gourou ou maître ?

8/2/2019 Gourou ou Matre ?

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GOUROU OUMAITRE?

1 ) J id d u K r is h n a m u r ti

J id d u K r is hn a m u rt i a u J K r i s h n a m u rt i ( 1 2 m a i 1 8 9 5 - /1 f e v r ie r 1 9 88 )f u t u n a u t e u r e t u n o ra te u r b ie n c tm n u s u r l e s s u je ts p h i l o so p h iq u e s e ts p ir i t u e l s I o n d em e m e u x . A p re s a v o ir p u b li q u e m en t r e no n c e. a l a g e d e3 4 e n s. a la r e n om m e e e t a u s t a tu f d e N e s s i e q U II a v a i t g ag n e e n E it a n tp ro c l a m e l a n o u v e ll e i n c a rn a t i o n d e N a it r e ya B o ud d h a p a r l a S o c iE i t eT h t i o s o p h i q u e , i l p a s s a I e r e s t e d e s a v i e a v o ya ge r a u to u r d u m o n d e e ne x p li q u an t a u x g e n s I e b e s a i n d e s e t r a n s f o r m e r p a r a u - m em e s a ut r a ve r s d e l a c a m s i s s e n ce d e s o i. I I a s a u t e n u q uu n c h an ge m e n t I o n -d a m e n ta l d a n s l a s o c iE i t e peu: e m e rg er s e td em m : p a r u n c ha ng em e n tr a d i c a l d e I In d iv id u , p u is q u e l a s o c iE i te e s t le p r od u it d e s i n te r a c ti o n se n t r e i n d iv id u s . B i e n q U I I a i t e te t r e s s e n s i b le a u x q u e st i o n s c om e m -p o ra in es a u x e m i r s d es d ec e n n i e s , s e s reponses E i t a ie n t e n r a c i n e e sd a n s s a v i s i o n i n te m po re l l e d e l a v i e e t d e l a v e r i t t i . E n t a n t q u e t e l i l ae ss a y e d e t r en s c e n d er t o u te s I e s f r on ti e r e s a r t i f i c ie ll e s d e l a r el i g io n ,d e l a n a ti o n a li t t i , d e I l d e o lo g ie , e t d u p e n se r s e c ta i r e .R e fu s an t d e j o u e r I e r o le d e g o u ro u , i l a e xh o r t s e s a u d it e u r s a o b s e r-v e r I e s q u es ti o n s f o n da m e n ta le s d e I ' eos tence a v e c h o n n E t e t ti , p e r s is -t e n c e e t o u ve r t u r e d 'e sp r i t .K r i s h n a m u r t i e s t n e d a n s u n e f a m il l e d e B r a hm a n e s T e l o u g ou a N a da -n a p a ll e e n l a d e . e t e n 1 9 0 9 i l r e n c o n t r a C J 1 I.L e a d b ea te r s u r l a p la g ep ri v e e d u s i e g e d e l a S oc ie t e T h t i o so ph iq u e a A d y a r, C h en n a i, I n d e . I If u t e n s u it e e l e ve s o u s l a t u fe l l e d e A n n ie B e s s n : e t C J 1 I.L e a d b ea te r ,d ir i g ea n t s d e l a s o c i e t e a c e t t e p er i o d e , q u i le v o y a i e n t c om m e I e v e h i c u l e d e I l n s t r u c t e u r d u N o n d e q U I Is a t t en d a ie n t. J a n ehomae . i l d e s a vo ua c e tt e i d ee e t d is s o u t u n e o rg a n is a ti o n m o n d ia le( l'O r d r e d e / 'B o i l e ) c o n st i tu e e p o u r I e s o u te n i r . I I p a s sa le r e s t e d e s av ie a v o ya g e r a t r a v e r s le m o n d e n t a n t q u 'o ra te u r a t i t r e i n d i v id u e /,s 'a d r e s s a n t a d es a ud it o i r e s l a rg es a u m o d es t e s a u s s i b ie n q ua d esp er s o a a es m a n i f e s t a n t d e ! ' i n te r e t. I I e s t I s a te a r d u n b on n om b re d el i v r e s , p a rm i l e sq u e l s L a P r em i er e e t O e r n ie r e L ib e rt t i , L a R e vo lu ti o nd u S il e n c e , e t I e J o u r n a l O e p lu s , u n e g ra nd e c o ll e c t i o n d e s e s c on fe -r e n c es e t d is c u s s i o n s o m E it ep u b /i t i e s. A l a g e d e 9 1 a n s i l s e s t sdres-s e a u x N a ti o n s -U n ie s s u r le s u j e t d e l a p a i x e t d e l a c o n s c i e n c e , e ts e st v u d e c em e r l a m t i d a i l l e d e l a p a i x d e s N a ti o n s -U n ie s p o u r I s a n e e

1 98 4 . S a d er n ie r e c o n fe r e n ce p ub li q u e e u : l i e u a N a d r a s e n / n d e e nj a n v ie r 1 9 8 8 , u n m o is a v a n t s a m o r t a s o n d o m i c il e a O j a ie n C a li f o rn ie .S e s s y m p a t h i s a n t s , t r a v a i l l a n t d a n s p l u s i e u r s f o n d a t i o n s n o n -l u cr a ti v e s , s u p s r v i s e m u n c e r t a in n om b r e d ec o le s i n d e p en da n t e sc e m r e e s s u r s e s v u e s c o n c e rn an t l e d u c a ti o n - e n I n d e , e n A n g le t e rr ee t a u x E ta ts -U n is - e t c o n t i n u e n t a t r a n s c r i r e e t d is t r i b u e r b ea u c o u pd e s e s m i l l i e rs d e c on fe re n c es , d em r e t e n s i n d iv id u e l s a u e n g r o u p e ,e t dea t r es e c r i t s , e n I e s p ub li a n t s o u s d es f o rm a ts v a ri e s t e l s q u el i v re s , e n r e g i s t r e m en ts s a a a re s e t v id e o s , a in s i q u e s o u s f o rm e n um e -r i s e e a u d if f u s e e e n l i g n e , e n d e n o m b r e u s e s l a n g u e s.C o n t e x te f a m i li a l e t e m e n c eJ i d du K r i s h na m ur t i e s t i s s u d un e f a m i l l e d e b rs h m s n es p a r / a n t leT e lo u g o u . S o n p e re , J id d u N a r i a n ia h , E i t a it u n f o n c t i o n na ir e d e l 'a d m i -n is tr a t i o n b r i t a n n i q u e c o l o n ia le . S e s p a re n t s , c o u s i n s a u s ec o n d d e g r ti ,m re m o n z e e n f a n t s a u t a t s l d o n t s e a l e m ea : s i x s t r v e a r e n : l i sE i t a ie n t v e g E i ta r i e n s stricts. e v i t a n t m a m e d e m a n g e r I e s c e u f s e t j e -t a n t t o o te n o u r ri t u r e q u i a u ra it c ro is e l ' o m b r e d u n a n g l a is .I I e s t n e I e 1 2 m a i 1 8 9 5 ( I I m a i s e l a n I e c a l e n d r i e r b ra h m a n e) d a n s l ap e t i t e v il l e d e N a d a n a p a ll e d a n s I e d is tr ic t d e C h i t t o r e n A n d ra P r a d es ha e n v ir o n I S O m i l e s ( 2 5 0 k m ) a u n o r d d e N a d r a s (m a in te na n t C h en n a i/E n 1 90 3 , l a f a m il l e s e s t i n s t a ll e e d a n s I e C u d a p p a h o i l K r is h na m u r tia v a i t c o a tr sc te l a m a l a r i a l o r s d u n s ti j o u r p r e c t i d e n t , u n e m a l a d ie d o n ti l a u r a it a s o u f f r i r d 'a cc es r e co rr e m s d u r a n t d e n om a ea se s emee s .C e ta it u n e n f a n t s e n s i b le e t m a la d i f ; d an s l a h m e e t r a ve u r , i l f u ts a u v em c on s i d e r e c om m e m e n t a le m e n t r e ta rd e , et f u t r e g u li B re m e n tb s t t u a l e c o l e p a r s e s p r o f e s s e u r s e t a l a m a i s o n p a r s o n p s r O a n sI e s m e m o i r e s q U I I e c r i v i t a l a g e d e d i x h u i t e n s . i l d e c r i t a u s s i d e se x p e r i e n c e s p sy ch iq u e s , a y a n t v u s a s c e u r a p r e s s a m o r t e n1 9 0 4 , a in si q u e s a m e re q u i e s t m a rt e e n 1 9 0 5 q u a n d i l a v a i t d ix s n s .N a r i a n i a h le p er e d e K r i s h n a m u r t i , p r i t s a r e t r a it e a l a f i n d e 1 9 0 1 , e t .a y a n t d es m o ye n s l i m i t e s, e cr i v it a A n n ie B e s s m . a lo rs p re s i d e n te d el a S o c iE i t e T h ti o s o p h i q u e , p o u r c h e rc h e r u n e m p lo i a u d o m a in e d e s 2 8 0- e cr e . s i e g e s o c i a l d e l a T h ti o so p h ie a A d ya r . ( B ie n q u e b ra hm a n e o r -t h o do x e e t o b se rv a n t, N a r i a n ia h a v a it E i t e m e m b re d e l a S o c iE i t e T h ti o -s o p h iq u e d e p u i s 1 8 8 2 / I I fu t p a r l a s u it e e ng a g e p a r l a S o c iE it e c o m m es ec rE i t a ir e , e t s a f a m i l l e y e m m e n a g e a e n j a n v i e r 1 9 09 [L a d e c o u v e r t e e t s e s c o n s e q u e n c esC e f u t q u e lq u e s m o is a p r e s I e d e rn ie r d em e n a ge m e n t q u e K r is hn a m u r-t i f u t t r o u v e p a r I e g r a n d o c c u l t i s t e e t t h e o s o p h e d e h a u t r a n gC J 1 I. L e a d b e a t e r , a u x p rE i t e n t i o n s d e c la ir vo y a n ce . P e n d a n t s es i n c ur -s io n s a l a p la g e d u d o m a in e T h ti o so p h i q u e , s u r I e f l e u ve j ou x ta n t A d y a r,l e s d h e s t e r a v a it r e m a r q u e K r i s h n a m u r t i , ( q u i f r e q u e n ta it a u s s i l ap la g e a v e c I e s sa r es ) . e t f u t s t u p t i f i e p a r l a p lu s m e r v e i l l e u s e a u raq U I I a it j a m a is v u e , d e p o u rv u e d e t o u t e p a r t i c u l e d e g o / s m e . C e t t eim p r e ss i o n f o r t e e x i s t a it m a /g re l 'a p p a r e n c e e x t e r i e u r e d e K r i s h n a -tmuti . q u i , s e la n d e s t e m o in s o cu la ir e s, E it a it e ss e z c o m m u n e , q u e l -

