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eqspertis azri

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daviT bataSvili

7 agvisto: rogor moamzada da daiwyo

ruseTma 2008 wlis omi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg

eqspertis azri

daviT bataSvili

7 agvisto: rogor moamzada da daiwyo ruseTma 2008 wlis omi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg

2018

103

ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÓÔÒÀÔÄÂÉÉÓÀ ÃÀ ÓÀÄÒÈÀÛÏÒÉÓÏ ÖÒÈÉÄÒÈÏÁÀÈÀ ÊÅËÄÅÉÓ ×ÏÍÃÉGEORGIAN FOUNDATION FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

publikacia daibeWda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saelCos finansuri mxardaWeriT. gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ekuTvnis avtorebs da SeiZleba ar asaxavdes saelCos Tvalsazriss.

teqnikuri redaqtori: artem meliq-nubarovi

saavtoro uflebebi daculia da ekuTvnis saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kvlevis fonds. werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe publikaciis arc erTi nawili ar SeiZleba gadaibeWdos aranairi, maT Soris eleqtronuli an meqanikuri, formiT. gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi da daskvnebi ekuTvnis avtors/ebs da SeiZleba ar asaxavdes saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kvlevis

fondis Tvalsazriss.

© saqarTvelos strategiisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa kvlevis fondi 2018 weli

ISSN 1512-4835 ISBN 978-9941-8-0054-2

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2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omi bevri davis sagania. sainformacio brZola imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu vin, rodis da rogor daiwyo omi, gaCaRda jer kidev saomari moqmedebebis dros da gagrZelda mTeli Semdgomi periodis ganmavlobaSi.

ruseTma TandaTan, saqarTveloze bevrad ufro didi resursebis daxmarebiT, SeZlo am sainformacio brZolaSi nawilobrivi upiratesobis mopoveba da omTan dakavSirebiT saerTaSoriso narativSi bundovanebis Setana. marTalia, ru-seTs gmoben saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg 2008 wels ganxorciele-buli agresiisTvis, magram zogi amisTvis pasuxismgeblobis nawils saqarTvelos xelisuflebas akisrebs.

zog SemTxvevaSi es politikurad aris motivirebuli. ruseTTan urTierTobis „normalizebis“ dasavlelma mxar-damWerebma, gansakuTrebiT, sanam 2014 wels ruseTi ukrainas daesxmeboda Tavs, gadawyvites gaeziarebinaT 2008 wlis omis Sesaxeb kremlis narativis garkveuli nawilebi. saqarTvelo-Si, 2008 wels mmarTveli nacionaluri moZraobis politikur oponentebs araerTxel daubralebiaT xelisuflebisTvis, rom Tavidan ver airida ruseTTan omi da amis Sedegad moxda saqarTvelos teritoriebis rusuli okupacia.

Tumca, yvela gaurkvevlobas, dakavSirebuls 2008 wlis omis dawyebasTan, ar aqvs politikuri motivacia. sainforma-cio frontze ruseTis mudmivi, Tanmimdevruli da aqtiuri Zalisxmevis Sedegia am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT bevri adamia-nis gulwrfeli dabneuloba. ruseTis samezobloSi mimdina-re geopolitikuri brZolis farglebSi es dabneuloba aris iaraRi, romelsac rusuli diplomatia da propagandistuli manqana saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg iyenebs.

nebismieri konfliqti moicavs yvela mxaris mier ga-da d g mul nabijebs. Tumca, istoriuli faqtia, rom ruseTis regularuli samxedro Zalebi, romlebsac ar hqondaT mSvido­bismyofelTa statusi, 2008 wlis 7 agvistosTvis SemoiWr­nen saqarTvelos teritoriaze, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis nebarT vis an misi Setyobinebis gareSe. amiT maT, saerTaSoriso samarTlis mixedviT, Caidines agresiis aqti. am SemoWriT maT daiwyes ruseTis samxedro Seteva saqarTveloze, romelic gagrZelda momdevno ramdenime dRe, sanam 12 agvistos ar daido cecxlis Sewyvetis SeTanxmeba. kidev erTi faqtia, rom qarTuli

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samxedro Zalebis winsvla cxinvalis regionSi daiwyo mxolod 7 agvistos 23:35 saaTidan _ saqarTveloSi rusuli jaris SemoW­ridan sakmao drois Semdeg.

ruseTis sainformacio omma da zogi piris mzadyofnam gaiziaros, nawilobriv mainc, omis Sesaxeb moskoviuri nara-tivi Tavisi politikuri miznebis gamo, es faqtebi bundo-vanebis burusSi gaxvia. axla, ruseT-saqarTvelos omis meaTe wlisTavisTvis, movida dro, rom es burusi istoriuli si-marT liT gavfantoT.

am statiis pirveli ZiriTadi nawili eZRvneba diplo-matiur da samxedro eskalacias 2008 wlis Teberval-agvis-toSi, meore nawilSi ganxilulia 7 agvisto _ omis dawyebis dRe, mesame nawili ki exeba kidev erT sakiTxs, romelic gax-da sainformacio omis sagani _ 8 agvistos diliT cxinvalis samxreTiT momxdar Setakebas mSvidobismyofelTa statusis mqone rusul Zalebsa da qarTul jars Soris.

nawili I. gza ruseT­saqarTvelos omisken

1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sabWoTa da Semdeg rusul-ma uSiSroebam afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi daaxloebiT iseve imoqmeda, rogorc 2014 wels ukrainis donbasis region-Si. adgilobrivi separatistebi gamozardes, mxari dauWires, Semdeg ki maT qmedebebs mimarTuleba misces. rodesac dasaxu-li miznis misaRwevad es ar kmaroda, ruseTi ufro pirdapir erTveboda konfliqtSi.

saboloo jamSi, TiTqmis mTeli afxazeTi da cxinvalis regionis didi nawili moeqca rusuli arapirdapiri kont-rolis qveS moskovis mxardaWerili separatistebis meSveo-biT, xolo afxazeTis mravalricxovani qarTuli mosaxleobis umetesi nawili sastiki eTnikuri wmendis Sedegad gamodevnes mSobliuri regionidan.

adreuli 1990-iani wlebis saqarTvelo diplomatiu-rad bev rad ufro izolirebuli iyo, vidre dRevandeli ukrainaa. amis Sedegad ruseTma SeZlo misi iZuleba daTanxme-buliyo ori ve regionSi rus mSvidobismyofelTa yofnas. af-xazeTSi mTe li samSvidobo kontingenti rusi jariskacebisgan Sedgebo da. cxinvalis regionSi SemoiRes ufro Taviseburi

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samSvidobo formati, sadac sami batalioni Sedioda: erTi _ ruseTis regularuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebidan, meore _ formalurad CrdiloeT oseTi-alaniis regions warmoadgen-da, xolo mesame _ saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul Zalebs.

ruseTis Semdgomi politika saqarTvelos mimarT sakma-od arasaxarbielo iyo boris elcinis administraciis dro-sac, magram mas Semdeg, rac 1999 wlis agvistoSi vladimir putini gaxda ruseTis premier-ministri, xolo Semdeg, 2000 wlis gazafxulze, prezidenti, saqarTvelos mdgomareoba kidev ufro damZimda.

putinis mmarTvelobis dros ruseT-saqarTvelos urTi erTobebi Tanmimdevrulad uaresdeboda. 2008 wlis Teber vlamde wlebis manZilze putinis ruseTis gadadgmuli nabijebi, bevr sxva ramesTan erTad, moicavda: Tbilisis mier arakontrolirebad saqarTvelos teritoriaze samxedro ba-zebis mSeneblobasa da ganviTarebas;1 ruseTis genStabis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg omis gegmis momzadebas;2 separat-istTa gasamxedroebuli jgufebis SeiaraRebas, organizebasa da wvrTnas;3 rusuli samxedro aviaciis mier saqarTvelos teritoriis dabombvas;4 ruseTis oficialuri pirebis, maT Soris piradad putinis, Sexvedrebs separatistebis lidereb-Tan;5 saqarTelos ori regionis „damoukideblobis“ aRiarebis politikur momzadebas;6 ruseTis samxedro da uSiSroebis oficrebis da ruseTis sxva moqalaqeebis daniSvnas wamyvan poziciebze separatistul reJimebSi, gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT _ cxinvalSi;7 afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi mcxovreb mosaxleobaSi rusuli pasportebis darigebas.8

diplomatiuri eskalacia 2008 wels

2008 wels movlenebis mkveTri eskalacia mas Semdeg daiwyo, rac 17 Tebervals kosovom damoukidebloba gamoac-xada da dasavleTis saxelmwifoTa didma nawilma es aRiara. es TiTqos iyo signali ruseTisTvis saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg moqmedebebSi axal etapze gadasasvlelad. Semdgomi nabijebi moskovma swrafad, erTmaneTis miyolebiT gadadga.

