environment statistics - edz.bib.uni-mannheim.deedz.bib.uni-mannheim.de/ … · eurostat’s...

8THEME 8Environment and energy

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Environmentstatistics:

pocketbook 2000


pocketbook 2000Data 1980-1997

D E / E N / F R

COPYRIGHT

Luxembourg: Office des publications officielles des Communautés européennes,2000 ISBN 92-827-9797-X © Europäische Gemeinschaften,2000 © European Communities,2000 © Communautés européennes,2000 Printed in Luxembourg

Paco Ferron

8THEME 8Environment and energy

E U R O P E A NCOMMISSION

ED

ITIO

N 2

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0


pocketbook 2000Data 1980-1997

D E / E N / F R

Zahlreiche weitere Informationen zur Europäischen Union sind verfügbar über Internet, ServerEuropa (http://europa.eu.int).A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int).De nombreuses autres informations sur l'Union européenne sont disponibles sur Internet via le serveur Europa (http://europa.eu.int).

Bibliographische Daten befinden sich am Ende der Veröffentlichung.Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.Une fiche bibliographique figure à la fin de l'ouvrage.

Luxembourg: Office des publications officielles des Communautés européennes, 2000

ISBN 92-828-9026-0

© Europäische Gemeinschaften, 2000© European Communities, 2000© Communautés européennes, 2000

Printed in France

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PRINTED ON WHITE CHLORINE-FREE PAPER

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ENVIRONMENT STATISTICS

Pocketbook

2000

�

Foreword

Welcome to the first edition of Eurostat's environment pocketbook. Thisbooklet summarises the most important figures collected or calculatedby Eurostat in the field of environment statistics. It explains the figuresby giving background information on related environmental problems,and it indicates the most important political objectives.

Eurostat's statistics on the environment concern the link betweenenvironment and economy. This booklet gives information on thepressure of the economy on the environment, such as the emissions ofvarious pollutants, the consumption of natural resources, and theproduction of waste. A closely related topic, also treated in this edition,is the integration of environmental concerns into the various policy fieldssuch as agriculture, transport or energy. The increasing need for data inthis area has been highlighted at the EU summit in Helsinki in December1999.

We believe that this booklet gives valuable and objective information toour citizens on a number of environmental problems of general concern.

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Table of Contents

1. WASTE ......................................................................................

1.1 Municipal wasteTotal municipal waste generated ........................................Evolution of municipal waste (graph) ..................................Municipal waste generated per capita ................................Municipal waste generated per capita (graph) ....................Treatment and disposal methods of municipal waste .........Composition of municipal waste .........................................

1.2 Hazardous wasteTotal amounts of hazardous waste generated ....................Treatment and disposal of hazardous waste .....................

2. WATER .....................................................................................

2.1 Water useWater resources: Long term annual average .....................Fresh water abstraction ......................................................Fresh water abstraction by major activity ...........................Proportion of fresh water abstraction by major activityEU-15 (graph) ....................................................................Water abstraction per capita ...............................................

2.2 Waste waterPopulation connected to sewerage system ........................Municipal waste water treatment plants ............................Disposal of sewage sludge from public sewage treatment

3. AIR POLLUTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE ............................

3.1 Total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from fossil fuels ..CO2 emissions from fossil fuels in the EU-15 (graph) .........

3.2 Total man-made emissions of sulphur dioxides (SO2) ........SO2 emissions in the EU-15 (graph) ..................................

3.3 Total man-made emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOX) .........NOX emissions in the EU-15 (graph) ..................................

3.4 Total man-made emissions of NMVOCs .............................NMVOC emissions in the EU-15 (graph) ............................

3.5 Total man-made emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) .......CO emissions in the EU-15 (graph) ....................................

3.6 Production and consumption of CFCs / Halon ...................

4. AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY .........................................

4.1 Land useEvolution of land use .........................................................Land use by main category in the EU-15 (graph)...............Evolution of woodlands .....................................................Woodland evolution as % of total area ..............................

4.2 Fertilizers and PesticidesConsumption of fertilizers .................................................% change in fertilizer use from 1992 to1997 (graph) .........Sales of pesticides ............................................................Sales of pesticides in the EU-15 (graph)............................

5. TRANSPORT ..........................................................................

5.1 Transport volumePassenger transport .........................................................Share of kms travelled by means of transport .................Freight transport ...............................................................

5.2 Uptake of lead-free petrol .................................................

5.3 Air emissions by transportCO2 emissions by transport mode ...................................CO2 emissions by transport mode in 1997 (graph) .........NOX emissions by transport..............................................NMVOCs emissions by transport ....................................

6. ENERGY ................................................................................

6.1 Gross inland consumption Gross inland consumption (EU-15) ..................................Gross inland consumption, by fuel (graph) .....................

6.2 Energy productionTotal production of renewable energy (EU-15) ................Production from renewable energy source (graph) .........

6.3 Total CO2 emissions from fossil fuels (EU-15) .................CO2 emissions from fossil fuels (graph) ..........................

6.4 CO2 emissions by sector (EU-15) ....................................CO2 emissions by sector (EU-15) (graph)........................

7. GENERAL ..............................................................................

7.1 PopulationEvolution of population .....................................................Population density ............................................................

7.2 Gross Domestic Product (GDP)GDP at constant prices (1990=100)..................................

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Table des matières

1. DÉCHETS ..................................................................................

1.1 Déchets municipauxProduction totale de déchets municipaux ...........................Evolution des déchets municipaux (graphique) ..................Déchets municipaux générés par habitant ..........................Déchets municipaux générés par habitant (graphique) .......Méthodes de traitements et d�élimination desdéchets municipaux ............................................................Composition des déchets municipaux ................................

1.2 Déchets dangereuxProduction totale de déchets dangereux .............................Traitements et élimination des déchets dangereux ............

2. EAU ...........................................................................................

2.1 Consommation d'eauRessources en eau: moyenne annuelle à long terme .........Prélèvements d�eau douce .................................................Prélèvements d'eau douce par activité principale ...............Proportion de prélèvements d'eau douce par activitéprincipale UE-15 (graphique) ..............................................Prélèvements d'eau douce par habitant ..............................

2.2 Eaux uséesPopulation desservie par un réseau d'égouts .....................Installations de traitement des eaux urbaines résiduaires .Élimination des boues résiduaires produitespar les stations publiques ....................................................

3. POLLUTION DE L�AIR ET CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE.......

3.1 Emissions totales de dioxydes de carbone (CO2)des combustibles fossiles ...................................................Emissions de CO2 pour l� UE-15 (graphique) ......................

3.2 Emissions totales de dioxydes de soufre d'origine humaine Emissions totales de SO2 pour l� UE-15 (graphique) ...........

3.3 Emissions totales d'oxydes d'azote d'origine humaine ........Emissions totales d'oxydes d'azote pour l� UE-15 (graph.) .

3.4 Emissions totales de composés organiquesvolatils (NMVOCs) d'origine humaine..................................Emissions totales de NMVOCs pour l� UE-15 (graphique) ..

3.5 Emissions totales de monoxyde de carbone (CO)d'origine humaine ................................................................Emissions totales de CO pour l� UE-15 (graphique) ............

3.6 Production et consommation des CFCs / Halons ...............

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4. AGRICULTURE ET SYLVICULTURE .....................................

4.1 Utilisation des solsEvolution de l'utilisation des sols ......................................Utilisation des sols en UE-15 (graphique) .........................Evolution des superficies boisées .....................................Evolution des superficies boisées en % dela superficie totale .............................................................

4.2 Engrais et pesticidesConsommation d�engrais .................................................% de changement dans l'utilisation d'engraisde 1992 à 1997 (graphique) .............................................. Vente de pesticides ...........................................................Vente de pesticides pour l� UE-15 (graphique) ..................

5. TRANSPORT ..........................................................................

5.1 Volume de transportTransport de passagers ...................................................Part de km en % par mode de transport ..........................Transport de marchandises .............................................

5.2 Livraisons d�essence sans plomb ....................................

5.3 Pollution de l'air par les transportsEmissions de CO2 par mode de transport .......................Emissions de CO2 par mode de transport (graphique) ....Emissions de NOX par les transports ..............................Emissions de NMVOCs par les transports ......................

6. ENERGIE .................................................................................

6.1 Consommation intérieure bruteConsommation intérieure brute (UE-15) ..........................Consommation intérieure brute par combustible (graph.).

6.2 Production d'énergieProduction totale d'énergie renouvelable (UE-15) ...........Production d�energie de source renouvelable (graph.) ....

6.3 Emissions totales de CO2 des combustiblesfossiles (UE-15) ................................................................Emissions de CO2 des combustibles fossiles (graph.) ...

6.4 Emissions de CO2 par secteur (UE-15) ..........................Emissions de CO2 par secteur (graphique) ....................

7. GENERAL ...............................................................................

7.1 PopulationEvolution de la population ................................................Densité de la population ..................................................

