ ae&mrsm;ukd vk,ufwkdufckdufMuonf/ '&mAD'D,efwkdYonf tm&d,efwkdY\

wkdufckdufrIukd wkHYjyefwkdufckdufMuonf/ okdYaomfvnf; tm&d,efwkdYukd rwGef;vSefEkdifMu/ xkdYaMumifh

tdE´Kjrpf0Srf;a'oukd ypfcGmí **Ffgjrpf0Srf;a'ookdY ajymif;a&TUoGm;Mu&onf/ þwGif

tdE´Kjrpf0Srf;a'oukd tm&d,efwkdYu pdk;rkd; tkyfcsKyfcJhMuavonf/

tm&d,efwkdYonf tdE´Kjrpf0Srf; a'ookfdY ra&mufvmrDuyif ewfukd;uG,frIrsm; yg&SdvmcJhonf/

,if;wkdY\ t"duukd;uG,f&mrSm £Eác: odMum;ewf jzpfonf/ £Eéwfonf 0&Zdefvufeufac:

rkd;BudK;vufeufukd ukdifaqmifol jzpfonf/

a&S;OD; tm&d,efvlrsdK;wkdYonf rkd;BudK;ypfjcif;ukd tvGefaMumuf&GHUovkd tvGefvnf; tHhMoMuonf/

rkd;BudK;ypfjcif;onf tvGefpGrf;&nf jyif;xefaom ewfBuD;\ wefckd;tmEkabmfaMumifh jzpfonf[k

cH,lMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh rkd;BudK;vufeuf ykdif&SifBuD;ukd £È´ (£E´) odMum;ewf[lí ac:a0:vsuf

ukd;uG,fcJhMuonf/

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ewftm;vkH;wkdY\bk&if jzpfvmavonf/ tjcm;ewfrsm;xuf wefckd;£'dÿg'fukd jr§ifhwifay;Muonf/



101

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odMum;ewf\ *kPfyk'fukd 37-yk'frQ xkwfjyxm;avonf/

aemiftcgü tm&d,efwkdYonf odMum;ewfukd bmoma&;avmuxJokdY oGwfoGif;NyD;vQif

t"duae&mü xm;&SdMuonf/ £E´ac: odMum;ewfonf tm&d,efvlrsdK;wkdY ukd;uG,faom ewfBuD;

33-yg;wkdYwGif tBuD;qkH;aom ewfBuD;tjzpf a&SUwef;ü xm;&SdMucJh Muavonf/

tdEd´,EkdifiHü ewfukd;uG,frI xGef;um;vmcsdefwGif vlwkdYonf rdrdwkdYukd,fukd ewf rsdK; ewfEG,fjzpfol?

ewfukd;uG,foltjzpf *kPf,l ajymqkdvmMuonf/ ewfwkdYESifh aqGrdsK; pyfvmMuonf/ rdrdwkdYukd,fukd

ewfuarG;zGm;vmol ] ewfom; } (a'0ykwå) [lí *kPf,l ajymqkdMuonf/ aemiftcgwGif

tdEd´,EkdifiHü tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfaom uedoQurif;onf ] a'0ykwå } (ewfom;) [laom bGJUukd

cH,lcJhzl;avonf/

Ak'¨bk&m;\ omoemh0efxrf; &[ef;awmfwkdYukd ] bk&m;om;awmf } [k *kPf,lí ac:qkdcJhMuonf/

ewfukd;uG,folwkdYuvnf; rdrdukd,fukd ] ewfom; } [k ac:qkdMuonfrSm tqef;r[kwfawmhacs/

ewforkdif;xJrS odMum;ewfrif; jzpfpOfukd avhvm&mü xkdewfonfvnf; orkdif;OD; u

ukd;uG,fMuaom obm0ukd;uG,frIbmomrS arG;xkwfxm;aom t,ltqjzpfaMumif;awGU&NyD/

odMum;ewfrSm vQyfppf"mwfaMumifh rkd;BudK;ypfwwfaom obm0ukd ewftjzpf ukd;uG,fcJhMujcif;

jzpfayonf/

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ysLwkdYvufrS jrefrmrmwkdYu vufqifhurf; ukd;uG,fcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHü twGif; 37-

rif;ewfpm&if;üvnf;aumif;? tjyif 37-rif; ewfpm&if;üvnf;aumif; tjcm; ewf&mxl;ae&m

tawmfrsm;rsm;üvnf;aumif; yg0ifaeaom ewfZmwfvkdufBuD; jzpfayonf/



102

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oa&acwå&mjynf wnf&mwGifvnf; odMum;rif; ygonf/ ysLapmxD;rif; eef;wuf&mwGifvnf;

odMum;rif;u vuf0Jvufukd rçí eef;wifonf[k qkdonf/ þae&mü odMum;rif;qkdonfrSm

trwfwpfOD;u odMum;rif; t0wfwefqmwkdYukfd 0wfqifí eef;wifjcif;jzpfaMumif;

&mZ0HoZmvdeDusrf;q&mu aumufcsufcsjyxm;&m obm0usaom &mZ0if[mowpfyk'f jzpfyg\/

ol&ówDewf ukd;uG,frI

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azmfxkwfMuonf/ bmoma&;\ tajccH jzpfvmrnfh ukd;uG,frIqkdif&m pmayrsm;ukd a&;om;

jyKpkMuonf/ xkdpmayrsm;ukd aA'usrf;[lí ac:qkdMu\/

aA'usrf;rsm; ay:aygufcJh&m a'oum; *sr®em; (,rkem) jzpfESifh qwåvufjrpf tMum;&Sd

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ukd;uG,f&mtjzpf owfrSwfcJhMuonf/

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ac:ouJhokdY tm&d,efwkdYuvnf; rdrdwkdY\ jrpfukd ] trdq&qGwD } [k wifpm;í ac:qkfdcJhMuonf/

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jzpfvm&avonf/

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tav;tjrwfxm;í ylaZmfMu\/ q&qGwD jrpfurf;ezl;ü ylaZmfyGJrsm; jyKvkyfí *gxm AE¨wkdYjzifh

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jyKvkyfMuonf/



103

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ewforD;? yD,0gpm pum;ukd ajymqkdwwfaom ewforD;tjzpf ,kHMunfvmMu jyefonf/

q&qGwDewforD; wefckd;BuD;vmojzifh ,if;ewfESifh ywfoufaom wefckd;ukd zGJUqkdonfh pmayrsm;

tajrmuftjrm; &Sdvmonf/ wefckd;trsdK;rsdK;ukd jr§ifhwif zGJUqkdMuonf/

&d*fa0'usrf;ü q&qGwDewforD;onf ae v ork'´&mESifh avmuBuD;wpfckvkH;ukd apmifhMuyfol

jzpfonf/ olUtm; ukd;uG,folwkdYukd qif;&Juif;atmif jyKonf/ csrf;omoGm;atmif

apmifha&Smufonf/ ynm[lorQukd tpkd;&ol jzpfonf/ tylaZmfcHol ewfrsm;wGif tjrwfqkH;

jzpfonf/ owå0g rSeforQukfd tNrJapmifhMuyfaeojzifh ewfwkdif;u av;pm;&ol jzpfonf[k qkd\/

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½kyfwk ½kyfyGm;rsm; xkvkyfukd;uG,fvQif vkd&mod'd¨ NyD;ajrmufrnf[k txif&Sdí ½kyfwkrsm; xkyfvkyfí

ukd;uG,fcJhMuavonf/

q&qGwDukd;uG,frIonf aemiftcgwGif Ak'¨bmom twGif;okdYvnf; a&muf&Sdvmonf/

Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdYu ygVdbmomjzifh ] ol&ówD } [k ac:Muonf/

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3-ykHukd apmifha&Smufaom ewforD;[lí wefckd;opfwpfrsdK;ukd wkd;í zefwD;ay; Mujyefonf/

xkdYaMumifh ewf½kyfykHukd xkvkyfMu&mwGif vufxJü yd#uwfpmtkyfrsm;ukd ukdifaqmifí

xkvkyfMuonf/



104

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ajymMuouJhokdY *kPfBuD;aom ol&ówDESifh aqGrsdK;pyfí *kPf,lcJhMuaom pmayrsm;vnf;

ay:aygufvmonf/ ol&ówDESifh aqGrsdK;pyfaom ykHjyifZmwfvrf;wkdYukd wDxGifa&;om;Muonf/

ol&ówDr,fawmfonf r[mrked&aohBuD;ESifh ork'´ewfrdzk&m;wkdYu arG;zGm;xm; aMumif;? yxrwGif

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usvmaom a&puf a&aygufrsm;rSm jrpfwpfjrpf jzpfoGm;aMumif;? xkdjrpfukd ol&ówDjrpf[k

ac:aMumif;? a&;om;jyMuonf/

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arG;xkwfcJhaom zciftjzpf aqGrsdK;pyfxm;cJhonf/

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jzpfoGm;jyefonf/

[dE´LwkdYonf ol&ówDukd enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh aqGtrsdK;pyfum *kPf,l0ifh<um;cJhMuavonf/

[dE´LwkdY ,kHMunfukd;uG,frIjzpfaom ol&ówDukd;uG,frIonf ,cktcsdefwGif eDaygEkdifiHüvnf;

,kHMunfukd;uG,fvsuf &SdMu\/ eDaygwGif ESpfpOf ol&ówDewforD;tm; ylaZmfonfh yGJawmf&ufukd

wpf&uf owffrSwfxm;onf/



105

jrefrmEkdifiHom;wkdYonfvnf; ol&ówDukd;uG,frIukd [dE´LwkdY ,kHMunfonfhtwkdif;yif rdwåLul;í

vufcH ,kHMunfMuonf/ ykHawmf ykH½kyfrsm; xkvkyf ½kdufESdyfí ukd;uG,fMuonf/ *kPfyk'f*gxm

tjzmjzmwkdYjzifh &GwfyGm;ylaZmfMuonf/ ol&ówDukd jrefrmEkdifiHom;wkdYu twGif; 37-rif;ac:

ewfpm&if;ü xnfhoGif;xm;Muonf/

jrpfwpfjrpf\ emrnfukd ewftoGif ,kHrSwfí qnf;uyfukd;uG,fvmMu&mrS

xifay:ausmfMum;vmaom ol&ówDewforD;\ ½kyfykHvTmrsm;onf jrefrmjynf&Sd tcsdKUtdrfrsm;ü

wefckd;xGm;um 0ihf<um;aeavonf/

uGrf,ifr,fawmf ukd;uG,frI

uGrf,ifr,fawmfonf twGif; 37-rif;? tjyif 37-rif; ewfpm&if;wkdYü ryg/ a&S;acwfu

ukd;uG,faom tykdewfpm&if;xJüvnf; r&Sd/ rMumrDuyif jrefrmEkdifiHokdY a&muf&Sdvmaom

w½kwfjynf\ oGif;ukefewfwpfOD; jzpfonf/

uGrf,if ( Kwan Yin ) ukd *syefbmomjzifh crfEGef[k ac:onf/ uGrf,ifr,fawmf qkdaom ewfonf

r[m,me*kdPf;BuD;rS t"duxm;í ukd;uG,faom t0avmudawo& bk&m;avmif;rS

qifhyGm;,lxm;aom ewfjzpfonf/ t0avmudawo&onf rlvu yk&dovdifjzpfaom ewfwpfyg;

jzpfonf/ at'D 8-&mpk aemufykdif;a&mufrS £wd¬vdiftoGif ajymif;í ukd;uG,fcJhMujcif; jzpfonf[k

tcsdKUu qkd\/

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[dE´LwEÅ&*kdPf;ukd twk,lí r[m,mewEÅ&*kdPf;ukd xlaxmifMuonf/ [dE´LwEÅ&*kdPf;wGif

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tpm;pm;ukd zefwD;Muonf/

r[m,merS t0avmudawo& bk&m;avmif;ukdvnf; Muif&mawmftjzpf

ynmyg&rdwmewfr,m;ukd arG;zGm;ay;vkdufonf/ þewforD;rSm bkef;BuD;rsm;om ukd;uG,fcGifh



106

&Muonf/ xkdYaMumifh omrefvl0wfaMumifrsm; ukd;uG,f&ef r[mpdewm&ma'0D ewforD;ukd

wDxGifay;Mu&jyefonf/ xkdpdewm&mewforD;ukd w&kwfvkd uGrf,if[kac:aom

t0avmudawo&\ rsuf&nfrSjzpfaom MumyGifhrS zGm;jrifcJhonf[kvnf; tqkd&Sdonf/

xkdpdewm&ma'0DewforD;ukdyif uGrf,ifr,fawmftjzpf xkvkyff ukd;uG,fcJhMuonf[kvnf;

qkdjyefonf/

tcsdKYuvnf; uGrf,ifukd t0avmudawo&tjzpf yk&dovdifESifh &SdpOfu trsdK;orD;rsm; ukd;uG,fcGifh

r&cJhMu/ xkdYaMumifh t0avmudawo&ukdyif £wd¬vdiftoGifajymif;í ukd;uG,fcJhMuonf[k

qkdjyefonf/

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u,fwifapmifha&Smufwwfonf[k t,l&SdMu\/ uGrf,ifESifh ywfoufí '@m&D Zmwfvrf;

cyfqef;qef;rsm;vnf; rsm;pGm &Sdonf/

ynmyg&rdwm ewforD;? pdewm&ma'0D? uGrf,ifr,fawmfpaom trnftrsdK;rsdK; wkdY\ tajccHrSm

t0avmudawo& bk&m;avmif;yif jzpfonf/ t0avmudawo&rS aygufyGm;aom pdwåZ½kyfyGm;

a'0Drsm;omwnf;/

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qkdolum; w½kwfjynfbufrS vSnfhí xbD0wfjzifh Nyefvnf0ifa&mufvmjcif;om jzpfavonf/

N*dK[fewf ukd;uG,frI

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jzpfzsm;cH&m a'orSm tdEd´,EkdifiH r[kwfay/ urÇmhtapmqkH; N*dK[fukd;uG,frIukd aAADvkefeD;,m;acwfrS

pí awGU&Sd&onf/



107

tenf;i,f &Sif;ygOD;rnf/

rufqkdykdawrD;,m;a'owGif tajccsaeMuaom qlrm&D,efvlrsdK;wkdYonf tcsif;csif;

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xkdYaemuf rufqkdykdawrD;,m;a'oonf qD;rkduftEG,f0if arm&dwvlrsdK;wkdY\ vufatmufokdY

usa&mufcJh&onf/ xkdvlrsdK;wkdYonf aAADvkefeD;,m;NrdKUawmfukd wnfaqmufcJhMu\/ ,if;NrdKUawmfukd

tpGJjyKí aAADvkefeD;,m;vlrsdK;[lí ac:wGifvmMuonf/

aAADvkefvlrsdK;wkdYonf qlrm&D,ef ,Ofaus;rIrS ewfrsm;ukd qufvuf ukd;uG,fMuonf/

xkdvlrsdK;wkdYonf aumif;uifrS N*dK[ftaetxm;wkdYukd Munfhí tem*wfukd a[majymMuonf/

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bk&m;BuD; 5-qltjzpf owfrSwfí ylaZmfukd;uG,fcJhMuonf/

urÇmhvlom;wkdY okH;pGJaeaom aeYtrnfrsm;rSm ¤if;wkdY\ t,ltqrSyif ayguf zGm;cJhayonf/

azmfjyyg N*dK[fBuD; 5-vkH;xJokdY aeESifhv ESpfyg;ukd aygif;xnfhaomtcg ckepfyg; jzpfvmonf/

xkdckepfyg;ukd &Sdckd;ylaZmfaom tavhtxonf qD;&D;,m;okdY ul;a&mufoGm; aomtcg wpfaeYvQif

bk&m;wpfqluspD ukd;uG,faom "avhwpf&yf ay:aygufvmonf/

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N*dK[fewftrnfrsm;onfyif aeYemrnfrsm; jzpfvmonf/ aeewfbk&m;tm; ylaZmfonfhaeYukd aeaeY

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ac:a0:cJhMuonf/



108

þt,ltqonf tdEd´,okdY a&muf&SdjyefYyGm;vm\/ tdEd´,okdY a&mufcsdefwGif N*dK[fwkdY\ £'d¨yg'fukd

jr§ifhwifxm;MuNyD/ N*dK[fewfwkdYukd t&yf&SpfrsufESmü ae&mcsxm;í tykdkdifpm; ay;xm;Muonf/

pdwful;,OfjzpfpOfwkdYukd wDxGifxm;Muonf/

tdEd´,u jyKjyifxkwfvkyfvkdufaom N*dK[fewfrsm;rSm 9-ckrQ &Sdonf/ we*FaEGN*dK[f? wevFm? t*Fg?