6 marts ruseTi gamovida damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis (dsT) 1996 wlis SeTanxmebidan, romelic krZa-lavda dsT-is wevr saxelmwifoTa samxedro, politikur da

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ekonomikur kavSirebs afxazeTis separatistebTan.9 21 marts ruseTis saxelmwifo dumam miiRo rezolucia, romelSic mouwodebda mTavrobas afxazeTis da „samxreT oseTis“ aRia-rebisken da am regionebSi ruseTis „moqalaqeebis“ dacvisken. 3 aprils putinma separatistTa liderebs gaugzavna werili, romelSic maT „ara deklaraciul, aramed praqtikul“ mxar-daWeras dahpirda.10

rusebi arc malavdnen kavSirs saqarTveloSi TavianT qmedebebsa da kosovos damoukideblobas Soris. jer kidev kosovos aRiarebamde ruseTis genStabis ufrosma iuri balu-evskim ganacxada, rom am aRiarebas eqneboda gamoxmaureba „sxva regionebSic, maT Soris ruseTis sazRvrebTan axlos“ da daazusta, rom gulisxmobda konkretulad „afxazeTs, samxreT oseTs da dnestrispireTs“.11 igive gzavnili hqon-da kremls daxurul kars miRmac, rac saqarTvelos prezi-dentma mixeil saakaSvilma Seityo putinTan Sexvedris dros, 2008 wlis TebervalSi. ruseTis prezidentma Tavis qarTvel kolegas ganucxada, rom kosovos damoukideblobis pasuxad ruseTi gadadgamda saqarTvelos suverenitetis winaaRmdeg mimarTul axal nabijebs afxazeTsa da „samxreT oseTSi“.12

ruseTis aqtiurobis kidev erTi sababi iyo saqarT-velos natoSi gawevrianebis perspeqtiva. 11 marts natoSi ru-seTis warmomadgenelma dimitri rogozinma ganacxada: „ro-gorc ki saqarTvelo vaSingtonisgan miiRebs natos wevrobis raime perspeqtivas, meore dResve daiwyeba saqarTvelosgan am ori teritoriis [afxazeTis da cxinvalis regionis] realuri secesiis procesi“.13 mas Semdeg, rac 2008 wlis 4 aprils gamo-qveynda natos buqarestis samitis komunike, romelic pirde-bo da saqarTvelos natos samomavlo wevrobas, gamoqveynda ruseTis prezidentis gancxadeba, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom ruseTi gauwevda qmediT daxmarebas afxazeTs da „samxreT oseTs“.14 8 aprils ki ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma ser-gei lavrovma Tqva, rom ruseTi gaakeTebda „yvelafers, rom ar dauSvas ukrainisa da saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianeba“.15

2008 wlis 16 aprils moskovma gadadga Zalian mniSv-nelovani nabiji saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg _ putinima gamosca brZaneba, romliTac daavala ruseTis saxelmwifo uwyebebs pirdapiri oficialuri urTierTobebi daemyarebinaT saqarT-velos ori regionis separatistul reJimebTan. pasuxad

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saqarT velos xelisuflebam ganacxada, rom ruseTi apireb-da am regionebis aneqsias. evrokavSirma, natom, euTom da ZiriTadma dasavlurma saxelmwifoebma aseve dagmes putinis es gadawyvetileba.16

samxedro eskalacia 2008 wels _ pirveli nabijebi

17 aprils, putinis brZanebidan meore dRes, afxazeT-Si Cavida da oCamCireSi ganTavsda 300-mde rusi jariskaci.17 ase daiwyo omis wina samxedro eskalacia, romelic kulmina-ciamde mivida 7 agvistos, saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg rusuli samxedro operaciis dawyebis saxiT.

20 aprils rusulma samxedro TviTmfrinavma Camoagdo uiaraRo qarTuli droni, romelic afxazeTSi rusuli samxed-ro Zalebis zrdas akvirdeboda. saqarTeloSi gaeros sadam-kvirveblo misiis gamoZiebam daadastura, rom TviTmfrinavi rusuli iyo. maisSi ruseTma kidev ramdenime qarTuli droni Camoagdo.18

aprilis bolos moskovma ganacxada, rom is afxazeTSi gzavnida novorosiiskSi bazirebuli me-7 sadesanto-moieriSe diviziis 400 jariskacs. es nabiji warmoadgenda samSvidobo operaciebis Sesaxeb dsT-is SeTanxmebis darRvevas.19 2008 wlis aprilSi afxazeTSi gagzavnili rusuli Zalebi ekuTv-noda me-7 diviziis 108-e sadesanto-moieriSe polks.20 amis garda, afxazeTSi aseve gaigzavna rusuli specdaniSnulebis Zalebis ori aseuli,21 xolo sxva specdaniSnulebis Zalebi gaigzavna cxinvalis regionSi.*

rusi samxedroebis am gadaadgilebebs Tan sdevda ruse Tidan SeiaraRebis gagzavna afxazeTsa da cxinvalis re-gionSi. „qarTvelebis monacemebiT, gviani gazafxulidan maT daafiqsires rusuli samxedro aRWurvilobis, sul mcire, 26 msxvili konteineri, romelic Sevida afxazeTSi. es ukanono gadazidvebi Seicavda bmp/btr tipis javSnian manqanebs, d-30 tipis haubicebs, sa-11 bukis tipis haersawinaaRmdego sis-temebs, bm-21 gradis saraketo sistemebs da zsu-23-4 Silkas tipis haersawinaaRmdego danadgarebs. SeiaraRebis amave sis-temebis ufro mcire raodenoba Sevida samxreT oseTSi da ganTavsda javis raionSi~.22

* amis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informaciisTvis ix.: „nawili III. Setakeba samSvi-dobo statusis mqone rusul Zalebsa da qarTul jars Soris“.

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2008 wlis 31 maiss ruseTis Tavdacvis saministrom ga-nacxada23 afxazeTSi ruseTis sarkinigzo jarebis gagzavnis Sesaxeb. am jarebis 400 samxedros daevala soxumsa da oCamCi-res Soris sarkinigzo xazis reabilitacia.24

am nabijiT ruseTma daarRvia samSvidobo formati.25 qarTulma mxarem es aqtiurad gaaprotesta. sagareo saqmeTa ministris moadgilem grigol vaSaZem Tqva, rom aravis sWirde-ba sxva qveynis teritoriaze sarkinigzo jarebis gagzavna, Tu is iq samxedro intervencias ar gegmavs.26 ruseTis es qmede-ba aseve gaakritika saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam, maT Soris, evropis parlamentma. 5 ivnisis rezoluciaSi man ganacxada, rom „arsebuli samSvidobo formati unda gadaixedos, radgan ruseTis jarebma dakarges neitralur da miukerZoebel mSvi-dobismyofelTa roli~.27 natos generaluri mdivnis iap de hoop sxeferis TqmiT, rusuli sarkinigzo jarebis afxazeTSi gagzavna „calsaxad arRvevda saqarTvelos suverenitetsa da teritoriul mTlianobas“ da warmoadgenda „eskalaciisken mimarTul ruseTis qmedebas~.28

rusma jariskacebma soxum-oCamCiris sarkinigzo xa-zis SekeTeba daasrules 30 ivliss _ saqarTveloSi rusu-li samxed ro kampaniis dawyebamde daaxloebiT erTi kviriT adre.29 mogvianebiT, omis dros, aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivnis moadgilis TanaSemwem meTiu braizam rusuli sarkinigzo jarebis Sesaxeb ganacxada: „axla Cven ukve viciT simarTle imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom iyvnen iq es Zalebi. maTi mizani iyo rkinigzis aRdgena imisTvis, rom gaegzavnaT amunicia da sxva samxedro tvirTebi rusuli SemoWris dasaxmareblad“.30

saqarTvelosTan omisTvis ruseTis mizanmimarTuli mzadeba mogvianebiT daadastura iuri baluevskim, romelic 2008 wlis 3 ivnisamde iyo rusuli genStabis ufrosi, Semdeg dainiSna uSiSroebis sabWos mdivnis moadgiled da am Tanam-debobaze iyo ruseT-saqarTvelos omis drosac.31 2012 wlis rusul dokumentur filmSi „dakarguli dRe“ baluevskim ganacxada, rom saqarTveloSi samxedro operaciis Catareba putinma gadawyvita jer kidev dimitri medvedevis saprezi-dento inauguraciamde (2008 wlis maisi). momzadda operaciis detaluri gegma, xolo samxedro SenaerTebis meTaurebs wi-naswar gaegzavnaT konkretuli brZanebebi.32

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zogma dasavlurma sadazvervo samsaxurma swori prog-nozi gaakeTa mosalodnel omTan dakavSirebiT. aSS-is dazver-vis erT-erTi Tanamdebobis piris TqmiT, buSis administracia gaafrTxiles saqarTvelos mimarT ruseTis mtruli ganzarx-vebis Sesaxeb.33 2008 wlis martSi baltiis erT-erTi saxelm-wifos sadazvervo samsaxurs hqonda informacia, rom ruseTi imave wels saqarTvelosTan oms apirebda. man aseve sworad ivarauda, rom am omSi CarTuli iqneboda 58-e armia da 76-e sadesanto-moieriSe divizia.34 SvedeTis erT-erTma sadazver-vo uwyebam _ erovnuli Tavdacvis radio dawesebu lebam (FRA) _ aseve gaakeTa prognozi, rom ruseTi saqarTvelos Tavs daesxmeboda.35 Tumca, sxvadasxva mzveravTa es monacemebi ver iqca dasavleTis ZiriTadi saxelmwifoebis politikuri xelmZRvanelobis realur codnad rusuli gegmebis Sesaxeb da verc maT diplomatiur politikaze iqonia gavlena.