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c a a q u e . e t n e g l i g e e , l e g a r t ; o n t i t a i t a u s s i c o n s i d e r e c o m m ep a r t i c u li B r e m e n t s im p l e t ; i l a v a it s o u v e n t u n e e x p r e s s i o n v id e q u i l u i d o n n a it u n r e g a rd p r e s q u e a b ru t i . l eedaester r e s ts f e rm e -m em c o n v a i n c u q u e le g a r t; o n d e v ie n d ra i t u n g r a n d en seqnsm .P u p u l J a y a fa r , d a n s s a b io g ra p h i e d e K r is h n a m u r t i , I e c i t e , p a r la n t d ec e t t e p e r i o d e d e s a v ie q u e lq u e 15a n s a p r e s : l e g a r t ; o n a v a i t t o u -j o u r s d i t , J e f e ra i t o u t c e q u e v o u s v o a le : . I I y a v a it u n e le m e n t d esaumssum . d 'o b e is s a n c e . l e g a r t; o n e t a i t d i s tr a it , i n c e r t a i f l, i n c a n s i s -t a n t ; i l n 'a p a s s e m b le s ' i n q u it i t e r d e c e q u i s e p ro d u is a it . I I t i t a itc o n m e u n n a v i r e , a v e c u n g r a n d t r o u a l 'i n t e r ie u r , t o u t c e q u i y p a s sa i tt r a v e rs a i t s a n s q u e ren a e r e st e . A u s u j e t d e s o n ed sa ce . K r i s h n a m u r t i e c ri v it d a n s s o n j o u r n a l :A u c u n e p e n se n e s t e n t r e d a n s s o n e s p r i t . I l o b s e r va it e t e c o u t a it e tr ie n d 'a u t r e . L a p e n s e a v e c s es a s s o c ia ti o n s n 'a j a m a is p r i s p la c e . I In y a va it a u c u n e f a b r i c a t i o n d 'i m a g e . I I a s a u v e m e ss a y e d e p en se rm a i s a u cu n e p e n s e e a e v e n a i t . A p r e s l a d e c o u v e r t e , K r is h n a m u r t i f u t p la c e s o u s l ' a i l e d e l a d ir e c -t i o n d e l a S o c ie te T h t i o so p h iq u e d e A d ya r e t d e s o n ce rd e i n t e r i e u r .l eedaester e t u n n om b re r e st r e i n t dsssoces d e c o n fi a n c e f u r e n tc h a r g e s d 't i d u q u e r, d e p r o te g e I ', s t p lu s g en e r a le m e n t d e p re p a r e rK r is h n a m u r t i c o m m e I e v e h i c u l e d e I 7 n s tr u c te u r d u N o n d e a t t e n d u .P l u s t a r d e n 1 9 1 / u n e n o u v e ll e o r g a n i s a t i o n a p p e l e e l 'O r d r e d e / 'B o i l ef u t t i ta b l i e p a r l a d i r e c t i o n T h t io s o p h i q u ea f i n d e p r e p a r er I e m o n d a l a v e n u e omoacee K r i s h n a m u r ti f u t n o m m e a s a tst a v e c d e s Iheo-s o p h e s a in e s a d i v e r s e s p o s it io n s . L ' a d h ti si o n t it a i t a u v e rt e a q u i -c a a a u e a c c e p t a i t l a d o c t r i n e d e l a v e n u e d e / ' l n s t r u c te a r d um o n d e . L a p o le m iq u e e c / a ta p e u s p r es . a l a f o is a l ' i n te r i e u r d e l aS o c it i t e T h t i o so p h iq u e e t e n d e h o r s , d a n s I e s ce rd e s H i n d o u s e t l ap m s s e i ndenne K r is h n a m u r t i t o u K r is h n a ji c o m m e o n l ' a p p e la i t s o u -v en t) e t s o n p lu s j e u n e f r e re N i t y a f u re n t p r i s e n t u lo ra t a t it r e p r iv ed a n s l e n c e i n te T h ti o s o p h i q u e d e N a d ra s , e t p lu s t a r d f u r e n t e m m e n esv e rs u n e v ie c om p a r a ti v em e n t o p u le n te d a n s u n ce rd e d e l a h a u t es o c i t i t e e u m p e e m e a fi n d e t e rm i n e r l e u r e d u c a ti o n . P e n d a n t t o u t ec e tt e p e r i o d e , K r is h n a m u r t i a d e v e lo p p e u n l i e n f o r t a v e c A n n ie B e s sa :u n e r e l a t i o n m e r e -f i l s d e s u b s t i t u t i o n . S o n p e re , r e p o u ss e a l ' a r r i e r ep la n p a r I e r em o u s d 'i n te rB f a u t o u r d e K r is h n a m u r ti , a p o u r su iv i l aS o c i t i t e T h ti o s o p h iq u e e n 1 9 1 2p o u r p r o t e g e r s e s i n te r B f s p a r e n ta u xA p re s u n e b a t a il l e l e g a le p ro lo n g e e , B e ss n : p r i t l a g a r d e l e g a le d eK r is h n a m u r ti e t d e s o n f r e r e N i t y a . E n r a is o n d e c e t t e s ep a r a t i o n d e s af a m i l l e e t d e s a ma so n . K r is h n a m u r ti e t s o n f r e r e d e v in r e m e x t r em e -m e m t r o ch e s ; e t d a n s I e s e n n ee s s u iv a n te s i l s v o y a g e re n t s o u v e n te n s e m b l e .

l es a nn ti es t ie j e u ne ss eN a r y L u ty e n s , d a n s s a b io g r a p h i e d e K r is h n a m u r ti , d e c /a r e q u ' i l y e u t