7.2 Produit intérieur brut (PIB)PIB à prix constant (1990=100) .......................................

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

1. Abfall .............................................................................

1.1 Siedlungsabfälle Aufkommen von Siedlungsabfällen ........................Entwicklung von Siedlungsabfällen (Abbildung) .....Aufkommen von Siedlungsabfällen je Einwohner ..Aufkommen von Siedlungsabfällen je Einwohner(Abbildung) ..............................................................Methoden zur Behandlung und Beseitigung vonSiedlungsabfällen ....................................................Zusammensetzung von Siedlungsabfällen .............

1.2 Gefährliche AbfälleAufkommen gefährlicher Abfälle .............................Behandlung und Beseitigung gefährlicher Abfälle ..

2. Wasser ...........................................................................

2.1 WassernutzungWasservorkommen: Langjährige JahresmittelwerteSüßwasserentnahme ..............................................Süßwasserentnahme nachHauptverwendungszwecken ...................................Anteil der Süßwasserentnahme nachHauptverwendungszwecken, EU-15 (Abbildung) ...Wasserentnahme je Einwohner ..............................

2.2 AbwasserBevölkerung mit Anschluß an die Kanalisation ......Kommunale Abwasserbehandlungsanlagen ...........Beseitigung von Klärschlamm öffentlicherAbwasserbehandlungsanlagen ...............................

3. Luftverschmutzung und Klimaveränderungen .........

3.1 CO2-Emissionen von fossilen Brennstoffen ...........CO2-Emissionen von fossilen Brennstoffenin EU-15 (Abbildung) ..............................................

3.2 Anthropogene Schwefeldioxidemissionen (SO2) ....SO2-Emissionen in EU-15 (Abbildung) ..................

3.3 Anthropogene Stickstoffoxidemissionen (NOX) .......NOx-Emissionen in EU-15 (Abbildung) ..................

3.4 Anthropogene NMVOC-Emissionen .......................NMVOC-Emissionen in EU-15 (Abbildung) ............

3.5 Anthropogene Kohlenmonoxidemissionen (CO) .....CO-Emissionen in EU-15 (Abbildung) ....................

3.6 Erzeugung und Verbrauch von FCKW / Halonen ...

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4. Land- und Forstwirtschaft .....................................................

4.1 BodennutzungEntwicklung der Bodennutzung .........................................Bodennutzung nach Hauptkategorien (Abbildung) ...........Entwicklung der Forstfläche ..............................................Entwicklung der Forstfläche als Anteil an derGesamtfläche ....................................................................

4.2 Düngemittel und PestizideVerbrauch an Düngemitteln ...............................................Veränderung des Einsatzes von Düngemitteln1992 bis 1997 (Abbildung) ................................................Verkauf von Pestiziden ......................................................Verkauf von Pestiziden in EU-15 (Abbildung) ...................

5. Verkehr .....................................................................................

5.1 VerkehrsvolumenPersonenverkehr ...............................................................Anteil der zurückgelegten km nach Verkehrsmitteln .........Güterverkehr .....................................................................

5.2 Lieferungen von bleifreiem Benzin ...................................

5.3 Luftemission durch den VerkehrCO2-Emissionen nach Verkehrszweigen ..........................CO2-Emissionen nach Verkehrszweigen 1997(Abbildung) ........................................................................NOX-Emissionen durch den Verkehr .................................NMVOC-Emissionen durch den Verkehr ..........................

6. Energie .....................................................................................

6.1 BruttoinlandsverbrauchBruttoinlandsverbrauch (EU-15) ........................................Bruttoinlandsverbrauch nach Brennstoffen (Abbildung) ....

6.2 EnergieerzeugungErzeugung von erneuerbaren Energien (EU-15) ..............Erzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energiequellen (Abbildung)

6.3 CO2-Emissionen von fossilen Brennstoffen, (EU-15) ........CO2-Emissionen von fossilen Brennstoffen (Abbildung) ..

6.4 CO2-Emissionen nach Sektoren (EU-15) .........................CO2-Emissionen nach Sektoren (EU-15) (Abbildung) ......

7. Allgemein .................................................................................

7.1 BevölkerungBevölkerungsentwicklung ..................................................Bevölkerungsdichte ...........................................................

7.2 Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP)BIP zu konstanten Preisen (1990=100) ............................

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SYMBOLS AND ABREVIATIONS

-|0:%

Hai.e.Kg / capitakm

m3

midMiottkmtoe

CFCCH4

COCO2

FCKWHCFCN2O

NH3

NMVOCNOX

SO2

EU-15BDKDELEFILNLAPFINSUK

nilBreak in seriesdata less than half of the unitnot availablepercentage

Units of measurement

hectareinhabitant equivalentKilogram per capitaKilometre

Cubic metremiddle of

Million (106)tonnetonne-kilometretonne of oil equivalent

Chemical and related symbols

ChlorofluorocarbonsMethaneCarbon monoxideCarbon dioxideFluorchlorkohlenwasserstoffeHydrochlorofluorocarbonsNitrous oxide

Ammonia

Non-methane volatile organic compoundNitrogen oxides

Sulphur dioxide

Abbreviations of countries

the fifteen Member States of the European UnionBelgiumDenmarkGermanyGreeceSpainFranceItalyLuxembourgNederlandsAustriaPortugalFinlandSwedenUnited Kingdom

ISNOCH

5EAPBIPDGECEUEurostatFAOFECGDPGDRGICLRTAPOECDPCBPIBUV

Other countries:IslandNorwaySwitzerland

Other abbreviations

5th Environmental Action ProgoamBruttoinlandsproduktDirectorate-General(s) of the Commission of the EU European CommunityEuropean UnionStatistical Office of the European CommunitiesFood and Agriculture OrganizationFinal Energy ConsumptionGross Domestic Productformer German Democratic RepublicGross Inland ConsumptionLong Range Transboundary Air PollutionOrganization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentPolychlorinated BiphenilsProduit intérieur brutUltra Violet

�

As a result of growing consumption patterns, the amount of waste hasincreased over the last decades and still increases. Waste presents several risks for the environment:

Pollution of ground and surface waterSoil contamination and nature deteriorationHealth impact from emissions of hazardous gases (e.g. dioxins) anddust Global warming, through emissions of greenhouse gases from landfillsites (methane) and waste-incineration installationsPollution by malodour and disturbance of scenery views

Wastes which are considered particularly dangerous for man and theenvironment have been classified as hazardous waste.

The EU Waste Framework Directive (1975) requires Member States totake the necessary steps to recycle waste and prevent wastegeneration, and to ensure that waste is disposed of in a way that doesnot harm human health and the environment.

The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements ofHazardous Wastes and their Disposal (1989) sets up rules for thetreatment of hazardous wastes and bans export to non-OECDcountries. The EU directive on hazardous waste (1991) sets up furtherrules for the collection, handling and recycling of this type of waste.Specific directives exist on batteries and accumulators, used oils,sewage sludge, packaging waste and PCBs (halogenated transformerliquids), as well as shipment, landfill and incineration of waste. Aproposal on end of life vehicles is currently being discussed.

Statistics on waste are still incomplete, and data in Member States arecompiled differently. Therefore and because of the non-availability offigures in some countries, it is difficult to arrive at a total amount of wasteproduced for the EU-15. Introducing a common methodology andcoherent data collections in all EU countries is one of Eurostat'spriorities. EU-legislation on this point is under preparation.

1WASTE

Environment Statistics Pockebook 2000 �10

1.1 Municipal waste

Total Municipal

Wasteof which:

household

Total Municipal

Wasteof which:

household

Total Municipal

Wasteof which:

household

Mid 80s End 80s Mid 90s 1)

EU-15 : : : : : :

B : : 4 500 3 400 5 300 4 400

DK 2 400 1 900 2 600 2 300 3 000 2 800D 26 000 : 50 000 : 30 000 :EL 3 000 : 3 000 : 3 900 :E 10 000 : 13 000 : 15 000 :F 26 000 19 000 30 000 20 000 35 000 25 000IRL : : : : : 1 300I : : : : 27 000 :L 260 : 220 100 190 100NL 6 900 5 200 7 900 6 200 8 800 7 500A 2 300 2 100 4 800 2 500 5 300 2 800P 2 400 : 3 000 : 3 800 :FIN 2 500 1 200 3 100 1 300 2 100 870S 2 700 : 3 200 : 3 200 :UK : : 35 000 20 000 28 000 26 000

IS 140 55 150 60 150 70

NO 1 900 800 2 000 900 2 700 1 400CH 3 300 2 300 4 100 2 700 4 300 2 900

Total municipal waste generated (1 000 t)

0

2 000

4 000

6 000

8 000

10 000

12 000

14 000

16 000

EL E NL P FIN S NO CH

Mid 80s End 80s Mid 90s

(1 000 t)

Evolution of municipal waste for selected countries

1) Mid 90s, refers to the latest year available

Environment Statistics Pocketbook 2000� 11

1.1 Municipal waste

Total Municipal

Waste

of which:household

waste

Total Municipal

Waste

of which:household

waste

Total Municipal

Waste

of which:household

waste

Mid 80s End 80s Mid 90s 1)

EU-15 : : : : : :

B : : 450 345 520 425

DK 475 370 495 440 560 525

D 340 : 630 : 365 :

EL 300 : 295 : 370 :

E 260 : 315 : 390 :