Ak'¨[l;? Mumoyaw;? aomMum? pae? &m[k? udwfN*dK[fwkdY jzpfonf/ xkdtxJwGif

udwfN*dK[fqkdonfrSm twdwfpGJ edrdwfpGJvu©Pmukd ac:qkdxm;aom trnfjzpf onf/

,if;udwfrSm 3-rsdK;jym;\/

(1) ajrjyifudwf/ / ajray:rSm tckd;tvQH xGufjcif;? ta&mift0g jyjcif;ponfukd ac:onf/

(2) tEÅ&udwf/ / NrdKYjy *lausmif; pkvpfrGef;cRef opfyifwkdYrS jzpfaom edrdwfukd ac:onf/

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edrdwfwkdYukd ac:onf/

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xkdN*dK[fBuD; 9-vkH;ukd ylaZmfaom "avhonf tdEd´,rS wpfqifh jrefrmEkdifiHokdY a&muf&SdcJhonf/

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Ak'¨bmomESifh vkdufzufap&ef zefwD;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/

xkdYaMumifh jrefrmwkdYu ] ukd;qlqGrf;uyf } [kvnf; ac:Muonf/ tcsdKUu ] N*dK[fpmauR;yGJ }

[kvnf;ac:Muonf/

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ul;jyefYvmonf[k qkfdavonf/



109

jrefrmEkdifiHü tcsdKUbk&m; ykxkd;rsm;wGif bk&m;ESifh wGJívnf;aumif;? bk&m;0if; twGif;üvnf;aumif;

N*dK[f½kyf N*dK[fwkdifrsm;ukd jyKvkyfavh &SdMuonf/ wpfcsdefuqkdvQif jrefrmEkdifiH\ *kPfaqmifjzpfaom

a&Twd*kHapwDawmfBuD; ajcawmf&if;rSmyif N*dK[f½kyfBuD;rsm;ukd wnfxm;cJhMuzl;onf/ Ak'¨bmomukd

tusnf;wefapaom o½kyfjy jrifuGif;rsm; jzpfcJhayonf/

aumif;uif&Sd N*dK[frsm;onf vlUurÇmESifh vlom;wkdYtm; tqkd;taumif;ukd

jyKvkyfay;Ekdifoavm[laom ykpämukd ,aeY odyHÜynm&SifwkdY avhvmaeMuqJ jzpfayonf/

a&S;acwfu cH,lcJhaom N*dK[fESifh ywfoufonfh t,ltqrsm;rSm tEkrmetm;jzifh

&rf;qukd;uG,fjcif;rQom jzpfayonf/ N*dK[fESifhywfoufaom ,Ofaus;rIrsm;rSmvnf; pdwf

tawG;jzifh arG;xkwfxm;aom '@m&Do½kyfrsm;om jzpfavonf/

ewfBuD; 5-yg;ESifh a'0D 21-yg;

jrefrmjynfwGif tcsdKUyk*d¾KvfwkdYonf ewfBuD; 5-yg;ESifh a'0D 21-yg;wkdYukdvnf; ukd;uG,fMuonf/

xkdewfrsm;rSmvnf; trsm;tm;jzifh tdEd´,jynfom; ewfrsm; jzpfonf/

] ukd;qlqGrf;uyf } [k ac:aom N*dK[fpmauR;yGJwGifvnf; ewfBuD; 5-yg;twGuf xrif; 5-yGJ

jyifMu&onf/ jrefrmvlrsdK;wkdY\ EIwfzsm;ü ewfBuD; 5-yg;[k tajymrsm;Muaomf vnf;

ewfpm&if;ukdrl twdtus ajymEkdifol enf;yg;vSonf/ þokdY rajymEkdifjcif;rSmvnf; a&wGufykHrsm;

½IyfaxG;aeaomaMumifh jzpf\/

tcsdKUu odMum;rif;? aeewff? r[mydEJéewf? AdóEkd;ewf? uwJewfwkdYukd aumuf,lMuonf/

tcsdKUu y&rdoGmewf? aeewf? rD;ewf? AdóEkd;ewf? '@DewfwkdUukd aumuf,l Muonf/

tcsdKUu "w&|? 0d½lyu©? 0d½kVu? uka0&? y&rdoGmwkdYukd aumuf,lMuonf/



110

tcsdKUu ol&ówD? p@D? y&rdoGm? r[mydEJé? aCm&rEÅewfwkdYukd aumuf,l Muonf/

tcsdKUu y&rdoGm? r[mydEJé? AdóEkd;? p@D? ol&ówDewfwkdYukd aumuf,lMuonf/

,ckacwf ukd;qlq&mwkdYurl ol&ówD? p@D? y&rdoGm? r[mydEJé? aCm&rEÅewf wkdYukd twnfjyKí

ylaZmfaeMuonf/ xkdewfBuD; 5-yg; qkdolwkdY\ orkdif;jzpfpOfukd avhvmvQifvnf; [dE´Lbmomü

yg0ifaeaom ewfrsm; jzpfonfukd awGU&\/ Ak'¨bmomESifh rnfokdYrQ qufEG,frI r&Sdacs/

ewfukd;uG,folwkdY avmuü a'0D 5-yg;? a'0D 12-yg;? a'0D 21-yg;[lí ewfrsm;ukd tkyfpkzGJUí

ukd;uG,frIrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ xkdtxJwGif a'0D21-yg;ac: ewfrdr,ftkyfpkonf *kdPf;avmuü

wGifus,fae\/ ,if; 21-OD;ukd *dkPf;orm;wkdYu 3-tkyfpk cGJjcm; xm;ygonf/

tkyfpk (1)wGif ol&ówDa'0D? pE´ma'0D? pED´a'0D? paE´a'0D? pE´ma'0D? rdEé&ma'0D?

r[ma'0D[lí 7-OD;?

tkyfpk (2)wGif ol&ówDa'0D? olZmr,f? yef;jrwfr,f? oZifr,f? Zmwdr,f?

rPdarcvmr,f? £&EéoDr,f[lí 7-OD; ?

tkyfpk (3)wGif raem[&dr,f? £&EéoDa'0D? em*&Da'0D? udEé&ma'0D? ol&ówDa'0D? r[dE´&ma'0D?

yd,ma'0D [lí 7-OD; yg0ifonf/

xkd 3-tkyfpkxJwGif ol&ówDonf tkyfpk 3-ckvkH;ü yg0ifaeonf/ tjcm; ewfr,fwkdYvnf; xyfwl

ygaeMu\/ ,if;ewfrdr,fwkdY\ emrnfrsm;ukd avhvmMunfhvQif Ak'¨bmom? [dE´Lbmom?

jrefrmbmom emrnfrsm;ukd awGY&onf/ tcsdKU ygVdemrnfrsm;vnf; rjzpfEkdifaom emrnfrsm;

jzpfonf/



111

xkdewfrdr,f tkyfpkrSm cyfnHhnHh *kdPf;orm;wkdYu Mum;zl;em;0&Sdaom emrnfwkdYukd aygif;pk

ukd;uG,fcJhMuaom A½kyf½IyfaxG; ewftkyfpkwpfck jzpfavonf/

xkd 21-OD;a'0D aumfrwDukd ylaZmfukd;uG,fvQif vmbfaygjcif;? pnf;pdfrfOpöm wnfwHhjcif;?

MoZmtmPm &Sdjcif;? &mxl;wkd;wufjcif;? a>c&Hoif;yif; aygjcif;? tMum;tjrif &jcif;? taMumif;udpö

&SdvQif tultnD&jcif;paom tusdK;xl;w&m;rsm;ukd &&SdapEkdifonf[l í vljydef;BudKuf rufvkH;jzifh

pnf;½kH;xm;Muavonf/

jynfwGif;jzpfewfrsm; ukd;uG,frI

jrefrmwkdYonf tdEd´,EkdifiHjzpf ewfrsm;ukd ul;,lukd;uG,fcJhMuouJhokdY rdrdwkdY jynfwGif;üvnf;

ewfopfrsm;ukd arG;xkwfí ukd;uG,fcJhMuygonf/ r[m*d&dac: tdrfwGif;ewfESifh taygif;yg 7-OD;

ewftkyfpkonf jrefrmwkdY a&S;OD;wDxGif ukd;uG,fcJhaom ewfrsm;jzpfayonf/

jrefrmwkdYonf yk*HacwfwGif ewfopfrsm;ukd qufvufazmfxkwfcJh&m yk*Hacwf ukefcsdefü ewfOD;a&

22-OD;rQ &Sdvmonf/ xkdYaemufvnf; ewfopfrsm;ukd qufvuf azmfxkwfcJh&m yif;,acwfwGif 1-OD;?

tif;0acwfwGif 9-OD;? awmifilacwfwGif 5-OD; arG;xkwfcJhMuonf/ ewfaygif; 37-OD;rQ &Sdvmonf/

,if;ewfwkdYukd jrefrmwkdYu ] tjyif 37- rif; } [k ac:Muonf/

awmifilacwf aemufykdif;wGif ewfwDxGifrIrsm; wdrfjrKyfoGm;\/ ewfq&mwkdYuvnf; ewfOD;a&ukd

37-OD;xuf ykdapcsif[ef rwlay/ xkdYaMumifh awmifilacwfukefwGif ewfrSwfykHwifvkyfief;ukd

ydwfxm;vkdufMuonf/

tjyif 37-rif;ac: ewfpm&if;wGif odMum;ewfrS vGJvQif tm;vkH;rSm jynfwGif;jzpf ewfrsm;om

jzpfonf/ jrefrmewfESifh tdE´d,ewfwkdYukd avhvmvQif jcm;em;rI&Sdonf/ tdEd´,rSvmaom

ewfwkdYonf obm0ukd;uG,frIrS qif;oufvmaom ewfrsm;jzpfí trsm;tm;jzifh ½kyfypönf;wkdYukd

touf0dnmOfoGif;í ouf&Sdtjzpf ukd;uG,fcJhMujcif; jzpfonf/



112

jrefrmjynfjzpf ewfwkdYum; jrefrmhorkdif;wGif &Sdaeaom &mZ0ifZmwfaumif toD;oD;wkdYu

jzpfoGm;aom ewfrsm;jzpfonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh ewfjzpfolwkdYrSm &mZ0ifxJu tpdrf;aoyk*d¾Kvfrsm;

jzpfonf/

xkdYjyif jrefrmwkdY\ ewfavmuü ] twGif; 37-rif; } ac:aom ewfrsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf/

xkdewfrsm;teuf 22-OD;aom ewfwkdYrSm jrefrmtrnfrsm;jzifh ac:a0:xm;aom aMumifh jynfwGif;jzpf

ewfrsm;yif jzpfEkdifygonf/

jrefrmwkdYu twGif; tjyif ac:aeaom ewfrsm;rSm yk*HNrdKU a&Tpnf;ckHbk&m;wHwkdif; twGif;&Sd

ewfrsm;ukd ] twGif; 37-rif; } [k ac:jcif; jzpfonf/ wHwkdif;tjyifbufü xm;aom ewf½kyfrsm;ukd

] tjyif 37-rif; } [k ac:aejcif; jzpfonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif 37-rif; ewfpm&if;ü ryg0ifaom a'oEÅ&ewfrsm;vnf; trsm;tjym; &Sdonf/

a&iefykdif OD;&SifBuD;? eHu&kdif;paom ewfrsm;onf emrnfBuD;rsm; jzpfonf/

,cktcg jrefrmEkdfifiH tESHYtjym;wGif &Gmawmf&Sif? NrdKUawmf&Sif? e,fawmf&Sifpaom ewfrsm;

a'owkdif;vkdyif &Sdaeonf/ ewfuGef; ewfeef; trsdK;rsdK;ukd wnfaxmifí ykHtrsdK;rsdK; xkvkyfum

ylaZmfyoaeMuonf/ ae&ma'otvkduf ewfyGJrsm; usif;yaeMuonf/

,cktcg awmifjyKef;t&yf&Sd ukvm;bDvl; ujym;nDaemif ewfyGJ? ycef; uleDewfyGJ ponfwkdYrSm

tvGef us,fajymaecJhNyD/ uleD ewfyGJ&ufrsm;qkdvQif ycef; ta&SUvufwGif ]]tjcm; yGJobifrsm;

rjyKvkyf&? ewfrBudKuf? }}[k qkdum OD;rif;ausmftmPmukd tiSm;okH;í xGifvkH;jzifh

wm;qD;xm;Muonf/ ewfyGJ pnfum;a&;twGuf wm;qD;xm;Mujcif;om jzpf ayonf/

,ck 10-pkESpftwGif;avmufrSmyif yk*¾vduewfukfd;uG,frI? uem;ay;rIrsm; acwfpm;vmonf/

&yfuGufwkdif;vkdvkdrSmyif toHcsJUpufukd acgifrkd;ay:? opfyifay:wifí atmf[pf qlnHaeaom

ewfaw;oH? ewf'kd;oHrsm;ukd em;rcHomatmif Mum;aeMu&onf/



113

pdwftawG;jzifh tvkyfvkyfolwkdYrSm em;½IyfaomaMumifh tvkyfrjzpfMu/ vGyfvyfpGm ukd;uG,fcGifhukd

taMumif;jyKí vlxkukd 'ku©ay;aeaom o½kyfysuf ,Ofaus;rIrsm;om jzpfayonf/

ewfyGJrsm; pnfum;vmjcif;? ewfuem;ay;yGJrsm; xlajymvmjcif;rSm ewfukd ,kHMunfukd;uG,fol

rsm;jym;vmjcif;yif jzpfonf/ ,aeY jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ewfyGJMuD;rsm; pnfum;aejcif; taMumif;rSm

vlwef;pm; 3-&yfukd tajccH\/ ,if;wkdYrSm-

(1) taysmfBuD;olrsm; ?

(2) tvkdBuD;olrsm; ?

(3) taMumufBuD;olrsm; jzpfMuonf/

txufyg pdwåZa0'emonf vlwef;pm;rsm;ukd tajccHxm;í ewfrsm; BuD;xGm; &SifoefaeMuonf/

xkdvlwef;pmrsm;teuf trSwf 2? 3- wkdYukd pdppfMunf&ygrnf/ trSwf2-vlwef;pm;rsm;rSm ewfukd

ukd;uG,fylaZmfjcif;jzifh rdrdwkdY pD;yGm; vmbfvmb wkd;yGm;vdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhcsufjzifh ylaZmfaeMujcif;

jzpfonf/

þae&mü rEkóaA'ynm&SifwkdY\ pum;ukd owd&zG,f jzpfonf/ rEkóaA'ynm&SifwkdYu-

]] xm0&bk&m;onf vlukd zefqif;xm;jcif; r[kwf/ vlwkdYuom xm0&bk&m;ukd zefqif;xm;jcif;

jzpfonf/ }} [k zefqif;&Sif0g'ukd awmfvSefjycJhMuonf/

xkdpum;ukd enf;rSD;í-

]] ewfwkdYonf vlukd r p Ekdifjcif; r&Sd/ vluomvQif ewfukd r p ae&jcif; jzpf onf/ }}

[k qkd&ayvdrfhrnf/

rSefygonf/ ewfwkdY wnf&SdaeonfrSm vlwkdYu ylaZmfukd;uG,f aeMuaomaMumifh jzpfonf/

vlom;wkdYu rukd;uG,fawmhNyDqkdvQif ewfrsm;vnf; aysmufuG,foGm;&rnfom jzpfonf/

ewfqkdonfrSm vlwkdY\ tawG;pdwfjzifh arG;xkwfxm;aom pdwåZ½kyfaqmifrsm;om jzpfaMumif;



114

em;vnftyfayonf/ urÇmwpfcGifwGif a&S;a[mif;orkdif;pOfukd avhvm&müvnf; xkdoabmukd

awGUodvm&rnf jzpfonf/

bDpD 5000-cefYrS pí ewfukd;uG,frI orkdif;ukd pwifcJh&m ,aeYtxd ewftajrmuftjrm;

ay:xGufcJhNyD/ tjcm; EkdifiHrsm;ukd xm;bdOD;/ tdEd´,EkdifiH wpfckwnf;rSmyif ewfaygif; 33-

uka#ausmfrQ arG;xkwf ylaZmfcJhMuonf/ vlom;wkdY\ pdwful;ÓPfrsm;oavmuf ewfrsm;vnf;

aygufyGm;cJh\/ xkdewfrsm;onf vlwkdYu ,kHMunfukd;uG,f aecsdefüom wnfwHhaecJhonf/ vlwkdY

r,kHMunf rukd;uG,fawmhvQif ewfrsm;vnf; aysmufuG,fukefMu&onf/

xkdYaMumifh ewfqkdonfrSm vlwkdYu zefqif;xm;aom t&mrsm; jzpfonf[k qkdvQifvnf;

vGeftHhrxif/ vlwkdYu zefqif;xm;aom ewfwkdYonf vlukdyif wnfrSDae&\/ xkdYaMumifhyif

ewfwkdYtm; vlwkdYu r p ae&jcif; jzpfonf[k qkdcJhjcif; jzpfayonf/

ewfwkdYonf vlwkdYtm; 'ku©a&mufatmif vkyfEkdifonf[k ,kHMunfaomaMumifh ukd;uG,folwkdYvnf;

&Sdonf/ yoolwkdYvnf; &Sdonf/ þ,kHMunfrIrSmvnf; vlwkdYuyif zefqif;ay;xm;aom?

tmPmay;xmaom ,kwdårJh ,kHMunfrIom jzpfonf/ wu,fwrf; qef;ppfvQif pdwåZvkyf&yf

xkdxkdewfwkdYonf vlom;wkdYtm; okcyGm;ap&ef twGufvnf; aumif;? 'ku©rsm;ap&ef

twGufvnf;aumif; bmrQ rjyKvkyfEkdifMuacs/ þokdY tawG;rSef tNrifrSef pdwf"mwfjzifh

okH;oyfvsuf qkH;jzwfEkdifMuap&m\/

bkd;awmf r,fawmf ukd;uG,frI

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif *kdPf;vkyfief;ukd vkdufpm;í bkd;awmf r,fawmf trnfcHolrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/

xkdyk*d¾Kvfrsm;onf tdEd´,rSvmaom *kdPf;usifhpOfwkdYukd avhusifhvsuf bkd;awmf trnfcHaeolrsm;

jzpfonf/ xkdbkd;awmfqkdolwkdYukd xGuf&yfaygufol? od'¨dajrmufol? vlwkdY\ 'ku©ukd u,fwifEkdifol

jzpfonf[k qkdum ukd;uG,folrsm;vnf; 'kESifha'; &Sdonf/



115

jrefrmEkdfifiHwGif bkd;awmftjzpfjzifh emrnfBuD;oGm;olrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ bkd;bkd;atmif? bkd;rif;acgif?

&SiftZÆa*gP? Am;rJhbkef;BuD;? &ufuef;pifawmif paom yk*d¾KvfwkdY jzpfonf/

,aeYacwfwGifvnf; jrefrmEkdfifiHü bkd;awmfESifh bkd;awmfjzpfatmif vkyfaeaom *kdPf;q&mrsm;

qufvuf ay:aygufaeonf/ rdrddukd,fukd bkd;awmftrnfcHolvnf; &Sdonf/

bkd;awmfftrnfrcHaomfvnf; bkd;awmftvkyfjzpfaom *kdPf;vkyfief;ukd q&mwpfql

vkyfaeolwkdYvnf; &Sdonf/

*kdPf;q&mqkdol tcsdKUwkdYonf bkd;awmf? bGm;awmf? r,fawmf? qm'l;? ol&ówD? a'0D 21-yg;?

twGif; 37-rif;? tjyif 37-rif;? aygufq&m? apq&m trsdK;rsdK;ukd ukd;uG,f aeMuonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHonf Ak'¨bmomEkdifiH jzpfonf/ okdYjzpfí *kdPf;q&m tcsdKUwkdYonf Ak'¨bmomt&dyfukd

ckdvIHí *kdPf;vkyfief;ukd jyKvkyfMuonf/ Ak'¨\ "r®a'oemwkdYukd od'd¨ayguf vkyfief;xJokdY

oGwfoGif;í tokH;csMuonf/ jzLpifaom Ak'¨bmomukd npfEGrf;atmif ta&mifvTrf;ay;aeMuonf/

*kdPf;q&mtrnfcH bkd;awmftcsdKUwkdYonf "mwfusonf[kqkdum "mwfbk&m;rsm;ukd

wnfxm;Muonf/ bk&m;bGJUawmfukdvnf; od'd¨a0g[m& ygatmif rSnfhac:Muonf/ ap? atmif?

uyfausmf paom a0g[m&wkdYjzifh ac:qkdMuonf/

*kdPf;q&m tcsdKUwkdYonf Ak'¨bmom y&d,wf? y#dywf vkyfief;ESifh rywfoufaom tvkyfrsm;ukd

omoemjyK vkyfief;BuD;ozG,f a&;BuD;cGifus,f a<u;aMumfatmf[pfvsuf EkdifiHwkefatmif

vkyfaqmifaeMuukef\/ om0u*kdPf;0if[k qkdaom aemufvkduf aemufygwkdYvnf;

tiftm;xkx,fESifh &SdaeNyD/

- tawG;tac: csnfheJYaom acwfynmwwfrsm;?

- qifjcifÓPf tm;enf;aom pD;yGm;"e&Sifrsm;?

- todynm EkeYfeJYaom vlNydef;rsm;?

