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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY

    INSTITUTE OF NURSING

    CATARACT

    (case study)

    Submitted By:

    Dayot, Mary Joyce J.

    Vibar, Justin FayeP.

    BSN 401- Group 2/A

    Submitted To:

    Alma Taragua RN,MAN

    Date:

    December-11-2013

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    I. Biographic Data

    Name: PPQ

    Address: Las Pinas City

    Age: 72 years old

    Gender: Female

    Religious Affiliation: Roman Catholic

    Marital Status: Married

    Occupation: None

    Chief Complaint: Blurred, cloudy and dry eyes

    Provisional Diagnosis: Cataract

    Attending Physician: Dr. Briones

    II. Nursing History

    A.Past Health History

    Childhood Illness

    The patient said that she had measles and chicken pox when she was a child. The patient said that she is not completely immunized.

    Allergies

    According to the patient she has allergies to bagoong and when it comes tomedications, she doesnt have allergies.

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    Accidents

    Ther are no accident happened to the patient.Hospitalizations

    The patient said that she had ligation during the 1960s.

    Medications used or currently taken

    Carbidilol Caltrate (Calcium Supplement) Mydriatic eye drops

    Foreign travel

    The patient said that she went to US but cant recall the date..

    B. History of Present Illness The patient complained of blurred, cloudy and dry eyes last September 13 so she

    decided to went to the hospital to have her eyes checked.

    C. Family History

    Legend:

    The patient is the only child in the family. The above genogram shows that hypertension, runs in the family and is

    dominant in her mothers side. There is known hereditary disease present in her family such as asthma and diabetes mellitus.

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    III. Patterns of FunctioningA.Psychological Health

    According to the client, when she experiences any stress, she would notice that she would just sit and

    would think deeply, she said that although she would tell what is the problem she still would not fully

    give information regarding the real situation. According to her she sometimes would talk about the

    problem with some of her immediate family. She also said that she is a loner but strong woman. She

    would rather read pocket books during her free times rather than chatting with their neighbors and shestates that she is a strong one because of making her children successful and could think ahead making

    things handled with ease.

    Interpretation: Normal

    Analysis:

    Stress is a universal phenomenon. All people experience it, stress could have physical, emotional,

    intellectual, social and spiritual consequences. Usually stress affects the whole person. Psychologic

    manifestations of stress include anxiety, fear, anger, depression and unconscious ego defense

    mechanisms.

    Source: Fundamentals of Nursing p.1060

    B. Socio-Cultural PatternsThe client was not part of any ethnic groups. The client lives in a quiet area. The patient stated that

    their house is well ventilated and well-lighted. They clean their house everyday and they segregate their

    garbage. Their source of income is stable because the patients children do all have a stable work in

    United State of America and issues about money was not an issue. Every Sunday the patient and her

    husband would see to it that they would have to go to church and dine outside. Her relationship with her

    family is good because she said that they would see to it that problems would be solve at the end of the

    day.

    Interpretation: Normal

    Analysis:

    The financial needs of elders vary considerably. Though most need less money for clothing,

    entertainment, and work. Food and medical costs alone are often a financial burden. Adequate financial

    resources enable the older person to remain independent. Environment may produce insufficient stimuli

    placing the client at risk for sensory deprivation, or excessive stimuli.

    Source: Fundamentals of Nursing p.417

    Fundamentals of Nursing p985

    C. Spiritual PatternsThe patients religion is Roman Catholic. They always practice to pray before each and every meal. They

    attend the mass every Sunday. It is also stated that before going to sleep they dont forget to be grateful tothe Almighty Creator.

    Interpretation: Normal

    Analysis:

    Spirituality generally involved relationship with higher entities. Spiritual health or well-being, is

    manifested by a feeling of being generally alive, purposeful and fulfilled. According to Pilch, spiritualwellness is a way of living, a lifestyle that views and lives life as purposeful and pleasurable, that seeks

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    out life-sustaining and life-enriching options to be chosen freely at every opportunity, and that sinks its

    root deeply into spiritual values and or/specific religious beliefs.

    Source: Fundamentals of Nursing p1043

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    IV. Activities of Daily Living

    ADL Before Hospitalization Interpretation and Analysis

    1. Nutrition The patient is very fond of eating healthyfoods like dark green leafy vegetables and

    fish. She limits herself in eating pork. She

    eats at home with her husband. She had a

    good appetite.

    Interpretation:Normal

    Analysis:

    The older adult requires the same

    basic nutrition as the younger adult

    However, fewer calories are needed by

    elders because of the lower metabolic

    rate and the decrease in physicaactivity.