F 470 340 535 360 560 435

IRL : : : : : 370

I : : : : 465 :

L 710 : 585 250 455 250

NL 480 360 535 415 565 515

A 295 280 620 325 655 345

P 235 : 305 : 385 :

FIN 510 245 620 260 415 170

S 315 : 375 : 365 :

UK : : 610 345 475 440

IS 570 230 590 235 555 245

NO 460 195 470 200 620 305

CH 515 350 610 405 605 405

Municipal waste generated per capita (Kg / capita)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

EL E NL P FIN S NO CH

Mid 80s End 80s Mid 90s

(Kg / capita)

Municipal waste generated per capita in selected countries

1) Mid 90s, refers to the latest year available

Environment Statistics Pocketbook 2000 �12

1.1 Municipal waste

Composition of municipal waste

1) Mid 90s refers to the latest year available 4) mid 80s2) household waste3) including separate collection

Total amount

treated 4)of which:Recycled

of which:Composted

End 80s Mid 90s 1) End 80s Mid 90s 1) End 80s Mid 90s 1)

EU-15 : : : : : :

B 2) : : 290 850 3) 210 540

DK : : 240 390 200 430D 55 000 40 000 1 200 1 400 1 400 2 200EL 3 000 3 200 180 : : :E : : : : 2 600 2 400F : : 740 390 1 300 1 700IRL : 1 000 80 50 : :I : : : : : 2 500L : 380 : 180 : 20NL : : 580 1 500 480 2 300A 4 800 5 300 400 880 310 1 700P : : : : : 190FIN : 2 100 600 : 50 :S 3 200 3 200 400 500 100 100UK : : : : : :

IS : 150 10 20 : :

NO : : 250 670 20 40CH : : 1 700 1 100 250 370

Treatment and disposal methods of municipal waste

1) Mid 90s refers to the latest year available 2) End 80s Flanders only3) Brussels and Flanders only4) Total amounts treated = municipal waste collected - exports + imports

Total amount(1 000 t) Paper�.3) Textiles3) Plastics3)

End 80s Mid 90s1) End 80s Mid 90s1) End 80s Mid 90s1) End 80s Mid 90s1)

EU-15 : : : : : : : :

B : : : : : : : :

DK2) 1 900 4) : 22 : 5 : 4 :D : : : : : : : :EL 3 000 3 900 22 18 4 4 11 10E 13 000 15 000 20 21 2 5 7 11

F2) 20 000 25 000 30 25 2 3 10 14

IRL2) : 1 300 : 23 : 3 : 10I : : : : : : : :

L2) : 100 : 19 : 2 : 8

NL2) 6 200 7 500 : 27 : 2 : 5

A2) 2 500 2 800 28 24 3 3 8 15P : : : : : : : :FIN 3 100 2 100 37 33 1 2 5 3S 3 200 3 200 44 : 2 : 7 :UK : : : : : : : :

IS : : : : : : : :

NO : 2 700 : 36 : 4 : 9CH 4 100 4 200 29 29 2 2 15 15


1.1 Municipal waste

(%)

(1 000 t)

of which:Incinerated

of which:Landfilled

of which :non-controlled

LandfillOther


: : : : : : : : EU-15

840 1 400 10 000 1 800 : : : : B1 400 1 600 480 340 : : : 10 DK8 300 8 600 44 000 28 000 : : : : D

: : 3 000 : 1 300 : : : EL610 710 9 400 12 000 3 300 1 800 : : E

7 600 10 000 9 500 9 600 : : 1 200 90 F: : 1 200 980 : : : : IRL: 1 800 : 21 000 : : : : I

140 120 : 80 : : : : L2 500 2 700 3 600 1 700 : : 20 : NL

310 500 3 600 2 600 : : : : A: : : 3 600 : : : : P

50 50 2 400 : : : : : FIN1 300 1 300 1 400 1 200 : : : : S

: : : : : : : : UK10 20 110 110 40 10 20 10 IS

370 460 1 700 1 900 100 : : : NO2 300 2 000 580 620 60 30 : : CH

Glass3) Metals3) Food3) Other3)


: : : : : : : : EU-15

: : : : : : : : B

2 : 3 : 55 : 9 : DK: : : : : : : : D4 3 4 3 49 51 8 11 EL8 7 4 4 49 44 10 8 E

12 13 6 4 25 29 15 15 F: 6 : 3 : 34 : 21 IRL: : : : : : : : I: 7 : 3 : 43 : 17 L: 6 : 2 : 39 : 18 NL8 9 7 7 27 29 2 1 A: : : : : : : : P2 2 3 5 40 33 12 35 FIN8 : 2 64 30 : 7 : S: : : : : : : : UK

: : : : : : : : IS

: 3 : 4 : 30 : 14 NO3 3 3 3 22 38 26 10 CH


Treatment and disposal of hazardous waste (1 000 t)

1) Mid 90s refers to the latest year available 2) Flanders only

Total hazardous waste generated (national classification) (1 000 t)

1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

EU-15 : : : : : : :

B1) : : : 1 000 1 100 1 500 1 600

DK : : : 190 250 270 250D 13 000 : 10 000 : : : :EL 450 450 400 400 350 : :E 1 700 2 000 2 500 3 000 3 400 : :F 7 000 : : : : : :IRL : : : : 250 : :I : : : : : : :L 120 100 90 80 200 160 140NL 1 000 1 400 880 840 980 930 :A 300 400 480 510 580 600 :P : : : : : : :FIN 310 2) 560 : : : : :

S3) 150 : : 140 : : :UK : 2 500 2 100 : : : :

IS : : : : : : :

NO : : : 500 600 600 640CH : 840 720 870 860 890 :1) Flanders only 2) Data from 1987 3) Basel classificationNOTE: Figures are not comparable among countries, since national classifications are

different

1.2 Hazardous waste

Physico/chemical treatment

Thermaltreatment

Recoveryoperations

Landfill

End 80s Mid 90s 1) End 80s Mid 90s 1) End 80s Mid 90s 1) End 80s Mid 90s 1)

EU-15 : : : : : : : :

B 2) 567 : 151 : 622 : 745

DK : : : 107 : 100 : 47D : : 2441 : : : 4626 :EL : 12 : 1 121 100 : 226E 448 : 306 : 974 :F 377 319 899 1288 : : 658 693IRL : 7 : 50 : 103 : 5I 39 : 112 : 125 284 643L : 0.5 : : 42 116 17NL 116 258 180 156 38 91 270 89A 60 106 : : : :P : : : : : : : :FIN : : 44 : : 23 :S : : : : : : : :UK : : 158 : : 1490 :

IS : : : : : : : :

NO 2 10 3 19 30 : 7 :

CH 208 246 252 298 112 47 159 173

�

2WATER

A wide range of human activities affects water availability and qualityespecially in areas of high population density, concentrated industrialactivity and intense agriculture. Water availability is mainly a problem insouthern countries, where water reserves are limited and large amountsare used for irrigation. Water quality is affected by industrial production,animal husbandry, arable farming, household discharges, etc. Effectivewaste water treatment is essential to reduce pollution.

The EU Fifth Environmental Action Program (1993-2000) lists thefollowing targets for the year 2000:

The prevention of over-exploitation of ground water and surface waterfor drinking water or industrial or other purposesThe prevention of the pollution of ground water from any sourcesA better ecological quality of surface and marine water

The future Water Framework Directive, with its combinedemission/immission approach to water pollution control, aims to achieve'good status' for both surface and ground water by 2010, by:

Setting emission limits for all discharges and other relevant sourcesof pollution, such as agriculture, urban domestic waste water, andindustrial waste waterSetting quality standards to ensure that those controlled dischargesand other relevant sources of pollution will not adversely affect thewater quality but will result in good status of water.

The following tables give information on the availability and use of water,and on waste water treatment.