- pdwful;,Ofb0ukd arQmfvifhaom avmb&Sifrsm;-



116

ponfjzifh trsdK;tpm; pkHvSayonf/

*kdPf;vkyfief;ukd ,kHMunfolwkdYonf *kdPf;q&mBuD;\ Mo0g'ukd wpfoa0rwdrf; vkdufemMuonf/

ajymorQukd em;axmifonf/ ckdif;orQukd vkyfaqmifonf/ þokdY vkdufemojzifh od'd¨wefckd;

trsdK;rsdK;wkdY a0NzdK;wkd;wufvmrnf[k,HkBunfonf/

xkdolwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ q&mBuD;ukd tpGrf;xufaom od'd¨&SifBuD;[lí xifrSwfMuonf/

xkdod'd¨&SifBuD;tm; axmufyHhvSL'gef;jcif;jzifh vufiif; vufawGU tusdK;aumif;w&m;rsm;

&&Sdvmrnf[k txif&SdMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh pD;yGm;"e&SifwkdYonf aiGaMu;rsm;pGmjzifh vSL'gef;

ylaZmfMuonf/ qif;&Jom;rsm;uvnf; wwftm;oa&GU zspfn§pfNyD; vSL'gef;Muonf/

*kdPf;q&mBuD;wkdYonf &&Sdvmaom aiGaMu;rsm;jzifh "mwfbk&m;rsm;ukd wnfxm;Muonf/

od'd¨½kyfyGm;rsm;ukd ylaZmfMuonf/ ewf½kyftrsdK;rsdK;ukd jyKvkyfMuonf/ 0dZÆm½kyfrsm; xkvkyfonf/

bkd;awmf½kyfrsm; oGef;avmif;onf/ N*dK[f½kyfrsm;ukd zefwD;onf/ þokdYjzifh *kdPf;\wnf&m XmewkdYü

pdwful;,Of ½kyfpkHjywkdufBuD;rsm; jzpfae\/ omref vlNydef;wkdY\ pdwfwGif txifBuD;p&m o½kyfjy

trTrf;wifrsm; jzpfaeavonf/

þuJhokdY o½kyfjy trTrf;wifrsm; vkyfjyEkdfifaomaMumifh *kdPf;q&mwkdYvnf; ykdí wefckd;BuD;vmonf/

tD*spfESifh qlrm&D,efwkdYacwfu ewfwkdY wefckd;BuD;rIonf vlwkdYu tm;ay;rIaMumifh jzpfouJhokdY

*kdPf;q&mwkdY wefckd;BuD;rIrSmvnf; vltrsm;u tm;ay;aeaomaMumifh jzpfayonf/

*kdPf;q&mwkdYonf vlwkdY\ 0kdif;0ef;tm;ay;rIaMumifh pdwfMuH&m NyD;pD;Ekdifaom pdEÅmr,d'd¨ wefckd;ukd

&&SdoGm;\/ a&TaiG&wemukd &&SdEkdifaom "eod'd¨ukd &&SdoGm;\/ þonfrSm vlrsm;u vkyfay;í

&&Sfdaom od'd¨rsm; jzpfonf/

okdY&mwGif ajrvQdK;Ekdifaom od'd¨rsdK;ukdrl wDaumifavmufyif pGrf;&nf r&SdMu/ tmumood'd¨ac:

rdkf;ysHEkdifonfh ynmrsdK;rSmvnf; jcifwpfaumifavmufrQ rwwfEkdifMuay/ "m; vSH aoewf



117

NyD;onfqkdaom um,od'd¨ atmifjrifzkdYum; a0;pG/ ql;pl;onfukdyif cHEkdif&nf r&Sdaom

od'd¨&SifBuD;rsm; jzpfacsonf/

vlwkdYonf tajctaerSefukd rpOf;pm;Mu/ oabmw&m;rSefukd rqifjcifwwfMu/

bkd;awmf*kdPf;q&mwkdYu r p vdrfhrnf[k ,kHMunfpGJrSwf aeMuonf/ aeYcsif; ncsif; BuD;yGm;atmif

vkyfay;Ekdifvdrfhrnf[laom avmb&r®uftjrifjzifh ZGwf0ifí csOf;uyfaeMu onf/ wu,fawmh

bkd;awmf*kdPf;q&mwkdYonf vlwpfOD;\ uHMur®mukd zefwD;ay;Ekdifol r[kwfay/ vlwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\

uHMur®mukd rdrdomvQif zefwD;aeMu&onf/

okdYygvsuf rvkdvm;tyfaom ,kHMunfrIrsm;ukd a&maxG; vufcHNyD;vQif bkd;awmfxH oGm;í

tcsdefukefMuonf/ r,fawmfxH oGm;í tcsdefjzKef;Muonf/ tcsdef\ wefzkd;ukd rSefuefpGm

tokH;rcswwfMu/ tarQmfvGef tvkyfjzifh tcsdefukefaeMuonf/ tawG;vGef

b0udkwrf;waeBuonf/ tacsmiform;b0udk rufarmaeBuonf/

tvkyfESifY tvkyf\tusKd;qufw&m;wdkYudk vGJrSm;pGmem;vnfaeBuonf/ ur®óuxm? or®m'd|dudk

vufcHaom Ak'¨bmom0if[lí trnfcHxm;aomfvnf; wEÅ&qefaom pdwåZtm½kHtvkyfNzifY

tcsdefykyfaeBu\/

ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomonf pifBu,faom bmomNzpf\/ oefY½Sif;aom 0g'Nzpf\/ rSefuefaom

t,l½Sd\/ rdrdwdkY\ avmuDavmukwf wdk;wufrIudk rdrdudk,fwdkif BudK;pm;,lBu&onf/

b,fbdk;awmf r,fawmfwdkYurS "mwfcsí rpEkdifrnfr[kwf/ rdrdwdkY\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk

Ak'¨bk&m;a[mBum;aom orÜ'g w&m;NzifY ½kd;om;pGm BudK;pm;&rnfom Nzpfavonf/

rif;0wf½kyfyGm; ukd;uG,frI

Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;onf bk&m;&Sifvufxufuyif &SdcJhonf[k aemufacwfa&; pmayrsm;wGif

azmfjyxm;Muonf/ orkdif;okawoe ynm&SifwkdYurl Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ukd at'D 1-&mpkcefYwGif



118

xkvkyfukd;uG,fvmMuonf[k qkH;jzwfxm;Mu\/ xkdtqkdESpf&yfwGif orkdif;okawoe ynm&SifwkdY\

tqkdonf vufcHEkdifp&m &Sdygonf/

at'D 1-&mpk rwkdifrDu ½kyfyGm;awmf ray:ao;/ Ak'¨\ txdrf;trSwftjzpf pMum? aAm"dyif?

a&Tyv’if? ajcawmf&m? Mumyef;ykHwkdYukd xkvkyfukd;uG,fcJhMuonf/

Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm; pwifxkvkyf&m a'orSm ukoQefrif;quf xGef;um;&m *E¨m&ESihf rxk&ma'owkdY

jzpfonf/ rlvu rxk&mynm&SifwkdYonf *sdef;t,l0g'qkdif&m &[ef;awmfrsm;\ ur®|mef;

pD;jzef;aeykkH ½kyfwkrsm;ukd xkvkyfMuonf/ Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdYuvnf; xkdykHrsm;ukd twk,lum

Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ukd xkvkyfcJhMujcif; jzpfayonf/

ax&0g'*kdfPf;0ifwkdYu Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ukd xkyfvkyfouJhokdY r[m,me Ak'¨ bmom0ifwkdYuvnf;

rdrdwkdY ukd;uG,faom aAm"dowåac: bk&m;avmif; ½kyfwkrsm;ukd xkvkyfylaZmfMuonf/ r[m,mewkdY

xkvkyfukd;uG,faom ½kyfyGm;rsm;rSm tavmif;awmf ewfrsm;jzpfí tqifwefqmrsm;jzifh

xkvkyfMu&onf/

ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdY xkvkyfukd;uG,faom ½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;rSm ouFef;0wf tqifwefqmjzifhom

xkvkyfMu&onf/ acwfOD; *E¨m&ESifh rxk&m ½kyfyGm;awmfwkdYrSm ouFef;awmf 0wfqifrIhjzifhom

awGU&SdMu&onf/

aemiftcgwGif r[m,me Ak'¨bmomonf EkdfifiHtESHYtjym;okdY a&muf&SdoGm;\/ jrefrmEkdfifiHokdYvnf;

ysLacwfu a&muf&SdcJhonf/ r[m,mewkdY a&muf&Sdojzifh ,if;wkdY ukd;uG,faom aAm"dowfac:

bk&m;avmif; ewf½kyfrsm;vnf; a&muf&SdcJhonf/

aAm"dowf ewf½kyfwkdYukd avhvmvQif ykHoP²mef rwlMuonfukd awGU&Sd&rnf/ þokdY rwlonfrSm

½kyfwkukd jyKvkyfolwkdYonf rdrdwkdYacwf? rdrdwkdY jrifzl;aom rif;wkdY 0wfqifrItwkdif;



119

xkvkyfMuaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh rif;0wftqifwefqm ½kyfyGm;rsm;ukd qif,ifrI

trsdK;rsdK;jzifh awGUjrifaeMu&avonf/

Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfwkdYum; b,facwfwGifrqkd ykHoP²mefukd jyKjyifí r&/ ouFef;½kH? ouFef;wifjzifhom

xkvkyfMu&onf/ vlwkdYtwGuf pdwfcHpm;rIukd tajymif;tvJ rjzpfapEkdifay/

aAm"dowf ewfykHrsm;um; toGifqef;rsdK;pkH xkvkyfykH toD;oD;aMumifh cHpm;rI tajymif;tvJukd

jzpfap\/ þcHpm;rIukd vkdvm;aomaMumifh ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom0if wkdYonf rukd#f? pvG,fpaom

rif;0wftqifwefqm ½kyfyGm;wkdYukd xkvkyfcJhjcif; jzpfEkdifayonf/

,aeY jrefrmEkdifiHawmfwGif tcsdKUu Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ukd rif;0wftqifwefqmrsm;jzifh xkvkyf

ukd;uG,faeMuonf/ tjrifqef;? toGifqef; tqifwefqmwkdYjzifh jc,fvS,f xkvkyfMuonf/

þ½kyfyGm;ykHpHukd ] ZrÁLywdcRwfcef; } [k tac:rsm;Muonf/ ZrÁLywdcRwfcef; Zmwfvrf;ukd

taMumif;jyKí jzpfay:vmonf[k qkd\/

ZrÁLywdcRwfcef; Zmwfvrf;jzpfpOfukd avhvmaomtcg ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfvm ckdifrmaom

Zmwfvrf;r[kwfay/ ukef;abmifacwf 'DyJ,if;q&mawmf a&;om;aom wxm*wO'ge'DyeDusrf;ü

xnfhoGif; a&;om;xm;aom Zmwfvrf;jzpfonf/ xkdYxufapmaom umvu þZmwfvrf; r&Sday/

rif;0wfwefqmjzifh xkvkyfaom ½kyfyGm;rsm;rSm xkdYxufapmaom umvuyif &SdaecJhonf/ xkdYaMumifh

ZrÁLywdcRwfcef;ukd taMumif;jycsufrSmvnf; rckdifvkHawmhacs/

tcsdKUuvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;onf Ak'¨&mZmw&m;rif; jzpfonfukdtpGJjyKí þykHrsdK;ukd

xkvkyfygonf[lí MuHpnfí ajzqkdMujyefao;onf/

þrif;0wfwefqmbk&m;ESifh ywfoufí ukef;abmifacwf ynm&Sifrsm;vnf; pdwf0ifpm;cJhMuonf/

txl;ojzifh r[mjrwfrked½kyfyGm;awmfBuD; a&muf&SdvmpOfu jzpfonf/ þ½kyfyGm;awmf ykHpHESifh

ywfoufí rkHa&G;aZw0efq&mawmfwkdY\ ajzMum;csufwkdYukdvnf; awGU&onf/



120

q&mawmfwkdY\ ajzqkdcsufrSmvnf; tar;&Sdaeíom tajz&Smjyxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ wdus

aocsmaom tajzukd ray;EkdifMuay/ ay;p&m tajzvnf; r&Sd/ okawoeynm&SifwkdYurl

r[m,mewkdY\ aAm"dowf ewfykHukd twk,lí jyKvkyfxm;aMumif; twnfjyKxm;Muonf/

þqkH;jzwfcsuft& rif;0wf½kyfyGm;rsm;rSm ax&0g' Ak'¨bmomESifh roufqkdifouJhokdY

&Sdavawmhonf/

okdY&mwGif ,aeY jrefrmEkdifiHü rukd#faqmif;? pvG,fqifjzifh toGifqef;atmif jyKvkyfxm;aom

½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ukd ukd;uG,faeMu\/ þ½kyfyGm;rsm;ukd ukd;uG,foifh- rukd;uG,foifh[laom

jyóemukd ta&;w,l ajymqkdvmMuonf/ tcsdKUu rukd;uG,foifh [k qkd\/ tcsdKUuvnf;

ukd;uG,foifhygonf[k qkdjyefonf/ rdrdwkdY\ oabmxm; tjrifjzifh ajymqkdaeMujcif; jzpfayonf/

þudpötwGuf qkH;jzwf&efrSm tvGefcufcJvSonf/ rukd;uG,foihf[k qkH;jzwfvQif ,aeY

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif xif&Sm;vSaom rif;0wf½kyfyGm;BuD;rsm;ukd b,fvkdaqmif&GufMurnfenf;/ b,fvkd

oabmxm;Murnfenf;/

tu,fí ukd;uG,foifhygonf[k qkdjyefvQifvnf; xkd½kyfyGm;rsm;rSm r[m,me *kdPf;rS

enf;,lxm;aom ½kyfyGm;rsm; jzpfaeonf/ þ½kyfyGm;wkdYukd ukd;uG,foihfvQif r[m,me

Ak'¨bmomudkvnf; ukd;uG,foihfygonf[k qkdvkd&m a&mufraeNyDavm/

a&S;acwfu ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdY owd,Gif;cRwf rqifrjcif jyKvkyfcJhaomaMumifh

rif;0wf½kyfyGm; jyóemukd tajz&SmzkdY cufcJae&NyD/

rnfokdY&Sdap ax&0g' Ak'¨bm0ifwkdY taejzifhrl ½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ukd Ak'¨0wfpkH ouFef;½kHjzifh

xkvkyfukd;uG,fjcif;om taumif;qkH; jzpfavonf/



121

'ud©PomcgESifh tjcm;½kyfyGm; ukd;uG,frI

jrefrmjynfü 'ud©Pomcg ½kyfyGm;awmf ukd;uG,frIvnf; acwfpm;vSonf/ þ½kyfyGm;awmfESifh

ywfoufívnf; jzpf&yfZmwfvrf;rsm; axG;,Sufaeonf/

'ud©PomcgqkdonfrSm jrefrmbmjzifh ] awmiftukdif; } [lí t"dyÜm,f &onf/ bDpD 3-&mpkwGif

&Sifr[dE´ESifh oCFrdwåm ax&Dr,fwkdYonf oD[kdVfokdY omoemjyK <ucJhMu onf/

oD[kdVfuRef;om;wkdY ukd;uG,f&ef r[maAm"dyifrS vuf,mawmifukdif;ukd jzwf,lí oD[kdVfuRef;ü

pkdufysdK;cJh\/ xkdaAm"dyifrS tom;wkdYukd ½kyfyGm;xkvkyf ukd;uG,f&mrS 'ud©Pomcgbk&m;

ay:aygufvmonf qkfd\/

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ouú&mZf 788-ckESpfü eef;wufaom rkd;n§if;rif;w&m;vufxuf oD[kdVfuRef;rS

'ud©Pomcg ½kyfyGm;awmf tqla& 300-ausmf a&muf&Sdvm&m &[ef;&Sifvl rSL;rwfjynfolwkdY

tjrwfwEkd; ukd;uG,fcJhMuonf/ xkdtcsdefrSpí 'ud©Pomcg ½kyfyGm;awmf ukd;uG,frI

acwfpm;vmavonf/

a&S;OD;u 'ud©Pomcg ½kyfyGm;rsm;rSm tjcm;½kyfyGm;rsm;uJhokdYyif tcsdK;tqpf ajyjypfpGm

xkvkyfcJhMuonf/ tjcm;½kyfyGm;rsm;ESifh jcm;em;onfrSm Mumyef;aqmif;jcif;om xl;onf/ þokdY

Mumyef;aqmif;aom jzpf&yfrSmrl r[m,me*kdPf;ESifh ,SufEG,faejyefonf/ r[m,meusrf;wkdYü

þokdY a&;qkdxm;onf/

aumovrif;ESifh rvd’um rdzk&m;wkdYonf bk&m;&SiftxHokdY vmMu&m bk&m;&Sif r&SdckdufeSifh MuHKae\/

&Sifarm*¾vmefonf wefckd;awmfjzifh vkduf&Sm&m bk&m;&Sifonf MumrsdK; 5-yg; zlyGifhaeonfh

taemwwåtkdifxJü MumyGifhBuD;wpfckay:rSm psef0ifpm;ae\/ tkdifapmifhewfBuD; 9-OD;wkdYuvnf;

bk&m;&Sifukd MumyGifhxD; wpfvufpDjzifh aqmif;rkd;ay;xm;Muonf/



122

þjzpfpOfukd awGUjrifvmcJh&ojzifh &Sifarm*¾vmefonf aumovESifh rvd’umrdzk&m;wkdYtm; jyefvnf

ajymjy\/ rif;ESifh rdzk&m;wkdYonf bk&m;&Sif pHjref;aeykHukd pdwful;jzifh MunfndKoGm;Muonf/

þykHoP²mefrsdK;ukd ½kyfwkjyKvkyfí ukd;uG,fvkdaMumif; &Sifarm*¾vmeftm; avQmufxm;Muonf/

cGifhjyKcsuf&ojzifh rif;ESifh rdzk&m;wkdYonf Mumyef;aqmif; ½kyfyGm;ukfd ukd;uG,fcJhMuonf[k

qkdavonf/

þtqkdt& 'ud©Pomcg ½kyfyGm;rsm;rSm r[m,mewkdY t,ltqt& xkvkyf ukd;uG,fcJhMuonf[k

qkdEkdifjyefygonf/

aemufykdif;wGif 'ud©Pomcg ½kyfyGm;ykHrsm;ukd *kdPf;q&mvkyfolwkdYu trsdK;rsdK; pdwful;í csJUxGif

jyKvkyfMuonf/ ½kyfyGm;awmfwGif rdI 9-csuf ½kdufjcif;paom tpDtrHrsm; ukd xnfhoGif;xm;Muonf/

xkd½kyfyGm;awmfukd ukd;uG,fvQif vmbfaygrsm;rnf/ ta&mif;t0,f aumif;rnf/ &mxl;wkd;rnf/

tEÅ&m,f uif;rnf/ rD;ab;rS vGwfrnf/ od'd¨aygif;pkH jyD;pD;Ekdifonf ponfjzifh *kdPf;q&mwkdY\

tokH;cscH ½kyfyGm;wpfql jzpfvmavonf/

tqkd;&Gm;qkH; jyKvkyfcsufrSm ½kyfyGm;awmf\ ykHoP²mef jzpfonf/ ½kyfyGm;ykHpHukd yef;ykrwwfol

xkvkyfouJhokdY yktkdifhaom? vnfukyfwkdaom ykHqkd;rsm;ukd xkvkyfMuonf/ Ak'¨bk&m;onf

vu©PmawmfBuD;i,f toG,foG,fwkdYjzifh jynfhpkHol jzpfí tjypfajymzG,f r&Sd/

wifhw,faom ½lyum,awmf &Sdygonf/ þuJhokdY qkd;&Gm;aom ykHoP²mef ½kyfyGm;wkdYukd xkvkyf

ukd;uG,faeMuonfrSm bk&m;&Sif\ MunfndKjrwfEkd;zG,f&m ½kyftqif;ukd zsufqD;xm;jcif;yif

jzpfygawmhonf/

,aeY jrefrmEkdifiHawmfwGif Ak'¨&kyfyGm;awmfrsm;ukd ykHpHtrsdK;rsdK; t,ltq toG,foG,fwkdYjzifh xkvkyf

wnfxm; ukd;uG,faeMuonf/

- EIwfcrf;arT;wyfaom ½kyfyGm;rsm; ?

