Submitted ByHemant SharmaM.Sc (Ag) III SemDEPT. OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDINGCCSU (CAMPUS), MEERUT

Seminar On Cowpea Trypsin Inhibitor And Alpha Amylase Inhibitor

introductionLoss of agriculture 37% pest

and dieases.13% insectsUse of chemicals is harmful for plants

and also for other animals and birds..Future planning ……environment friendly

methods of insect resistance by breeding techniques.e.g somatic hybrid potato have resistance against potato beetle..

( J. Cheng et all,2002)

Use of plant-derived genesPlants derived proteins protects

plants from insect attack..importantly protect from those insect that attack on seeds.

Different proteins as proteases inhibitors interfere with growth and development of larvae of insects and cause death of them.

(C.A. Ryan,2000)

Cereal trypsin/-amylase Trypsin is a serine protease found in

the digestive system of human and animals.

An amylase is en enzyme that present in the saliva of humans and mamals where it begins the chemical process of digestion.

A Cowpea Trypsin Inhibitor(CpTI)

A trypsin inhibitor is a type of serine protease inhibitor that reduces the biological activity of trypsin.

Trypsin is an enzyme involved in the breakdown of many different proteins including as part of digestion in plant and humans.

As a result protease inhibitors that interfere with its activity can have an antinutritional effect.

• A trypsin inhibitor was purified from mature Cowpea seed.• A full length cDNA encoding the

trypsin inhibitor protein was isolated from a cDNA library that was construct using mRNA from developing seed.• Tobacco protoplast were transformed

with a construct composed of CaMV 35S promoter, CpTI gene and using polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediated direcr gene transfer. The CpTI gene has been integrated into the plant genome , and expressed CpTI protein from transgenic plants was catalytically active.

a-Amylase inhibitorsCommon bean Phaseolus vulgaris

(kidney bean) have seed protein a.amylase (a.AI).

a.amylase defense against insects.A.amylase from common bean

resistance to bruchid beetle (Bruchus pisorum).

Transfer of a.amylase gene to azuki bean protect it from 3 species of bruchids.

Drawback: in nature Acnathoscelides obtectus and Zabrotes subfasciatus feed on those plants that produced a.amylase.having serine proteases that able to cleave a.amylase..

(M. Ishimoto,1996)

New insecticidal genesStruggle for identification of new insecticidal

products.Usually plant samples…….tropical plants and

bacteria of different physiology stages.B.thuringensis produced a protein Vip3A against

Lepidoptera e.g. cutworms (corn pest). (J.J. Estruch et

all,2003)Streptomyces secretes cholesterol oxydase

against boll weevil. (H.-J. Cho et all,2005)These are new interesting sources for engineering

resistance.

conclusions:Engineering crops with insecticidal protein genes

is one of first major projects in plant biotechnology.

The value of such technology to the Seed biotechnology industry, the farmer, the environment and the consumer is obvious.

Insect-resistantcrops could reduce the cost, time andefforts spent protecting crops from insects.Environment friendly…Continuingresearch on new sources of resistance is essential for the long term control of insect pests.

Continuing research on new sources of resistance is essential for the long term control of insect pests.

In a first step, studies on the expression and potential of the new insecticidal genes can be performed in model plants such as tobacco.

In a second step, the selected gene(s) must be introduced into the target crop.

In another step, field trials must be performed in different locations and for several years.

(M.O. Santos et all,2006)

THANKYOU!