Environment Statistics Pocketbook 20001616

Water resources: long term annual average (Mio m3)

Fresh water abstraction (Mio m3) (%)

Totalas % of renewable fresh

water resources

1985 1990 1992 1995 1997 1985 1990 1992 1995 1997

B : : : 8 148 7 449 * : : : 49.4 45.0 DK 1 705 1 200 : 887 961 * 27.9 19.6 : 14.5 16.0 D : : 46 272 * 43 374 : : : 26.0 24.4 : EL : 7 835 8 038 7 732 8 461 : 12.0 12.3 11.8 13.0 E 46 250 36 900 * 30 750 * 33 300 40 855 41.7 33.2 27.7 30.0 35.1 F 34 887 37 686 39 218 40 670 * : 20.5 22.2 23.1 23.9 : IRL1) : : : 1 176 * : : : : 2.3 : I 52 000 56 200 * : : : 29.7 32.1 : : : L 67 59 * : 57 : 4.1 3.6 : 3.5 : NL 9 348 7 800 7 798 * : 4 425 * 10.3 8.6 8.6 : 4.9 A 3 268 3 634 3 185 3 333 3 529 3.9 4.3 3.8 4.0 4.2 P : 7 288 * : : : : 10.0 : : : FIN 4 000 2 347 2 212 2 430 * : 3.6 2.1 2.0 2.2 : S 2 970 2 968 2 973 2 709 : 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.5 :UK2) 12 947 14 237 16 485 12 118 13 530 8.8 9.7 11.2 8.2 9.0

IS 103 : 164 164 159 0.1 : 0.1 0.1 0.1 NO 2 025 : : 2 588 * : 0.5 : : 0.7 :

2.1 Water use

1) 1985 data refer to 19802) England and Wales only* Data refer to the closest year available (limit +/- 1 year)

�

Rain

Evapo- transpira-

tion

Internal resources

(1 - 2) Inflow Outflow

Renewableresources

(3 + 4)

1 2 3 4 5 6

EU-15 3 321 892 1 578 787 1 743 105 279 265 1 857 404 2 022 370

B 27 100 14 700 12 400 4 100 8 400 16 500 DK 28 761 22 646 6 115 0 6 000 6 115 D 278 000 171 000 107 000 71 000 178 000 178 000 EL 115 000 63 000 52 000 13 500 - 65 500 E 346 000 235 000 111 000 0 80 825 111 000 F 480 000 321 000 159 000 11 000 168 000 170 000 IRL 80 825 31 627 49 198 3 000 40 000 52 198 I 296 000 129 000 167 000 8 000 155 000 175 000 L 2 030 1 125 905 739 1 600 1 644 NL 30 100 19 500 10 600 80 400 86 000 91 000 A 98 000 43 000 55 000 29 000 84 000 84 000 P 81 456 43 572 37 884 35 000 34 000 72 884 FIN 222 000 115 000 107 000 3 200 110 000 110 200 S 314 975 144 000 170 975 7 025 178 000 178 000 UK 263 645 118 617 145 028 2 301 164 579 147 329

IS 200 000 30 000 170 000 0 170 000 170 000

NO 458 000 76 000 382 000 11 000 393 000 393 000


Fresh water abstraction by major activity (Mio m3)

Latestyear Total

Public water supply Agriculture Industry

Productionof electricity

(cooling) Other

B 1996 7 449 740 15 1 465 4 027 1 202 DK 1996 961 514 360 53 : 34

D 1995 43 374 5 810 616 6 041 27 777 3 129 1)

EL 1997 8 461 861 7 600 : : : E 1997 40 855 5 393 27 863 1 920 5 679 : F 1994 40 670 5 931 4 971 3 954 25 814 : IRL 1994 1 176 470 179 250 277 : I 1991 56 200 : : : : : L 1995 57 42 0 14 : 1 NL 1996 4 425 1 267 : 740 2 411 6 A 1997 3 529 604 68 1 286 1 571 : P 1989 7 288 578 3 836 190 2 684 : FIN 1994 2 430 419 : 1 611 375 25 S 1995 2 709 937 174 1 440 69 89

UK2) 1997 13 530 6 140 1 682 1 045 148 4 515

IS 1997 159 77 70 10 0 2 NO 1994 2 588 1 100 170 1 308 0 10

1) Includes mining and quarrying2) Data refer to England and Wales; Other includes abstractions for hydro-electric power

generation

16.8%

26.8%

11.3%

5.1%

40.0%

Public water supply

Production of electricity (cooling)

Agriculture

Industry

Other

Proportion of fresh water abstraction by major activityEU-15 1)

1) Without ItalyLast year available

2.1 Water use


Water abstraction per capita (m3 per capita)

2.1 Water use / 2.2 Waste water

1) England and Wales* Data refer to the closest year available (limit +/- 1 year)

1) Flanders and Wallonia only

NOTE: Public sewerage is generally the public piped system;non-public systems are generally buildings/ homes connected to cess-pit systems

Population connected to sewerage system (%)

Connected to publicsewerage system

Latest Year

Total

of which:public sewerage

treatment

B1)1996 73.4 31.8 26.6

DK 1996 87.5 87.5 12.5 D 1995 92.1 88.6 7.9 EL 1997 67.5 56.2 32.2 E 1995 : 48.3 : F 1995 79.0 77.0 21.0 IRL 1995 : 45.0 32.0 I : : : L 1995 87.5 87.5 12.5 NL 1996 98.0 97.4 2.0 A 1995 75.5 74.7 24.3 P 1994 : 20.7 39.3 FIN 1994 77.0 77.0 23.0 S 1995 93.0 93.0 7.0 UK 1996 96.0 88.0 4.0

IS 1995 90.0 4.0 10.0 NO 1996 80.0 67.0 20.0

Not connected to public sewerage

system

1985 1990 1992 1995 1997

B : : : 804 734 * DK 334 234 : 170 183 * D : : 580 * 532 : EL : 774 781 740 807 E 1 206 950 787 * 850 1 040 F 633 666 685 704 * : IRL : : : 328 * : I 919 991 * : : : L 183 156 : 140 : NL 647 524 520 * : 286 * A 431 473 405 415 437 P : 735 : : : FIN 817 472 440 479 * : S 356 348 344 307 :

UK1) 229 248 285 207 230

IS 428 : 631 614 589 N 488 : : 468 :


2.2 Waste water

Municipal waste water treatment plants

1) Flanders and Wallonia 2)1990 data refers to 19873) England and Wales 4) Data refers to the closest year available (limit +/- 1 year)5) i.e. inhabitant equivalent

Disposal of sewage sludge from public sewage treatment

Year

Total production(dry weight)

Agricul-tural use Composted Landfill Incineration Other 2)

(1 000 t) (% of sewage sludge disposal) B1)

1996 80 35 : 29 : 36

DK 1996 162 67 : 13 20 :

D 1995 2 642 44 8 18 10 19

EL 1997 38 : : : : :

E 1994 404 0 51 38 3 8

F 1995 900 : : : : :

IRL 1995 29 12 : 42 : 46

I 1990 816 33 : 55 2 10

L 1984 15 71 11 19 : :

NL 1996 364 0 18 48 28 6

A2)1997 216 20 : 22 32 26

P 1992 25 11 : 29 : 60

FIN 1994 158 33 22 27 : 18

S 1995 190 36 17 47 : :

UK3)1996 942 52 : 10 9 29

1) Flanders and Wallonia.2) Includes composted and dumped at sea.3) England and Wales.

Number Design capacity - 1000 i.e 5)

1990 1992 1995 1997 1990 1992 1995 1997

B1) : : 323 348 : : 5 878 6 264

DK 1 948 1 856 1 675 1 634 13 000 13 000 13 100 13 400

D 9 935 4) : 10 273 : 160 951 4) : 155 311 :

EL 74 4) 74 99 140 4) : : : :

E 1 850 4) : 1 754 : 46 585 4) : : :

F 9 936 11 310 : : 68 400 69 700 : :

IRL 685 4) 524 4) 685 4) : : : : : I2) 5 295 8 467 4) : : : : : :

L 300 4) 305 4) 325 : 789 4) 791 4) : :

NL 473 454 423 421 23 730 23 999 24 388 24 637

A : : 1 230 : : : 17 365 :

P 324 : : : : : : :

FIN : 475 545 4) : : : : :

S 1 305 1 289 1 273 : : : : : UK3) 6 330 6 298 6 197 6 210 : : : :

IS : : 25 : : : : : NO 2 145 2 185 2 216 2 245 4 106 4 858 5 227 5 356

�

3AIR POLLUTION

AND CLIMATE CHANGE

There are four main areas of concern related to air emissions:

The increase of greenhouse gases (mainly CO2, CH4, N2O,) in theatmosphere leads to an increase of the global temperature, withpotential impact on the climatepollutants such as sulphur dioxides (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) andammonia (NH3) increase acidification of soil and water and damagebuildingsHuman and animal health is affected directly through highconcentrations of particles and non-methane volatile organiccompounds (NMVOCs) and indirectly through so-called ozone-precursors (NMVOCs, NOX, CH4 and CO), responsible for high ozoneconcentrations in the troposphereThe ozone layer in the stratosphere, responsible for filtering outharmful UV rays contained in the sunlight, is depleted by artificialgases such as halons, CFCs and HCFCs.

International and EU bodies have addressed these concerns by settingclear targets for reduction of air emissions:

Under the Kyoto protocol of the UN Framework Convention forClimate Change (1997), the EU agreed to reduce emissions ofgreenhouse gases by 8% by 2008-2012 compared with 1990 levels.In 1999, a new protocol of the Long Range Transboundary AirPollution (LRTAP) Convention on the reduction of pollutants wassigned. The reduction targets from 1990 levels are 75% for SO2, 50%for NOX, 58% for NMVOCs and 12% for NH3 by 2010. The earlierreduction targets referred to 62% for SO2 by 2000 from 1990 level,30% for NMVOCs by 1999 from 1988 level, and stabilisation to 1987levels for NOX by 1994. In the 5th Environmental Action Program (5EAP), the EU setreduction targets of 35 % for SO2 by 2000 compared to 1985, of 30%for NOX by 2000 compared to 1990, and of 30% for NMVOC by 1999compared to 1990.The 1987 Montreal Protocol required the use of halons to be phasedout by 1994, CFCs by 2010. In the EU, halons have been completelyphased out, and the production and consumption of CFCs are limitedto essential (medical and laboratory) uses. Production of HCFCs,which are viewed as a transitional alternative to CFCs, should bephased out between 2008 and 2025.