samxedro eskalacia 2008 wels _ omis momzadebis saboloo etapi

2008 wlis ivnisis Sua ricxvebSi iyo afeTqebebi da naRmebTan dakavSirebuli incidentebi „qarTuli kontrolis qveS myofi soflebis _ kexvi, ergneTi da TamaraSeni da samxreT oseTis de faqto miliciis koxaTis postis siaxloves“, xolo cecxli gaixsna „qarTuli kontrolis qveS arsebuli soflebs _ sversa da friss da samxreTosuri kontrolis qveS arsebul soflebs _ anZissa da zemo friss Soris“, aseve _ „cxinvalis samxreT midamoebsa da axlos mdebare qarTul soflebSi“.36

3 ivliss moxda cxinvalis regionis Tbilisis mier kont-rolirebadi nawilis administraciis xelmZRvanelis dimitri sanakoevis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli afeTqeba, romlis Sedega-dac daiWra ramdenime qarTveli policieli, sxva afeTqebis Sedegad ki daiRupa cxinvalis SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebis erT-erTi meTauri. am incidentebs 3-4 ivlisis Rames mohyva sacecxle Setakebebi.37

8 ivliss oTxi rusuli samxedro TviTmfrinavi SemoiW-ra saqarTvelos sahaero sivrceSi. amgvari darRvevebis wina SemTxvevebisgan gansxvavebiT, amjerad es faqti ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saministrom oficialurad aRiara.38 aRsaniS-navia, rom es moxda aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivnis, kondoliza raisis, 9 ivliss saqarTveloSi vizitis wina dRes.

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10 ivliss CrdiloeT kavkasiis samxedro olqis meTaur-ma, general-polkovnikma sergei makarovma ganacxada, rom mis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi Zalebi emzadebodnen afxazeTsa an/da „samxreT oseTSi“ SesaZlo intervenciisTvis, Tuki iq daiwye-boda sabrZolo moqmedebebi.39

15 ivliss rusulma jarma daiwyo masStaburi samxedro swavleba „kavkaz-2008“. swavlebis dros rus jariskacebSi vrcel deboda sainformacio furceli saxelwodebiT „meo-maro, icode savaraudo mowinaaRmdege“. furceli Seicavda informacias saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Sesaxeb.40 swavleba „kavkaz-2008“ dasrulda 2 agvistos _ saqarTveloSi rusuli jaris SemoWramde xuTi dRiT adre.

kanzasis saxelmwifo universitetis rusuli Seiara-Rebuli Zalebis specialistis deil herspringis TqmiT, „es swavleba iyo zustad is, rac maT [rusebma] saqarTveloSi ramdenime kviris Semdeg ganaxorcieles“. misi azriT, es iyo „generaluri repeticia“.41 76-e sadesanto-moieriSe diviziis polkovnikma andrei krasovma mogvianebiT interviuSi ganac-xada, rom am swavlebis dros 76-e diviziis jariskacebma „zed-miwevniT Seiswavles rokis gvirabisken mimavali yvela gza“.42 aRsaniSnavia, rom rusuli agresiis dros 76-e diviziam mniSv-nelovani roli Seasrula saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg warmoe-bul samxedro operaciaSi.

2 agvistos, swavlebis dasrulebis Semdeg, zogi rusu-li samxedro danayofi ar daubrunda Tavis mudmiv bazas da saqarTvelos sazRvris siaxloves darCa. Sedegad, „maT SeeZ-loT samxreT oseTSi swrafad Sesvla rokis gvirabis gavliT, Sesabamisi brZanebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi“.43 mogvianebiT es faqti daadastura anatoli xruliovma, 58-e armiis meTaurma, romelic daiWra qarTvel jariskacebTan 9 agvistos momxdar SetakebaSi. 2012 wlis aprilSi gamoqveynebul interviuSi xru-liovma Tqva, rom swavlebis Semdeg „armiis zogi SenaerTi da danayofi ar dabrunda Tavis yazarmebSi, aramed darCa mTebSi, rokis gvirabis misadgomebTan“.44

rusebma aseve ganagrZes afxazeTSi myofi Tavisi jare-bis gaZliereba. 2008 wlis ivlisis bolos gamocemul nomerSi rusulma Jurnalma „ogoniokma“ gamoaqveyna masala ruseTi-dan afxazeTSi Sesuli mZime teqnikis da sawvaviT datvirTuli

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manqanebis Sesaxeb. Jurnalistma pavel Seremetma moiwera ru-seT-saqarTvelos sazRvris afxazeTis monakveTidan: „aTiode samxedro satvirTo manqana kveTs sazRvars SeCerebis gareSe. amJamad maT ZiriTadad miaqvT sawvavi samxedro teqnikisTvis, Tumca oriode kviris win afxazeTSi TviTon teqnika Sedioda. samxedro kolonebi da tankebiT da javSantransportiorebiT datvirTuli eSelonebi dRe da Rame moZraobdnen~.45

24-28 ivliss moxda „ramdenime afeTqeba cxinvalis samxreT midamoebsa da qarTuli kontrolis qveS arsebul sofel avnevSi, qarTuli samSvidobo Zalebis batalionis postTan axlos“. 29-31 ivliss midioda sacecxle Setake-bebi „qarTuli kontrolis qveS arsebul sofel sversa da samxreTosuri kontrolis qveS arsebul sofel anZiss“, aseve „xeTagurovos maxloblad samxreTosuri miliciis postsa da avnevi-zemo niqozis SemovliT gzaze qarTuli policiis posts“ Soris.46

„1 agvistos, eredvi-xeiTis qarTul SemovliT gzaze TviTnakeTi asafeTqebeli mowyobilobis afeTqebis Sedegad daiWra xuTi qarTveli policieli. 1-2 agvistos saRamosa da Ramis ganmavlobaSi konfliqtis zonaSi adgili hqonda snaipe-ruli da naRmtyorcnebis cecxlis intensiur da farTo gacv-las“. 2-3 da 3-4 agvistos Ramesac mimdinareobda sacecxle Setakebebi.47

omis wina dReebSi ruseTidan saqarTveloSi SeiaraReb-uli mebrZolebis jgufebi Semodiodnen. 4 agvistos cxin valis reJimis liderma eduard kokoiTim ganacxada, rom CrdiloeT oseTidan Semovida 300 „moxalise“ da igi eloda maTi raode-nobis 2000-mde gazrdas.48 momdevno dRes kokoiTis reJimis warmomadgenelma dimitri medoevma daadastura, rom cxinva-lis regionSi ruseTidan Semovidnen „moxaliseebi“.49

5 agvistos rus kazakTa saxelmwifosTan afilirebuli organizaciis xelmZRvanelma viqtor vodolackim, romelic aseve iyo ruseTis dumis deputati mmarTveli partiidan da rostovis olqis gubernatoris yofili moadgile, ganacxa-da, rom misi organizacia mzad iyo „samxreT oseTSi“ saqarT-velosTan saomrad mebrZolTa gasagzavnad. rus kazakTa sxva jgufebis liderebmac gamoTqves amisTvis mzadyofna.50 omis Semdeg vodolackim ganacxada, rom „moxaliseTa“ mobilizeba

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iyo centralurad dagegmili da xorcieldeboda oficialu-rad, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi regionuli da raionuli samxedro komisariatebis meSveobiT, da rom „moxaliseTa“ umravleso-ba miamagres rusuli regularuli jaris me-19 divizias.51 6 agvistos rusulma gazeTma „izvestiam“ dawera, rom „samxreT oseTSi moxaliseebi moskovidanac ki Cadiodnen“.52

6 agvistos SuadRidan „sacecxle Setakebebi midioda qarTul da samxreTosur mxareebs Soris kontaqtis TiTqmis mTel xazze, xolo gansakuTrebiT cxeli wertilebi iyo avne-vi-nuli-xeTagurovos (cxinvalidan dasavleTiT) da dmenisi-frisis (cxinvalidan aRmosavleTiT) arealebSi“.53 qarTuli samSvidobo Zalebis posti sarabukis simaRleebze aseve moeq-ca cecxlis qveS, ris Sedegadac daiWra sami qarTveli mSvi-dobismyofeli.54

rusuli mediis monacemebiT, 6 agvistos didi raode-nobis rusuli samxedro Zalebi moZraobdnen rokis gvirabis mimarTulebiT. saqarTvelos sazRvrisken mimavali gza savse iyo rusul mZime teqnikisa da satvirTo manqanebisgan Semd-gari samxedro kolonebiT.55

nawili II. 7 agvisto, ruseT­saqarTvelos omis dawyeba

7 agvistos samxedro movlenebi SeiZleba or katego-riad davyoT: erTi _ cxinvalis regionSi mimdinare sacecxle Setakebebis damatebiTi eskalacia, xolo meore _ rusuli ja-ris saqarTveloSi dadasturebuli SemoWra da sapasuxo qar-Tuli samxedro operaciis dawyeba.