u n t e m p s o il i l a e n t i e re m e n t c ru q u ' i l d e v a it d e v e n ir l' l n s tr u c te a r d uN o n d e , a p r e s u n s o u t i e n e t u n e e d u ca ti o n co r r od e s d a n s I e s d o -m s in e s s p ir i t u e l s e t s e cu la ir e s. U n a u t r e b io g r a p h e d e c ri t I e p r o -g ra m m e q u o ti d ie n q u i l u i f u t i m p o s e p a r l e sd b e s t e r e t s e s s s soces .q u i i n c / u a it e n t r e a u t r e s d e s eeniaes s p o r t i f s r ig o u r e u x d e s e m i r sp a r t i c u li e r s d a n s d e n o m b r e u se s ms t i ems s co la ir e s , d e s l e c o a s t h e a -s o p h iq u e s e t r e li g i e u s e s , le y o g a e t l a m e d i t a t i o f l , a in s i q u e I i n s t r u c -t i a n d e l ' h y g ie n e e t d e s b o n n e s m a n i e re s d e l a soc s t e t d e l a c u l t u r eb r i t a n n i q u e s . Ii l a d if f e re n c e d e s s p o r t s , o il i l a m o n r e u n e a p t i tu d en a tu r e ll e , K r is h n a m u r t i a t o u jo u rs s u d e s p r o b l e m e s a v e c I e f o r m a -l is m e s c o l a i re e t n 'a v a i t a u c u n p e n c h a n t a c a d e m iq u e . I I a f i n a le m e n ta b a n d o n n e l 't id u c a ti o n u n iv e r s it a i re a p r es p l u s ie u r s t ems t lves d ' a d -m i s s i o n . I I a p p r it d e s l a n g u e s t it ra n g e re s , p a r ve n a n t a p a r le r p l u s i e u rsdeare e ll e s ( I e f r a n t; a is e t I 7 ta li e n e n t r e s a t r es ) a v e c u n e c e r ta in em a f t r i s e .D u r a n t c e tt e p e r i o d e . i l a a p p a r e m m e n t a p p re c ie l a l e c tu re d e p a s -s a g e s d e l 'A n c i e n T e s t a m e n t, e t a e te im p r e ss i o n n e p a r c e r t a in s d e sc /a ss i q u e s a c c td e a sa x . p a r t i c u l i B r e m e n t S h e ll e y , I l o s t o ie v s k i e tN i e t z sc h e . I I a v a i t e g a l e m e n t, d e p u is l e n fa n c e , d e s a p ti t u d e s c o a s id e -r a b i e s p o u r l ' o b se r v a ti o n e t l a m e c a n i q u e , p o u va n t ca r r ed emem d e -m a n t e r e t r e m o m e r d e s m e c a n i s m e s c om p le x e s .S o n im a g e p u b l i q u e , c u lt i v e e a l ' o r i g in e p a r I e s t h e a s a p h e s . J u tc a ra c te r i s e e p a r u n e x te r i e u r b ie n l i s s , u n e s a b r e d t i t e rm i n a t i o f l , u n ee p p e r e a c e c o s m o p o li t e e t e n d 'a u t r es m o t s , u n d ti t a c h e m e n t d a n s s o nc o m p o rt e m e n t c o n f i n a n t a l a b e a ti tu d e . & d a n s I e s f a it s , .. o np o u r r a i t d ir e q u e t o u te s c e s c a r a c te r i s ti q u es s 'a p p li q u e n t a l ' i m a g ep u b li q u e d e K r i s h n a m u r t i d e l a f i n d e s a v ie . . I I a p p a r o t c /a i r e m e n tt r e s t o t q u ' i l ...p o s se d a it u n m a g n e ti s m e p e r so n n e l i n n , s a n s B f r ed u n t y p e p h y s i q u e c h a le u r eu x m a i s q u 'i l t i t a it n e a n m o in s e m o ti f d a n ss o n a u st e r i t , e t p o r te a i n s p ir e r l a v e n e r a t i o n . . C e p e n d a n t, a l o r sq u e K r is h n a m u r t i g r a n d is sa i t , i l m o n t r a d e s s ig n e s d e r eb e ll i o n a d o l e s -c e n te e t d ' i n s ta b i l it e e m o t io n n e ll e , s 'i rr it a n t d u r eg im e q u i l u i t i t a iti m p o s e e t a y a n t d e t e m p s e n t e m p s d es d o a t e s a p r o p o s d e l ' a v e n i rq u ' o n l u i p r e s c r iv a i t .E n 1 9 2 2 K r is h n a m u r ti e t N i t y a v o y a g e r en t d e S y d n e y a l a C a l if o r n ie e np a s sa n t p a r l a S u i s se . E n C a l i f o r n ie , il s l o g e r e n t d a n s u n e m a i s o n s i-t u e e d a n s o n e v a l l e e r e c u le e p r e s d 'O j a i ,q u i l e u r f u t p rB f e e p o u r I o c -c a s i o n p a r u n a m e r i c a i n m e m b re d e l 'O r d r e d e / 'B o il e . f i n a l e m e n t u ng r o u p e d e s ym p a th is a n ts l ' a c q u i r en t p o u r l u i a v e c l a p r o p r it i t e e n v i-r o n n sm q u i d e v i n t d e sa a n s is I e d o m i c i le o f fi c ie l d e K r i s h n a m u r t i.C e s t a c e : e n d ro it , e n a o o t 1 9 2 2 q u e K r i s h n a m u r t i e st p a s s e p a r o n ei n te n s e e x p e r ie n c e q u i a t r a n s f o rm e s a v ie . 8 1 e a t i t e s im u l t a n e m e n t e ti n v a r ia b le m e n t c a r a c te r is e e c o m m e u n e v e il s p ir it u e l , u n e t ra n s fo r m a -t i o n p s y c h o lo g iq u e , e t u n c o n d i t i o n n e m e n t p h y s i q u e . K r i s h n am u r t ie t s e s p r o c h e s l ' a p p e l e re n t I e p r o c e s su s , q u i c o n t i n u a d e s e p r o -d u i r e f r e q u em m e n t a v e c u n e i n te n s i t e v a r i a b l e j u s q u a s a m o r t . L e st e m o in s r a p p o r te n t q u 'i l a c o m m e n c e a l a g e d e 1 1 a n s , a v e c u n e d o u -

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l e u r e x t r a o r d in a i r e e t u n g o n f/ e m e n t d u r c om m e u n e b a l l e 8 l a n u q u ee t a u c tn i l e s d e u x jo u r s s u i v a n ts , l e s s ym p to m e s s 'a g g r a v e r en t, a v e cl ' a u g m e n t a ti o n d e l a d o u le u r , u n m a la is e e t u n e s en s i b il i t e p h ys iq u ee x t r em e , e t d e s d iv a g a t i o n s d e l i r a n te s o c c e s io a a e l l e s . P u is i l p a r o ts om b r er d a n s I i n c tm s ti e n c e ; e n r ea li t t i , i l a r a c o n te q u 7 1 ti t a it t r escaa sa em d e s o n en r ronaemen : e t q u e p en d a n t c e t t i t a t , i l e o t u n ee x p e r i e n c e d u n i o n m y s ti q u e . l e j o u r s u iv a n t, I e s s y m p t o m e s , e tt e x p e n e n c e . s s c c n r em . c u lm in a n t a v e c u n s e a s d e p a i x im -mease . ... J 't i t a is s u p r e m e m e n : h m r e u x p e r c e q u e j ' a va is v u . I ? ie n n 'a p uj a m a is B t r e i d e n ti q u e . J 'a i h u 8 I e s o p u r e e t c l a i r e e t m a s o i f a t i t ea p a is e e . . . . J 'a i v u l a L u m i e re . J 'a i t o a c h e l a c om p a s s i o n q u i g u e r i tt o u t e p e i n e e t t o o t e s o u f f r a n c e ; c e n es t p a s p o u r m o i - m e m e m a i sp o u r I e m o n d e . . . . L ' a m o u r d a n s t o m e s a g lo ir e a i n to x i q u e m o n c c e a r :m a n c c eu r a e p o u rr a j a m a i s s e r e f e rm e r. J ' a i b o 8 l a f o n t a in e d e l aJ o ie e t d e l ' t i t e m e l l e 8 e a u t t i . J e s u i s i n to x iq u e d e I li e u . D e s i n c id e n t s s em b i a b ie s o m c o n t i n u e a v e c d e s i n te r r u p t i o n s c tu s t e sj u s q u a o c t o h r . e t o m r ep r i s p lu s t a r d r eg u l i B r em e n t, t o u jo u rs im p l i -q u e a t . 8 d iv e r s d e g r e s , d e s d o u le u r s p h y si q u es p o u r m a r q u e r I e d e b u td u p r o c e s s u s , a cc om p a g n e p a r c e q u i e s t d e c r i t , d e m a n i e re v a -r ia b l e , c o m m e p r e s e n c e , b e n e d a t a n , i m m e n s i t e , e t c a ra c te r e s sc r e , q u i, s e l a n c e rt a in e s i n fo rm a t io n s , a s a u v em t i t t i ,r e s s e m i p a r I e s p e rs o a a e s presen:P l u s i e u r s e x p li c a t i o n s o m t i t e p r o p o s e e s p o u r I e s e v e n e m e n t s d e 1 9 2 2e t I e p r o c e s s u s e n g e n e r a l l eedaester e t d 'a u tr e s t h e a s o p h e s .b ie n q u 7 1 s s e s m e m a tt e n d u s 8 c e q u e I e v e h i c u l e a i t c e r t a i n e se x p e r i e n c e s p a ra n o rm a l es , f u r e n t r a d ic a le m e n t d e co n c e r t e s f a c e a u xd e v e l o p p em e n t s d e l e n s e m b l e d u p h t i n o m e n e e t d e v a n t u n e im p a s s ep o u r l e x p li q u e r . l e p r o c e s s u s , e t 1 7 n c a p a c it e d e l eedaester d el e x p li q u e r d e m a n ie r e s a t i s fa is a n te . e u r em d 'a u t r e s c o n s e q u e n c e s s iItm e n c r a i t I e b i o g r a p h eR . V e m a n .l e p r o c e s su s d '! lj a i , q u e l q u e s o i t s a c a u s e a u s a v a li d i t t i , f u t u n e t i t a p eim p o r t a n t e e t b o u le ve rs a n t e p o u r K r i s h n a . J u sq u a c e m o m e n t s o np r o g re s s p i r it u e l a u ss i b ie n q u a d r i l l e q u e p o ss ib le . a v a i t e te p la n if i t ip a r d e li b t i r a t i o n s o l e n n e ll e d e s s o m m i t e s d e l a T h ti o s o p h ie .. . ! lu e lq u ec h o s e d e n o u v e a u s 't i t a i t m a i n t e n a n t p r o d u i t p o u r l e q u e l l a f o rm a t io nd e K r is h n a a e l 'a v a i t p a s e n ti e r e m e n t p r e p a r ti . . . . U n f a rd e a u f u t e n le v ed e s a c o n s c i e n c e e t i l f i t s o n p r e m i e r p a s v e rs 1 7 n d iv id u a li t t i .. . D a n s l ap e rs p e c ti v e d e s o n f u tu r r o l e d 7 n st r u c te u r, I e p r o c e s s u s cansti tu: s af o n d a ti o fl . . . . I I e t a it v e n u 8 l u i t o u t s eu l e t n 'a v a it p a s t i t e p la n t e e n l u ip a r s e s m e n to r s . . . i l f o u m i ss a i t 8 K r i s h n a le s o l d a n s l e q u e l s o n e s p r i td e c o n fi a n c e e t d 7 n d e p e n d a n c e r e c em m e n t d e c o u v e r t p o u r r a i t p r e n -d r e r a c i n e .f i n a l e m e n t , l a m o r t i n a t t e n d u e d e s o n f r e r e N i t y a I e I I n o v em b r e 1 9 2 5 8l a g e d e 21 a n s , d e t u b e rc u l o se , a p r e s u n e l o n g u e m a la d i e . c h o q u af o n d a m e n ta le m e n t l a c r o y a n c e e t l a f o i d e K r is h n a m u r ti e n l a T h ti o s o -p h ie e t l e s d ir ig e a n ts d e l a s o c i t i t e t h t i o s o p h iq u e . D ' a p r e s l e s t e m o in s ,