- rsufrSefwyfaom ½kyfyGm;rsm; ?



123

- rSJYwyfaom ½kyfyGm;rsm; ?

- ezl;ü tzkwyfaom ½kyfyGm;rsm; ?

- vufpGyf0wfaom ½kyfyGm;rsm; ?

- a>rywfaom ½kyfyGm;rsm; ?

- qifpD; jrif;&H ½kyfyGm;rsm;-

ponfjzifh trsdK;rsdK; jyKvkyfaeMuonf/

tcsdKU ½kyfyGm;rsm;rSm rlvwifysOfacG ½kyfyGm;\ 'l;ESpfzufESifh yckH;ESpfzufay:ü rwf&yf½kyfyGm;av;rsm;ukd

xnfhoGif; xkvkyfxm;onfukd awGU&onf/ yvyfpwpfjzifh avmif;xm;aom ½kyfyGm;jzpfonf/

xkd½kyfyGm;ukd Munfhí qyfuyfjyaeovm;[k xifrSm;avmufatmif t½kyfqkd; tusnf;wefaeygonf/

tcsdKU bk&m;&ifjyifay:ü vlBudKufrsm;aom bkd;bkd;atmif? bkd;rif;acgifpaom bkd;awmfqkdol

pdwåZ½kyfaumifwkdYukd jyKvkyfxm;&m Ak'¨bmomtwGuf &SufzG,faumif;aom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;

jzpfayonf/

,ck azmfjycJhaom taMumif;&yfrsm;rSm ax&0g'ü a&maESmaeonfh ukd;uG,frIrsm; xJrS xif&Sm;aom

ukd;uG,frIrsm; jzpfygonf/ rxifr&Sm;jzifh ukd;pm;aeMuaom tao;trTm; udpörsm;vnf;

tajrmuftjrm; &Sdaeacsao;\/

½SifOy*kwf udk;uG,frI

ax&0g'Ak'¨bmom udk;uG,frIrsm;xJwGif r[m,me*dkPf;rS t,ltqrsm;udk a&maESm

vufcHaeonfudkvnf; awGY&\/ xdkt,lrsm;teuf ½SifOy*kwf udk;uG,frIonf a½SYwef;ü

½Sdaeavonf/

½SifOy*kwårax&f\ tw¬KyÜwfonf r[m,me*dkPf;oHk; usrf;pmNzpfaom 'dAsm0'geusrf;rS

zefwD;ay;vdkufaom Zwfvrf;Nzpfonf/ ½SifOy*kwffrax&fonf £E´*kwå? tó*kwå? wdóem*?

Oy*kwåwdóem*? tm*wfpw,rked[laombGJUrnf trsKd;rsKd;NzifYxifay:ausmfBum;olNzpfonf/



124

½SifOy*kwfrax&fESifY ywfoufíax&0g' yd#uwfawmf t|uxmwdkYü us,fNyefpGmryg½Sday/

xdkrax&f taBumif;udk omoemESpf 800 cefYu ½Sifr[memra&;aom r[m0if0w¬Kü azmfNycJYonf /

½Sifr[memronf r[m,meusrf;pm 'dAsm0'gerS xkwf,lí wifNycJYNcif; Nzpfygrnf /

r[m0if usrf;vmpum;wdkYudk ,lí Nrefrmusrf;NyK q&mwdkYuvnf; azmfNycJYBuNyefonf/

r[m&mZ0ifBuD; ? avmuynwådusrf; ? Zdew¬yumoeDusrf; wdkYwGif xdkrax&f\ twåKyÜwfudk

ul;,lxnfYoGif;cJYBuonf/ xdktcgrS NrefrmwdkY\ pdwfwGif ½SifOy*kwå [laom Zwfvrf;opfudk

vufcH&½SdcJYBuonf/ tpGrf;aumif;aom rax&fwyg;tNzpf NrefrmwdkY\ EIwfNzm;wGif

wGifus,fvmcJYavonf/

½SifOy*kwfrax&fonf awmifork'´&mü aBu;Nymó'fNzifY aeonf/ ,aeYwdkif touf½SifvQuf

½Sdaeao;onf [kvnf; BuHBuD;pnf&m ,HkBunfaeBuonf/ xdkYaBumifYNrefrmwdkYonf ½SifOy*kwfyHkudk

xkvkyfí azmifESifYarQmum ylaZmfyGJrsm; NyKvkyfBuonf/

½SifOy*kwfonf avrkefwdkif;usNcif; ? rdk;½GmNcif; ? a&vTrf;Ncif; ? rdk;BudK;ypfNcif; paomtEÅ&m,fwdkYudk

umuG,fay;Ekdifrnf [kvnf; ,HkBunfBuonf/ NrefrmEkdifiHwGif ½SifNyKtvIyGJponf NyKvkyfvQif

avrdk;tEÅ&m,fuif;ap&ef ½SifOy*kwf½kyfxkudk uefawmYyGJNzifY wifoí ylaZmfxm;Bu&onf/

NrefrmNynfwGif aemufacwfrSwnfxm;aom tcsKdUaom bk&m;xD; twGif;üvnf;

½SifOy*kwfausmif;aqmifav;rsm;udk xnfYoGif;avY½SdBuonf/ rdk;BudK;tEÅ&m,f ponf

uif;ap&efNzpfonf /

aemufydkif;wGif ½SifOy*kwfrax&fonf *dkPf;q&mvkyfolwdkY\ vufxJ a&mufoGm;&m

pdwåZa0'emtwGuf toHk;cscHwyg; NzpfoGm;&Nyefonf/ ½SifOy*kwfomr[kwf ½Sifr[m

uóyuJYodkYaom rax&frsm;vnf; yg0ifaeBuonf/ xdkrax&frsm;udk tkyfpkzGJYay;um ]] ao 4yg; ?



125

½Sif 4yg; }} [líac:qdkxm;Buonf/ xdkrax&f 8 yg;wdkYrSm taoxGuf yk*¾dKvfESifY t½SifxGuf

yk*¾dKvfrsm; [lívnf; vufcHxm;BuNyefonf/

½Sif av;yg;pm&if;ü atmufygrax&fwdkY yg0ifonf/

(1) ½SifOy*kwfonf awmifork'´&mü aBu;Nymó'f NzifYaeonf/

(2) ½Sifacr&ax&fonf taemuf ork'´&mü aBu;Nymó'f NzifYaeonf/

(3) ½Sifb'´rax&fonf aNrmufork'´&mü a½TNymó'f NzifYaeonf/

(4) ½Siftauúmom&rax&fonf ta½SUork'´&mü a½TNymó'f NzifYaeonf/

rax&f 4 yg;udk ae&m 4 rsKd;cGJwrf;csxm;&m NrefrmNynfom;wdkY twGuf ½SifOy*kwfomvQif ylaZmfcGifY

&EkdifBu\/ awmift&yfüom ork'´&m½SdaomaBumifY ½SifOy*kwfomvQif NrefrmNynfom;wdkYtwGuf

wmpm;aom udk,fawmfNzpfae\/

ao av;yg;pm&if;ü atmufygrax&fwdkY yg0ifonf/

(1) ½Sifr[muóy onf a0bm&awmif ausmufNzmxufü½Sdonf/

(2) ½Sifr[moHom& onf Owårawmifü½Sdonf/

(3) ½SifOayu© onf rukvawmifü½Sdonf/

(4) ½Sif"r®om& onf rukvawmifü½Sdonf/

NrefrmEkdifiHrS yk*¾dKvfwdkYonf ½Sifr[muóy taoxGuf½Sd&m tavmif;awmf uóyudk tav;xm;í

oGm;a&mufavY½SdBuonf/

½Sifr[muóy Nyóemuvnf; ½IyfaxG;onf/ yk*Hacwf t&nf;BuD;*dkPf;acgif;aqmif

½Sifr[muóyonf xdkae&modkY oGm;í ysHawmfrlonf[k Zwfvrf;vkyfxm;Buonf/

bk&m;½Sif\ om0uBuD;Nzpfaom yxroH*g,emwif OD;aqmif t½Sifr[muóyBuD;onf

xdkae&modkY vma&mufí y&dedAÁmef NyKonf[kvnf; aNymBuao;onf/



126

trSefrl tavmif;awmf uóy|meonf t&nf;BuD;acgif;aqmif ½Sifuóy ESifYvnf;

roufqdkifyg/ oH*g,emwif t½Sifr[muóy\ y&dedAÁmef NyK&mvnf; r[kwf/

xdk½Sifr[muóyBuD; y&dedAÁmefNyK&m a0bm&awmifESifY tvm;wlaom yx0D taetxm;udk ½Smí

twkNyKvkyfudk;uG,fcJYaom tavmif;awmf uóy twkomvQif Nzpfygonf/

Ak'¨pmayü vmaom NzpfpOfwdkYudk BunfYí yx0Dtaetxm;udk½SmazGvQuf aNcawmf&m rsm;udkvnf;

þodkYyif xkvkyfudk;uG,fcJYBuonf r[kwfavm/

csKyfíqdk&vQif ½SifOy*kwfrax&fonf ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfvm yk*¾dKvfr[kwf/ r[m,me*dkPf;vm

pmtkyfxJu ul;Ekwfxm;aom ax½kyÜwådom Nzpfownf;/



127

tcef; (2)

ax&0g'ü a&maESmaom ,kHMunfrIrsm;

jrefrmEkdfifiHonf ax&0g' Ak'¨bmomw&m;awmfukd vufcH,HkMunfaeaom EkdifiH jzpfonf/ ax&0g'

w&m;awmfonf vlom;wkdYtwGuf &oifh &xkdufaom vufawGUa'oemwkdYukd azmfjyonf/

rjzpfEkdifaom? r&Ekdifaom pdwful;,Of t,ltqwkdYukd razmfjyay/ Ak'¨bk&m;uvnf;

pdwful;,Ofw&m;oabmukd a[mMum;jcif; r&Sday/

jrefrmwkdYonf Ak'¨a'oemü ryg&Sdaom pdwful;,Of tawG;jzifh MuHqjyKvkyfxm;aom

pmaywkdYukdvnf; zwf½IchJMuonf/ vufcH ,kHMunfolwkdYvnf; &Sdonf/ xkdpmayrsm;rSmvnf;

trsm;tm;jzifh tdEd´,rSyif o,faqmifvmcJhMuonf/

jrefrmwkdYonf acwfOD;ykdif;uyif tdEd´,EkdifiHESifh qufoG,frdcJhMuonf/ tdEd´,wkdY txHrS

enf;ynmrsm;pGmukd &,lcJhMuonf/ jrefrmrif;pOfwpfavQmufwGif tdEd´,ESifh tquftoG,f

rjywfcJhMu/ tdEd´, ,Ofaus;rIwkdYukd jrefrmrI jyKaecJhMuonf/

bkd;awmf A'kHrif;vufxufwGif tdEd´,okdY vlvTwfí jrefrmjynfü r&Sdao;aom pmaywkdYukd

o,faqmifapcJh\/ &&Sdvmaom pmaywkdYukd jrefrmbmomjzifh jyefqkdapcJhonf/ þokdYaom

enf;rsm;jzifh tdEd´,usifh0wfrsm;? twwfrsm;? ,kHMunfrIrsm;onf jrefrmwkdYxH ul;pufcJhMuonf/

a&S;acwfu jrefrmwkdYonf ]] tdEd´,u pm rSefwmawGcsnf; }} [k oabmxm;um vufcHcJhMuonf/

tdEd´,u pdwful;,Of ,kHMunfrIrsm;ukd ] avmuDt,l } [kqkdum u@cGJí ,kHMunfMuonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHokdY tdEd´,u o,faqmifvmaom jAKwfpAsif;awmif; ,kHMunfrI taygif;rSmvnf;

axmifaomif;ru &Sdavonf/



128

*E¨m&Dtwwf ,kHMunfrI

tdEd´,uvmaom ,kHMunfrIrsm;xJwGif xl;jcm;qef;Mu,fonfh b0rsdK;ukd arQmfvifh&mrS

ay:aygufvmaom *E¨m&Dvrf;ac: ,kHMunfrIvnf; yg0ifayonf/

*E¨m&Dtwwf qkdonfrSm tdEd´,EkdifiH *E¨m&wkdif;rS ay:aygufvmaom twwfukd qkdvkdonf/

wpfenf;tm;jzifh *E¨m&rnfaom &aohonf jyKpD&ifxm;aom twwfukd qkdayonf/

*E¨m&Dvrf;aMumif;wGif -

- plV*E¨m&Dvrff; ?

- r[m*E¨m&Dvrf; [lí cGJjcm;xm;\/

plV*E¨m&Dvrf;qkdonfrSm zkwfBuD; 40? ua0 99? ukrÇPf? ,u©? *E¨AÁ paom ewfwkdYukd tpGJjyKí

pD&ifxm;aom tif; tkdif rEÅef cvSnfh vufzGJUponfwkdYukd wwfuRrf;ol arSmfq&m? ya,m*q&m?

atmufvrf;q&m ponfwkdYukd ac:onf/

r[m*E¨m&Dvrf; qkdonfrSm ol&ówDr,fawmfrS pí a'0D 21-yg;? ewfrif;BuD; 5-yg;?

avmuygvewfrsdK; 4-yg;? bkd;awmfodMum;rS pí txufewfrsm;jzifh aqmif&Guf&aom twwfukd

qkdvkdonf/ vuf,mwEÅ&*kdPf;ESifh oabmwlonf/

*E¨m&Dvrf;\ t"duvkdtyfcsufrSm 0dZÆmjzpfaa&;yif jzpfonf/ 0dZÆmb0okdYa&mufvQif od'd¨wefckd;

trsdK;rsdK; NyD;pD;onf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/ ,if;wkdY\ pmayrsm;ü od'd¨ 10-rsdK;ukd jyqkdxm;onf/

(1) pdEÅmr,d'd¨ = pdwfMuH&m jzpfapEkdifjcif; ?

(2) O'uod'd¨ = a&jyifay: vrf;avQmufEkdifjcif; ?

(3) yx0Dod'd¨ = ajrukdvQdK;Ekdifjcif;? ajraMum ½IHUEkdifjcif; ?

(4) "eod'd¨ = a&T aiG &wem vkd&m&Ekdifjcif; ?

(5) tm,kod'd¨ = touf&Snfí t&G,fEkysdKpGm aeEkdifjcif; ?

(6) tmumood'd¨ = aumif;uifc&D;jzifh oGm;vmEkdifjcif; ?

(7) tma&m*sod'd¨ = tema&m*g uif;jcif; ?



129

(8) um,od'd¨ = "m; vSH aoewf rxdEkdifjcif; ?

(9) yd,od'd¨ = owå0gtm;vkH;wkdYu cspfcifjcif; ?

(10) £'d¨od'd¨ = wefckd;jzifh trsdK;rsdK; zefqif;Ekdifjcif; ?

azmfjyyg od'd¨qkdonfrsm;rSm vlom;wkdYtwGuf xljcm;vSaom rufvkH;rsm;jzpf&m 0dZÆmb0 &&Sda&;ukd

&r®ufBuD;pGm arQmfvifhMuukef\/ arQmfvifhonfhtwkdif; 0dZÆmjzpfa&; vrf;pOfukd &SmazGusifhokH;Muonf/

0dZÆmjzpfa&;vrf;;pOfukd ,if;wkdY\ pmayrsm;ü awGY&Sd&\/

0dZÆmjzpfolwkdYrSm atmufyg 4-rsdK;ukd usifhokH;í &&SdMuonfqkd\/

(1) jy'g;0dZÆm = jy'g;&SifvkH;jzifh pD&ifol ?

(2) aq;0dZÆm = aq;jzifh od'd¨NyD;ol ?

(3) oH0dZÆm = oHaovkH;jzifh pD&ifol ?