cxinvalis regionSi cecxli, artileriis gamoyenebis CaTvliT, gagrZelda 7 agvistos dilas da SuadRes. 14:00 saaTze qarTvel mSvidobismyofelTa posti sofel avnevSi moeqca Zlieri saartilerio dartymis qveS, ris Sedegadac daiRupa ori, xolo daiWra xuTi qarTveli mSvidobismyofe-li.56 saRamos saartilerio cecxli kidev ufro intensiuri gaxda, ris Sedegadac cxinvalis maxloblad mdebare qarTuli poziciebis umetesoba dabombvis qveS aRmoCnda.57

7 agvistos sakvanZo movlena iyo saqarTveloSi ruse-Tis regularuli arasamSvidobo samxedro Zalebis SemoWra. saqarT velos mier mopovebuli satelefono zarebis Canawere-

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bi, omis Semdgomi informacia rusul mediaSi, romelic gada-urCa kremlis oficialuri poziciis (romlis mixedviTac rusuli jari saqarTveloSi mxolod 8 agvistos Semovida) filtrs, rusuli sisxlis samarTlis oficialuri gamoZie-ba, romelic gaasajarova fondma „dedis ufleba“ (adamianis uflebaTa damcveli rusuli organizacia, romelic exmareba jarSi daRupul samxedro mosamsaxureTa ojaxebs), da soxumis reJimis lideri sergei baRafSi _ yvela es wyaro adasturebs, rom saqarTveloze rusuli Tavdasxma 7 agvistos ukve dawye-buli iyo.

satelefono Canawerebi

qarTuli mxaris mier Cawerili satelefono zarebi ekuTvniT cxinvalis reJimis „mesazRvreebs“ rokis gvirabTan 7 agvistos, 03:41 da 03:52 saaTze. am satelefono saubrebSi rokis gvirabTan myofi „mesazRvre“, gvarad gasievi, atyo-binebs Tavis ufross rusuli samxedro manqanebis, maT Soris mZime teqnikis, Sesaxeb, romelTac „gaavses“ gvirabi. meore saubarSi gasievi eubneba ufross, rom rusulma samxedro kolonam rokis gvirabi ukve gamoiara.58

gasievma aseve Tqva, rom am rusul kolonas meTau-robda rusi polkovniki gvarad kazaCenko.59 cnobilia, rom polkovniki andrei kazaCenko omis dros iyo me-19 diviziis 693-e motomsrolelTa polkis meTauri, romelic aqtiurad iRebda monawileobas rusul SeteviT operaciaSi da ibrZoda qarTuli jaris winaaRmdeg.60

saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma vano merabi-Svilma „Tqva, rom qarTuli sadazvervo satelefono Canawerebis Sesaxeb mas Seatyobines maTi Caweridan saaTebis Semdeg. misi TqmiT, man gadasca es informacia [saqarTvelos prezident] saakaSvils, romelmac miiRo is, rogorc rusuli SemoWris niSani~.61

informacia rusul mediaSi

2008 wlis 3 seqtembers ruseTis Tavdacvis saministros oficialurma gazeTma „krasnaia zvezdam“ gamoaqveyna statia, sadac 135-e polkis kapitanma denis sidristim ganacxada, rom 7 agvistos misma danayofma miiRo brZaneba gadasuliyo cxin-

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valSi.62 sidristim aseve Tqva, rom im momentSi, rodesac misma danayofma miiRo cxinvalSi gadasvlis brZaneba, es danayofi imyofeboda banakSi, romelic gaSlili iyo niJni zaramagSi63 _ saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvrisa da rokis gvirabis uSua-lo siaxloves.

2008 wlis 10 agvistos axalgazrda rusma jariskacma warmoSobiT permis mxaridan, romelic msaxurobda 58-e armiis me-19 diviziaSi, daureka dedamiss da uTxra: „deda, me axla-xan Camovedi cxinvalidan. Zalian cota dro maqvs. momismine: Cven iq 7 agvistodan varT. mTeli Cveni 58-e armia. Sen al-baT televizorSi uyureb mand rac xdeba? dRes CamovaRwieT cxinvalidan vladikavkazSi, SeiaraRebis wamosaRebad. axla ukan vbrundebiT“. jariskaci axalwveuli iyo. misma mSobleb-ma misgan miRebuli informacia miawodes permis mxridan sxva gawveulTa mSoblebs, romlebmac Tqves, rom maTi Svilebis mobiluri telefonebi gaTiSuli iyo 7 agvistodan.64

2008 wlis agvistoSi permis mxaris adamianis ufleba-Ta komisarma tatiana margolinam miiRo werilebi sami axal-wveulis dedebisgan, romlebic SeSfoTebuli iyvnen sakuTari Svilebis SesaZlo gagzavniT „samxreT oseTSi“, sabrZolo moq-medebebis zonaSi. erT-erT werilSi weria: „maisSi Cemi Svili wvevamdelTa Sekrebis punqtidan gauSves samsaxuris gasavle-lad q. vladikavkazSi. ivnisSi man fici dado, xolo „axalgaz-rda mebrZolis“ kursi erTi Tve gagrZelda. 9 agvistos man telefoniT Segvatyobina, rom jer kidev 7 agvistos, saRamos, isini kolonis SemadgenlobaSi samxreT oseTSi gagzavnes“.65

2008 wlis agvistos bolos adgilobrivma gazeTma mor-doviis regionis dedaqalaq saranskSi dabeWda statia am qa-laqis mkvidr iunir bikiniaevis Sesaxeb, romelic iyo rigiTi jariskaci 58-e armiaSi. rogorc gazeTSi daiwera bikiniae-vis ojaxis wevrebTan intervius Caweris Semdeg, „7 agvistos mSob lebi SeSfoTdnen _ iuniri aRar pasuxobda zarebs. ro-gorc man mogvianebiT Tavad aRiara, mas ubralod ar sur-da ojaxis wevrebis SeSineba. Tumca, misi mSoblebis yvelaze cudi varaudi gamarTlda _ 135-e polki, romelSic Cveneburi msaxurobda, saswrafod gadaisroles samxreT oseTSi“.66

2009 wlis maisSi ruseTis mTavrobis oficialurma gazeTma „rosiiskaia gazetam“ gaaSuqa 2008 wlis agvistoSi

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qarTvelebTan brZolaSi daRupuli maioris denis vetCino-vis brinjaos biustis gaxsnis ceremonia. am gamoqveynebul informaciaSi weria: „ruseTis gmiris, maior denis vetCinovis Zegli gaixsna me-19 motomsrolelTa diviziis dislokaciis teritoriaze. aqedan, gasuli wlis 7 agvistos, adre diliT, 32 wlis maiori gaemgzavra sabrZolo mivlinebaSi _ cxinval-Si~.67

mediaSi gamoqveynebuli kidev erTi informacia miuTiTebs rusuli jaris ukanono yofnaze cxinvalis regi-onSi jer kidev 7 agvistomde. leitenantma qalaq yazanidan, aleqsandre popovma, daamTavra satanko akademia 2007 wels da msaxurobda vladikavkazSi. man ibrZola da daiWra ruseT-saqarTvelos omSi. 12 agvistos dedamisma uTxra Jurnalis-tebs: „me mas telefoniT vesaubre orSabaTs [11 agvisto], SuadRes. mas ukve Cautares operacia da budionovskSi ga-dahyavT. samxreT oseTi maT jer kidev samSabaT-oTxSabaTs [5-6 agvisto] unda daetovebinaT: maT iq gegmiuri swavleba hqondaT. magram, rogorc Cans, darCnen. is xom jer kidev sao-mari moqmedebebis dawyebamde erT kviriT adre meubneboda: „me vxedav rogor esvrian cxinvals“. isini iyvnen swavleba-ze sadRac mTebSi da Cemi Svilis TqmiT, cxinvals igi iqidan mSve nivrad xedavda“. 9 agvistos popovma daureka dedamiss da uTxra, rom igi iyo „daWrili, magram cocxali“ da rom misi danayofi iyo „pirveli, vinc cxinvalSi Sevida“.68

rogorc ruseT-saqarTvelos omis gamoCenili mkvle-vari da bil klintonis meore administraciis dros evro-pis sakiTxebSi aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivnis moadgilis TanaSem-we ronald asmusi wers Tavis 2010 wels gamocemul wignSi, „wyaroebi da infromacia omis dros da omis Semdeg samxreT oseTSi myofi Jurnalistebisgan aseve miuTiTebs, rom 58-e armiis 135-e da 693-e polkebisa da 22-e specdaniSnulebis brigadis nawilebi iseve, rogorc ramdenime satanko danayo-fi, Sevidnen samxreT oseTSi 2 da 7 agvistos Soris“.69

rusuli sisxlis samarTlis gamoZieba

mediaSi gamoqveynebuli informaciis garda, 7 agvistos saqarTveloSi rusuli jari SemoWris Sesaxeb kidev erTi wya-roa oficialuri rusuli sisxlis samarTlis gamoZieba, ro-

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melic gaasajarova fondma „dedis ufleba“ _ adamianis ufle-baTa damcvelma rusulma arasamTavrobo organizaciam.