l a n o u v e l le I e b r is a c o m p l 8 te m e n t . I l l u tt a p e n d a n t d e s j o u r s p o u rs tr m o m e r s a d o u le u r , c e q u i a b o u t i t ...8p a s se r p a r u n e r e v o lu t io ni n t e r i e u r e . 8 t rourer u n e f o r ce n o u v e ll e . L e xp e r i e n c e d e l a m o r t d es o n f r e re d ti t r u is i t t o u t e s l e s i l l u si o n s r e s t s m e s. e t I e s c h a s e s a es e r a i e n t p lu s j a m a is I es m e m e s . ... U n a n c i e n r e v e e s t m o rt e t u n n o u ve a u n a f t , c om m e o n e f / e u r q u it r a v e r s e l a t e r r e d u re . l h e n o u v e ll e v is io n p r en d n a i s sa n c e e t u n e p lu sg ra n d e c o n sc i e n c e s e d ep lo ie . . . l h e n o u v e l l e f o rc e . n ee d e l a s o u f -f r a n c e . p a /p i t e d a n s I es venes . u n e s ym p a th ie e t o n e c o m p r e h e n s io nn o u v e l l e s n si s s e m d e l a s o u f f r a n c e p a s s e e - u n p lu s g ra n d d e s i r d ev o ir I es e a tr e s m a i n s s o u f f r ir , e t . s 7 1 s d o i v e n t s o u ff ri r , d e v e il le r 8 c eq u 7 1 s I e s u p p o r t e n t n o b le m e n t e t e n s o r t e m s a n s t r o p d e c ic a tr ic e s .J 'a i p l e u r t i , m a is j e n e v eu x p a s q u e I e s e a t r e s p le u r e n t ; m a is s 7 1 s I ef o n t, j e s a i s c e q u e c e la s ig n if i e .

H o m p r e a v e c I e passeL a v is io n n o u v e ll e e t l a p r i s e d e c o n s c i e n c e d e K r is h n a m u r ti c o n t i n u a 8s e d e v e l o p p e r e t a tt e in t u n s om m e t e n 1 9 2 9 , lo r s q u 7 1 re fu s a l e s t e m e -t i v es d e l e sd b e s t e r e t B e s s n : d e c o n ti n u e r a v e c l 'O r d re d e l 'E to il e .K r is h n a m u r t i p r o n o m ; a l a d is so lu t i o n d e l 'O r d r e a u e m i r s d u n d is co u rsa b o r d a n t p lu s i e u rs e a tr e s s u j e ts , 8 I ' o c c s s i o n d e l a r e u n io n a n n u e ll ed e S t a r C a m p 8 D m m e n e n H o l l a n d e . I e J a o o t 1 9 2 9 , d e v a n t A n n ie B e -s a n t e t p lu s i e u rs m i ll i e r s d e m e m b r e s . P e o : B t r e v o u s soovene: v o u s d e c e t t e h is t a im d u d ia b l e e t d e s o na m i : l i s m a r ch a i e n t d a n s l a r u e q u a n d i l s v ir en t d e v a n t e u : u n h om m es e b s i s s e r p o u r r e m a s s e r q u e l q u e c h o se e t I e m e tt r e d a n s s a p o c h e .L ' a m i d i t a u d ia b l e : ' ! l u e s t c e q u e c e : h om m e v ie n t d e r e m a s s e r ?" U n p e t i t b o u t d e Y e r i t e r e p o n d i t I e d i a b le . 'N a u v a is e a f f a i r e p o u rv o u s . a lo r s / ' r em a r q u a l 'a m i . 'O h ,p a s d u t o u t ; r ep li q u a I e d i a b le . ' j ev a i s l 'a i d e r 8 l 'o r g a n i s e r / : J e m a in ti e n s q u e l a v e r it e e s t u n p a y s s a n sc h em i n s, q u e v o u s a e p o u v e z l ' a p p ro ch er p a r a u c u n e r o u t e , q u e l l eq u e ll e s o it : e u c u a e r e li g io n , a u c u n e s e c t s . T e l e s t m o n p o i n t d e v u e :e t j 'y a d h e re d u n e f a ll o n a b s o l u e e t i n c o n d it i o n n e l l e . L a v e r it e t i t a n ti ll im i t e e . i n c o n d i t io n n e e . i n a p p r o c h a b le p a r q u e lq u e s e n ti er q u e c e s a t :e ll e a e peu: p a s B t r e o rg a n is e e ; o n a e d e v ra it p a s n o n p lu s c re e r d e so r g a n i s a ti o n s q u i condusem a u f o rc en t I e s h om m e s 8 s u i v r e u n c h e -m i n p a r t i c u li e r . S i v a u s conpr en e : b ie n c e l a d e s l e d e b u t , v a u s v e r rt u8 q u e l p o in t i l e s t i m p o s s i b le d 'o r g a n i s e r u n e c r o r e a c e .

Etaussi: I I n 'y a r ie n 1 8 d e t e ll e m e n t e x t r a o r d in a ir e p u i s q u e j e n e v e u x p a s d ed is c i p le s e t j e t i e n s 8 I e d ir e . D e s I e m o m e n t o il l ' o n s u i t q u e lq u u n , o nc e ss e d e s u iv re l a Y e r i t t i . J e n e m e p re o c c u p e p a s d e s a vo ir s i v o u sf a it e s a tt e n t i o n o u n o n 8 c e q u e j e d i s . J e v e u x f a i r e u n e c e r t a i n ec h o s e d a n s I e m o n d e , e t j e l a f e r a i a v e c u n e i n v a r i a b l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n .J e n e m e p r e o c c u p e q u e d u n e s e u l e c h o s e e s s e n t i e l l e : l i b t i r e r