(4) tif;0dZÆm = tif; rEÅefponfjzifh od'd¨NyD;ol ?

azmfjyyg 4-rsdK;ukd 0dZÆm 4-rsdK;[k ac:Muonf/ 0dZÆmukd jrefrmwkdYu aZmf*sD[kvnf; ac:\/ aZmf*sD\

rlvyk'frSm a,m*Djzpfonf/ a,m*Dukd a*sm*sD? aZmf*sD[lí ajymif; vJac:qkdvmMuonf/

aZmf*sDonf jrefrmEkdifiHom;wkdYESifh &if;ESD;aeaom yk*d¾Kvfjzpfonf/ eDndKa&mif txnfpukd yefcsmyD

ukvm;0wfpkHoP²mef csKyfí 0wfqifNyD;vQif aq;awmifa0S;ac: wkwfacsmif;ukd ukdifaqmifxm;onfh

aZmf*sDykHrsm;ukd jrefrmjynf tESHYtjym;ü awGUjrifEkdifavonf/ xkdyk*d¾KvfrsdK;ukd

xGuf&yfaygufyk*d¾Kvf[kvnf; ac:Mujyefonf/ xGuf&yfayguf yk*d¾KvfwkdYrSm taoxGufyk*d¾Kvf?

t&SifxGufyk*d¾Kvf[k 2-rsdK; &Sdonf/

taoxGufyk*d¾KvfrSm aovGefNyD;aemuf xGuf&yfaygufoGm;onf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/

t&SifxGufyk*d¾vfrSm toufraobJ vlrjrif&aom cE¨mukd,ftjzpf ajymif;vJoGm;NyD; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm

touf&Sifvsuf w&m"r®ukd usifhMuHaeonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif xGuf&yfaygufyk*d¾Kvf vkyfoGm;aom olwkdY&Sdonf/ xkdyk*d¾Kvfrsm;onf

t&SifxGufonf[kum; rMum;zl;ay/ tm;vkH;rSmrl trsm;enf;wl aoqkH;Mu&avonf/



130

þuJhokdY 0dZÆmb0? aZmf*sDb0? od'd¨&SifxGuf&yfaygufb0 ponfwkdYrSm vlUavmuü wu,fwrf;

jzpfEkdifaom b0rsdK; r[kwfay/ MuHMuHzefzef pdwful;ÓPfjzifh MuHqxm;aom b0rsdK;om jzpfonf/

þpdwful;,Of b0rsKd;ukd &vdrfhEkd;jzifh arQmfukd;í vkyfukdifaeolrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/

auseyfESpfodrfhaeolrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ xkdyk*d¾Kvfrsm;onf tdrfrufxJu &wemxkyfukd

vkdufvH&SmazGaeolrsm; jzpfayonf/

aA'if ,kHMunfrI

ax&0g' Ak'¨bmomESifh a&maESmaom ,kHMunfrIrsm;xJwGif aA'if,kHMunfrIvnf; tygt0if

jzpfonf/ aA'if,kHMunfrIonf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;okdY oa&acwå&macwfuyif a&muf&SdaeNyD/

þaA'ifusrf;rsm;ukd tdEd´,wkdif;om; jA[®Pbmom0if ykPÖm;rsm; o,faqmifvm&mrS jrefrmwkdY

tarG&Muonf/

jrefrmrif;rsm; vufxufwGif aA'ifvkdufpm;ol aygrsm;vSonf/ aA'ifvkdufpm;ol rsm;wGif ax&0g'

&[ef;awmfrsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ &[ef;wkdYonf aA'ifa[mí rpm;aomfvnf; aA'iftwwfukd

avmuDa&;&m odrSwfp&m twwfwpfck taejzifh avhvmvkdufpm;cJhMuonf/

Ak'¨bk&m;u aA'ifa[mjcif;paom ta[mtajymtvkyfrsdK;ukd rjyKvkyf&ef wm;jrpfxm;onf/

okdYaomfvnf; tcsdKU&[ef;wkdYrSm 0denf;a'oemawmfukd rsufuG,fjyKí aA'ifa[mum

vmbf&SmMuonf/ "r®apwDrif;vufxufwGif aA'ifbkef;BuD;rsm;ukd omoemawmfü rxm;&ef

ta&;,laqmif&GufcJhzl;onf/

aA'ifusrf;rsm;onf Ak'¨bk&m; ryGifhrD bDpD 1500-ESifh 1000-Mum;uyif ay:aygufcJhaom

usrf;rsm;jzpfonf/ tm&d,efvlrsdK;wkdYonf q&qGwDjrpfnma'oü aepOfu jyKpkxm;aom

usrf;rsm;jzpfonf/ rlvu aA'ifusrf;trsdK;tpm; 3-ykH &Sdonf/ aemufykdif;wGif 4-ykH jzpfvmonf/

aA'if 4-ykHrSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/



131

(1) £½kaA'if/ / aeMuwf? vMuwf? eu©wfwm&mwkdYukd Munfhí ab;Oy'ftEÅ&m,fjzpfwwf

ysufwwfykHukd jyaomusrf; ?

(2) ,ZkaA'if/ / rdrdwkdYtay:ü a&mufqJ a&mufvwHåUab;&efrsm;rS vGwfuif;aysmufajy&ef

N*dK[feu©wfwkdYukd ylaZmfaomenf;? ,MwmjyKenf;ukd jyqkd&musrf;?

(3) omraA'if/ / ae vwkfdY oGm;&m vrf;ukd 12-&moDcGifjyKí rnfonfh&moDcGifü rnfonfhN*dK[f

&yfwefYaeonfukd MunfhNyD;vQif tHom? vdwåm? Mwif;? e0if;ponfjzifh a0zefvsuf aumif;

raumif;ukd a[m&musrf; ?

(4) tmxAÁPaA'if/ / tmxAÁ&aoh pD&ifojzifh xkdtrnfukd &&Sdjcif; jzpfonf/ rD;xGef;jcif;?

rEÅefpkyfjcif; paom wpfyg;olwkdY ysufpD;&ef tpDt&ifukd jyqkfd&musrf;?

aA'if 3-ykHukd t|u&aohpaom &aoh 10-OD;wkdYu jyKpD&ifxm;onf[k Ak'¨yd#uwfawmfESifh

ygVdtbd"mefusrf;wkdYhü azmfjyxm;\/ &aohwkdY pD&ifxm;aom aA'if usrf;rsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh

a&S;acwfvlwkdY ,kHMunfrIukd tajccHí a&;om;xm;aom pdwåZ a0'em rSwfwrf;pmrsm;omvQif

jzpfayonf/

jrefrmwkdYu avmuDusrf;[k vufcHaeMuaom tdEd´,usrf;rsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh &aohwkdY a&;jyKaom

usrf;rsm;jzpfonf/ 0gusq&m? 0*¾q&m? [&Dwq&m? Asmoq&m paom usrf;jyKq&m

&aohrsm;pGmwkdYukd awGUMu&onf/

aemufykdif;wGif &aohwkdY a&;aom pdwåZusrf;pmrsm;rSm tvGefrsm;jym;vSaomaMumifh emrnfukdyif

razmfjyEkdifawmhay/ ]] &aoh &Spfaomif; q&maygif; }} wkfdY\ vuf&m[lí vufonfrazmfbJ

xif&mjrif&mukd a&;om;aeMuavawmhonf/

&aohwkdYvuf&m usrf;pmrsm;teuf o'´gusrf;? qef;usrf;ponfwkdYrSm tusdK;jyKusrf;pmrsm;

jzpfyg\/ okdYaomf usrf;pmtrsm;pkrSmrl &aohwkdYonf tvkyfr&Sdí tvkyf&Smum avhvmjyKpkxm;aom

pmayrsm; jzpfacsonf/



132

þokdY qkdvkdufojzifh &aohwkdY\ usrf;pmrsm;ukd apmfum;onf[lí rrSwf,loifh ay/ &aohwkdY\

b0jzpfpOfukd avhvmaomtcgü þpum;ukd oabmaygufvmayvddrfh rnf/ þjzpfpOfukd

tenf;i,f avhvmMunfh&vdrfhrnf/

a&S;acwf tdEd´,EkdifiH [dE´LwkdY\ "avhxkH;pHrsm;wGif ] tm&S&r } ac: usifh0wf usifhxkH;vnf;

wpfyg;tygt0if jzpfonf/ tm&S&rqkdonfrSm vlUb0wGif t&G,ftvkduf vkyfaqmif&rnfh

wm0efykdif;ukd qkdvkdonf/ t&G,fukd 4-ykdif; cGJjcm;xm;onf/

(1) yxrt&G,f / / ynmtrsdK;rsdK;ukd &SmazG qnf;yl;&rnf/

(2) 'kwd,t&G,f/ / tdrf&maxmifí pD;yGm;&SmazG pkaqmif;&rnf/

(3) wwd,t&G,f/ / pD;yGm;wkdYukd om;orD;wkdYtm; vTJtyfí r,m;ESifhtwl awmxGuf&rnf/

( qHyifjzLjcif;? tom;ta& wGefYjcif;? ajr;&aomtcgukd qkdonf/)

(4) pwkw¬t&G,f/ / rdrdESifh ygvmaom r,m;ukdyg pGefYí &aohb0jzifh wpfOD;wnf;

usifhMuHae&rnf/

a&S;acwf tdEd´,"avht& t&G,fBuD;&ifholwkdYrSm &aoh0wfí awmxJü wpfa,mufwnf;

aeMu&onf/ edygwfawmf Zmwursm;wGif &aohrsm;pGm yg&SdaeonfrSm xkd"avhrS azmfxkwfay;aom

Zmwfaumifrsm; jzpfayonf/

&aohwkdY pdwfajz&m usrf;pmrsm;

&aohwkdYonf azmfryg wpfa,mufwnf; awmBuD;xJrSm ae&ojzifh ysif;&dzG,f jzpf\/

tvkyftukdifuvnf; r&Sd/ tm;vyfae\/ xkdYaMumifh &aohwkdYonf pdwf0ifpm;p&mrsm;ukd &SmazGí

pdwfajzMu&onf/ tm½kHtpm;xkd;í ajzazsmufMu&onf/

tcsdKU &aohwkdYonf xGufouf 0ifoufukd rSwfjcif;paom tvkyfwkdYjzifh pdwfukd xdef;csKyfí

ajzodrfhMuonf/ pdwfwnfjidfrfrIukd &,lvsuf Nidrf;csrf;apMuonf/



133

þusifhMuHrIrsm;onf aemiftcgü [dE´LbmomxJokdY 0ifa&mufvmonf/ [dE´Lbmomü ] a,m*enf;

} ac: usifhMuHrIonf tmemygeac: xGufouf 0ifoufukd tajccHaom usifhxkH; jzpfayonf/

tcsdKU &aohwkdYonf aeMuwf? vMuwf ponfwkdYukd rSwfom;í vlUurÇm\ jzpf&yfwkdYESifh

,SOf[yfMunfhMuonf/ vlUurÇm\ jzpf&yfwkdYESifh wkdufqkHaomtcg þokdY edrdwfjyvQif xkdokdY

jzpfwwfonf ponfjzifh rSwfom;xm;Muonf/

tcsdK &aohwkdYonf opfjrpf opf&GufwkdYukd a&m*gb,twGuf avhvmMuonf/ awGU&SdorQukd

rSwfwrf;jyKMuonf/ tcsdKU &aohwkdYonf *Pef;ocsFmwkdYukd tokH;csí vlUb0\

tqkd;taumif;wkdYukd rSwfwrf;jyKMuonf/ tcdsKU &aohwkdYonf ukd;uG,f&myk*d¾KvfwkdYukd &SmazG

azmfxkwfMuonf/ *gxmrEÅefwkdYukd zefwD; a&;om;Muonf/ rSwfwrf;wifMuonf/

þokdY enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh pdwf0ifpm;pGm vkyfukdifvmMu&mrS usifh0wf usifhxkH;rsm;pGm

ay:aygufvmcJhonf/ ,kHMunf&mrsm;pGm ay:xGef;vmcJhonf/ xkdYaMumifh &aohwkdY a&;aom

usrf;pmwkdYukd tvkyfr&SdaomaMumifh tvkyf&Smum a&;om;cJhMujcif; jzpfonf[k qkd&jcif;

jzpfayonf/

&aohwkdY a&;om;cJhaom usrf;pmwkdYrSm trsm;tm;jzifh odyHÜenf;us avhvmxm;cJhaom

twwfynmrsm; r[kwfay/ omrefwkdufqkHrIukd tajcjyKí twnfxifum rSwfwrf;wifxm;aom

pmrsm;jzpf&m {uefrSefvSNyD[lí ,kHMunfpGJrSwf rxm;tyfacs/

ykHpHtm;jzifh aeMuwf? vMuwf a[mudef;rsdK;ukd Munfhoifhonf/ a&S;acwfu ae vwkdY Muwfjcif;ukd

a&;BuD;cGifus,fvkyfí a[mudef;rsm; jyKvkyfxm;&m tvGefaMumuf rufzG,fuJhokdY xifrSwfae&onf/

trSefrl ae v urÇmwkdY wnfpk&m pMu0Vmü þokdYyif ESpfpOf jzpfay:aeMurnfjzpf\/ aMumufp&m

r&Sd? vefYp&m r&Sd? obm0t& jzpfwnfrI[l í em;vnfvmMu\/ a&S;acwfu a[mudef;rsm;

t"dyÜm,f r&Sdawmhacs/



134

aA'ifa[mjcif;qkdaom vkyfief;rSmvnf; &aohwkdY\ pdwåZrSwfwrf; rsm;pGmxJu pdwful;,Of

rSwfwrf;yGm; wpfckom jzpfonf/ aA'ifa[mjcif;rSm *Pef;ocsFmwkdYukd aygif;? Ekwf? ajr§muf? pm; 4-

yg;aom vIyf&Sm;rIjzifh vufupm;NyD;vQif vlom;wkdY\ b0Mur®mukd ajz&Sif;ay;aeaom

vkyfief;jzpfonf/

a&S;acwf tdEd´,EkdifiHwGif jAm[®PwkdYonf bmoma&;\ OD;aqmifyk*d¾Kvfrsm; jzpfMuonf/

¤if;wkdYonf bmoma&;qkdif&m vkyfief;rsm;udk wm0ef,lí aqmif&GufMuonf/ bmoma&;ukd

uRrf;usifaom jAm[®Prsm;rSm rif;q&m yka&m[dwfrsm;tjzpf trIxrf;Mu &onf/

rif;rokH;aom jAm[®Prsm;rSmrl rdrdwkdY b0&yfwnfrItwGuf aA'ifq&mrsm; tjzpfvnf;aumif;?

tjcm; twwfynmwkdYjzifhvnf;aumif; toufarG;Mu&onf/

aA'ifq&mrsm;onf vlom;wkdY\ b0wpfckvkH;ukd aA'ifudef;*Pef;atmufokdY odrf;oGif;cJhMuonf/

vlwkdY tokH;jyKaeaom tu©&mrsm;ukdvnf; N*dK[fewfrsm;jzifh csOf;uyfí tokH;csxm;Muonf/

u c paom tu©&mrsm;ukd wevFmpaom N*dK[fwkdYu ykdifpkd;onf[k qkdMuonf/

emrnfrSnfhonfh tcgüvnf; eHoifhtu©&moHwkdYjzifh rSnfhac:Muonf/ N*dK[fewfwkdYonf

tu©&moHwkdYukd rnfonfhacwfu cGJwrf;csí ,lcJhMuoenf;/ rnfolu tykdifpm; ay;cJhoenf;

qkdaom ar;cGef;ukdrl tajzay;Ekdifol rawGU&acs/

vlwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ aumif;rI qkd;rIwkdYukd aA'iftwwfu jyKjyif ajymif;vJay;Ekdifonf[laom

tEkrmepGJvrf;csufjzifh aA'ifar;Muonf/ ,MwmacsMuonf/ ,Mwmacsí aus rausawmh rod/

aiGuawmh vufawGU ukef\/



135

vlwkdYonf &uf&mZm? jyó'g;? 0g&rdwåK? tdrfaxmifzuf? rdwffzuf? &efzuf? "mwfzuf? vmbfae?

ewfae? pufae? a&csdK;aeY? acgif;avQmfaeY? orm;jzLaeY? wmaemaeY ponfjzifh a&Smifp&mtrsdK;rsdK;

aqmifp&mtzkHzkH aygufu&rsdK;pkHukd ,kHMunfaeMuavonf/

vlwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\ b0ESifh cHpm;rIrsm; xdckdufrnfukd pkd;&dfrfMuonf/ þpkd;&drfrI onf vlwkdY\

yifukd,fÓPf pGrf;&nfukd tm;aysmhapcJhonf/ rdrdwkdY\ b0ukd xdckdufwwfonf[k Mum;zl;vQif

bmukdrQ rvkyf0HhMuawmh/ ,kwdå &Sd r&Sdukdvnf; rqifjcifEkdifawmhay/

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aewwfMuao;onf/

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aumif;usdK; ray;aom *Pef;[lí ,kHrSwfum vufrcHcsifMu/

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jzpfonf/ a&S;OD;pGm c&pf,mefbmom0ifwkdY vufcH,kHMunfMuonf/ Ak'¨bmomESifh bmrQ

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jzpfonf[k trSefukd rjrifEkdifMuay/

vlom;wkdY\ ,kHMunfrIonf t,lonf;rIrsm; jyif;xefaeygu wkd;wufrIukd taESmifht,Suf

jzpfaponf/ vl\ vGwfvyfrIukd t[efYtwm; jzpfaponf/



136

vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;? EkdifiH wpfEkdifiHonf pdwåZ,kHMunfrIrsm; tpGJoefaeygu vlrsdK;\ edrfhusjcif;? EkdifiH\

qkwfepfjcif;ukd jzpfapavonf/

e*g;ukd;uG,frI vufusef ,kHMunfrI

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qkdum ukd;uG,fqnf;uyfonf/

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ul;a&mufvmcJhavonf/

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3000-cefYwGif tdE´Kjrpf0Srf; ,Ofaus;rIBuD;ukd xlaxmifcJhMu\/ xkdvlrsdK;wkdYonf opfyif awm

awmif ponfwkdYukd ukd;uG,fMuonf/



137

xkdYjyif a>rowå0gukd ajr\ t&Sifocif jzpfonf[k qkdum a>r½kyfrsm; xkvkyfukd;uG,fMuonf/

a>rukd em*[k ac:\/ xkdtcsdefrS pí e*g;ukd;uG,frI xGef;um;vmonf/ tdEd´,EkdifiHwGif

e*g;ukd;uG,fol e*g;bmom0ifrsm; tiftm;BuD;rm;cJhonf/

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ac:qkdcJhMuonf/ e*g;rsdK;wkdYukd tkyfcsKyfoltm; e*g;rif;[k ac:onf/

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bmomukd trTrf;wifí ac: qkdxm;jcif; jzpfonf[k em;vnfEkdifMuayonf/

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ul;puf jyefYyGm;oGm;avonf/

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vufcH,kHMunfaeMuqJ jzpfonf/ e*g;onf wpfESpfvQif 4-BudrfrQ OD;acgif;ajymif;avh &Sdonfqkd\/

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0gacgifvwkdYü ajrmufokdY vSnfhonf/ awmfovif;? oDwif;uRwf? wefaqmifrkef;vwkdYü ta&SUokdY

vSnfhonf/ ewfawmf? jymokd? wykdYwGJvwkdYü awmifbufokdY vSnfhonf[k qkdonf/

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BuKH&rnf/ þt,ltqjzifh vlwkdYonf tdrf,majymif;vQifvnf;aumif;? c&D;oGm;vQifvnf;aumif;

e*g;vSnfhoifhatmif apmifhqkdif;aeavh &SdMuonf/



138

,cktcg acwfrD tawG;tjrif &SdolwkdYurl xkdt,ltqukd vufrcHMuawmhay/ tpkd;&0efxrf;wkdYrSm

vkyfief;ajymif;a&TUvQif e*g;vSnfhoifhatmif apmifhaeí r&ay/ e*g;vSnfhukd ,kHMunfaeívnf;

rjzpf/ tcsdefrqkdif; a&TUMu&\/

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]] ewfESifh e*g; rvSnfhpm; ESifh? }} [laom aqmifyk'ftkd aqmifyk'faqG;BuD;jzifh axmufxm;

usm;uefvsuf &SdMuukefao;\/

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t&mrsm;vnf; rsm;jym;vS\/ twdwfa[m edrdwfa[musrf;rsm;ukd MunfhvQif obm0avmuü

&Sdaom ypönf;wkdY\ vIyf&Sm;rI rSeforQukd twdwfedrdwfxJü xnfhoGif;xm;Mu\/ a[muGuf

ajymuGufrsm; jyKvkyfxm;Muonf/

armif;axmifomoemykdif vlxGuf r[m"r®oBuFefuJhokdY yk*d¾KvfBuD;rsm;uvnf;

aerdwåu0dZÆmusrf;rsdK;ukd a&;om;um pdwåZa0'emukd jyefYyGm;atmif jyKvkyfxm;cJhMuonf/

þokdYjzifh vlwkdY\ pdwfoEÅmef0,f twdwfpGJa&m*g edrdwfzwfa0'emrsm; uyfa&mufae&avonf/

þtwdwfedrdwf ,kHMunfrIrsm;rSmvnf; trsm;tm;jzifh tdEd´,rSyif ul;pufvm aom ,kHMunfrIrsm;

jzpfonf/ jAm[®Pac: ykPÖm;wkdY\vuf&m usrf;tpOftvm[k od&ayonf/

[dE´L0g'usifhxkH;rsm;wGif ] oEdÅ } ac: usifhpOfwpfck &Sdonf/ xkdusifhpOfrSm twdwfqkd; edrdwfqkd;

awGUBuHKaomtcg ab;tEÅ&m,f uif;pifa&;twGuf ,Mwmacs&aom tvkyfjzpfonf/



139

tdrfü xGef;xm;aom rD;cGuf ½kwfw&uf Nidrf;jcif;? tdrfajr§mifusjcif;? pkwfxkd;jcif;? raumif;aom

tdrfruf rufjcif;? vif;w em;jcif;? iSufqkd; xkd;jcif;? &GmwGif;okdY awmwd&pämef 0ifjcif;paom

trIrsm;ukd twdwfqkd; edrdwfqkd;[k owfrSwfxm;onf/

xkdtcgrsdK;wGif ykPÖm; rsm;tm; yifhzdwfí vSLzG,f0w¬Krsm; vSL'gef;NyD;vQif wEÅ& rEÅ&rsm;ukd

&Gwfzwf&onf/ xkdokdY &GwfzwfrS tEÅ&m,frsm; uif;aysmufoGm;onf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/

[dE´LjAm[®PwkdY\ ,kHMunfcsuf jzpfonf/

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edrdwfa0g[m&wkdYukd jrefrmtbd"mefusrf;rsm;ü þokdY zGifhjyxm;Muonf/

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jzpfysufrnfh tjcif;t&m\ a&SUajy;jzpf&yfvu©Pmponf }} [k zGifh jyxm;ygonf/

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trSwfvu©Pm }} [k zGifhjyygonf/

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edrdwfonf jcm;em;rI &Sd&ygrnf/ jcm;em;íom cGJjcm; tokH;jyKcJhjcif; jzpfygrnf/ pma&;ol\

oabmxm;jzifh ajym&vQif twdwfqkdonfrSm ,kwdårJh t,ltq jzpfygonf/ edrdwfrSmrl ,kwdå&Sd?