Figures on the following pages show that objectives for the reduction ofSO2 emissions are likely to be met, and the production and consumptionof CFCs have been considerably reduced. For CO2 and NOX, furtherefforts will be necessary to meet the objectives.


3.1 Emissios of CO2

1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Change1990-1997

EU-15 2 988 3 078 3 113 3 065 3 014 3 000 3 049 3 135 3 058 -0.6

B 99 105 110 110 107 111 111 117 116 10.7Dk 61 53 62 57 59 63 60 74 64 21.3D 991 943 919 877 870 857 864 872 831 -11.9EL 57 71 71 73 73 76 78 82 83 16.7E 178 204 216 225 211 223 228 227 243 19.1F 360 354 369 363 350 336 347 365 359 1.3IRL 26 30 30 31 31 32 33 35 36 21.9I 339 391 390 389 386 382 405 401 402 2.9L 10 11 11 11 11 11 9 9 8 -20.4NL 141 153 157 158 164 161 167 178 169 10.5A 51 55 59 54 54 54 57 60 59 8.2P 25 39 41 45 44 44 48 46 48 22.7FIN 47 52 51 52 55 59 56 60 59 13.6S 58 51 50 51 51 54 54 58 52 1.9UK 545 568 577 569 547 538 532 552 530 -6.7

Total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2)from fossil fuels (Mio t) (%)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97

CO2 emissions from fossil fuels in the EU-15(1990 = 100)

UNFCCC 2008-2012 target


3.2 Emissios of SO2

1980 1985 1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Change1980-latest year

EU-152)26 752 20 132 16 526 12 530 11 394 10 541 9 624 9 441 -64.7

B 828 400 320 289 251 245 240 : -71.0

DK 454 363 217 163 161 150 180 109 -75.9

D1): : 5 321 2 945 2 473 2 118 1 543 1 468 :

EL 400 500 509 550 531 553 543 507 26.8

E 3 073 2 574 2 266 2 062 2 066 1 927 : : -37.3

F 3 348 1 451 1 252 1 062 1 010 959 947 : -71.7

IRL 222 141 178 157 177 161 147 165 -25.8

I 3 757 1 901 1 651 1 333 1 271 1 322 : : -64.8

L 24 17 14 15 13 9 8 6 -75.0

NL 495 254 202 163 146 145 135 125 -74.8

A 400 195 91 60 56 52 52 57 -85.7

P 266 199 344 340 321 359 : : 35.2

FIN 584 382 260 122 115 96 105 100 -82.8

S 508 266 136 102 97 94 99 91 -82.1

UK 4 894 3 759 3 764 3 166 2 705 2 351 2 028 : -58.6

ISL 8 8 8 9 8 8 9 9 9.6

NO 137 98 53 35 34 34 33 30 -77.9

CH 116 76 43 33 31 34 34 33 -72.0

(1 000 t)

1) Provisional data from: 1994 to 19972) Includes provisional Eurostat estimates.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

80 81 82 83 84 85 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97

LRTAP 2000 target

EU-15

(%)

SO2 emissions in the EU-15 1)

(1980 = 100)

1) Includes provisional Eurostat estimates.

LRTAP 1993 target

(%)

LRTAP 2010 target

Total man-made emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO2)


1980 1985 1990 1994 1995 1996 1997


EU-152)12 912 12 368 13 339 11 950 11 631 11 429 11 254 -12.8

B 442 325 343 346 341 334 : -24.5DK 273 298 282 270 252 288 248 -9.2

D1): : 2 709 2 042 2 007 1 887 1 803 :

EL 217 308 343 360 358 374 369 70.1E 1 056 950 1 177 1 240 1 243 : : 17.7F 1 646 1 400 1 886 1 749 1 729 1 698 : 3.2IRL 83 85 116 117 115 121 124 49.9I 1 638 1 614 1 938 1 789 1 768 : : 7.9L 23 22 23 23 20 20 20 -13.0NL 584 581 579 510 498 475 445 -23.9A 231 220 194 184 170 162 172 -25.7P 165 : 309 357 373 : : 125.9FIN 295 275 300 282 258 268 260 -11.9S 448 : 388 384 354 358 337 -24.8UK 2 460 2 398 2 752 2 297 2 145 2 060 : -16.3

IS 21 21 26 29 28 30 29 34.7NO 188 210 218 212 212 220 222 18.1CH 170 179 166 140 136 132 129 -24.1

Total man-made emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOX) (1 000 t)

1) Provisional data for 1994-19972) Includes provisional Eurostat estimates.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

80 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97

NOX emissions in the EU-15 1)

(1990 = 100)(%)


5EAP 2000 target

EU-15

LRTAP 1994 target

3.3 Emissions of NOX

(%)

LRTAP 2010 target


1988 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997


EU-152)14 962 15 204 14 335 13 792 13 523 13 023 12 646 12575 -16

B : 338 : : 316 302 : : -11

DK 172 160 151 142 146 141 136 149 -13

D1): 3 225 2 540 2 327 2 158 1 986 1 877 1 807 -44

EL : 373 379 381 389 397 409 442 18E 1 048 1 133 1 210 1 199 1 199 1 162 : : 11F : 2 911 2 820 2 687 2 653 2 574 2 450 : -16

IRL : 197 199 202 175 176 103 105 -47

I 2 124 2 213 2 338 2 344 2 349 2 368 : : 12L : 20 : 18 19 18 18 18 -10

NL 495 500 436 403 388 367 355 333 -33A 492 474 420 408 397 391 384 : -22P 156 293 322 326 343 344 : : 121FIN 208 209 171 162 158 152 182 : -13S 555 527 502 : : : 445 418 -25UK 2 640 2 632 2 489 2 375 2 331 2 200 2 111 : -20

IS 13 13 14 14 14 12 12 10 -22NO 248 310 331 347 358 370 368 359 45CH 305 292 256 239 226 211 203 195 -36

Total man-made emissions of NMVOCs 3) (1 000 t)

1) Provisional data for 1994-19972) Includes provisional Eurostat estimates.3) Non-methane volatile organic compounds

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97

EU-15

NMVOC emissions in the EU-15 1)

(1988 = 100)

(%)


3.4 Emissions of NMVOCs

(%)

LRTAP 1999 target

LRTAP 2010 target


1980 1985 1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997


EU-152)50 321 44 593 42 299 41 036 40 260 39 748 -21

B : : 1 446 : 1 479 1 434 : : -1DK 956 903 705 638 624 595 598 557 -21

D1): : 11 219 7 703 7 054 6 886 6 717 6 374 -43

EL : : 1 338 1 288 1 296 1 318 1 334 1 375 3E 4 328 4 233 4 752 4 802 4 645 4 372 : : -8F 9 316 8 399 10 450 9 576 8 887 8 514 8 253 : -21IRL 497 456 431 416 333 306 307 333 -23I 7 588 7 692 7 824 7 755 7 549 7 755 : : -1L : 240 171 219 145 105 101 82 -52NL 1 516 1 316 1 197 959 906 909 886 826 -31A 1 654 1 480 1 286 1 158 1 133 1 055 993 : -23P : : 1 042 1 259 1 295 1 320 : : 27FIN 660 : 556 457 443 436 461 : -17S 1 450 : 1 217 1 154 1 148 1 094 1 085 968 -20UK 7 093 6 768 6 687 5 730 5 363 4 939 4 645 : -31

IS 44 45 58 60 60 49 50 39 -33NO 866 886 856 781 766 728 695 656 -23CH 1 280 990 707 578 549 510 490 469 -34

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Total man-made emissions of carbon monoxide (CO)(1 000 t)

1) Provisional data for 1994-19972) Includes provisional Eurostat estimates.

(%)

CO emissions in the EU-15 1)

(1990 = 100)


3.5 Emissions of CO

(%)


3.6 CFCs / Halons

EU 12 EU 15

1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

EC production 429.3 284.3 259.4 230.6 198.5 90.5 30.5 33.1

EC sales 307.4 183.8 163.0 137.1 119.9 49.8 6.1 5.7

EC exports 123.3 105.8 99.9 97.4 85.9 43.4 31.9 27.1

EC imports 3.0 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 1.3 0.1

EU 12 EU 15

1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

EC production 19.1 11.6 10.7 6.8 3.5 0 0 0

EC sales 9.1 7.5 6.2 4.6 2.7 0 0 0

EC exports 8.8 4.8 5.9 3.4 1.5 0 0 0

EC imports 0.1 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.2 0 0 0

Production and consumption ofCFC-11, 12, 113, 114, 115 (1 000 t)

Production and consumption ofHalon-1211, 1301, 2402 (1 000 t)

Source: DG Environment

Source: DG Environment

�

4AGRICULTURE

AND FORESTRY

That farmland and forests account for 44% and 32% of all Europe�sterritory, makes it clear that a strong link exists between the environmentand agriculture/ forestry.

On the one hand, crop yields can be heavily affected by environmentalproblems, such as atmospheric pollution (acid rain) or climate change.