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I h o m m e . J e d e s i r e I e l i b ti r e r d e t o m e s l e s c a g e s , d e t o u t e s l e s tuurs .e t n o n p a s f o n d e r d e s r e li g io n s , d e n o u v e l l e s s e c t e s . n i e ta b li r d e n o u -v e ll e s t h e o r i e s e t d e n o u v e ll e s p h i l o s o p h ie s . A la s u it e d e l a d is s o lu ti o n , l e sd h e st e r e t d 'a u t r e s T h t i o so p h e s s e r e -t o om e re m c o m re K r i s h n a m u r t i e t s e d em a n d e re n t p u b li q u e m e n t s i 'C e / u iq u i v ie tr ' a v a i t p u t a m a e r d a n s I e r r ea r . N a r y L u ty e n s d e d s -r a : ... a p r e s t t u n e s c e s s n a e e s a e n n a a c e r l a Y en u e . a s e p re m u n i re n c o r e e t e n c o r e c om r e I e d a n g e r d e v o i r I l as truaear d u N o n d e r e je -t e p e r c e q u 'i l s e r a i t t e n u d e d ir e q u e l q u e c h o s e d e t o ta le m e n t n o u v e a ue t d 'i n a t t e n d u , q u e lq u e c h o se d e c on tr a ir e a l a p lu p a r t d e s i d e e s p re -c om ; u e s e t d e s e sp a r s d e s g e n s , l e s d ir i g e a n t s d e l a T h t i o so p h ie , I ' u na p r e s l ' a u tr e , t o m b B r e n t d a n s I e p ie g e c o m r e l e q u e l i l s a v a ie n t s i a s s i-d O m e n t m i s e n g a r d e I e s s u tm s . K r is h n a m u r ti a v a it d e n o n c e t o u te s I e s c r a r tm c e s o r ga n is e e s , l a n o ti o nd e g o u r o u , e t l ' e n se m b l e d e l a r e l a t i o n d e m a i tr e a d i s c i p le , p r ti f e -r a n t s e c o n s a c r e r a t r a v a il l e r a r e n d c e I h o n m e a b s o lu m en t, t o tde-m e m l i b r e . A p a r t i r d e c e m o m e n t , i l c o m m e m ; a a s e r e t i r e r d e l a S o -c i e t e T h t i o so p h iq u e e t d e s e s e n se i g n e m e n t s e t p ra ti q u e s , b ie n q u er e s t s m e n t e r m e s c o r d i a u x a v e c c e r t a i n s d e s e s m e m b r e s e t e x -m e m b re s t o u t a u l o n g d e s a v i e . C o m m e I e n o te s a b io g ra p h e l a tyen :i l n ' a j a m a is d e m e n ti E t r e l 7 n s tr u c te u r d u N o n d e , d i s a n t a L a d y E m i ly : Voa s s e ve : N a m a n , j e n 'a i j am a is n ie c e l a [ E tr e I l n s t r u c t e a r d uN o n d e j j 'a i s e a l e m a n : d it q u e c e l a n 'a v a it p a s d 'im p o rt a n c e c e q u e j es u is a u q u i je s u is m a is q u ' i l s d e v ra ie n t e xa m in e r c e q u e j e d is , c e q u ia e s i g n i f i e p a s q u e j 'a ie n ie E tr e I l n s t r u c t e u r d u N o n d e . I l u a n d u nj o u m a l i s t e l u i d em a n da s ' i l t i t a it I e C h r i s t i l r e po n d it O u i , d a n s I es en s p u r, m a i s p a s d a n s I s c c e p n o n t r a d it i o n n e ll e d u m o t .K r i s h n a m u rt i e vo q u e r s e s e n s e ig n e m e n ts c om m e I e s e n se ig n e -m e n t s e t n o n c o m m e m e s e n s e i g n em e n ts . S o n i n te r e t s e p o rt at o u jo u r s s u r I e s e n s e ig n e m e n t s : I e p r o fe ss eu r n 'a v a i t p a s d 'i m -p a r t s n c e . e t l 'a u t o r it e s p ir i t u e ll e t it a it d e n o n c e e . T o u te a u t o ri t e d e n im p a r t e q u e l l e s o r t e . s p e c i a le m e n t d a n s lec h a m p d e l a p e n se e t d e l a c om p r e h e n s i o n , e s t l a p lu s d e s t r u c t i v e e tl a p lu s m a u v a is e d e s c h a s e s . l e s m e n n rs d ti t r u is e n t I e s s u iv e u rs e tI e s s u iv e u rs d ti t r u is e n t l e s m e n e r s . f / o u s deve : E t r e v o t r e p r o p ree n s e i g n a n t e t v o t r e p r o p re d is c i p le . f / o u s der e : q u es ti o n n e r t o u t c eq u e / 'E t r e h u m a in a a c c e p te c o m m e v a l a b le , co m m e oece s s s r .K r is h n am u r ti a r e n v o y e t a u s I e s d o n s e n a r g e n t e t p r o p ri t i t e s o ff e r t s al 'O r d r e d e I '& o il e - y c om p r i s u n c h a te a u e n H o ll a n d e e t e n v ir o n 2 0 0 0h e c t a re s d e t e r e s - a l e u rs d o n s im r s . I I p a s s a e n su it e le r e s t e d e s av ie e ss e n t i e ll e m e n t a t e n i r d e s d ia lo g u e s e t d o n n e r d e s c o n fe re n c esp u b li q u e s a t r a ve r s I e m o n d e . s u r l a n a t u r e d e l a c ro r e a c e . d e l a v er i -t e . d e l a d o u le u r , d e l a l i b e r t a , d e l a m o r t , d e l a q uE te spps rsmmemt i t e m e ll e p o u r u n e v ie s p i r i t u e l l e m e n t a c c o m p l i e , e t d e s s u j e ts a p p a -r ea te s . E n p o u r s u i v a n t a p a rt i r d e l a n o ti o n d e p a y s s a n s c h e m in s ,i l n ' a c c e p ta n i d i s c i p le n i s d o r t n e a r : v o y a n t l a r e l a t i o n e n tr e d i s c i p l e e tg o u r o u c om m e u n e n c o u r a g em e n t a l ' o p p o s e d e l ' t im a n c ip a ti o n s p i r i-

t u e l l e - l a d e p e n d a n c e e t l 'e x p lo it a ti o fl . I I e x h o rt a cons t emmem I e sg en s a p e n se r a v e c i n d e p e n d a n c e e t c l a rt a , a e x p lo re r e t a d is c u te rd es s u je t s s p ec i f i q u e s a v e c l u i , a f i n d e c h ema e r c o m m e d e u xa m i s . I I a c c e p t a I e s d o n s e t I e s s ou t i e n s f i n a n c ie r s o ff e r t s g r a c i e u -s em e n : p a r I e s g e n s q u 'i n s p i r a it s o n t r a va i l , e t p o u rs u iv it i m p l a c a b le -m e m s e s t o u m e e s d e c o n f e r e n c e s e t l a p u b l i c a t i o n d e l i v r e s e t d et r a n s c r i p t i o n s d e c o n fe r e n c e s p e n d a n t p l u s d e c in q u a n t e e n s .( S o u r c e e t t e s te i n te g r a le s u r : h t t p . / /w w w f ri sh n a m u r t i -f ra n c E .o r g /B i o g r a p h i e - d e t a i l l e e - d e - J i d d u l l b i o g r a p h i e )

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N i fh a tf l A l va n h o v , e s t n e I e 3 1 j a n v i e r / 9 0 0 a S e r b t z i, v il l a g e d e N a c e -d o a e : i l e s t m o r t I e 25 d e c e m b r e 1 9 8 8 p r e s d e f r t i j u s e n f r a n c e . C em a f t r e s p ir it u e l , p h i l o so p h e e t p t i d a g o g u e f ra m ; a i s d ' o r ig i n e b u l g a r e , ad o n n e u n e n s e i g n em e n t p a r l 'e x e m p la r i t e e t o r a l, a l a f o is e so te r i q u e t i n it i a ti q u e , d a n s l a t r ad i t i o n j u d eo - c h r ti t i e n n e e t u n iv e r s a l i s t e d eI t c o l e b u lg a re d e P e te r I l e u a o v ( 1 9 2 2 )N i fh a t f l A l v an h o v n a i t I e 3 1 j a n v i e r 1 9 0 0 d a n s le v il l a g e d e S e rb t z i, q u is e t r o o v e p r e s d e B i t o la , d a n s l a r e g io n d e N a c ti d o in e , s u c c e s s iv em e n ti n da s e d a n s l 'E m p i r e o tt o m a n ( 1 3 8 9 -1 9 1 2 ) I e I ? o ya u m e d e s S e r b e s ,C r o a te s e t S l o v e n e s ( 1 9 1 2 ) l e l? o y a u m e d e Y o u g o s la v ie ( 1 9 2 9 ) l a I ? e pu -b l i q u e f t i d e r a t i v e s o c i a li s t e d e Y o u g o sl a v i e ( 1 9 4 5 ) l a I ? e p u b l i q u e d eN a c t i d o in e ( 1 9 9 1 ).S a f a m i ll e , b u lg a r e , e s t t r e s m o d e s t e [5} S o n p e re ,I v a n O i m i t r o ll , g e r e u n c om m e r c e d e c h a rb o n d e b o i s a f / a m a , d is t a n td e p l u s d e 8 0 0 k m . " A p r e s le p il l a g e d e s o n v i l l a g e p a r I e s B r e c s e n1 9 0 1 , l a f a m i l l e s l n s t a ll e a f / a m a , s u r I e s r i v e s d e l a m e r N o ir e , a l 'E s td e l a B u lg a ri e 'I I } , / 1d e c o a v r e e n 1 9 0 9 I e L iv re d e s P r o v e rb e s d e S a lo -m o n , q u i l u i d o n n e l ' e n v i e d e s e d e v e lo p p e r s p ir it u e ll e m e n t. "Ii l a g e d e d ix -s e p t e n s . e n 1 9 1 1d o n e , a f / a m a , N i f h a t f l A l v a n h o v r e n -c o m r e I e m a i tr e s p i r it u e l P e te r O e u n o v [ 2 j I I t i t u d ie e t m e t e n p r a t i q u el 'e n s e i g n em e n t e so te r i q u e c h r e t i e n d e ceui -c! d u r a n t v in g t e n s . a u xt e r m e s d e s q u e l s c e l u i q U ll c o n si d er e c o m m e s o n m a it r e s p ir i t u e ll 'e n v o i e e n f r a n c e a fi n d e p r e se rv e r s o n (Eu v r e d e l a m e n a ce c a m m u -m s t e . I I q u it t e a lo rs s o n p a s t e d e d re c te a r d e c o ll e g e p re s d e S o f i a ,s e s t r o c h e s . a in s i q u e s o n p a y s n a t a !A r r iv e e n f r a n c e I e 22 j u i ll e t 1 9 3 1 , i l e p p r e n d I e f r a n t; a i s e n s i x m o i s" s e u l , e n e co o t o m I e s g e n s a u l a r a d i o , e n a ll a n t a u c in em a / : I I d o n n es a p r e m i e re c o n fe re n c e p u b l i q u e a P a r i s I e 3 1 j a n v ie r 1 9 3 8 O n / 'a p p e ll e" fr e r e N i c h a tf r E n 1 9 4 8 , u n p r e m ie r r ecue ! d e s c o n fe re n c es d e 1 9 3 8e s t p u b l i e s ou s I e t i t r e A m o u r , S a g e s se , f / e r i t a , a v e c u n e i n t r o du c ti o nd e L a n z a d e l Y s s to . E n f e v r ie r 1 9 4 4 , i l a p p r en d I e d e c e s (2 1d e c . 1 9 4 4 )d e s o n N a it r e , P e t e r I e a n o a lo r s q u I I c r o y a it j u s q u e -I a p re p a re r s av e n u e e n I r sa c eA r r e t e I e 2 1 ja n v i e r 1 9 4 8 i l e s t c o n d am n e I e 2 1 ju il l e t 1 9 4 8 a q u a t r e a n s