2014 wlis 12 marts fondma „dedis ufleba“ gamoaqvey-na presrelizi vladimir selipetovis saqmis Sesaxeb. selip-etovi iyo jariskaci, romelic msaxurobda 693-e polkis me-3 motomsrolelTa batalionSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom swored amave polkis meTaurs, polkovnik kazaCenkos axsenebs cxinvalis re-Jimis „mesazRvre“, rogorc saqarTveloSi Semomavali rusuli samxedro kolonis meTaurs, 7 agvistos diliT adre saubar-Si, romelic Cawera qarTulma mxarem. selipetovi daiRupa 7 agvistos saqarTvelos teritoriaze, rokis gvirabis max-loblad. oficialuri versiiT, man Tavi moikla. Tumca misma mSoblebma es ar daijeres da xangrZlivi iuridiuli brZola gamarTes Svilis bedis Sesaxeb simarTlis gasarkvevad. 2009 wlis ivlisSi maT daxmarebisTvis mimarTes fonds „dedis ufleba“, romelmac maT mxari dauWira.

am fondis 2014 wlis 12 martis presrelizSi vkiTxu-lobT: „vladimir selipetovi (dab. 1986 w.) jarSi gaiwvies 2007 wlis 20 ivniss. igi msaxurobda samxedro nawilSi 66431 [693-e motomsrolelTa polkis nomeri], respublikaSi Crdilo-eT oseTi-alania. sisxlis samarTlis saqmis masalebis mixed­viT, vladimir selipetovi gardaicvala 2008 wlis 7 agvistos, daaxloebiT 04:00 saaTze, samxreT oseTis respublikis javis raionis teritoriaze, rokis gvirabis „samxreTuli portalis Sesasvlelidan samxreT­aRmosavleTiT, 155 metrSi“. igi garda-icvala „TavSi erTi tyviiT miyenebuli Wrilobis“ Sedegad, gasrola moxda aks-74-dan.“70

imave dRes, „7 agvistos, ruseTis prokuraturasTan arsebulma vladikavkazis garnizonis samxedro-sagamoZebo danayofma aRZra sisxlis samarTlis saqme ruseTis federaci-is sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 110-e muxlis mier gaTvalis-winebuli danaSaulis niSnebis gamo“.71

selipetovis mSoblebisTvis erT-erTi problema iyo kompensaciis sakiTxi: „samxreT oseTSi sabrZolo moqmedebeb-Si daRupuli jariskacebis ojaxebma rusuli saxelmwifosgan miiRes finansuri kompensacia,“ selipetovis ojaxs ki es kom-pensacia ar miuRia, radgan „oficialurad maTi Svili daiRu-pa gaurkvevel viTarebaSi, samxreT oseTSi sabrZolo opera-

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ciis dawyebamde erTi dRiT adre“.72 ruseTis xelisuflebis uari ruseT-saqarTvelos omis dros sxva daRupuli jaris-kacebis ojaxebis msgavsad kompensacia gadaexadaT selipeto-vis mSoblebisTvis, ganpirobebuli iyo moskovis oficialuri poziciiT, rom saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg samxedro Seteva man daiwyo mxolod 8 agvistos, nacvlad namdvili TariRisa _ 7 agvistosi.

rogorc fondi „dedis ufleba“ wers, selipetovis saqmis xelaxla gaxsnaze bolo oficialuri uaridan „gamo-dis, rom selipetovi da misi oceulis samxedro mosamsaxu-reebi aRmoCndnen sxva saxelmwifos teritoriaze, sabrZolo iaraRiT da javSanJiletebSi, da iq sangrebis Txra daiwyes TiTqosda SemTxveviT.“ rogorc Sejamebulia fondis pres-relizSi, „vladimir selipetovis daRupvis istoria naTlad aCvenebs sxva saxelmwifos teritoriaze wvevamdelis daRup-vis viTarebas iq samxedro operaciis oficialur dawyebamde erTi dRiT adre (yvela Sesabamisi SedegiT daRupulis ojaxi-saTvis)~.73

sergei baRafSis aRiareba

damatebiTi informacia saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ru-suli agresiis dawyebaze mogvawoda soxumis reJimis liderma sergei baRafSma. 2008 wlis 7 agvistos man telekamerebis win ganacxada, rom saqarTveloSi rusuli jari Semovida. imave dRes misi es gancxadeba televiziam aCvena. baRafSma Tqva: „me vesaubre samxreT oseTis prezidents. axla [viTareba] met-naklebad dastabilurda. iq Sevida CrdiloeT kavkasiis ok-rugis74 batalioni“.75

kiberomis dawyeba

7 agvistos, saqarTvelos teritoriaze rusuli ja-ris SemoWris paralelurad, saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg aseve daiwyo rusuli kiberSeteva, rodesac „ramdenime qarTuli serveri da internettrafiki iyo ayvanili gare kontrolis qveS~.76 manamde, calkeuli kiberSeteva ganxorcielda 20 iv-liss, rodesac 24 saaTiT gaiTiSa prezident saakaSvilis veb-saiti.77

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rusuli kiberoperacia, romelic 7 agvistos daiwyo, agresiulad gagrZelda omis Semdgom dReebSi da gaxda isto-riaSi pirveli farTo da koordinirebuli kiberSeteva saxelm-wifos winaaRmdeg, romelic mimdinareobda amave saxelm wifos winaaRmdeg Cveulebrivi samxedro Setevis parale lurad. kiberSetevis samizneebi iyo qarTuli saxelisuflebo da me-diis vebsaitebi, aseve finansuri, komerciuli da sxva insti-tutebi.78

„kiberkampaniis ZiriTadi mizani iyo saqarTveloSi rusuli samxedro SeWris mxardaWera da kiberSetevebi kar-gad Caj da SeWris gegmaSi“. am rusulma Zalisxmevam kidevac gamoiRo Sedegi: „kiberSetevam mniSvnelovnad Seaferxa saqa-rTvelos xelisuflebis unari gaewia winaaRmdegoba ruse-Tis TavdasxmisTvis, radgan is xels uSlida mTavrobasa da sazogadoebas Soris komunikacias, SeaCera bevri gadaricxva da finansuri transaqcia da iwvevda dabneulobas imasTan da-kavSrebiT, Tu ra xdeboda“. kiberSetevam „Seaferxa saqarT-velos xelisuflebis Zalisxmeva gaevrcelebina informacia Tavdasxmis Sesa xeb da daubloka mTavrobas informaciis mra-vali wyaro. man ufro Zneli gaxada gare samyaros informire-ba imis Sesa xeb, Tu ra xdeboda, riTac amcirebda garedan daxmarebis miRebis Sansebs“.79

qarTuli operaciis dawyeba

7 agvistos ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos prezidenti iRebda sadazvervo monacemebs rusuli jarebis Sesaxeb, rom-lebic ikribebodnen rogorc saqarTvelos javis raionSi, ise rokis gvirabis rusul mxaresac.80

13:00 saaTze saakaSvilma „gamarTa erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos sxdoma, raTa ganexilaT arsebuli viTareba, romelic swrafad uaresdeboda“. Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma vano mera-biSvilma sxdomis monawileebs miawoda informacia qarTuli mxaris mier Cawerili satelefono zarebis Sesaxeb, romlebic miuTiTebda imaze, rom „rusebma daamyares kontroli rokis gvirabze da Semdeg gaatares masSi Tavisi Zalebi“. qarTve-lebs ar hqondaT zusti monacemebi saqarTveloSi SemoWrili rusuli Zalebis raodenobis Sesaxeb, Tumca, maTi SefasebiT, im momentSi es daaxloebiT batalioni iyo“.81

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7 agvistos, 23:00 da 23:30 saaTs Soris (sxvadasxva mkvle vari gansxvavebul dros miuTiTebs), saakaSvilma miiRo axali sadazvervo monacemebi imis Sesaxeb, rom rusebs rokis gvirabis gavliT saqarTveloSi damatebiTi samxedro Zalebi SemohyavdaT, xolo is rusuli Zalebi, romlebic ukve iyvnen saqarTveloSi SemoWrili, samxreTisken daiZrnen.

svante kornelis, iohana popianevskis da niklas nilso-nis mixedviT, „daaxloebiT saRamos 11 saaTze [7 agvistos] saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma miiRo informa-cia, rom 100-ze meti rusuli samxedro manqanisgan Semdgari kolona moZraobda rokis gvirabis gavliT“.82 ronald asmusi gvawvdis damatebiT detalebs im dros saakaSvilTan misul informaciaze: „ara mxolod iyo monacemebi qarTuli sof-lebis da poziciebis ganaxlebuli dabombvis Sesaxeb, aramed Tbiliss aseve hqonda manamde, dRisiT, mopovebuli sadaz-vervo informacia, rom damatebiTi rusuli Zalebi Sevidnen rokis gvirabSi da hqondaT brZaneba is saRamos gaevloT. xolo qarTveli savele mzveravebi ityobinebodnen, rom isini xedavdnen, maTi azriT, rusul kolonas, romelic javidan samxreTiT, cxinvalis mimarTulebiT moZraobda“.83

aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivnis moadgilis TanaSemwem meTiu braizam mogvianebiT Tqva, rom „am movlenebis dros, rodesac me telefoniT vesaubrebodi qarTvel Tanamdebobis pirebs, isini namdvilad Candnen sruliad darwmunebuli imaSi, rom rusulma mZime teqnikam gamoiara rokis gvirabi [7 agvistos]“.84

qarTuli samxedro operaciis dawyebamde mcire xniT adre braiza esaubra saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministr eka tyeSelaSvils. braizas TqmiT, „igi Canda sruliad darw-munebuli, adamianur doneze, rom rusebi iq Sesulebi iyvnen“.85 tyeSelaSvilma uTxra braizas, rom rusebi „Semodiodnen samxreT oseTSi tankebiT da 1000-ze meti jariskaciT“.86

braizam, „instruqciebis mixedviT,“ urCia qarTvelebs „ar Sesuliyvnen am rusebTan pirdapir dapirispirebaSi“.87 Tumca saqarTveloSi Semosuli rusuli jarisa da mZime teq-nikas Sesaxeb 7 agvistos, gvian miRebuli monacemebis Semdeg, qarTulma xelmZRvanelobam gadawyvita, rom mas unda emoq-meda. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam Seatyobina braizas, rom mas „ar hqonda arCevani garda [rokis] gvirabis mimarTulebiT winsvlisa, raTa ecadaT ukuegdoT rusuli jari“.88