On the other hand, agriculture may heavily affect the environment:

intensive use of fertilisers and spreading of animal manure results innitrate leaching to ground water and run-off to surface water;over-use of pesticides has a negative impact on biodiversity andincreases the risk of pesticides finding their way into drinking waterand the food chain; animal husbandry produces emissions of methane, a greenhousegas, and ammonia;intensive irrigation can lead to salination of soils, lowering of watertables and can have a negative impact on flora and fauna.Monoculture in both agriculture and forestry reduces biodiversity

The Common Agricultural Policy today intends to reconcile the needs ofthe producers with environmental protection. First steps have alreadybeen taken, as for example compensation for less intensive use of landand for less intensive husbandry of cattle and sheep, for thetransformation of arable land and pasture into meadows, for thesafeguarding of biotopes, and for reforestation.

The following tables show information on land distribution and onwoodland evolution. The tables on the use of fertilisers and of the salesof pesticides show a slight increase in the EU-15 between 1992 and1997.


Evolution of land use

4.1 Land use

Total Arable Land Permanent Grassland Permanent Crop

By 1970s By end 90 By 1970s By end 90 By 1970s By end 90

B 3 052 804 853 742 511 22 21DK 4 309 2 650 2 532 299 167 16 7D 1)

35 703 7 539 11 879 5 500 5 265 203 212EL 13 196 : 2 250 1 789 1 789 : 1 098E 50 599 15 690 13 627 9 260 10 467 4 868 4 748F 54 398 16 508 18 362 14 093 10 422 1 662 1 155IRL 7 030 982 1 038 3 809 3 393 3 2I 30 132 11 321 9 030 5 166 4 349 3 168 3 323L 257 64 61 69 64 1 1NL 4 153 824 953 1 326 952 50 33A 8 386 : 1 386 : 1 943 : 73P 9 191 : 2 055 : 903 : 759FIN 33 815 : 2 166 : 22 : 3S 44 996 : 2 734 : 369 : 3UK 24 410 7 109 6 322 11 637 9 615 91 39

24%

16%

4%

35%

21%

arable land Permanent grassland

Land under permanent crops Wooded area

Other area

Land use by main category in the EU-15 1)

1997

1) Eurostat estimates

1) 1970 figures exclude former GDR


(1 000 ha)

4.1 Land use

Wooded Area Other Areas Inland Waters

By 1970s By end 90 By 1970s By end 90 By 1970s By end 90

613 617 813 1 028 27 27 B472 445 796 1 062 70 70 DK

7 170 10 491 3 661 7 301 443 780 D5 755 2 940 : 4 828 312 312 EL

14 200 15 915 5 977 5 281 480 577 E14 448 15 116 7 312 8 483 604 645 F

274 327 1 821 2 172 139 139 IRL5 843 6 434 3 851 5 685 719 720 I

83 88 39 41 1 1 L294 330 875 1 633 284 342 NL

: 3 274 : 1 578 : 111 A: 3 108 : 2 296 : 44 P: 23 186 : 5 113 : 3 355 FIN: 22 323 : 15 716 : 3 835 S

1 882 2 430 3 357 4 413 308 328 UK


Total Land Woodlands

Area Mid 50s Mid 60s Mid 70s Mid 80s Mid 90s Change

B 3 052 596 607 613 617 617 3.5DK 4 309 438 472 472 493 445 1.8

D1)35 703 7 046 7 182 7 162 7 360 | 10 491 48.9

EL 13 196 : : 5 755 5 755 | 2 940 -48.9E 50 599 : 13 400 14 944 12 511 15 915 18.8F 54 398 11 469 12 367 14 576 14 618 15 042 31.1IRL 7 030 139 230 298 327 327 134.7I 30 132 5 363 5 757 6 015 6 086 6 434 20.0L 257 86 83 83 89 88 2.0NL 4 153 239 284 304 293 330 38.2A 8 386 : : : 3 221 3 289 2.1P 9 191 : : : 2 968 3 108 4.7FIN 33 815 : : : 23 186 23 186 0.0S 44 996 : : : : 22 323 :UK 24 410 1 613 1 804 2 020 2 273 2 297 42.4

4.1 Land use

ChangeMid 50s

Mid 50s Mid 60s Mid 70s Mid 80s Mid 90s to Mid 90s

B 19.5 19.9 20.1 20.2 20.2 3.5DK 10.2 11.0 11.0 11.4 10.3 1.8

D1)28.2 28.8 28.7 29.5 | 29.4 4.1

EL : : 43.6 43.6 | 22.3 -48.9E : 26.5 29.5 24.7 31.5 18.8F 21.1 22.7 26.8 26.9 27.7 31.1IRL 2.0 3.3 4.2 4.7 4.7 134.7I 17.8 19.1 20.0 20.2 21.4 20.0L 33.6 32.3 32.2 34.5 34.3 2.0NL 5.8 6.8 7.3 7.1 8.0 38.2A : : : 38.4 39.2 2.1P : : : 32.3 33.8 4.7FIN : : : 68.6 68.6 :S : : : : 49.6 :UK 6.6 7.4 8.3 9.3 9.4 42.4

Woodland evolution as % of total area

Evolution of woodlands (%)

(%)

(1 000 ha)

1) Until 1990 total area was 24 961 (excluding former GDR)

1) Until 1990 excluding former GDR


Consumption of fertilizers (1 000 t)

4.2 Fertilizers and Pesticides

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

Nitrogen Phosphate Potash Total

1992 1997 1992 1997 1992 1997 1992 1997

EU 15 9 058 9 663 3 687 3 665 3 945 4 145 16 690 17 473

B 155 157 51 47 98 87 304 291DK 333 291 64 52 109 102 506 445D 1 680 1 788 490 409 673 659 2 843 2 856EL 393 307 178 134 53 65 624 506E 817 1 042 423 540 330 479 1 570 2 061F 2 154 2 518 1 029 1 120 1 348 1 434 4 531 5 072IRL 353 395 137 128 175 152 665 675I 910 915 613 522 397 404 1 920 1 841L 1) 18 19 4 5 6 5 28 29NL 390 370 68 67 82 64 540 501A 124 112 65 56 78 64 267 232P 127 116 77 75 36 48 240 239FIN 174 175 82 56 90 78 346 309S 211 207 46 50 50 54 307 311UK 1 219 1 251 360 404 420 450 1 999 2 105

IS 14 12 5 4 4 3 23 19NO 109 111 31 34 60 63 200 208CH 64 60 36 18 58 30 158 108

EU

-15

NO

UKS

FINPA

NLLI

IRLFEELD

DKB

(%)

Percentage change in fertilizer use1992-1997

1) EUROSTAT estimatesSource: FAO


Sales of pesticides (tonnes of active ingredients)

4.2 Fertilizers and Pesticides

1) 1992 data is from 19932) 1997 data is from 1996Source: EUROSTAT

0

20 000

40 000

60 000

80 000

100 000

120 000

140 000

160 000

fungicides herbicides insecticides other

Sales of pesticides in the EU-15

Fungicides Herbicides Insecticides Other

1992 1997 1992 1997 1992 1997 1992 1997

EU 15 123 693 139 710 104 717 113 771 41 852 38 287 25 329 25 873

B 2) 3 292 2 402 5 120 5 953 1 269 1 199 745 849

DK 1 333 794 2 824 2 726 128 51 281 104

D 9 368 9 397 15 707 16 485 4 094 4 696 4 401 4 069

EL 2 670 3 104 2 130 2 116 2 290 2 436 1 300 1 378

E 10 248 11 299 12 003 9 153 6 742 9 944 2 846 3 627

F 44 786 64 050 27 281 33 576 6 110 6 074 6 532 6 092

IRL 2) 663 750 1 251 1 126 144 76 264 616

I 2) 33 737 25 074 10 032 9 888 11 025 8 992 4 054 4 096

L 1)160 182 115 121 9 9 17 20

NL 4 192 4 356 2 987 2 984 7 319 1 982 1 423 1 075

A 1 483 1 688 1 859 1 601 143 96 412 304

P 3 932 9 397 1 192 1 769 754 916 239 668

FIN 194 154 1 007 734 92 47 117 80

S 516 262 937 1 303 29 15 29 28

UK 7 119 6 801 20 272 24 236 1 704 1 754 2 669 2 867

(t)

�

5TRANSPORT

The rapid increase in transport over recent years has been largelydriven by economic growth and the removal of barriers to the freemovement of goods and persons. Changes in industrial and commercialpractices, such as just-in-time delivery and out-of-town shoppingcentres, have also increased the dependence on road transport for bothfreight and persons. Higher incomes and lower real fuel prices have alsobeen a factor in the high growth of air and road transport.

A number of environmental problems are linked with transport,especially:

Emissions of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxidePollutant emissions, such as nitrogen oxides, volatile organiccompounds, sulphur dioxide and particulatesNoiseLand takeStress to wildlife through air pollution, noise and the fragmentation oftheir habitats

The EU and its Member States have made considerable efforts toreduce air emissions from transport (for example by introducing catalyticconverters and phasing out leaded petrol). As a consequence, theemissions of some pollutants (e.g. nitrogen oxides and volatile organiccompounds) are beginning to show signs of decreasing in spite ofcontinuing traffic growth. Nevertheless, carbon dioxide emissions, whichare linked to consumption of petroleum products, are still increasing.