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d e p r i s o n p a r l a 1 2 c h a m b re co rea ionne fe d e P a r is . C e r ta in s d o c u -m e n t s d i em u n e a c c u s a t i o n d " ' e s p io n n a ge ' l r e f oeces s s r e] d ' a u t r e sp a r l e n t d e " v i o ls c o m m is s u r q u a ra n t e f e m m e s ' l 3 j E n t o i l e d e f o n do n trture. e n 1 9 4 1 , ' u n a v e n tu r ie r q u i s e f a i s a it a p p e l e r P r in c e C h e r e n -z i L in d M a h a C h oh a n ( B r a n d c h e f ) e t S u p re m e R e g e n t d u R o y a um e d el 'A g a rt h a 'l 4 j M i fh a tf l A lv a n h o v e s t l iM r e d e l a p r i s o n d u c a m p d e l aC h a t a ig n e ra ie , a L a C e l i e S a i n t- C l o u d d e s le 24 m a r s 1 9 S 0 e t" r e h a b i l i t e ' l S } I e 28 s e p te m b re 1 9 8 0 p a r l a C o u r d sp p e ! d 'A ix - e n -P r o v e n c e . l e g a r d e d e s s ceeu : m i n is t r e d e l a j u s t i c e l u i e n v er r a u n eI e tt r e d 'e x cu s e s p o u r ' 'a v o ir i l l e g a le m e n t i n f l u e n c e l a d e c i s io n d u j u g e "q u i l 'a v a i t c o n d a m n t i. [ 8 j M a i s M i f ha t fl A l v a nh o v n 'o b t i en d r a l a n a t i o n a -l i t e f r a m ;a is e q u e q u e l q u e s m o is a p r e s s a m o r t ( p u b /i t i e a u J o u r n a lo f f i c i e l d u I l o c to b r e 1 9 8 1 )" fr e r e M i c h a tf l " r e p r en d s o n a c t i v it e d 'e n s e ig n em e n t j u s q u a s o n d e -

p a r t p o u r I l a d e l e I I f e v r i e r 1 9 S 8 , i l p a r t p o u r l 'H im a l a y a , I e C a c h e -m i r e , B u l m a r g , C a l c u tt a , T i ru v a n n a m a l a i;B a n e s h p u ri . S e lo n s o n t em m -g n a g e , i l r e n co m r e e n I n d e d i f f e r e n ts m a i tr e s s p i r it u e ls , d o n t M a A n a n -d a M o y i ( 1 89 8 -1 9 8 2 ) s w a m i N i ty a n an d a ( 1 8 9 8 - 19 8 1 )A n a g a ri f a B o v in d a( 1 8 9 8 -1 9 8 S ) s w a m i S h iv a n a n d a ( 1 8 8 1 -1 9 8 3 ) e t s u r to u t, I e 1 1 j u i n 1 9 S 8 ,l ' e x t r ao r d in a ir e N e e m K a r o l i B a b a ( 7 -1 9 1 3 ) [ l j q u l1 a s s i m i le p lu s a um a i n s a u f a b u l e u x M a h a v a ta r B a b a d ji , tr a is e p a r d e s y o g in s d e s 1 8 8 1![8)N e e m K a r o l i B a b a a p p e ll e N i c h a tf l t h e f r en c h S a d h u ( I e s ag e f r a n -t ; a i s ) [ 9 jS e a s le n o m d 'O m r a a m N i fh a tf l A l v a n h o v[ IO j i l r e m r e d '/ n d e e n f r a n c eu n a n p l u s t a rd I e 9f e v ri e r 1 9 8 0 . J ! p a rt i r d e c e j o u r -l a , i l s e r a a p p e leM a it r e . O u ra n t l e s s n a e e s q u i s u iv e n t , i l p a r t a g e s o n t e m p s e n t r ev o y a g e s e t e n s e ig n e m e n t, v is i t a n t l e s l i e u x s a in ts d e l a p la n e te , d o n -n a n t p lu s d e S O O O c o n fe re n c e s . O e s a v r i l 1 9 1 4 c o m m e n c em a p a ra it r es e s O e u v r es C o m p l e te s a u x e d i t i o n s P r o s v e t a f r e j u s , e n 32 t o m e s .E n j a n v i e r 1 9 8 4 , ' I I f a it l a r en c a a tr e d u P r e s i d e n t R o n a l d R e a g a n e t d el a m e d iu m J e a n e I l iam"I I d e ca d e a u B o m n , p r e s d e f r e ju s , I e 2 S d e c em b r e 1 9 8 8! lu e lq u e s d i s c i p le s o m la i s s t i , d e s o n v iv a n t , d e s r e a t s c o m p o r t a n t d e ss c e n e s e x t r ao r d in a ir e s d e m e r v e i l l e s e t d e g u e r i s on s . S v e zd a ( S te ll aB e l l e m in ) d a n s / j i e e t e n s e ig n e m e n t e n f r a n c e d u M a i t r e O m r a a m N i f -h a tf l A lv a n ho v ( E d i t i o n s f B U , 1 9 1 1 )A n d r e J e h a n d a n s ! l u i e s t I e M a i t r eO m r a a m N i fh a tf l A l v a n h o v ( E d i t i o n s P ro s v e t 1 9 1 4 /P e t e r I e a n o a S o f i a , e n 1 92 2 a va it f o n d e i t c o l e d e l a f r a te r n it eb la n c h e u n iv e r s e ll e [ 1 1 )A l v a n h o v a i n s p i r e l a f o n d a ti o n , e n 1 9 3 /l d u n ea s s o c i a ti o n , a p p e l e e " LE c o le d iv in e ' ; p u i s , e n 1 9 4 1 , l a " f r a te rn it eB l a n c h e U n i v e r s e l l e " ( f B U ) [ 1 2 J [1 3 j d o n t le s i e g e s e t r t u s e p r e s d eP a r i s , a S e v re s . L a f r a te rn it e B l a n ch e U n i v e r se ll e e s t d e c r i t e d a n s ler a p p o r t d e l a C o m m i s s i o n p a rl e m e n ta ir e s u r I e s s e c t e s e n f r a n c e( 1 9 9 5 ) c o m m e u n m a u v e m e n : s p ir it u e l e t i n it i a ti q u e p r o p o s an t u nesatensm s y n c r ti . t iq u e , f o nd e e I 1d e n ti fi c a t i o n a v e c l e s f o r c es C h r i s-t i q u e e t s o la ir e , l e s l o is d u f a rm a e t l a " g a l v a n o p la s t i e s p ir i t u e l l e "4 1 4 j L a g a l v a n o p l a s t i e s p i r it u e l l e e s t u n e c o n c e p t i o n , p r e se n t e e d e s