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„bolo wveTi iyo qarTuli sadazvervo danayofis mier javidan cxinvalis mimarTulebiT samxedro kolonis moZrao-bis vizualuri dadastureba. kolonaSi Semavali SeiaraRebis _ tankebis, javSantransportiorebis da artileriis _ raode-nobisa da saxeobebis safuZvelze qarTvelebma daaskvnes, rom es Zalebi ar iyo arc samxreTosuri da arc Crdilokavkasieli „moxaliseebis“. es iyo rusuli jari. aman daadastura saakaS-vilis eWvebi, rom moskovi mis qveyanaSi SeiWra da ganapiroba misi gvian saRamos miRebuli gadawyvetileba daewyo winaaRm-degobis gaweva“.89

7 agvistos, 23:35 saaTze, saakaSvilma „daureka saqarT-velos genStabis ufross, zaza gogavas, da misca ori brZane-ba: SeeCerebina cxinvalis mimarTulebiT moZravi da rokis gvirabidan gamomavali rusuli kolonebi da CaexSo qarTuli poziciebisa da soflebis osuri dabombva. zaris dasrulebis Semdeg igi Seyovnda, Semdeg kvlav aiRo telefoni da daamata mesame brZaneba: „samoqalaqo msxverplis minimumamde dayva-na“.90

am brZanebebis miRebis Semdeg qarTulma SeiaraRe-bulma Zalebma daiwyes samxedro operacia. SemdgomSi isini damarcxdnen brZolaSi rusul SeiaraRebul ZalebTan, rom-lebic mTeli omis (7-12 agvisto) ganmavlobaSi Semodiodnen saqarTveloSi rokis gvirabiTa da afxazeTis gziT. ruseTis saxmeleTo Zalebs aqtiurad uWerda mxars misive aviacia, ro-melic bombavda saqarTvelos, da samxedro floti, romelmac saqarTvelos sanapiros blokada moaxdina.

nawili III. Setakeba samSvidobo statusis mqone rusul Zalebsa da qarTul jars Soris

garda moskovis im sicruisa, TiTqos misi jari saqarT-veloSi Semovida ara 7, aramed 8 agvistos, kremli saqarT-velos sawinaaRmdego politikur iaraRad kidev erT tyuils iyenebs _ narativs, TiTqos qarTvelebi Tavs daesxnen rusul mSvidobismyofelTa statusis mqone Zalebs. sinamdvileSi, am rusulma Zalebma Tavad daiwyes mtruli moqmedebebi im qarT uli Zalebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic cxinvalis arealSi 8 agvistos diliT gadaadgildebodnen. amiT maT daarRvies Ta-

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visi samSvidobo mandati, ris Sedegadac gaxdnen „legitimuri samxedro samizne saerTaSoriso samarTlis mixedviT“.91

cxinvalSi samSvidobo ZalebTan dakavSirebuli rusu-li qmedebebi moicavda Semdegs:

• omamde mSvidobismyofelTa bazaze rusuli specdaniS-nulebis Zalebis ganlageba;

• ruseTis oficialuri warmomadgenlis naTqvami sicrue rus mSvidobismyofelebSi danakargebis Sesaxeb ramdenime saaTiT adre, vidre moxda pirveli Setakeba am mSvidobis-myofelebsa da qarTul jars Soris;

• cxinvalis reJimis saartilerio cecxlis koreqtireba, romelic xdeboda cxinvalis samxreTiT arsebuli rus mSvi dobismyofelTa bazis teritoriidan;

• amave bazaze myofi rusi mSvidobismyofelebisTvis gace-muli brZaneba SeeCerebinaT qarTuli jaris gadaadgileba letaluri Zalis gamoyenebiT;

• mSvidobismyofelTa bazaze myofi rusi jariskacebis mier qarTuli ZalebisTvis gaxsnili cecxli.

rusuli specdaniSnulebis Zalebi mSvidobismyofelTa bazaze

cxinvalSi mSvidobismyofelTa Soris rusuli spec da-niS nulebis Zalebis yofnis faqti daadastura ruseTis pre-zi dentma dimitri medvedevma 2011 wlis 8 agvistos. me-10 spec daniSnulebis brigadisTvis samxedro jildos gadacemis ce remoniis dros medvedevma Tqva: „dRes sruldeba sami weli samxreT oseTze qarTuli jaris Tavdasxmidan. maSin asobiT adamiani daiRupa, xolo aTasobiT momakvdinebel safrTxe-Si iyo. agresors win daudgnen rusi mSvidobismyofelebi, romelTa Soris Tqveni amxanagebic iyvnen. im Zalian rTul dra matul dReebSi maT Rirseulad Seasrules Tavisi movale-oba, Tanac zogma _ sakuTari sicocxlis fasad“.92 Tavis ga-mo s vlaSi medvedevma aseve Seaqo me-10 brigadis mebrZolebi imis Tvis, rom maT „moamzades da ganaxorcieles urTulesi sabr Zolo operaciebi CrdiloeT kavkasiasa da samxreT oseT-Si“.93

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sxva, araoficialuri, wyaroebi aseve miuTiTeben spec-daniSnulebis Zalebis mSvidobismyofelTa Soris ganla-gebaze, romelic omamde daiwyo. me-10 specdaniSnulebis brigadis snaiperi-mzveravi aleqsei batuevi, romelic daiWra qarTvelebTan brZolaSi 8 agvistos, cxinvalSi ganlagebul mSvidobismyofelebTan omamde „sami TviT“ adre miamagres.94 me-10 brigadis mokle oficialuri istoria, romelic am Sena-erTSi presturis monawileebma ixiles, ambobs, rom bragadis „operatiuli jgufi“ cxinvalSi „asrulebda specialur dava-lebebs“, „2008 wlis 30 aprilidan 2008 wlis 28 agvistomde“.95 jariskaci rauSan abdulini daiRupa qarTvelebTan brZola-Si 8 agvistos, „me-10 calkeuli specdaniSnulebis brigadis spec daniSnulebis razmis SemadgenlobaSi“. 2009 wlis seqtem-berSi mas, prezidentis brZanebiT, mianiWes (sikvdilis Semdeg) ruseTis federaciis gmiris wodeba. erTi wyaros mixedviT, abdulini iyo mimagrebuli cxinvalSi myof rus mSvidobis-myofelebTan 2007 wlidan,96 xolo meore wyaro ambobs, rom misi razmi cxinvalSi 2008 wlis aprilSi gadaisroles.97

rogorc andrei ilarionovi aRniSnavs,98 miuxedavad imisa, rom specdaniSnulebis Zalebis es jariskacebi mSvi-dobismyofelebTan iyvnen mimagrebuli, isini, savaraudod, ar eqvemdebarebodnen arc maT da arc Tundac 58-e armias, romelsac samSvidobo Zalebi eqvemdebarebodnen. cxinva-lis samxreTiT mdebare rusuli samSvidobo Zalebis bazis meTaurma, vice-polkovnikma konstantin timermanma ar axsena spec daniSnulebis Zalebi im Zalebs Soris, romelic iyo mis daqvemdebarebaSi qarTul jarTan Setakebis dawyebis moment-Si.99 58-e armiis meTaurs, general anatoli xruliovs inter-vius dros hkiTxes, ramdenad hqonda mas omis dros kontaqti me-10 brigadasTan. pasuxad xruliovma Tqva, rom „urTierT-moqmedeba iyo organizebuli, magram isini moqmedebdnen saku-Tari davalebebis mixedviT, romlebsac maT ufrosi samxedro meTauri aZlevda“.100

marTalia, SedarebiT bevri informacia arsebobs ima-ze, rom me-10 brigadis Zalebi omamde cxinvalSi myof rus mSvidobismyofelebTan iyo mimagrebuli, magram es ar iyo specdaniSnulebis erTaderTi rusuli SenaerTi, romlis ja-riskacebs aseTi roli hqondaT. 22-e specdaniSnulebis briga-

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dis Zalebi aseve iyvnen cxinvalSi rus mSvidobismyofelebTan erTad da ebrZodnen qarTul jars 8 agvistos.101

sicrue rusul samSvidobo Zalebze Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb

gancxadeba rus mSvidobismyofelebze qarTvelebis Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb moskovma politikur iaraRad manamde gamoiyena, sanam maTsa da qarTvel jariskacebs Soris raime Setakeba moxdeboda.