,kwdårJhESpfrsdK;ukd tjccHaeygonf/

&Sif;ygOD;rnf/ tdyfrufwdw¬KHac:aom usrf;rsm;ukd awGUzl;? Mum;zl;Muayvdrfhrnf/ þokdYjrifrufvQif

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rufonf/ tdyfrufaumif;vQif twdwfaumif;onf/ tdyfruf raumif;vQif twdwfraumif;/



140

twdwf aumif; raumif;ukd Munfhí tusdK;ay; aumif; raumif;ukd a[mqkdMuonf/ þokdYaom

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rSefuefvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/

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ra&;wwfcJhacs/

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oltkd? olem? olao? &[ef;[laom edrdwf 4-yg;ukd jrifcJhonf/

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141

xkdYjyif obm0rus? ,kwdår&Sdaom edrdwfa[mrsm;vnf; rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ ykHpHtm;jzifh ivsifvIyfedrdwf

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EkdifiHtwGufrl bmrQ tokH;r0ifawmhacs/

twdwfedrdwfa[m pmwrf;rsm;wGif wdrfedrdwf? Mu,fwHcGefedrdwf? iSufrnfoHedrdwf? <uufcJedrdwf?

awmifykdYaygufedrdwf? ysm;pGJedrdwf? iSufem;edrdwf? aetdrfzGJUedrdwf? vtdrfzGJUedrdwf ponfjzifh

trsm;tjym; &Sdayonf/

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rEÅef&Gwfqkd ,kHMunfrI

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aysmufuif;OD;rnfvm; roday/

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*g,Bwdac: rEÅefrsdK;ukd udpöwpfck aqmif&GufawmhrnfqkdvQif 10-Budrfavmuf &GwfzwfMu&onf/



142

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tukokdvf[lorQ uif;pif yaysmufEkdifonf[l\/

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a0g[m&jzpfonf/ t tu©&monf AdóEkd;ewfudk a[m\/ O tu©&monf od0ewfukd a[m\/ r

tu©&monf jA[®mewfukd a[m\/ ewfbk&m;BuD; 3-OD;ukd wpfNydKifwnf;ygap&ef aygif;pnf;

&Gwfqkdaomtcg ] OKH } [k jzpfvmonf/ tkrf [k toH xGuf&\/ ouúwbmomü ] Morf } [k

a&;onf/

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jrefrmEkdifiHü *gxmrEÅef &GwfqkdrIrsm;vnf; tdEd´,rS ul;pufvmaom vkyfief;jzpfaMumif;

rjiif;qkdEkdifMuay/ *gxmrEÅefwkdY\ wefckd;ukd [dE´LjAm[®Prsm; ,kHMunf ovkdyif jrefrmwkdYuvnf;

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Ak'¨a'oemwkdYrSm bmrQ ywfoufrI r&Sdonfukd awGUod em;vnfrI r&SdcJhMuacs/

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif *gxmrEÅefwkdYukd ygVd? ouúw wkdYjzifhom &Gwfqkdref;rIwfMuonf r[kwf/ jrefrmwkdY

jyKvkyfxm;aom jrefrmbmom rEÅefrsm;vnf; ay:aygufcJhonf/wDxGifcJhMuonf/ O'g[½kPftm;jzifh

um,od'd¨*gxm[k ac:aom rEÅefwpfyk'fukd nTefjy ygrnf/



143

]] OHK ig\ &efum; vGwfav &Sm;av a0;pGm &SJ? OHK &Sifarm*¾vmef- &efwumukd a&Tvuf0g;awmfESifh

umq&mhum/ }}

þ*gxmjzifh oajyyifukd ajcESifhuefí 37-acguf &Gwfyg/ &GwfNyD;vQif ¤if;oajyyifu oajyyef;ukd

csdK;í yefav/ aqmifav/ um,od'd¨ aumif;vSonf[l\/ &Sifarm*¾vmefrax&fonf

olU&efolukdyif umuG,fEkdifjcif; r&SdbJ 0#fa<u;t& ckd;om;ig;&m t½kdufcHí y&dedAÁmef jyKoGm;cJhNyD/

,cktcsdefwGif r&Sdawmh/ okdYygvsuf &Sifarm*¾vmefukd oufawmfapmifh&mxl; ay;í umuG,f&ef

apckdif;xm;onfh *gxmrSm A½kwfokwfc*kdPf;orm;wkdY wDxGifxm;aom ujyufuacsmf

*gxmwpfyk'fom jzpfayonf/

rMumrDu jrefrmjynfwGif csdwfqGJp&m qkdif;bkwf*gxm wpfckvnf; acwfpm;cJhzl; onf/

xkd*gxmrEÅefrSm ]] OHK rPdya'®[kH }} jzpfonf/ ¤if;*gxmrEÅefukd tdrfay:rSm? ,mOfay: rSm?

qkdifay:rSm? ae&mwumrSm awGU&\/

þreÅefonf r[m,me*kdPf;rS t0avmudawo& bk&m;avmif;ewfukd ylaZmf aom *gxmjzpfonf/

t"dyÜm,frSm ]] ywåjrm; &wemESifhwlaom t0avmudawo& t&Sifonf MumyGifhBuD;xJu

jzpfxGef;vmovkd tuREkfyf\ ESvkH;tdrfrSvnf; aAm"dÓPf jzpfxGef;ygap/ }} [lí jzpfonf/

jrefrmjynfü xkd*gxm a&yef;pm;aepOf ax&0g' oefYpifapvkdaom r*¾Zif;rsm;u acszsuf

a&;om;MuaomaMumifh aemufykdif;wGif arS;rSdefoGm;&avonf/

jrefrmwkdYonf *gxmrEÅef &Gwfqkd&mü tacguf ta&twGufukd pdyfykwD;ac:aom tuGif;jzifh

vkH;a&rSwfívnf;aumif;? ywfa& rSwfívnf;aumif; &GwfqkdMuonf/ þpdyfykwD;jzifh vkH;a& ywfa&

rSwfí pdyfjcif;rSmvnf; [dE´LjAm[®PwkdY xHrSyif ul;pufvmaom vkyfief;jzpfaMumif; od&Sd&ayonf/



144

pdyfykwD;jyóem tajz&Sm

a&S;acwfu w½kwfESifh yD½l;EkdifiHwkdYwGif csnfBudK;jzifh txkH;ykwD; jyKvkyfNyD; rSwfwrf;rSwf&moabm

tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/ wpfzef jAm[®P? [dE´L? *sdef;? c&pf,mef? rlpvifwkdYvnf; opfaph? 0g;? zef?

ausmufykwD;ponfwkdYukd tokH;jyKMuonf/

jrefrmAk'¨bmom0ifwkdYonfvnf; ykwD;ukd tqifwefqm tjzpfvnf;aumif;? bmoma&;

tokH;taqmif tjzpfvnf;aumif; tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/ *kdPf;orm;wkdYuvnf; *kdPf;okH;ypönf;tjzpf

tokH;csMuonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tqifwefqmtjzpf ykwD;rsm;ukd ysLacwfuyif wGifus,fpGm okH;pGJaeMuonf/

bmoma&; tokH;taqmifykwD;ukdum; aemufacwfa&mufrS okH;pGJcJhMujcif; jzpfonf/ xkdbmoma&;

tokH;jzpfaom pdyfykwD;rSmrl [dE´LwkdYxHrS enf;,lí jyKvkyfcJhMujcif; jzpfayonf/

[dE´L0g' usifhxkH;rsm;wGif ] Oygoe } ac: usifhxkH;wpfck ½Sdonf/ þusifhxkH;rSm bk&m;xD;?

bk&m;rwkdY\ *kPfukd zGJUqkdxm;aom rEÅefwkdYukd &Gwfqkd&onfh tvkyfjzpfonf/ xkd*kPfwkdYukd &Gwfzwf

ylaZmf&mü ] ZyÜ } ac: pdyfykwD;jzifh &GwfzwfrIvnf; yg0ifonf/ xkdYaMumifh [dE´LwkdYu pdyfykwD;ukd ]

ZyÜrmvm } [k ac:Muonf/

ZyÜ = &Gwfqkdjcif;? o&ZÑm,fjcif; ?

rmvm= yef;? okdYr[kwf tpOftwef;-

[lí t"dyÜ,f&ayonf/

ZyÜrmvm\ t"dyÜm,frSm wpfckckukd &Gwfqkdaomtcg tBudrfaygif;ukd rSwfom;&eftwGuf

oDukH;xm;onfh t&m0w¬K [lí jzpfygonf/ [dE´LbmomwGif AdóEkd;*kdPf;0ifwkdYonf 108-vkH;

ykwD;ukd tokH;jyKavh &SdMu\/ jrefrmwkdYuvnf; 108-vkH; ykwD;ukdyif tokH;jyK rsm;Muonf/

jrefrmEkdfifiHü ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdYonf rnfonfhacwfu pwifí tokH;jyKcJhonf[k rod&ay/

yk*Hacwf ty,f&wemvkdPf*lbk&m; twGif;ü awGU&onfh eH&Haq;a&; taxmuftxm;rsm;t&



145

[dE´L&aohBuD;rsm;[k ,lq&aom &aohBuD;rsm; ykHwkdYü pdyfykwD;rsm;ukd ukdifaqmifxm;Mu\/

&aohwkdYonf pdyfykwD;ukd ukdifí rEÅef&Gwfae[ef &Sdayonf/

tif;0acwfwGifrl Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdYvnf; pdyfykwD;ukd tokH;jyKvmMuNyD jzpfonf/ tif;0acwfwGif

&mZm"d&mZfESifh pBudKoljrwfwkdY awGUqkHyGJü oDwif;onf 300-wkdYu pdyfykwD; ukd,fpDjzifh

vkdufyg&aMumif; orkdif;a[mif;wkdYü awGU&Sd&onf/

ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdYonf [dE´LwkdY txHrS pdyfykwD;tokH;ukd enf;,lí tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/

þokdY usifhokH;onfukd rSm;onf[k rqkdEkdifyg/ rnfonfh t,l0g'rS enf;,lí usifhokH;onf jzpfap?

Ak'¨bmomwkdYu Ak'¨bmom enf;[efjzifh tokH;jyKjcif;om y"me jzpfonf/

[dE´LwkdYu rEÅef&Gwf&mü tokH;jyKonf/ Ak'¨bmomwkdYu Ak'¨*kPfawmf &GwfyGm;&mü tokH;jyKonf/

þokdY jcm;em;oGm;Muygonf/ xkdYaMumifh Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdYonf *kPfawmftm½kH yGm;xkH&ef tvkdYiSm

pdyfykwD;ukd tokH;jyKoifhMuygonf/ pE´&m;onf jrefrmwkdY wDxGifaom wl&d,mypönf;

r[kwfaomfvnf; jrefrmaw;ukd wD;cwf&eftwGuf tokH;jyKcJh MuouJhokdY rSwf,lEkdifayonf/

okdY&mwGif tcsdKUyk*d¾KvfwkdYonf pdyfykwD;ESifh ywfoufí ,kHMunfrI tykdtuJrsm; jzpfvmygonf/

eHYomykwD;? N*dK[fwkdifykwD;? "mwfom;ykwD;? yef;aygif;ykwD;? *rkef;aygif;ykwD; ponfjzifh

pdwful;ay:&m wDxGifí tokH;jyKvmMuonf/ pdyfykwD;\ wefckd;ukdvnf; trsdK;rsdK;

,kHMunfvmMuonf/ ykwD;ukd a&pdrfaomufvQif bma&m*g aysmufrnf ponfrsdK; jzpf\/

tcsdKUyk*d¾KvfwkdYvnf; ykwD;acgif;rS BudK;tzsm;ukd ukdifum touf0ifvmoa,mif xifatmif

awmif&rf; ajrmuf&rf; vkyfNyD; y&rf;ywm a[mudef;jzifh vkyfpm;aeMuonf/ þ,kHMunfrIrsdK;um;

obm0vGef ,kHMunfrI jzpfvmaomaMumifh tpGef;a&mufcJhavNyD/

,cktcsdefwGif jrefrmEkdifiHü bkd;bkd;atmifqkdol\ pdwful;,Ofbkd;awmfykHüvnf;aumif;?

tjcm;yk*d¾KvffykHwkdYüvnf;aumif; pdyfykwD;xnfhí xkvkyf a&;qGJMuonf/ pdyfykwD;onf þrQ



146

wGifus,faeNyD/ xkdtxJwGif &SifoD0vdykHawmfukd pdyfykwD;jzifh xkvkyfMuonfum; ravsmfuefvSay/

tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf &SifoD0vdacwfu pdyfykwD;ukd tokH;jyKavh r&SdaomaMumifhwnf;/

od'd¨wifjcif;

,aeY jrefrmEkdifiHü od'd¨wifaom tvkyfukdvnf; vltawmfrsm;rsm; vufcH ,kHMunfaeMu\/

od'd¨wifjcif; qkdonfrSm ygVdbmom od'd¨[laom a0g[m&yk'fESifh jrefrmbmom wif[laom

a0g[m&ESpfckukd aygif;pyfí ] od'd¨wif } [k ac:qkdaeMujcif; jzpfayonf/

þwGif od'd¨[laom yk'fukd teuft"dyÜm,f &SmazGMunfhygu tbd"mefygVdü od'd¨yk'f\ tzGifhr&Sd/

y&d,m,fvnf; r&Sd/ okdYaomf om"eo'´ga[mEkdifaom teufwYkdukd azmfjy&mü od'd¨dyk'fukd

NyD;pD;jcif;[lí teufay;xm;Muygonf/

jrefrmtbd"mefusrf;ü ]] od'd¨ = NyD;jcif;? od'd¨wif? vufzGJUponfukd tpGrf;xufatmif

aqmif&Gufonf/ csD;rGrf;onf/ trTrf;wifonf/ }} [k zGifhjyxm;onf/ xkdYaMumifh

od'd¨wifjcif;qkdonfrSm pDrHzefwD;xm;aom ypönf;ukd tpGrf;xufatmif aqmif&Gufaom tvkyfukd

qkdvkdonf/

od'd¨wifonf qkd&mrSmvnf; [dE´L jAm[®PwkdYuJhokdY *gxmrEÅefjzifh &Gwfqkdjcif;ukdyif qkdvkdygonf/

jrefrmwkdYu rEÅefjzifh ref;onf[k ac:\/ vufzGJUref;? a&ref;? qDref; ponfjzifh trsdK;rsdK;aom

ref;rIwfrIwkdYukd wDxGifjyKvkyfMuonf/ þokdY ref;vkdufojzifh a&onf tpGrf; xufoGm;\/ qDonf

wefckd;&SdoGm;\/ vufzGJUponfwkdYvnf; tpGrf;xufoGm;um vkd&mod'd¨rsm; NyD;ajrmufrnf[k

,kHMunfMuonf/

þuJhokdYaom ,kHMunfcsufjzifh *gxmrEÅefwkdYukd ukd,fwkdif &Gwfzwf o&ZÑm,fí od'd¨wif

ref;rIwfMuonf/ rdrdwkdY rvkyfwwfygu tjcm; ref;rIwfwwfolwkdYukd ref;rIwfapí

tpGrf;xufatmif jyKvkyfMuonf/



147

od'd¨wifonfqkdaom *gxmrEÅefwkdYrSmvnf; ouúw? ygVd? jrefrmbmomwkdYjzifh oDukH;xm;jcif;

jzpfonf/ *gxmrEÅefwkdYrSm rdrdwkdY vkdtifqE´ukd awmif;qkdxm;aom pmrsm;om jzpfonf/ ykHpHtm;jzifh

atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/

]] r[d'd¨um ab;&efumí urÇmrysuf tm,kqufí toufuyfvkH; wnfapaomf /}}

]] cJzG,fabmZOf csdKcsOfup rGwfodyfvSaomf awmifhwcsufcsif; a&mufapaomf/}}

]] ta&;&SdvQif t&dyfqm,m ewfwumESifh 0dZÆmtaygif; rapaomf /}}

]] Akdvfvlrsm;pGm &efjyKvmvQif 0dZÆmAv ewfupí od'd¨qkdif&m ewfrsm;pGmu nDnmjzjz 0kdif;tkHMuí

r p jyKjyif igh½kyfoGif rxifcsufcsif; aysmufapaomf / }}

þokdYaom rEÅefpmjzifh od'd¨wifMujcif;om jzpfayonf/

,aeYacwfwGif od'd¨wifjcif;ukd vlBudKufrsm;vmonfhtavsmuf od'd´wifay;aom

yk*d¾KvfBuD;rsm;vnf; ay:aygufae\/ xkdyk*d¾Kvfrsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh *kdPf;qefqeftvkkyfukd

jyKvkyfaeolrsm; jzpfonf/

*kdPf;yk*d¾KvfBuD;wkdYonf ykwD;? vufzGJU? "mwfvkH; ponfwkdYukd OKH atmif;*gxm tjzmjzmwkdYjzifh