1 9 3 / l c o m p a r a n t a l a g a lv a n o p l a s t i e l a g e s ta t i o n d u n e m e r e souaeused 'e n g e n d re r u n e n f a n t h s r tm m e u x . " P a r to u t, d a n s l a n a tu r e , l a g a lv a -n o p l a s t i e ed s t e . S i n a u s v o u km s d a r e r q u e l q u e c h o se d a n s u n p la nq ue l c o nq u e , n o u s d e v o n s m e t t r e a l a c a th o d e u n m o u l e , o n e i m a g ed t i . t e rm i n e e ; n o u s d e v o n s e g a le m e n t d i s so u d re u n s e l m t i . t a l l i q u e d a n sI e l i q u id e d e l a s o l u t i o n , u n s e l d'a: A l o r s , s i n a u s l i o n s l e s e le c t r o d e s al a p i l e , n a u s o b te n o a s u n o b je t d 'o r . ' l I S j l h e m a i s o n d e d it i o n , I r a s v e -t a [ 1 8 ) s e c o n s s c re a l e d i t i o n d e s o e u v r e s , q u i c am p r e n d p r e s d e m i l l et i r e s .S e l o n s o n e d i t e u r . ' 1 'e n s e i g n em e n t d u M a i t r e O m r a a m N i f h a tf l A l v a n -h o v t i . t a n t s t r ic ie m e m o r a / , s e s o u vr a g e s s o n t r e d i g e s a p a rt i r d e c o n -f e re n c e s i m p r o v i s e es , s t e no g r a p h ie es a u e n r e g i s t r e e s s u r b a n d e sm a g n e ti q u e s. "L a d e u x ie m e n a is sa n c e , I e m a i tr e s p i r it u e /, l e s c o rp s s u b t i l s ( A i va n h o vr e p r e n d I e S e p t e n a i r e d e l 'h in d o u is m e e t d u t h t i o s op h is m e ) l a r e i n c a r -n a ti o n [ l l j 1 1 n it i a t i o n e n t a n t q u e t r a va i l s u r s o i - mm : l a m a g i e d iv in e ,I e K a r m a , l a l o i n a tu r e ll e d e s a r re s p o n d ea c e s . l a l o i m o r a l e d 'a f f i n i t t i ,l a g a l v a n o p l a s ti e s p i r it u e l le , I e l a ng a g e s y m b o l i q u e , I e v e r i t a b l e ea s e -g n e m e n t d u C h r i s t .L ' e n s e ig n e m e n t c om p r e n d d e s e xe m c e s d e g ym n a st i q u e , d e s c h a n t s ,d e s m t i . t h o d e s m e d i t a t i v e s q u i p r o v ie n n en t e n g r an d e p a r t i e d e l ' e n se i-g n e m e n t d e P e t e r O e u n o v [2 0 j A l v a n h o v m e t e n c o r r e sp o n d o a c es I e sa c t i v it e s e t l e s p r i n c i p e s q u i c o n s t i t u e n t t e tr e h u m a in . A u c o r p s p h y -s iq u e c o r r e sp o n d r a i t s e o n l u i I e t r a v a il p h y s i q u e , a l a v o lo n te l a r es p i-r a t i o n e t I e s eeniaes d e g y m n a s t i q u e , a u c c e u r l e s a c t i v it e s h e n n a -m e u se s e t a r t i s ti q u e s , a I 1 n te ll e c t l a m e d it a ti o n , a t a m e l a c o n te m p la -t i o n , l 'a d o r a ti o n , l a p r i e r e , e m n a l ' e s p r it I 1 d e n ti fi c a t i o n [ 2 /j* L a v ie c om m u n a u ta ir e : I e s d is c ip le s d e I l e u n o c o m m d 'A l v a n h o v

p o u r s u i v e n t l a t r a d it i o n d e s c o n fr e r ie s o r p h iq u e s a u d e s c o m m u n m n e sb o g o m i l e s ( q u i s e t r o u v a ie n t s u r I e s o l d e l ' a c tu e ll e B u l g a r i e ) i l s v iv e me n T r a te rn it e '; t o o t e l 'a n n e e a u p a r p e r i o d e s , e n e c o u t a n t d e s c o n fe -r en c e s , e n p r e n s m d e s r ep e s v e g ti . t a r i e n s e n c ommm . e n p a r t i c ip a n t al a c h o r a le , e tc . * l e y o g a d e l a n u t r i t i o n ( h ra n i y o g a ) I e j e O n e e t l e s' r ep s s v e g e t a r i e n s p r i s e n c o m m u n ' l 2 2 } *l e t ra v a i l p h y s iq u e [ 2 3 }* l e s " m o u v em e n ts ' ; ' ex emces d e g y m n a s t i q u e " c o ll e c t i f s a u i n d iv i-d u e l s [ 2 4 } [8} * L a p a n eu ry t h m ie d e P e t e r l l e u n a v . " d e n se h sr m o -n q u e " m o u ve m e n ts s i m p le s , a c c om p a gn e s d e c h a n t s , sd sp t e : a c e r -t a in s m o m e n ts d es , c o m m e le r e v e i/ , l a m e d it a ti o n a u l e v e r d u S o le i/ ,e t q u i 'm e tt e m e n c o n ta c t a v e c I e s f o rc e s e t I e s c o u ra n t s h a r m o n ie u xd e l a n a t u r e 'I 2 S } [1} *l e s ' e s e rc ic e s d e r es p i r a t i o n ' l 2 8 } *l e c h a n tc h o r a / , l a m u s i q u e[ 2 1 } *L a m e d i ta t io n [ 2 8 } * L a " m e d it a t i o n a u l e v erd u S o l e i l '1 2 9 } * f o rm u l e s e t p ri e r e s I 3 0 } " A v a n t d e n o u s l e v e r . I em a ti n , n a u s d ev on s t o u t d e s u it e o u v r i r I e s y e u : p u i s r e g a rd e r v er sl 'o e i l d u d e d a n s ; e io m a in s i a tt e n t i f v e r s 1 1 n t e r i e u r d e n u s- m e m e s .n au s d ev o n s e a n n e r c e q u i p a r l e e n n o u s . N a u s e m e n d rtm s a lo rs I ep ro g r a m m e d e l a j o u r n e e q u i c o m m e n c e ( . . ) N o u s d e v on s p a n a a c e r l ap h r a se : J e t e r e m e r c ie , / J m a n I l i e u . p a rc e q u e j e s u is e n b o n n e s a n t e

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H e a u s e in d u n e f a m il l e p ro te s t a n t e , A r n a u d D e s j a rd in s r e t; o it u n ee d u c a ti o n e s se : stride S o u s l ' i n f/ u e n c e d e s o n p e r e , h o m m e d e p r i n -c ip e s e t d 'i d e a /, l o n g t e m p s c o m m i s s a i r e n a t i o n a l d e s E d a ir eu r s u m o -astes d e f r a n c e - a u t r e m en t d it d ir i g ea n t n a t i o n a l d u m m v e m e ms co u t f o n d e p a r B a d en -P o w e l l - , d e s p a s te u r s e t d e s o n m i li e u f a m i l i a /,I e j e u n e A r n a u d f a it s i e n u n i d e a l e l e v e d e p u r e te e t d e d r o it u re . B i e nq u ' i l s e s o it d eg a g e d u p ro te st a n t i s m e e n t a n t q u e c o n d i t i o n n em e n ts o c i o - r e l i g ie u x , D e s ja r d in s a s u c o n s e r v e r l e s a s p e c ts p o s i t i f s d e c e tt ef o rm a t i o n e t e n g a r d e a u j o u r d 'h u i e n c o r e c e r ta in e s e m p re in te s . T r e st o t f a s c in e p a r Ie t h e a tr e , i l d e v i e n t a v in g t a n s e le v e d u f a m e u x e m i r sS im o n t o u t e n p o u rs u iv a n t s e s t i t u d e s a I ' I n s t i t u t d e s s c i e n c e s p o li -t i q u e s . T r e s m a r q u e p a r R e n e S im o n . i l r a v e d e d e v e n ir c a m e d ie p r o -f e s s io n n e l m a i s s e s p a re n ts s o p p o se n : c a te g o r iq u em e n t a c e t t e v o c a -t io n . f a c e a c e r e f u s . I e j e u n e h o m m a s e t r o a v e c o n tr a i n t, l a m o r t d a n s/ 'a m e , d e r e n a n c e : a / 'a r t d r a m a t i q u e .E n 1 9 4 9 ,l a v ie l u i i n fl i g e d e u x t e r r ib le s c h o c s : a t t e in t d e t u b e r cu lo s e , i lv o it s e s f i a n t; a i l l e s b r u ta le m e n t r a m p u e s p a r I e p e r e d e s a p ro m is e ,c a l v in is t e v e r t u e u x m a is n e a nm o in s p e u s m u ie u d 'a vo ir u n m a la d ep o u r g en d r e . . . I e tt e r u p t u re p o r t e u n c o u p f a ta l a s o n i d e a l i s m e p r o -t e s ta n t . A u s a n a t o r iu m d e s t i tu d ia n ts . A r n a u d d e c o u vr e I e s s p ir it u a l i te so r i e n t a l e s a t r a v e rs I e s l i v re s d e J ea n H e rb e r t . I I l it e g a le m e n t I o u -v ra g e f r a g m e n t s d u n e n s e ig n e m e n t i n c a n n u d a n s l e q u e l D u sp e n s f ye x p o s e l a d o c t r in e d e B u r d j i e ffD e r e t o u r a P a r i s . i l a d h e r e a u x g r o u p e s B u r d ji e ff y t r o u v a n t u n e f o r -m a t io n h u m a in e e t s p i r it u e ll e q u e j a m a i s i l a e r en ie r a . E n t r e a l a t e le v i -s io n . i l denen: l 'a s s i s ta n t d e s g r a n d s r e a li s a te u r s. d o n t S t e l l io L o r e n z ie t M a r c e l B l u w a ! C e st a u s e in d e s g ro u p e s B u rd ji e ff q u ' i l f a i t l a c o n -n a i s sa n c e d u n e d ea r s t r c e e t e t i s t e -pea t r q u ' i l epouse e n 1 9 5 8D e n is e D e s ja r d in s . a v e c l a q u e l l e i l a u ra d e u x e d sa ts . I e s u i v r a d a n ss e s v o y a g e s e t p a r t a g e ra s o n a dm i r a ti o n p o u r I e s s a g e s q u i js l o a a e -r o n t l e u r r o u te . I l e v e n u r ea li s a t e u r , i l f a it e n 1 9 5 9 s o n p r e m i e r v o y a g ev e r s l ' / n d e e n v o i t u r e . l s - h e s i l y t o ume I e f i lm A s h ra m s - u n d o c um e n texcep t i ome! d a n s l e q u e l f i g u re n t, e n tr e eur e s . M a A n a n d a M o y i e tS w a m i R a m d a s - e t s e s p ec ia li s e d a n s I e s g ra n d s r e p o rt a g e s s u r l e ss p ir it u a l i te s v i v a n te s d e l 'O r i e n t . I I denen: a u s s i I e p r e m i e r c m e ss t e x p l o r st t n r : t o u rn a n t s e o ! e n 1 8 m i l l i m B t r e s d e s f i l m s d e st i n e s a u p e ti te c rs n . C e s e x p e d it i o n s . q u i l u i pennet t rom d e conciier s o n m t it i e r e ts a q u 8 te i n te r i e u r e , f o n t d e l u i u n g ra n d v o y a g e u r , p s r t s n : d u r a n t d el o n g s m o i s a v e c f e m m e e t e n f a n t s p o u r s il l o n n e r l 'A s ie e n v o i t u r e a l a