wyaroebi, romlebic am movlenebs exebaian, Tanxmdebi-an, rom es Setakeba moxda 8 agvistos daaxloebiT 06:00 saaT-ze. TviT ruseTis Tavdacvis saministros warmomadgenelmac „uTxra dasavlel Jurnalistebs, rom pirveli rusi mSvido-bismyofolebi daiRupnen 06:00 saaTis mere, mas Semdeg, rac qarTuli jari Sevida samxreT cxinvalSi“.102

miuxedavad amisa, mSvidobismyofelebze Setevasa da maT rigebSi danakargze laparaki moskovma daiwyo manamde, vidre aseTi ram SeiZleboda momxdariyo: 8 agvistos 02:37 saaT ze ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris moadgile grig-ori karasinma daureka Tavis qarTvel kolegas _ grigol va-SaZes da uTxra, „rom rusuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebi iwyebdnen samxedro operacias cxinvalis regionSi/samxreT oseTSi da am gadawyvetilebis mizezad rus mSvidobismyofelebs Soris danakargebi daasaxela“.103

dapirispireba

8 agvistos, 06:00 saaTisTvis, qarTveli jariskacebi iyvnen cxinvalis samxreT SesasvlelTan. maT winaaRmdeg gaxs-nili iyo saartilerio cecxli, romlis koreqtireba xdeboda rusi mSvidobismyofelebis bazidan. cxinvalis reJimis mebr-Zoli oleg galavanovi saartilerio cecxlis koreqtire-bas am bazis erT-erTi Senobis saxuravidan axorcielebda. SemdgomSi igi sasikvdilod daiWra, sikvdilis Semdeg ki waradgines ruseTis federaciis gmiris wodebis misaRebad.104 aRsaniSnavia, rom me-10 specdaniSnulebis brigadis jariskaci maqsim petrovi daiWra im dros, rodesac imyofeboda imave saxuravze, galavanovTan erTad.105

qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saartilerio cecx lis koreqtireba rusuli samSvidobo Zalebis bazidan

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erTmniSvnelovnad iyo samSvidobo Zalebis mandatis darRveva da warmoadgenda mtrul moqmedebas. Tumca, es ar yofila yvelaze mZime darRveva, rac rusma mSvidobismyofelebma Cai-dines. rus mSvidobismyofelebs meTaurebma ubrZanes daeb-lokaT qarTveli jariskacebis Sesvla cxinvalSi da am pro-cesSi gamoeyenebinaT letaluri Zala.

gazeT „izvestiasTvis“ 2008 wlis Semodgomaze micemul interviuSi vice-polkovnikma konstantin timermanma, ro-melic meTaurobda cxinvalis samxreTiT mdebare bazaze myof rus mSvidobismyofelebs, 8 agvistos movlenebis Sesaxeb Sem-degi ganacxada: „Cven mogvces davaleba _ ar gavataroT qar-Tuli jari dedaqalaqamde [cxinvalamde]“.106 omis Semdgom pe-riodSi igive ram Tqva ruseTis Tavdacvis saministros gazeT „krasnaia zvezdasTan“ saubarSi timermanis Stabis ufrosis moadgilem, kapitanma iuri roJencevma: „Cven mogvces dava-leba, ar dagveSva mowinaaRmdegis SeWra cxinvalSi“.107

2008 wlis 22 agvistos statiaSi „krasnaia zvezda“ wers, rom timermanma „yvelas [mis daqvemdebarebaSi myof Zalebs] erTi davaleba misca _ ar gavataroT mowinaaRmdege cxinval-Si. man Tqva: „mters ar gavatarebT!“ da „bolomde vidgeT!“ da mSvidobismyofelma samxedroebma gaakeTes yvelaferi SesaZ-lebeli da SeuZlebeli, raTa SeeCerebinaT agresori“.108

timermanTan kidev erT interviuze dafuZnebul „krasnaia zvezdas“ statiaSi, romelic 2008 wlis 19 agvis-tos gamoqveynda, weria: „iyo erTi taqtikuri davaleba: Ta-vis poziciebze, mowinaaRmdegis cxinvalSi argatareba. egreve amuSavda mSvidobismyofelTa yvelaze Zlieri SeiaraReba _ qveiTTa sabrZolo manqanebis qvemexebi (73 mm. „gromi“), tank-sawinaaRmdego marTuli raketebi da yumbarmtyorcnebi~.109

rusi samxedro eqimebi aleqsandre konovalovi da dimit ri zuboki, romlebic cxinvalis regionSi 2008 wlis 14 ivliss gagzavnes da romlebic cxinvalSi msaxurobdnen omis dawyebis momentSi, 7 da 8 agvistos movlenebis Sesaxeb yvebian rusi mSvidobismyofelebis mier miRebuli brZanebis Sesaxeb, gamoeyenebinaT letaluri Zala qarTveli jariskacebis wi-naaRmdeg.

konovalovi: „7 agvistos, daaxloebiT sadilisken, dag-vireka batalionis meTaurma [timermanma], gviTxra, rom „viTa-

25

reba iZabeba“. Cven gvTxoves gamovcxadebuliyaviT samSvi dobo batalionis teritoriaze“. konovalovis TqmiT, samxedro eqi-mebi samSvidobo Zalebis bazaze daaxloebiT 15:00-16:00 saaT-ze mividnen. zuboki yveba, rom 7 agvistos saRamos samSvidobo Zalebis bazaze myof eqimebs javSanJiletianma da Cafxutianma oficerma uTxra, rom „gacemulia letaluri cecxlis brZa-neba [отдан приказ на поражение, на огонь]“. konovalovi aseve yveba: „daaxloebiT dilis oTx saaTze [8 agvistos], rodesac Cven samedicino punqtze vimyofebodiT, gamoacxades gangaSi da Cven batalionis meTauris brZanebiT miviReT javSanJi-letebi, avtomatebi, Cafxutebi da aRviWurveT. daaxloebiT mag drosve iyo saubari batalionis meTaurTan, romelmac gagvagebina, rom ukve gacemulia brZaneba „Tu ramea, gaxseniT letaluri cecxli [стрелять на поражение]“.110

rodesac qarTveli jariskacebi „Sevidnen samxreT cxin valSi 8 agvistos dilis daaxloebiT 06:00 saaTze, ru-suli samxreTuli samSvidobo Stabidan maT gauxsnes intensi-uri cecxli“.111 „mas mere, rac maT winaaRmdeg gaixsna cecxli, qarT velebma pasuxad aseve gaxsnes cecxli“.112 rus da qarTv-el samxedroebs Soris amis Sedegad momxdarma Setakebam „Sea-nela qarTvelebis winsvla“ cxinvalSi.113

qarTvel jariskacebs 8 agvistos dilis Setakebis Sem-degac isev „hqondaT brZaneba ar esrolaT rusi mSvidobis-myofelebisTvis, Tu isini pirvelebi ar gaxsnidnen cecxls“. amas hqonda tragikuli Sedegi, sul mcire, erT SemTxveva-Si, rodesac cxinvalSi brZolebis dros qarTul 41-e qveiT batalions „Sexvda rusuli samSvidobo Zalebis qveiTTa sa-br Zolo manqanebis jgufi, romlebsac hqondaT gverdebze da xa tuli didi cisferi wreebi, yviTeli kirileuli asoe-biT MC… 41-e batalionis meTaurma, maiorma Salva doliZem gasca brZa neba ar gaexsnaT cecxli da gaetarebinaT rusuli samSvido bo Zalebi. es iyo ukanaskneli brZaneba, romelic man gasca: rusebi miuaxlovdnen qarTvelebs da moulodnelad gaxsnes cecxli, romliTac mokles doliZe da misi ramdenime oficeri“.114

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brZola ruseT­saqarTvelos omis alternatiul istoriasTan

kremlis sainformacio omis meTodebi dasavlurma sam-yarom srulad mxolod bolo dros gaacnobiera, mas mere, rac ruseTma dasavluri qveynebis politikur sistemebs Seu-tia. manamde, 2014 wels, ukrainis movlenebma aCvena, Tu ro-gor gamoiyeneba agresiuli dezinformacia samxedro agre-siis da okupaciis gasamarTleblad.

amgvari meTodebis arsenals ruseTi iyenebda didi xniT adre, vidre dasavlur sazogadoebebSi amis Sesaxeb cod-na gavrceldeboda. es aris ukanaskneli stadia im praqtikis evoluciaSi, romelic jer kidev sabWoTa periodSi gamoiye-neboda da rac ruseTma ssrk-is daSlis Semdegac SeinarCuna. mas mere, rac ruseTis mmarTveli gaxda putini, am arsenals ufro Tamamad da didi resursebiT iyeneben.