&Gwfqkdí od'd¨wifay;Muonf/ vlawGuvnf; emrnfBuD; *kdPf;yk*d¾KvfBuD;u &Gwfqkday;orQukd

uGefysLwm*Pef;pufuJhokdY tcsufusrSefrnf[k {uef,kHMunfrIjzifh vuf0g;vSefí

awmifcHaeMuukef\/

,aeYacwfwGif aiGpuúLukdyif od'd¨wif ay;olrsm; &Sdaeonf/ xkdyk*d¾KvfBuD;u wpfusyfwef

aiGpuúLukd od'd¨wifí vufaqmifay;onf/ xkdaiGpuúL&olrSm tm;&0rf;omjzifh vufukdiftdwfxJ

oGif;um oyf&yfpGm odrf;qnf;xm;vkdufonf/ NyD;aemuf vufukdiftdwf wGif;rS 200d^- wef

aiGpuúLukd xkwfí ylaZmfuefawmhvkdufonf/ vufawGUrSmrl od'd¨wif ay;aom yk*d¾KvftwGuf 199-

usyf tjrwf&oGm;NyD/ wpfusyft&if;jzifh 199-usyf jrwfaom tvkyfrSm b,fzufpyf

ukrÜPDvkyfief;rS r&Sdacs/



148

vlwkdYonf b0ESifh b0cHpm;rItwGuf tmom&r®ufjyif;pGm vkyfukdifaeMuonf/ tmom&r®uftwGuf

ukd;uG,f&mukd &SmazGqnf;uyfaeMuonf/ ,kHMunfp&mukd &SmazG vufcHaeMuonf/ ,kwdå&Sd r&Sdukd

todÓPfjzifh tjrifrSef r&EkdifcJhMuay/

þuJhokdY ,kwdårJh ukd;uG,frIESifh ,kHMunfrIrsm;ukd ax&0g'u jiif;y,fxm;\/ ax&0g'tjrifESifh

qefYusifonfh þ,kwdårJh tawG;tjrifwkdYukd ax&0g' Ak'¨a'oemawmfvm pum;&yfwkdYjzifh

,SOfuyfí okH;oyfMuygOD;pkdY/



149

tcef; (3)

ax&0g'ESifh jyify,kHMunfukd;uG,frI

tavmif;awmf od'¨w¬rif;om;onf rZÑdry#dy'gvrf;pOfukd usifhokH;vsuf w&m;rSefukd &SmazGcJh&m

r[mouú&mZf 103-ck? uqkefvjynfh? Ak'¨[l;aeYwGif opömav;yg;ukd odjrifí bk&m;tjzpfokdY

a&muf&SdcJhonf/

Ak'¨tjzpfokdY a&muf&SdNyD;aemuf vlom;wkdY\ b0ukd okH;oyfMunfh½IcJhonf/ xkdtcg vlom;xkBuD;\

rSm;,Gif;aom vlaerIb0"avhBuD;ukd awGUjrifvm&onf/ rdrd\ ywf0ef; usif&Sd vlwkdY\

ukd;uG,faerIrsm;? ,kHMunfaerIrsm;rSm rdrd jrifodaom w&m;"r®ESifh jcm;em;vSayonf/

Ak'¨bk&m; yGifhxGef;vmcsdefwGif tdEd´,EkdifiH rZÑdra'oü pdwftawG;ukd tajccHaom 0g'rsm;

xGef;um;aeavNyD/ bDpD 3000-cefYu xlaxmifvmcJhaom '&mAD'D,efwkdY\ ukd;uG,f,HkMunfrI

"avhrsm;? bDpD 2000-cefYrS pí xlaxmifvmcJhaom tm&d,efwkdY\ ukd;uG,f,kHMunfrI "avhrsm;rSm

tdEd´,wpfcGifü wGifus,faeNyD/ ,if;tiftm;pkBuD;u BuD; pkd;aecJhNyD/

Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf vlwkdY\ ,kHMunfukd;uG,frI "avhrsm;ukd okH;oyfvsuf ]] avmu BuD;[m

ysufpD;aeyguvm;?}}[k nnf;wGm;rdonf/ rdrd odjrifaom w&m;"r®wkdYukd a[mjyvkdpdwf

wkefYaES;oGm;&onf/

bk&m;&Sif\ wkefYaES; wGefYqkwfaerIukd o[HywdjA[®mu arwåm&yfcHí awmif;yefcJh&\/ xkdtcgrS

bk&m;&Sifonf rdrdodjrifaom opömw&m;ukd a[mMum;awmfrl\/ rdrd\ ywf0ef;usifü&Sdaom

ukd;uG,frI trSm;rsm;? ,kHMunfrI tvGJtrsm;ukd axmufjyonf/ rSefuefaom

opömvrf;aMumif;ay:okdY a&mufatmif ykdYaqmifay;avonf/



150

jyifyukd;uG,frI awmfvSefa&;

Ak'¨bk&m; yGifhay:vmcsdefwGif tdEd´,a'oü a'oü a&SUwef;a&mufaeaom 0g'rSm twå0g'

jzpfonf/ [dE´L jAm[®P0g't& twåw&m;rSm jA[®mBuD;u zefqif;ay;xm;aom t&m[k

vufcHaeMu\/

jA[®mBuD;onf txufaumif;uif wpfae&mü &Sdonf/ rtkd rao tNrJaeaom yk*d¾Kvfvnf;

jzpfonf/ urÇmavmuBuD;ESifh ouf&Sdowå0g rSeforQukd zefqif;ay;xm;onf/

jA[®mBuD;onf vl\cE¨mukd,fxJü qkd;vf? 0dnmOf[kac:aom twåuav;ukd zefqif;ay;xm;onf/

xkdtwåuav;onf cE¨mukd,fxJrSm tNrJ&SdaeNyD; ½kyfcE¨mysufpD; oGm;aomtcg tjcm; ½kyfcE¨mxJokdY

ul;ajymif;oGm;avonf/

þtwåuav;onf rlvzefqif;&Sifjzpfaom jA[®mBuD;ESifh jyefvnfaygifpnf;&eftwGuf ylaZmfyorI?

0wfjyK ukd;uG,frIrsm; jyKvkyf&onf/ þt,ltqjzifh jA[®mukd;uG,frI 0g' xGef;um;aeavonf/

Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf vlom;\ cE¨mü twåw&m;[lí r&SdaMumif;? twåw&m; qkdonfrSm b,frSmrS

r&SdEkdifaMumif; a&S;OD;a'oemjzifh twå0g'ukd acszsufa[mMum;awmfrlonf/ twå0g'ukd

awmfvSefaom tewå0g'a'oemonf Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif\ yGJOD;xGufw&m;awmf jzpfavonf/

Ak'¨yGifhawmfrlpOftwGif; tdEd´,EkdifiH\ ukd;uG,frI ½kyfykHvTmwkdYukd vSpfzGifhMunfvQif tjcm; ukd;uG,frI

rsm;pGmwkdYukdvnf; awGYjrifMu&onf/ þukd;uG,frIrsm;rSmvnf; a&Sa[mif; vlwkdY pdwful;jzifh

MuHpnfxm;aom obm0ukd;uG,frIbmom ( Nature Worship ) ukdyif tajccHaeavonf/

bDpD 3000-cefYu '&mAD'D,efvlrsdK;wkdYu pwifcJhaom opfyif awm awmif paom

ukd;uG,frIrsm;vnf; Ak'¨bk&m; yGifhonftxd &Sdaeonf/ Ak'¨bk&m;onf t*Fwkdif;ESifh r*"wkdif;wkdY

tMum;okdY a&muf&SdoGm;\/ xkdtcsdefwGif t*d¾d'wåac:aom &aohwpfOD;u olUwynfhwkdYtm; opfyif



151

awm awmif ponfwkdYukd ukd;uG,fMu&ef qkH;rae\/ Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf t*¾d'wå\ ukd;uG,frI

tqkH;trukd þokdY acszsufa[mMum;awmfrlonf/

]] ab;ukd xdwfvefYaom olwkdYonf awm awmif opfyifwkdYukd ukd;uG,f&m[lí

qnf;uyfMuukef\/ xkd awm awmif opfyifwkdYukd ukd;uG,fjcif;onf ab;uif;aomukd;uG,f&m

r[kwfay/ þudk;uG,frIwkdYonf jrwfaom ukd;uG,frIvnf; r[kwf/ bk&m;? w&m;? oHCm

&wemokH;yg;omvQif ukd;uG,fqnf;uyftyf\/ &wemokH;yg;ukd ukd;uG,fqnf;uyfjcif;onf

omvQif ab;uif;aom qnf;uyfrI jzpfonf/ jrwfaom ukd;uG,frI jzpfonf/ }}

xkdYaemuf Ak'¨bk&m;onf opömav;yg;w&m;ukd qufvufa[mMum;&m t*d¾'wå&aohESifh

wynfhwpfaomif;wkdY &[EÅm jzpfcJhMuonf/

yg&SefvlrsdK;wkdY\ Zdk½kd;tufpwm;bmomonf rD;ukd txGwftjrwfxm;aom 0g' jzpfonf/

xkd0g'rsdK;onf tdEd´,EkdifiHüvnf; xGef;um;ae\/

Ak'¨bk&m;onf a0VK0efausmif;ü aeawmfrlpOf &Sifom&dykwå&m\ wlawmfol ykPÖm;wpfa,mufonf

rD;ewfukd vkyfauR; ylaZmfaeoljzpfonf/ bk&m;&Sifonf xkdykPÖm;ukd þokdY

a[mMum;qkH;rawmfrlonf/

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tusdK;r&SdaMumif; Zmwfa[mif;rsm;üvnf; a[mMum;jyocJhonf/



152

e*kF| Zmwffawmf

vGefavNyD;aomtcg Am&mPoDjynfü jA[®'wfrif;onf rif;jyKvwfaomf bk&m;tavmif;onf

O'´dpöykPÖm;rsdK;ü jzpf\/ rdbwkdYonf bk&m;avmif; arG;aomaeYrS pí rD;ukd odrf;qnf;xm;Muonf/

xkdrD;ukd rjidrf;raysmufatmif apmifh&Smufxm;Muavonf/

bk&m;avmif; 16-ESpft&G,f a&mufaomtcg rdbwdkYu ]] cspfom;? oifarG;zGm;aom aeYuyif 'DrD;ukd

arG;í xdef;odrf; apmifha&SmufcJh&onf? tu,fí tdrfrSm aevkdvQif aA'ifokH;ykHukd oifyg? jA[®mhjynf

a&mufvkdvQifvnf; 'DrD;ukd ,lNyD; awmukdoGm;yg? rD;ewfukd vkyfauR;NyD; jA[®mBuD;ukd ESpfoufatmif

aqmif&Gufaeygawmh? }} [k ajymMuonf/

bk&m;avmif;onf tdrfaevlom;tjzpf raevkdaomaMumifh rdrdtwGuf arG;,lxm;aom rD;ukd ,lí

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vkyfauR;aecJhonf/

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rD;ewftm; ylaZmfyovkd\/ okdYaomfvnf; awmxJrSm jzpfí qm;u r&Sd/ qm;rygaom [if;vsmukd

rD;ewfociftm; qufovQif auseyfrnf r[kwf/ xkdYaMumifh qm;&&Sd&ef &GmqDokdY xGufvmcJhonf/

bk&m;avmif; r&SdcsdefwGif rkqkd;wpfokduf a&muf&SdvmNyD;aemuf EGm;ukd awGUí owfpm;oGm;Muonf/

tNrD;ESifh t½kd;ta&wkdYukdrl xkdae&mrSmyif ypfcsoGm;Muonf/

bk&m;avmif;ykPÖm; jyefvmaomtcg EGm;ukd rawGU&awmh/ tNrD;ESifh t½kd;ta&wkdYukdom

awGU&awmhonf/ bk&m;avmif;onf rdrd xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufcJhaom rD;ewfa'0gukd Munfhí

todrSef &oGm;onf/

]] bkef;&Sdaom rD;ewfrif;[m ukd,fpm;&rnfh Opömukdyif rapmifha&SmufEkdifbl;? ightwGufqkdvQif

b,frSm apmifha&SmufEkdifygrnfenf;? 'DrD;ukd qufvuf vkyfauR;aeí tusdK;r&SdEkdifbl;? }} [k todrSef



153

&oGm;onf/ xkdYaMumifh ]] tkd- rD;ewf&Sif? oif[m ukd,hf Opömukdyif apmifha&SmufEkdifol r[kwfyg?

,ckcsdefrSm trJvnf; r&Sdawmhyg? oifESifh xkdufwef onfh 'Dta&ESifh tNrD;wkdukdom pm;&pfayawmh? }}

[k qkdum tNrD;ESifh tykdif;tpwkdYukd ypfcsNyD;vQif xGufcGmoGm;avawmhonf/

Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf opfyif awm awmif paom obm0w&m;wkdYukd ukd;uG,f aejcif;jzifh

tusdK;r&SdEkdifaMumif; xkH;a[mif;oufaorsm;jzifh a[mMum;jyocJhygonf/

okdYaomfvnf; vlwkdYonf ,aeYxufwkdif opfyif awm awmifponfwkdYukd ewftoGif rSwfxifvsuf

ukd;uG,f qnf;uyfaeMuao;onf/

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ewfwifxm;Muonf/ ykyÜm;awmifqkdvQif a&S;acwfuyif ewfawmif [lí xifay:vmcJhonf/

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toD;oD; &SdaewwfMu\/ ukd,fht&yfESifh ukd,f&SifBuD;yifrsm; &SdaeMuonf/ aMumuf&GHUaeMuqJ

&Sdao;\/ rdbESifh q&morm;ukd jypfrSm;0HholwkdYonf &SifBuD;yifatmufürl zdeyfyif rpD;&JMuacs/



154

þae&mü pOf;pm;p&m &Sd\/ ewf&Sdaom &SifBuD;yifrsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh &yfem; &Gmem;&Sd

opfyifrsm;om jzpfonf/ vlESifh a0;&m awmBuD;xJürl ewfopfyif[lí r&Sd/ ewfukdifp&mvnf; r&Sd/

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ax&0g' tjrifESifh u,fwif&Sif

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ukd,fwkdifvnf; vlom;wkdYtwGuf u,fwif&Sif r[kwfcJh? vlom;wkdYtwGuf ] vrf;nTefol }

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Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifu-

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a&Smifí aumif;rIukd aqmif&efvnf; nTefMum;onf/



155

aumif;rIukd vkyfaomolonf aumif;aom tusdK;qufukd jzpfap\/ raumif;rIukd vkyfaomolonf

raumif;aom tusdK;qufukd jzpfap\/ þokdYvQif ur®ed,mroabm w&m;jzifh xdef;ausmif;vsuf

rwdrf;apmif;atmif a[mjyawmffrlcJhonf/

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Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifuvnf; a[mMum;cJhygonf/

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avQmufxm;cJhzl;onf/

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epfjrKyfygap? } vkdY qkawmif;MuvQif jrKyfoGm;ygrnfvm;? }}



156

]] rjrKyfEkdifygbk&m;? }}

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a&mufygapvkdY b,fvkdyif qkawmif;aomfvnf; r&Ekdifbl;? aumif;rIawG vkyfaeolukdvnf;

raumif;onfhb0 cH&ygapqkdvkdY r&bl;? aumif;rI tusdK;twkdif; aumif;aomb0ukd

&&Sdrnfomwnf;? }}

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qkawmif;ívnf; r&EkdifaMumif;? olwpfyg;u qkawmif;ay;ívnf; r&Ekdif aMumif;? rdrdb0ukd

rdrdomvQif zefwD;EkdifaMumif;? rdrdukd,fukdomvQif rdrdu,fwif&SifjzpfaMumif; a&jyifrSm

avS,mOfoGm;ovkd xif&Sm;avNyD/

ax&0g'ESifh twdwfedrdwf ,kHMunfrI

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tr*Fvmjzpfonf[k vufcH ,kHMunfaeMu\/ þt,ltqukd avmuDr*Fvm[k ac:Muonf/

þtwdwf edrdwfpGJvnf; 3-rsdK;&Sdonf/

(1) 'd|r*Fvm/ / tjrifedrdwfukd pGJíjhzpfaom r*Fvmukd ac:onf/ eHeuf tdyf,mrS xvQif

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tr*Fvmjzpfonf[k ,lqMuonf/

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toHaumif; tqkdaumif;ukd Mum;&vQif twdwfedrdwfaumif; r*Fvmjzpfonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/

ZD;uGufrnfoHukd Mum;&vQifvnf; xkdYtwlyif/ ikda<u;oH? iSufqkd;xkd;oHwkdYukd Mum;&vQif

twdwfedrdwf raumif;? tr*Fvmjzpfonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/



157

(3) rkwr*Fvm/ / tawGUukd pGJíjzpfaom twdwfedrdwfr*Fvmukd ac:onf/ teHYaumif;?

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,kHMunfMuonf/ tdEd´,t,l0g't&qkdvQifZmwfedrfhaom 'Gef;p@m;wkdY\ ukd,fESifh xdrdvQif

tr*FvmtrI[kí ,kHMunfMuavonf/

vlwkdY\ &uf&mZm? jyó'g;? vmbfae? ewfae? eu©wfaumif;? raumif;paom

t,ltqrsm;rSmvnf; xkdtwdwfedrdwfpGJ r*Fvm,kHMunfrIwkdYü yg0ifonf/

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aemufaMumif;jzpf&yf Zmwfa'oem tjzmjzmjzifh a[mjycJhygonf/

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&ufcsdef;ay;NyD;rS tmZD0uwuúwGef;ukd oGm;ar;&m xkd&ufrSm eu©wf aumif;aom &ufr[kwfaMumif;

ajymonf/

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orD;&Sifrsm;url csdef;qkdonfhaeYü apmifhqkdif;aeMu\/ tcsdefukefí rvmaomaMumifh

tjcm;a,musfm;uav;wpfODD;ESifh ay;pm;vkdufMuonf/ þjzpf&yf ZmwfaMumif;ukd tajccHí

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vkyfaqmifjcif;onf tcsdefaumif;? eu©wfaumif;yif jzpf\/ aumif;uifu eu©wfwm&mwkdYonf

b,ftusdK;udk jzpfapEkdifygrnfenf;/ }}-

[k aeYaumif;&ufom a&G;olwkdYtwGuf trSefw&m;ukd >rufMum;awmfrlcJhayonf/



158

twdwfpGJ? edrdwfpGJESifh ywfoufívnf; Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifu acszsufa[mMum;cJhygonf/

bk&m;&Sifvufxufuvnf; ykxkZOf&[ef;wkdYonf twdwfedrdwfpGJ ,kHMunfrIrsm; &SdaeMu[ef

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usif;okH;ae&ygrnfenf;? }} [k ar;onf/

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y,fNyD;jzpfavawmhonf/ xkd&[ef;onf avmuü aumif;pGm usifhokH; aeEkdifygayonf/ }}

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a[mMum;jcif; jzpfonf/ þokdY y,fjrpfaeEkdfifNyDqkdvQif pdwfukd aESmifcsKyfxmaom w&m;rsm;rSvnf;

vGwfajrmufNyD/ pdwf\ vGyfvyfrIukd &&SdoGm;NyD/

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awmfvSefjycJhonf/ ukd,fwkdifusifhokH; jycJhonf/



159

edrdwfpGJqefYusifa&; Zmwfawmfrsm;

&mZN*dK[fjynfü ykPÖm;wpfa,mufonf twdwfedrdwfukd r*Fvm[k ,kHMunfaeol jzpfonf/

&wemokH;yg;ukdrl r,kHMunf/ rdpämt,lukd usifhokH;aeolwnf;/

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od&Sd&onf/

ykPÖm;onf <uufukdufaom t0wfwkdYukd Munfhí ]] <uufukdufonfh t0wfukd 'DtdrfrSm xm;vQif

ysufpD;awmhrnf? r*Fvmr&Sdawmhbl;? edrdwfraumif;awmhxl;? edrdwf raumif;onfh t0wfawGukd

om;orD;awG? tapcHawG ay;vQifvnf; olwkdY ysufpD;ukefawmh rnf? t0wfawGukd okomefoGm;NyD;

ypfckdif;&rnf? }} [k MuHpnfrdonf/

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ykPÖm;BuD;\ om;vnf; t0wfawGukd vSifuefjzifh aumfí okomefokdY a&muf&Sdvm\/

toifhapmifhaeaom bk&m;&SifESifh awGUMuonf/ bk&m;&Sifu ]] toifvkvif? bmhaMumifh okomefokdY

vmoenf;? }} [k ar;onf/



160

]] t&Sifbk&m;? wynfhawmfwkdY tdrfrSm t0wfawGukd <uufukdufcH&ygonf? edrdwf raumif;awmhyg?