r en c o m r e d e s s a g e s . S a s in c e r i t e l u i v a u t d 'a p p r o c h e r e t d e f i l m e r l e sp lu s g r a n d s m a f tr e s s p i r it u e ls d e l ' h in d o u is m e , d u b o u d d h is m e t i b ti t a ine t z e n . a in s i q u e d u s o u f i s m e a fg h a n . I I e n t r e ti e n d ra a v e c n om b r e d ec e s s a g e s u n e r e l a ti o n p ri v i l e g i e e . l e s d o c um e n t a ir e s t i r e s d e c e sv o y a g e s c o n n a is s e n t e n f r a n c e u n v if s u c c e s a u p re s d e s t e le sp e c ta -t e a rs e t t i t a b li s se n t s a r e p u ta t i o n d e c in e a s te , c o n f e r e n c i e r e t e c ri v a ina u s er v i c e d e l a s a g e s se .E n 1 9 8 5 , i l q u i t t e I e s g r o u p e s B u rd ji e ff e t r e n c om r e . a l a ca rt d esg r a n d s c ir c u it s . u n s a g e q u ' i l caas idere c om m e s o n m a ft r e , S w a m iP r a jn a n p a d , a u p r e s d u q u e l i l t i t u d ie r a j u sq a e 1 9 7 4 - sm ee du d e c e sd e c e d em e r - i o u : e n c o n t i n u a n t a m e n e s a c a r r i e re e n f r a n c e . S u rl a s u g g e s t i o n d e s o n m a i t r e , a p r e s a v o ir f r a n c h i u n c a p d e c is if d a n s s ar ec h e rc h e i n te r i e u r e , i l s e r e t i r e e n 1 9 7 4 , q u i t t a n t P a r i s e t l a v ie pu -b li q u e p o u r s ' i n st a ll e r e n A u v er g n e e t y f o n d e r u n a sh ra m ( I e B a s t )d a n s l e c a e ! i l t r a n s m e t a u n n o m b r e l i m i te d e p e r so n n e s l e n s e i g n e -m e m r e t ; u a u f i l d e s a p r o p re q u 8 te . E n 1 9 8 4 , il t r a n s p la n t e c e : a s h r a md a n s I e s u d d e l a f r a n c e . S 'i l a e t o ume p lu s d e f i l m s e t a e f a it q u e t r e sp e u d 'a p p a r i t i o n s p u b li q u e s . s e s l i v r e s r em p o r t e n t u n s u c c e s c r o is -s a n t . I I e st a u j o u r d 'h u i c o n si d er e c om m e I u n d es s e u l s I a ro p e en ss p t e s a t r e n s m e t t r e Ie I / e d a n t a e n s e f o n d a n t n o n s e a l e m a n : s u r u n ec o n n a is sa n ce i n te ll e c t u e l l e m a i s a u s si s u r u n e e x p e r ie n c e i n tim e , e tf a it f i g u r e d e s a g e d a n s le s i e d e .A u jo u rd 'h u i A r n a u d D e s j a r d in s v it e n A r d e c h e , o il i l a n im e l ' a s h r a md ' H a u t e v i l l e a S a in t - L a u r e n t- d u - P a p e p r e s d e L a I /o u l t e .E x t r a it d e M y s t i q u e s e t m a i t r e s s p ir i t u e l s . d e B r u n o S o l t , E d P o ck e t ,p 8 9 H e a u s e i n d u n e f a m il l e pro te s t sme . A r n a u d D e s j a r d in s r e t; o itu n e e d u c a ti o n e s s e z s t r ide. S o o s l ' i n f/ u e n c e d e s o n p e r e , h o m m e d ep r i n c i p e s e t d 'i d e a /, l o n g te m p s c o m m i s s a i r e n a t i o n a l d e s E d a ir eu r su n i o n i s te s d e f r a n c e - a u tr em e n t d it d ir ig e a n t n a ti o n a l d u m a o v e m e ms co u t f o n d e p a r B a d en -P o w e ll - , d e s p a st e u r s e t d e s o n m i li e u f a m i l i a /,I e j e u n e A r n a u d f a it s ie n u n i d e a l e le v e d e p u r e t e e t d e d r o i t u r e . B i enq u ' i l s e s o it d e g a g e d u p ro te s t a n t i s m e e n t a n t q u e c o n d i t i o n n em e n ts o c io - r e l i g ie u x , D e s ja r d in s a s u c o n s e r v e r l e s a s p e c t s p o s i t i f s d e c e tt ef o rm a t i o n e t e n g a r d e a u j o u r d 'h u i e n c o r e c e r ta in e s e m p re in te s . T r e st o t f a s c i n e p a r Ie t h e a tr e , i l d e v i e n t a v in g t a n s e le v e d u f a m e u x e m ir sS im o n t o u t e n p o u rs u iv a n t s e s t i t u d e s a I ' I n s t i t u t d e s s c i e n c e s p o li -t i q u es . T r e s m a r q u e p a r R e n e S im o n . i l r a v e d e d e v e n ir c a m e d ie p r o -f e s s io n n e l m a i s s e s p a re n ts s o p p a s en : c a te g o r iq u em e n t a c e t t e v o c a -t io n . f a c e a c e r e f u s . I e j e u n e h om m e s e t r o a v e c o n tr a in t, l a m o r t d a n s/ 'a m e , d e r e n a n c e : a l 'a r t d r a m a t i q u e .E n 1 9 4 9 ,l a v ie l u i i n f l i g e d e u x t e r r ib le s c h o c s : s tt e im d e t u b e r cu lo s e , i lv o it s e s f i a n t; a i l l e s b r u ta le m e n t r o m p u e s p a r I e p e r e d e s a p ro m is e ,c a l v in is t e v e r t u e u x m a is n e s n m m n s p e u sauaeux d 'a v o ir u n m a l a d ep o u r g e n d r e . . . I e tt e r u p t u re p o r t e u n c o u p f a ta l a s o n i d e a l i s m e p r o -t es ta n t . A u s a n a t o r iu m d e s t it u d i a n ts . A r n a u d d e c o u vr e I e s s p ir it u a l i te so r i e n t a l e s a t r a v e r s I e s l i v r e s d e J e a n H e rb e r t. I I l it e g a le m e n t I ' a u -v ra g e f r a gm e n t s d u n e n s e ig n e m e n t i n c a n n u d a n s l e q u e l D u sp e n s f y

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e x p o se l a d o c t r in e d e B u rd ji e ffD e r e t o u r a P a r i s , i l a d h er e a ux g ro u p es B u r d ji e ff y t r o u v a n t u n e f o r-m a t i o n h u m a in e e t s p i r it u e l l e q u e j a m a is i l ae r en ie r a . E n t r e a l a t el e v i-s io n , i l d e v ie n t l 'a s s is ta n t d e s g r a n d s r ea l i s a t e u r s, d o n t S te ll i o L o re n z ie t M a rc el B lu w a ! C 'e s t a u s e in d e s g ro up e s B u r d ji e ff q U II f a it l a c o n -n a i s s a n c e d u n e dearstrce e t a rt i s t e -p e i n tr e q u I I epouse e n 1 9 5 8D e n i s e D e sj a rd in s , a v e c l a q u e l l e i l a u r a d e u x edsa t s . I e s u i v ra d a n ss e s v o y ag e s e t p a r t a g e ra s o n a d m i r a ti o n p o u r I e s s ag e s q u i ja lo n n e -r on t l e u r r ou te . I l e v e n u r ea li s a t e u r , i l f a it e n 1 9 5 9 s o n p re m ie r v o y ag ev er s l ' / n d e e n v o i t u r e . l s - h e s i l y t o ume I e f i lm A s h ra m s - u n d o c u m en texcep t i ome! d an s l e q u e l f i g u r e n t e n tr e eur e s . M a A na n d a M o y i e tS w a m i I ? a m da s - e t s e s p ec i a l i s e d a n s I e s g ra nd s r e p or t a g es s u r l e ss p i r it

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