Car Rail Bus

1980 1990 1997 1980 1990 1997 1980 1990 1997

EU15 79.2 83.4 84.9 9.0 7.2 6.3 11.8 9.3 8.8

B 80.3 82.3 83.3 8.6 6.7 6.2 11.1 11.1 10.5DK 76.3 78.9 79.8 9.0 7.4 6.3 14.6 13.7 13.9D 75.1 81.9 84.9 11.7 9.3 7.3 13.2 8.8 7.8EL 61.8 71.2 74.0 3.3 2.9 2.2 34.9 25.9 23.8E 81.5 84.9 85.1 6.4 5.0 4.2 12.1 10.0 10.7F 83.3 84.8 86.9 10.1 9.2 7.8 6.6 6.0 5.3IRL 83.4 87.7 86.7 3.1 3.0 2.7 13.5 9.3 10.6I 76.3 79.8 81.9 10.1 7.4 6.7 13.6 12.8 11.4L 83.2 86.8 87.4 7.6 4.5 5.4 9.2 8.7 7.3NL 82.9 85.0 83.9 6.9 6.9 8.0 10.2 8.1 8.0A 73.3 78.2 76.3 11.6 10.9 9.5 15.0 10.9 14.2P 75.0 80.3 86.1 11.1 7.0 3.6 13.9 12.7 10.3FIN 74.3 81.2 81.9 7.1 5.3 5.4 18.6 13.5 12.7S 82.1 85.6 85.5 8.9 5.9 5.9 9.0 8.6 8.6UK 82.8 88.3 89.1 6.4 4.9 4.8 10.9 6.8 6.1

5.1 Transport

Passenger transport (km per capita)

Car Rail Bus

1980 1990 1997 1980 1990 1997 1980 1990 1997

EU15 6 568 9 061 10 128 747 787 755 977 1 014 1 050

B 6 639 8 102 9 259 707 656 688 922 1 089 1 172DK 7 437 10 445 12 445 881 984 988 1 425 1 809 2 166D 6 560 8 607 9 030 1 023 981 780 1 149 921 829EL 2 867 4 811 6 146 152 195 180 1 620 1 747 1 976E 5 053 7 238 8 913 397 430 441 752 856 1 120F 8 398 10 329 11 691 1 014 1 124 1 051 668 728 717IRL 8 195 10 359 12 162 303 350 378 1 323 1 102 1 486I 5 742 9 211 11 012 761 851 906 1 025 1 481 1 532L 7 418 10 471 11 566 676 545 711 824 1 047 964NL 7 569 9 109 9 692 628 740 925 933 869 929A 6 332 8 085 8 312 1 005 1 131 1 032 1 298 1 127 1 551P 4 198 6 581 10 977 622 573 459 778 1 043 1 319FIN 7 092 10 269 10 049 673 668 659 1 778 1 705 1 561S 8 026 10 515 10 587 866 723 730 878 1 052 1 063UK 7 030 10 454 10 720 540 582 583 923 801 732

Share of kilometres travelled by means of transport (%)

Source: DG Transport/ Eurostat



1980 1990 1997

of which: of which: of which:

byroad

byrail

byroad

byrail

byroad

byrail

EU 15 5 327 1 768 808 6 278 2 549 701 7 390 3 214 634

B 7 027 1 671 816 9 450 2 506 838 5 012 3 536 730

DK 5 328 2 215 319 6 345 2 660 339 3 809 2 782 308D 5 112 1 857 1 549 5 300 2 303 1 282 5 483 3 678 886EL 5 899 759 84 6 693 1 071 60 1 602 1 572 30E 3 581 1 288 292 4 806 2 031 299 2 905 2 446 292F 5 440 1 821 1 232 6 260 3 358 893 5 445 4 047 919IRL 3 517 1 473 183 4 169 1 463 168 1 645 1 502 143I 4 935 2 119 327 6 361 3 137 343 4 235 3 603 399L 4 303 1 571 1 826 5 835 3 344 1 611 6 570 4 513 1 344NL 9 374 1 642 240 10 472 2 124 205 5 917 2 883 218A 3 948 1 330 1 477 4 215 1 723 1 591 4 952 1 941 1 759P 2 982 1 025 102 3 731 1 229 147 1 583 1 357 226FIN 20 887 3 850 1 744 23 790 5 274 1 676 6 957 4 942 1 918S 7 140 2 570 2 003 8 115 3 098 2 232 5 901 3 742 2 159UK 4 778 1 651 313 5 897 2 311 274 3 068 2 589 287

Totalfreight

transport

Totalfreight

transport

Total freight

transport

5.1/ 5.2 Transport

Freight transport (Tkm per capita)

1990 1995 1998

Total inland delivery of

petrol

Inland delivery of lead-free

petrol


petrol


petrol


petrol


petrol

EU-15 113 182 38 461 116 213 78 046 117 628 91 270

B 2 731 685 2 834 1 946 2 512 2 085DK 1 609 910 1 914 1 913 2 031 2 031D 27 317 18 517 30 145 28 497 30 427 30 376EL 2 435 44 2 851 893 3 156 1 516E 7 994 70 8 878 2 283 9 018 4 286F 18 255 2 640 14 161 7 864 14 577 8 891IRL 885 166 1 038 585 1 306 1 105I 13 668 659 17 574 7 318 18 044 10 158L 411 123 514 408 541 486NL 3 479 1 682 4 024 3 398 4 107 4 097A 2 572 1 313 2 391 2 391 2 129 2 129P 1 367 24 1 882 678 2 040 1 096FIN 1 985 1 080 1 956 1 953 1 837 1 837S 4 168 2 291 4 262 4 263 4 019 4 019UK 24 306 8 256 21 789 13 656 21 884 17 158

Uptake of lead-free petrol (1 000 t)



5.3 Air emissions by transport

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

Total from fossils fuels 2 987.9 3 015.3 3 046.7 3 030.4 3 058.9 3 077.7

Total from transport 588.0 619.8 641.0 682.4 713.1 738.6

Road 501.0 526.7 546.0 581.8 605.6 626.7

Railways 11.1 10.8 10.6 9.8 9.4 8.9

Inland Navigation 13.3 16.9 15.5 15.4 18.7 20.6

Aviation 62.5 65.4 68.9 75.4 79.5 82.4

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Total from fossils fuels 3 113.1 3 064.6 3 014.2 3 000.0 3 049.4 3 135.2 3 058.4

Total from transport 747.9 772.4 789.5 792.6 803.2 825.4 841.5

Road 635.5 656.3 670.4 670.1 677.7 694.0 706.2

Railways 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.3 8.4 8.4 8.4

Inland Navigation 21.1 22.0 21.3 21.5 20.6 21.1 20.1

Aviation 82.6 85.4 89.1 92.8 96.5 101.9 106.8

Mio t

Mio t

1%2%

13%

84%

Railways Road

Aviation Inland navigation

CO2 emissions by transport mode (1997)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (cont.)


1980 1990 1997 2)

Totalemissions

Transportemissions

Totalemissions

Transportemissions

Totalemissions

Transportemissions

(1000 t) (% of Total) (1000 t) (% of Total) (1000 t) (% of Total)

EU-15 13 020 : 13 338 61 1) 11 254 63 1)

B 442 : 343 57 334 54DK 273 48 282 59 248 53

D : : 2 709 57 1 803 60 3)

EL 217 63 343 48 369 48E 1 056 57 1 177 62 1 243 60F 1 846 : 1 886 76 1 698 75

IRL 83 42 116 42 124 46 3)

I 1 638 51 1 938 59 1 768 64L 23 52 23 : 20 :NL 584 59 579 61 445 65A 231 49 194 58 172 57P 165 64 309 63 373 64FIN 295 61 300 67 260 66S 448 70 388 81 337 81UK 2 460 50 2 752 56 2 060 59

IS 21 94 26 95 29 94NO 188 77 218 78 222 75CH 170 74 166 73 129 72

1) EUROSTAT estimates2) or the latest year available3) Provisional data for 1997

NOX emissions by transport as share of total NOX emissions



1980 1990 1997 2)

Totalemissions

Transportemissions

Totalemissions

Transportemissions

Totalemissions

Transportemissions

(1000 t) (% of Total) (1000 t) (% of Total) (1000 t) (% of Total)

EU-15 : : 15 204 44 1) 12 576 41 1)

B : : 338 49 302 49DK 172 58 160 66 149 48

D : : 3 225 48 1 807 29 3)

EL : : 373 52 442 59E 1 048 42 1 133 43 1 162 42F : : 2 911 46 2 450 42

IRL : : 197 32 105 66 3)

I 2 124 51 2 213 52 2 368 55L : : 20 : 18 :NL 495 46 500 40 333 41A 492 24 474 20 384 14P 156 40 293 35 344 40FIN 208 : 209 182 29S 555 41 527 41 418 37UK 2 640 40 2 632 41 2 111 36

IS 13 77 13 78 10 71NO 248 40 310 31 359 21CH 305 : 292 35 195 30

1) EUROSTAT estimates2) or the latest year available3) Provisional data for 1997

NMVOC emissions by transport as share of total NMVOCemissions


�

6ENERGY

Energy is an essential ingredient for our well-being and economicdevelopment, but it is also a source of major concern for theenvironment. Energy is by far the most important source of the airpollutants NOX, SO2 and CO. The emission of the greenhouse gas CO2

is essentially due to combustion of fossil fuels.