'Dypönf;awGukd tdrfrSmxm;vQif ysufpD;wwfygonf? 'gaMumifh <uufukdufonfh t0wfawGukd

pGefYypfzkYd vmcJhygonf? }} [k ajzonf/

xkdYaemuf ykPÖm;\ om;u t0wfawGukd vTifhypfvkdufonf/ bk&m;&Sifonf pGefYypfvkdufaom

t0wfawGukdukd aumuf,lodrf;qnf;í a0VK0efausmif;okdY jyef<u oGm;avonf/

ykPÖm;om;onf þxl;qef;aom jzpf&yfukd zcifykPÖm;BuD;tm; jyefajymonf/ ykPÖm;BuD;onf

ysmysmovJ jzpfum ]] &[ef;a*gwr[m ysufpD;awmhrnf? tjrefoGm;NyD; t0wfopfESifh vJay;rS

oifhvdrfhrnf? }} [kqkdum tjcm; t0wfopfwkdYukd ,lí a0VK0efausmif; awmfokdY vkdufvmonf/

]] t&Sifa*gwr? <uufukdufonfh t0wfawGukd xm;vQif t&Sifbk&m;a&m ausmif;wkdufyg

ysufpD;ygvdrfhrnf? rxm;ygESifh? ouFef;twGuf rvkHavmufvQif 'Dt0wf opfawGukd ,lNyD;

ouFef;csKyfyg? <uufukdufwmawGukd tckcsufcsif; pGefYypfvkdufyg? }} [k avQmufxm;avonf/

xkdtcgrS Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf ykPÖm;om;tztm; r*FvZmwfawmfukd a[mMum; awmfrl\/

r*FvZmwftqkH;wGif ykPÖm;tm; þokdY a[mjyygonf/

]] ykPÖm;BuD;? &[EÅmyk*d¾KvfwkdY[m avmuDr*FvmwkdYukdvnf;aumif;? aeMuwf? vMuwf? Ouúmus?

t&yfrD;avmifjcif; paom Oy'fwkdYukdvnf;aumif;? txl;xl;aom tdyfrufqkdif&m

twdwfedrdwfwkdYukdvnf;aumif;? vu©Pmzwfaom tvkyfukdvnf;aumiff; y,fjzwfxm;MuNyD?

&[EÅmwkdYonf avmuDr*FvmESifh twdwfpGJ edrdwfpGJwkdYukd vGefajrmufaeMuNyD? tpGJtvrf;ukd

y,fy,fjzwfNyD;NyD? t,kwfqkH;tm;jzifh þavmuukdyif tpGJr&SdMuawmhNyD?}}

ykPÖm;om;tzonf bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfukd emMum;&ojzifh aomwmywdåzkdvfokdY

a&muf&SdoGm;Muawmhonf/



161

bk&m;&Sifvufxufu oefvsufukd erf;í edrdwfzwfaom jzpf&yfqef;Zmwfawmf wpfyk'fvnf;

&Sdonf/ aumovrif;BuD;rSm oefvsuf\ edrdwfvu©Pmukd zwfaom ykPÖm;wpfa,muf &Sdonf/

yef;yJq&mwkdYonf oefvsufukd jyKvkyfí bk&ifhxH qufaomtcg wGif xkdykPÖm;u oefvsufukd

erf;í edrdwfzwfavQmufonf/

ykPÖm;onf rdrdtm; vmbfxkd;xm;aom yef;yJq&mwkdY\ oefvsufqkdvQif ]] 'Doefvsufukd okH;pGJvQif

bkef;uHBuD;rnf? r*Fvm&Sdrnf? }} ponfjzifh a[majymavh &Sdonf/ tu,fí vmbfxkd;rxm;cJhvQif ]]

'Doefvsufu r*Fvmr&Sd? }} [kqkdum uJh&JhajymMum;avh &Sdonf/

wpfaeYaomtcg ykPÖm;\ tjyKtrlukd rauseyfaom yef;yJq&mwpfOD;u oefvsuftdrfxJü

El;nHhonfh i&kwfoD;rIefYukd xnfhí qufonf/ ykPÖm;onf oefvsufukd xkwf,lí ½kwfw&uf

erf;vkduf&m ESmacgif;xJokdY i½kwfrIefYrsm; 0ifoGm;NyD; acsqwfvkduf\/ ykPÖm;BuD;onf

oefvsufoGm;ESifh cwfrdaomaMumifh ESmacgif;jywfoGm;&onf/ olwpfyg; twGuf edrdwfzwfaom

ykPÖm;BuD;onf rdrdESmacgif;jywfrnfh udpöukdrl b,ftwdwfedrdwfrS jycJh[ef rwlacs/

ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom rlig;&yf

Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf pdwåZtawG;jzifh zefqif; udk;uG,f,kHMunfaeaom vkyfief;&yfrsm;ukd tcgrvyf

acszsufa[mMum;awmfrl\/ xkdukd;uG,frIwkdYaMumifhvnf; bmrQ tusdK;w&m; r&EkdifaMumif;

oufaoaygif; rsm;pGmjzifh a[mMum;awmfrlonf/

Ak'¨bk&m;\ bmomw&m;awmfukd ouf0if,kHMunfí Ak'¨\ OygoumtrnfcHaom

Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdYonf txifpGJtm½kH ukd;uG,frI tzkHzkHwkdYukd pGefYvTwfEkdifMu&ygrnf/ tawG;pGJtvDvD

,kHMunfrI t&yf&yfwkdYukdvnf; y,fowfEkdifMu&ygrnf/

þjyify ukd;uG,frIESifh ,kHMunfrIrsm;ukd ry,fowfEkdifao;vQif Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif vkdvm;aom Oygoum?

Oygodum*kPfukd tjynfht0 r&Ekdifay/ pifMu,foefY&Sif;aom Ak'¨bmom0if[lí rqkdEkdifao;acs/



162

Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifonf rdrd\ bmomw&m;awmfukd ouf0if,kHMunfaom Oygoum tppfjzpfa&;twGuf

Oya'o 5=csufukd pHjyKowfrSwfxm;onf/ ,if;wkdYrSm-

(1) ,kHMunfrI o'¨gw&m; &Sd&rnf/

(2) apmifhxdef;rI oDv &Sd&rnf/

(3) aumwk[vr*Fvmukd r,kHMunf&/

(4) uHukdom ,kHMunfol jzpf&rnf/

(5) omoemawmf jyifyukd;uG,frIukd r&SmrSD;&-

[lí jzpfygonf/

(1) ,kHMunfrI o'¨gw&m; qkdonfrSm Ak'¨? "r®? oHCwkdYü tjynfht0 ,kHMunfolukd qkdvkdygonf/

(2) apmifhxdef;rI oDvqkdonfrSm Ak'¨bmomu owfrSwfxm;aom ukd,fusifhoDvukd apmifhxdef;ol

jzpf&ygrnf/

(3) aumwk[vr*Fvm qkdonfrSm &uf&mZm? jyó'g;? aeMuwf? vMuwfpaom

pdwful;,OftawG;wkdYü ,kHMunfaerIukd qkdvkdygonf/

(4) uHukdom ,kHMunfjcif; qkdonfrSm 'o0w¬Ku ur®óuwmor®m'd|d tjrifESifh jynfhpkH&rnf/

rdrd\ uHESifh uH\ tusdK;qufukdom ,kHMunf&rnf/ tjcm; ,kHMunfrIrsm;ukd r,kHMunf&[k

qkdvkdonf/

(5) omoemawmfrS tyjzpfaom ukd;uG,frIrsm;? omoemhjyifyrS tvSLcHyk*d¾KvfwkdYukd &SmrSD;í

rqnf;uyf&yg/ ewf? odMum;? jA[®m? N*dK[fewf? xGuf&yfayguf? bkd;awmf? r,fawmf? 0dZÆm paom

omoemhjyifyrS ukd;uG,frIrsm;ukd a&Smif&Sm;&rnf[k qkdvkdygonf/

tcsif; ax&0g' Ak'¨0g'D Oygoum? OygodumwkdY oifwkdYonf Ak'¨tvkdus *kPfajrmufaom

Oygoum(a,musfm;)tppf jzpfNyDavm/ Oygodum(rdef;r)tppf jzpfNyDavm/ þar;cGef;ukdrl

rdrdwkdYukd,fwkdif ½kd;om;pGm ajzqkdMu&ayvdrfhrnf/



163

,kHMunfukd;uG,frI rSefuefa&;

jreffrmEkdifiHonf ax&0g' Ak'¨bmomoeYfoefYukd vufcH ukd;uG,fcJhonfrSm ESpfayg;if; 1000-eD;yg;

&SdavNyD/ xkdtawmtwGif; ax&0g' Ak'¨bmomESifh a&maESmí tjcm;ukd;uG,f ,kHMunfrIrsm;ukdvnf;

tqifhedrfhae&mü xm;í ukd;uG,f ,kHMunfcJhMu\/ acwftqufquf aysmufysufonf[lí r&SdcJhay/

tcsdKUacwfrsm;wGiff Ak'¨bmom jyifukd;uG,frIrsm; acwfpm;onf/ tvGeftuRHjzpfonfh tcgrsdK;lvnf;

&Sdonf/ þukd;uG,frIrsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifh ewfukd;uG,frIrsm; jzpfonf/ xkdtcgrsdK;wGif

wkdif;jynftkyfcsKyfaom rif;rsm;u xdef;ausmif;ay;Mu&onf/

taemf&xmrif;onf ukd;uG,frI trSm;rsm;ukd oefYpifatmif aqmif&Gufay;aom rif;wpfyg;

jzpfonf/

bk&ifhaemifrif;w&m; vufxufwGif ewfukd;uG,frIrsm; xlajymae\/ uRJEGm; ponfwkdYukd owfí

t&ufjzifh ewfwifaom ewfyGJBuD;rsm; acwfpm;aeonf/ xkdYaMumifh bk&ifhaemifrif;w&m;u

þtrIrsdK;ukd rjyKvkyf&ef rif;rdefYjzifh wm;qD;cJhonf/

taemufbufvGefrif;w&m;onf vlwkdYukd vdrfnmaeaom ewfwkdYukd ESdyfuGyfí ewf½kyfykHrsm;ukd

pkaqmif;NyD; av;xyfausmif;BuD;ü odrf;qnf;xm;cJhonf/

[Hom0wDa&mufrif;onf ewfuGef; ewfeef;rsm;ukd vlwkdYtwGuf taESmifht,Suf

jzpfaponf[kqkdum zsufodrf;ypfcJhzl;onf/

jrefrmrif; tcsdKUwkdYonf þokdYaom pdwåZukd;uG,frIrsm;ukd vspfvsL½Irxm;bJ xdef;odrf;

uGyfuJay;cJhMuonf/

jrefrmpmay ynm&SifwkdYonfvnf; rSm;,Gif;aom ukd;uG,frIESifh ,kHMunfrIrsm;ukd pmayjzifh

a&;om;jycJhMuonf/ pmqkdawmf &Sifr[m&|om&q&mawmfu ukd;cef;ysdKU(42)ü þokdY zGJUqkdjy\/



164

]] oufcwf N*dK[foGm;? N*dK[fpm; N*dK[fysuf? "mwf&uf rdwf&ef? okH;wefay:edpf? N*dK[ftdyfpef;us?

rlvtm'd? od&dtqkH;? ywfukH;&ufykdif;? ocsØKif;av;axmifh? Ewfapmifh ewfae? &SpfaxGtcg? zDvm

u&P? yOöwdxD? ,m,D,Mwm? Zmwmtdyfruf? rysuf rjyK? xkdtpkum;? odrIawG;q? ynwfrQom?

aMumif;&if;&Smrl? Mur®mjzifhcsnf;? jzpfownf;[k? crnf;,kHap? pdwfraoGvifh? oaAÁowåm?

owå0g[k? ememavmu? teEÅukd? ur®oum? rSwfxif&monf? ,if;omblw0g'Dwnf;/ }}

oHa0*cef;ysdKUukd a&;pyfaom pmqkdawmfuvnf; eu©wfukd;uG,frI trSm;rsm;ukd þokdY a&;om;zGJUqkd

jyxm;onf/

]] tcrf;tem;? ewfxdef;rsm;ESifh? aomufpm;jrL;atmf? waMumfaMumf[pf? ewfoHypfí? rl;,pfrdIif;a0?

taxGaxGvQif? vlUajrewf&Gm? ewfrdpämukd? u,fomxifrSwf? oabmuyfí? ewfvljA[®m?

owå0gukd? uHomt&if;? jyKzefqif;[k? ,lvsif;tyfpGm? ,ckrSmum;? csrf;omqif;&J? ewfcyJonf?

ay;NrJwkdYrSm? xifrSwf&Smonf? rdpäm,lrd,lrSm;wnf;/ }}

pdEÅausmfol OD;Mouvnf; u0dvu©PowfykHusrf;ü-

]] rdpämtm;vkH;? vTrf;ydwfzkH;? awmifjyKef;nDaemifeef;/ }}- [lí epfematmif a&;jycJhayonf/

refvnfq&mawmfBuD;url rCa'0vuFmopfü-

]] paet*Fg? aeY&ufcgESifh? wm&mN*dK[frsdK;? aumif;uifrkd;u? jzpfusdK;,kwfjrwf? b,fjyKwwfvdrfh?

eu©wfcsdefoifh? iHhvifhukefMu? vlUAmvwkdY? &tHhcsufcsif;? vufiif;csrf;om? vGefwwfpGm\/ rdpämpGJae?

roefapESifh? }} - [kvnf;aumif;?

]] [l;&m;tvkd? eu©wfN*dK[fESifh? xkdxkdwm&m? rkd;tmumu? a&mif0gEGrf;nd§K;? atmufvlrsdK;tm;?

jzpfusdK;wpd? b,fjyKbdtHh? }}- [kvnf;aumif; a&;zGJUjycJhonf/

q&mawmfBuD;uyif ]] okc'ku©? aMumif;rlvukd? ur®w&m;? ESpfyg;jzifhom? usrf; üvm\? }} [k

uHomy"mejzpfaMumif; a&;om;cJhonf/



165

xkdYaMumifh ax&0g' Ak'¨0g'DwkdYonf Ak'¨bk&m; a[mMum;aom uHomy"me tvkyf0g'jzifh

BudK;pm;tm;xkwftyf\/ trdAk'¨bmomukd ausmfí a'G;awmfvGrf;aom ,kHMunfukd;uG,frIrsm;ukd

a&Smif&Sm;tyfukef\/

]] tkd- ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom0if olawmfpifwkdY? ,aeYrSpí-

- pdwåZtawG;"mwfjzifh qnf;uyfaerIrsm; ?

- ,kwdårJhpepfjzifh ,kHMunfaerIrsm;-

ukd oifwkdY\ pdwftm½kHrS z,fxkwfMuukefavmh/ ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom*kPfaqmif xGef;ajymif aom

yk*d¾Kvfrsm;jzpfatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfMuygukefavmh/ }}



166

ed*kH;

þwGif ] ax&0g' Ak'¨bmom } pmtkyfukd ed*kH;csKyf&ygawmhrnf/ þpmtkyfwGif ax&0g'

Ak'¨bmomESifh ax&0g' Ak'¨bmomü a&maESmaeaom ukd;uG,frI tvDvD? ,kHMunffrI t00wkdYukd

rD;armif;xkd;í jycJhyg\/

,aeY jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ax&0g' Ak'¨bmomxJü ax&0g'ESifh rpyfqkdifaom pdwåZvkyfief;&yfrsm;

pdrfhysHUpl;0ifvsuf &Sdaeonf/ rGef;rkdufatmif rdIif;wkdufolwkdYvnf; &Sdaeonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHonf

ax&0g' OD;aqmifEkdifiH jzpfae\/ jrefrmEkdifiHonf Ak'¨bmom vlaerIb0ukd avhvmp&m

pHjyEkdifiHvnf; jzpfonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHa&muf wkdif;wpfyg;om; wkdYonf Ak'¨bmom vlaerIb0ukd

avhvm&mü Ak'¨bmom vlaerIb0onf pdwful;,OfvlaerIb0 jzpfonf[lí qkH;jzwf

owfrSwfoGm;Ekdifygonf/ trsdK;*kPf? Zmwd*kPf? Ak'¨bmom \ *kPfukd xdckdufapEkdifygonf/

xkdYaMumifh-

- Ak'¨bmom\ *kPfukd rxdckdufapa&; ?

- Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdY\ *kPfukd rxdckdufapa&; ?

- jrefrmEkdifiH\ *kPfukd rxdckdufapa&;-

wkdYtwGuf tzufzufrS 0kdif;0ef; umqD;&ef tcsdefwefcJhNyD/ okdYjzpfí atmufyg uAsmpm ykd'fjzifh

wyfvSefYí ed*kH;urÜwf tqkH;owfvkduf&ygawmhonf/

jrwfAk'¨\

"r®tESpf? w&m;ppfwkdY

EGrf;npfao;odrf? rarS;rdSefcif

tvdrftnm? rSm;rdpämwkdY

rsm;pGmaxmifaomif;? tm;raumif;cif

bufaygif;pkHrS? enf;vrf;csí

0g'rSm;,Gif;? trkdufoif;ukd

y,f&Sif;acsrIef;? yaysmufokOf;zkdY

tm;vkH;wm0ef&Sdonfwum;/ /

(trSwf 73? "r®&HoDr*¾Zif;? csrf;ajrUom&\ uAsmrS )

htay ra war da yae

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