2008 wlis omis dros da omis Semdgom periodSi ru-seTma saqarTvelos am iaraRiT Zlieri dartyma miayena. misi mZlavri propagandistuli da diplomatiuri resursebi mimarTuli iyo imaze, rom agresiis msxverpl saqarTvelos dabraleboda moskovis mier ganxorcielebuli samxedro Tav-dasxma da rusul-qarTuli omi, romelic Tavidan bolomde saqarTvelos teritoriaze mimdinareobda.

ruseTma ver miaRwia amaSi srul warmatebas, magram man SeZlo mniSvnelovani gaurkvevlobis Semotana. bevris TvalSi omis Sesaxeb damkvidrda narativi, TiTqos rusuli provoka-ciebis Semdeg saqarTvelom daiwyo samxedro Seteva cxinvalis regionSi, xolo ruseTma amis pasuxad Caatara disproporci-ulad masStaburi da agresiuli samxedro operacia. es nara-tivi ar asaxavs realur faqtebs, rasac 2008 wlis agvistoSi hqonda adgili. amis miuxedavad, is gamoiyeneba imis Tvis, rom saqarTvelos omisTvis pasuxismgeblobis garkveuli nawili daekisros.

am fenomenis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino gamovline-ba iyo 2009 wels gamoqveynebuli „taliavinis komisiis“ anga-riSi. miuxedavad yvela im faqtisa, romelic miuTiTebs ru-suli arasamSvidobo samxedro Zalebis ruseT-saqarTvelos sazRvris qarTul mxares yofnaze 7 agvistosTvis, angariSSi ubralod weria, rom es yofna ver dasturdeba da rom, Se-

27

sabamisad, saqarTvelos im dros jer ar hqonda Tavdacvis ufleba.

faqtebis amgvari ugulebelyofa miuRebelia. erTi mxriv, es aris istoriasTan usamarTlo da damakninebeli mopyroba. meore mxriv ki, es xels uwyobs ruseTis propagan-distul da diplomatiur oms, romelsac igi mudmivad awar-moebs saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg.

mravali faqti, am statiaSi moyvanili Tu sxva, romelTa xsenebasac aq aRar Sevudeqi naSromis SezRuduli sididis gamo, cxadad aCvenebs, rom:

• ruseTis Tanmimdevruli samxedro da diplomatiuro sao-mari mzadebis Semdeg, 7 agvistosTvis regularuli ru-suli samxedro Zalebi, romlebic ar iyvnen mSvidobis-myofelebi, SemoiWrnen saqarTvelos teritoriaze. zogi wyaro miuTiTebs saqarTveloSi am rusuli Zalebis yof-naze jer kidev wina ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi, xolo konkretulad 7 agvistos maTi aq yofna mravali wyaroTi dasturdeba.

• 7 agvistos momxdari es rusuli SemoWra warmoadgenda saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg agresiis aqts. gaeros general-uri asambleis rezolucia 3314 („agresiis ganmarteba”), statia 3(a) cxadad ganmartavs, rom erTi saxelmwifos Sei-araRebuli Zalebis SeWra meore saxelmwifos teritori-aze aris agresiis aqti.115

• saqarTvelom daiwyo Tavisi samxedro operacia mxolod 7 agvistos 23:35 saaTidan, didi xnis Semdeg mas mere, rac rusuli jari mis teritoriaze SemoiWra da imis Semdeg, rac Tbilisma araerTxel miiRo sadazvervo monacemebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze SemoWrili rusuli samxedro Zalebis gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, saqarTve-lo iyenebda saerTaSoriso samarTliT gaTvaliswinebul uflebas Tavdacvaze.

• 8 agvistos dilis Setakeba qarTul Zalebsa da mSvidobis-myofelTa statusis mqone rusul Zalebs (da maTTan omamde mimagrebul rusul specdaniSnulebis Zalebs) Soris mox-da mas Semdeg, rac mSvidobismyofelebma miiRes brZaneba SeeCerebinaT qarTvelebis winsvla cxinvalSi, romelic

28

mimdinareobda 7 agvistos 23:35 saaTidan dawyebuli qa-rTuli operaciis farglebSi. samSvidobo Zalebis bazaze myof rus jariskacebs nebarTva misces qarTvelebisaTvis letaluri cecxli gaexsnaT, rac maT gaakeTes kidevac.

dRes bevri ram aris Secvlili 2008 wlis agvistosa da uSualod omis Semdgom periodTan SedarebiT. gamoCnda axa-li faqtebi, magaliTad, 7 agvistos saqarTvelos teritori-aze rusi jariskacis gardacvalebis zemoxsenebuli rusuli gamoZieba, an putinis 2012 wlis aRiareba, rom rusulma gen-Stabma winaswar moamzada saqarTvelosTan omis gegma da rom rusi samxedro instruqtorebi wvrTnidnen cxinvalis reJi-mis mebrZolebs 2008 wlis omamde. aranakleb mniSvnelovania, rom bolo dros dasavleTma gaiazra kremlis geopolitikuri miznebi da am miznebis miRwevis meTodebi.

2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omidan aTi wlis Semdeg qarTvelebi imsaxureben axlebur xedvas am omis Sesaxeb, ro-melic Tavisufali iqneba dezinformaciiT da faqtebis dam-axinjebiT gamowveuli gaurkvevlobisgan.

SeniSvnebi

1. Andrei Illarionov, “The Russian Leadership’s Preparation for War, 1999-2008,” S.E. Cor-nell and S. Frederick Starr (eds.), The Guns of August 2008: Russia’s War in Georgia (New York, 2009), gv. 56, 59; Svante E. Cornell, Johanna Popjanevski, Niklas Nilsson, Russia’s War in Georgia: Causes and Implications for Georgia and the World, Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program, August 2008, gv. 6; Indepen-dent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Conflict in Georgia Report (September 2009), Volume II, gv. 207.

2. 2012 w. 8 agvistos gamarTul pres-konferenciaze vladimir putinma aRiara, rom 2006 wlis bolos da 2007 wlis dasawyisSi ruseTis genStabma moamzada saqarTvelosTan SesaZlo omis gegma da rom rusi samxedro instruqtorebi wvrTnidnen cxinvalis reJimis mebrZolebs 2008 wlis omamde. ix.: “Russian Generals Accuse Medvedev of Hesitation in Russia-Georgia War,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, August 8, 2012, www.rferl.org/content/putin-says-russia-had-plans-for-georgian-aggression-in-late-2006/24670673.html (nanaxia 2 ivniss, 2018); aseve, putinis gancxadebis videoCanaweri Комсомольская правда-s masalaSi: www.kp.ru/daily/25928/2878458/ (nanaxia 2 ivniss, 2018).

3. Andrei Illarionov, dasax. naSr., gv. 54, 56, 60;

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“Russian Generals Accuse Medvedev of Hesitation in Russia-Georgia War,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, August 8, 2012, www.rferl.org/content/putin-says-russia-had-plans-for-georgian-aggression-in-late-2006/24670673.html (nanaxia 7 ivniss, 2018).

4. Andrei Illarionov, “dasax. naSr., gv. 53, 65, 66.

5. Andrei Illarionov, dasax. naSr., gv. gv. 59; “Lavrov Meets Abkhaz, S.Ossetian Lead-ers,” Civil Georgia, February 15, 2008, www.old.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=17119 (nanaxia 14 ivniss, 2018).

6. 2006 w. ianvarSi vladimir putinma ganacxada: „Tuki vinme Tvlis, rom kosovos SeuZlia miaRwios srul saxelmwifoebriv damoukideblobas, maSin ratom unda vuTxraT amaze uari afxazebs da samxreT osebs?“ amis da 2008 wlis omamde didi xniT adre afxazeTis da „samxreT oseTis“ damoukidblobis aRiarebis politikuri momzadebis sxva magaliTebis Sesaxeb ix.: Andrei Illarionov, “dasax. naSr., gv. 61; “Russia’s Duma Passes State-ments on Abkhazia, S.Ossetia,” Civil Georgia, December 6, 2006, www.civil.ge/ar-chives/111569 (nanaxia 4 ivniss, 2018).

7. Andrei Illarionov, dasax. naSr., gv. 53, 56, 58, 60, 64, 81; Svante E. Cornell, Jo-hanna Popjanevski, Niklas Nilsson, dasax. naSr., gv. 5.

8. Marcel H. Van Herpen, Putin’s Wars: The Rise of Russia’s New Imperialism (2014), gv. 207-208; Andrei Illarionov, dasax. naSr., gv. 53, 55, 56.

9. Ronald D. Asmus, A Little War That Shook the World: Georgia, Russia, and the Future of the West (New York, 2010), gv. 146;

“Full Text: 1996 CIS Treaty on Abkhaz Sanctions,” Civil Georgia, March 7, 2008, www.old.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=17293 (nanaxia 4 ivniss, 2018).

10. Ronald D. Asmus, dasax. naSr., gv. 146.

11. David J. Smith, “The Saakashvili Administration’s Reaction to Russian Policies Before the 2008 War,” S.E. Cornell and S. Frederick Starr (eds.), The Guns of August 2008: Rus-sia’s War in Georgia (New York, 2009), gv. 125.

12. Ronald D. Asmus, dasax. naSr., gv. 106.

13. David J. Smith, dasax. naSr., gv. 125.

14. Remarks by Andrei Illarionov, Another Look at the August War, Center for Eurasian Policy, Hudson Institute, September 12, 2008, gv. 4, www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/21824198/another-look-at-the-august-war-hudson-institute (nanaxia 4 ivniss, 2018).

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30

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