The EU has launched several energy programmes, essentially toreduce dependence on fossil fuels and to limit CO2 emissions in orderto meet the Kyoto and EU objectives (see p.17). The main targets are toimprove energy efficiency (the SAVE programme) and to increase theshare of renewable energy (the ALTENER programme). A CO2 energytax has been introduced in some countries, in order to raise the price ofenergy and to increase the incentive for energy saving.


1985 1990 1995 1997

Total gross inland consumption1)1 240 782 1 314 198 1 362 611 1 406 908

Inland consumption of solid fuels1)316 183 301 152 237 773 221 822

Inland cons. of petroleum products 512 268 545 051 576 039 587 774

Inland consumption of gas 197 965 222 052 273 351 301 866

Inland consumption of nuclear energy 147 378 181 439 201 239 212 615

6.1 Gross Inland Consumption

Gross inland consumption (EU-15) (1 000 toe)

1) Provisional data for 1997

0

200

400

600

800

1 000

1 200

1 400

1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997

Solid fuelsPetroleum products

Gas Nuclear

Gross inland consumption, by fuel

(Mtoe)


1985 1990 1995 1997

Total production of renewable energies 65 454 61 915 72 484 81 457

Production of hydroelectrical energy 24 401 22 274 24 947 25 442

Production of wind energy 5 67 350 627

Production of solar energy 84 145 228 270

Porduction of geothermal energy 1 790 2 215 2 514 2 810

Production of energy from biomass/waste 39 173 39 600 44 446 52 308

-Production of energy from wood/wood waste : 35 064 38 709 45 289

-Production of energy from biogas : 768 1 195 1 546

-Production of energy from solid municipal waste 1) : 3 768 4 542 5 473

(1 000 toe)

6.2 Energy production

Total production of renewable energy (EU-15)

1) Provisional data for 1997

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997

Hydro Wind Solar Biomass Geothermal

Production from renewable energy source, by type

(Mtoe)


6.3 Emissions of CO2

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Total 3 078 3 113 3 065 3 014 3 000 3 049 3 135 3 058

Solid fuels 1 169 1 121 1 046 964 947 928 907 861

Liquid fuels 1 430 1 473 1 497 1 500 1 495 1 514 1 548 1 531

Natural gas 478 519 521 550 558 607 680 666

Total CO2 emissions from fossil fuels (EU-15) (Mio t)

0

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

3 000

3 500

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Solid fuels Liquid fuels Natural gas

CO2 emissions from fossil fuels

(Mio t)


6.4 Emissions of CO2

IndustryTransport

Households, commerce, public authorities, etc.

Transformation

0

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

3 000

3 500

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Total 3 077 3 113 3 064 3 014 3 000 3 049 3 135 3 058

Transformation 1 128 1 140 1 111 1 061 1 067 1 090 1 103 1 060

FEC 1)1 949 1 973 1 953 1 953 1 933 1 959 2 032 1 998

Industry 572 543 531 506 517 524 518 514

Transport 739 748 772 790 793 803 825 842

Households, etc. 639 682 650 657 624 631 689 642

CO2 emissions by sector (EU-15) (Mio t)

CO2 emissions by sector

(Mio t)

1) Final Energy Consumption

�

7GENERAL


7.1 Population

1960 1970 1980 1990 1997change

%

EU-15 316 207 107 340 200 571 355 268 049 364 509 001 374 061 897 18.3

B 9 118 700 9 637 800 9 846 800 9 967 379 10 181 246 11.7

DK 4 581 000 4 928 800 5 123 000 5 139 943 5 284 220 15.4D 72 826 191 77 711 421 78 305 432 79 364 504 82 051 698 12.7EL 8 327 400 8 792 800 9 642 500 10 160 498 10 498 836 26.1E 30 649 600 33 779 000 37 386 100 38 851 322 39 323 320 28.3F 45 684 239 50 772 233 53 880 017 56 735 113 58 609 284 28.3IRL 2 832 000 2 950 100 3 401 000 3 505 820 3 660 595 29.3I 50 199 700 53 821 900 56 433 900 56 719 249 57 512 166 14.6L 313 968 339 171 364 151 381 850 421 000 34.1NL 11 486 643 13 038 535 14 149 807 14 951 524 15 610 654 35.9A 7 047 437 7 467 086 7 549 433 7 729 236 8 072 182 14.5P 8 857 700 8 680 400 9 766 300 9 896 280 9 945 690 12.3FIN 4 429 634 4 606 307 4 779 535 4 986 441 5 139 835 16.0S 7 480 395 8 042 818 8 310 474 8 558 842 8 846 071 18.3

UK 52 372 500 55 632 200 56 329 600 57 561 000 58 905 100 12.5

IS 175 860 204 486 228 161 254 788 270 915 54.1

NO 3 581 239 3 875 763 4 085 620 4 241 485 4 405 157 23.0CH 5 327 800 6 180 900 6 319 409 6 712 273 7 088 906 33.1

Evolution of population

1960 1970 1980 1990 1997

EU-15 97.7 105.1 109.8 112.6 115.6

B 298.9 315.8 322.6 326.6 333.6DK 106.4 114.4 118.9 119.3 122.6D 204.0 217.7 219.3 222.3 229.8EL 63.1 66.6 73.1 77.0 79.6E 60.7 66.9 74.1 76.8 77.7F 82.9 92.5 98.1 104.3 107.7IRL 40.3 42.0 48.4 49.9 52.1I 166.7 178.7 187.3 188.2 190.9L 121.4 131.1 140.8 147.6 162.8NL 317.9 356.0 379.5 360.1 375.9A 84.0 92.2 90.0 92.2 96.3P 96.2 94.3 106.1 107.7 108.2FIN 13.1 13.6 14.1 14.7 15.2S 16.6 17.9 18.5 19.0 19.7UK 214.6 228.0 230.8 235.8 241.3

IS 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.6NO 11.1 12.0 12.6 13.1 13.6CH 129.1 149.7 153.1 162.6 171.7

Population density (Inhabitants per km2)


1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 *

EU-15 79.2 100.0 103.4 104.3 103.7 106.8 109.3 111.1 114.1 117.4

B 83.1 100.0 101.6 103.1 101.6 104.2 106.7 108.0 111.3 114.5DK 79.2 100.0 101.4 102.7 103.6 109.5 113.0 116.6 120.5 123.7D 80.1 100.0 113.2 115.7 114.3 117.4 118.9 120.4 123.1 126.5EL 85.3 100.0 103.1 103.8 102.1 104.2 106.4 108.9 112.4 116.5E 72.9 100.0 102.3 103.0 101.8 104.0 106.9 109.3 113.0 117.3F 80.7 100.0 100.7 101.7 100.2 102.9 105.0 106.5 108.8 112.3IRL 67.4 100.0 102.5 107.4 111.4 120.4 134.6 145.7 161.2 180.4I 80.2 100.0 101.1 101.7 100.5 102.7 105.7 106.4 108.0 109.6L 70.4 100.0 104.6 108.5 112.9 117.2 121.0 124.1 129.2 136.6NL 81.0 100.0 102.3 104.3 105.1 108.5 111.0 114.4 118.6 123.0A 79.6 100.0 103.4 104.8 105.3 108.0 110.2 112.1 114.9 118.6P 73.2 100.0 102.3 104.9 103.8 106.1 108.7 112.0 116.1 120.8FIN 73.6 100.0 92.9 89.6 88.6 92.6 97.3 100.8 106.8 112.5S 82.0 100.0 98.9 97.5 95.3 98.5 102.4 103.7 105.5 108.6UK 77.4 100.0 98.0 97.5 99.5 103.8 106.7 109.0 112.8 115.4

IS 76.3 100.0 101.1 97.7 98.7 102.3 103.3 109.1 113.9 120.3NO 78.9 100.0 103.1 106.5 109.4 115.4 119.8 126.4 130.8 133.4CH 81.6 100.0 99.2 99.1 98.6 99.1 99.7 99.6 101.4 103.4

Gross Domestic Product at constant prices (1990=100)

* Eurostat estimates

7.2 Gross Domestic Product

Europäische KommissionEuropean CommissionCommission européenne

Umweltstatistik: pocketbook 2000 � Daten 1980-1997Environment statistics: pocketbook 2000 � Data 1980-1997Statistiques de l'environnement: pocketbook 2000 � Données 1980-1997

Luxembourg: Office des publications officielles des Communautéseuropéennes, 2000

2000 � 49 p. � 10.5 x 21 cm

Themenkreis 8: Umwelt und Energie Kategorie: DetaillierteTabellen

Theme 8: Environment and energy Collection: Key indicators

Thème 8: Environnement et énergieCollection: Tableaux détaillés

ISBN 92-828-9026-0

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