    2. Elimination The patient defecates every other day.Patient reported that her stool is firm,

    brown in color and experiences difficulty

    in defecating. It is reported that although

    the patient had difficulty in defecating,

    she doesnt feel uncomfortable when

    urinating. She urinates 8-9 times per day

    with approximately 150 ml per void. The

    color is light yellow and slightly aromatic

    Interpretation: Deviation from

    Normal

    Analysis:

    Normal urinary output average

    1500 mL/24 hr (60 mL/hr); should be

    no less than 30mL/hr; most people

    void 5-6 times/day.

    Normal bowel movement - the color of

    an adults stool is brown and itsconsistency is formed, soft, semi-solid

    and moist.

    Adults should be advised norma

    patterns of bowel elimination vary

    considerable. Toileting is

    recommended 30 min after meals

    especially after breakfast when

    gastrocolic reflex is strongest. A

    normal pattern maybe every other day;

    or others, twice a day.3.

    Exercise The patient stated that everytime the sheis at home she would just sit or lay down

    on bed, having siesta time. Every morning

    she walks for about 1 kilometer in going

    to market to buy ingredients in their

    everyday meal.

    Interpretation: NormalAnalysis:

    As age advances, muscle tone and

    bone density decreases, joints lose

    flexibility, reaction time slows, and

    bone mass decreases, particularly in

    women who have osteoporosis

    4. Hygiene She enumerates her hygiene routines:- Taking a bath once or twice a day;

    every morning and sometimes in

    evening.

    - Handwashing before and after eatingand using the restroom.- Trimming her nails twice a week- Wearing slippers inside the house- Using cologne- Cleaning her dentures every after

    eating and cleaning her tongue and

    gums.

    Interpretation:Normal

    Analysis:

    Elderly hygiene is an issue that

    many caregivers have to deal with

    Some elderly parents refuse to take ashower or bathe, change their clothes

    brush their teeth or clean their house

    all of which result in bad elderly

    hygiene. However, for many elders

    depending on others to help them with

    hygiene is embarrassing.

    5. Sleep and Rest She sleeps for about 6-7 hours a day. 6hours in the evening and another 1 hour

    Intervention: Normal

    Analysis:

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    in the afternoon during their siestatime. She usually wakes up at 4 in the

    morning and sleeps 9 in the evening. She

    added that everytime she wakes up in the

    morning, she feels satisfied to the length

    of her sleep.

    Older adults usually awaken 1.3

    hours earlier and go to bed

    approximately 1 hour earlier than

    younger adults. Elders may show an

    increase in disturbed sleep that can

    create a negative impact on their

    quality of life, mood and alertness.

    Although the ability to sleep becomes

    more difficult, the need to sleep doesnot decrease with age.

    Reference:

    Fundamentals of Nursing, 8th Edition, Vol 1 & 2, Kozier & Erb Suzzane C. Smeltzer, Brunners &Suddaraths, 12th Edition

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    V.Physical Assessment

    Areas to be

    assessed

    Normal Findings Actual Findings Interpretation

    and Analysis

    Eyebrows

    a. Hairdistribution

    and alignment

    and movement

    Hair is evenly

    distributed;

    symmetrically

    aligned; equal

    movement

    Hair evenly

    distributed

    Normal

    Eyelashes

    a. Evenness ofdistribution

    and direction

    of curl

    Evenly distributed;

    curled slightly

    outward

    Curled slightly

    outward and

    evenly distributed

    Normal

    Eyelids

    a. Surfacecharacteristics

    and the ability

    to blink

    Skin intact and

    involuntary

    blinking of both

    eyelids

    Skin intact and

    involuntary

    blinking of both

    eyelids

    Normal

    Conjunctiva

    a. Bulbarconjunctiva

    from lesions,

    color, and

    texture

    b. Palpebral

    No lesions and

    transparent

    capillaries are

    evident

    No lesions and

    transparent

    capillaries are

    evident

    Normal

    Normal

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    conjunctiva Shiny, smooth and

    pink red

    Shiny, smooth and

    pink red

    Sclera

    a. Color andclarity

    White White Normal

    Cornea

    a. Clarity andtexture

    Transparent,

    smooth, shiny

    Transparent,

    smooth, shiny

    Normal

    Iris

    a. Color andshape

    Oval and flat Brown with white,

    oval, cloudy andirregular in texture

    Abnormal

    Pupils

    a. Color, shape

    b. Test eachpupil for light

    and

    accommodatio

    n

    Black in color,

    equal in size, round

    and smooth

    Pupil constrictswhen illuminated

    Black in color,

    equal in size, round

    and smooth

    Pupils constrict

    Normal

    Normal

    Lacrimal glands,

    Lacrimal sac and

    Naso Lacrimal duct

    No edema and

    tearing

    No edema and

    tearing

    Normal

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    Auricles

    a. Color,symmetry and

    position

    b. Palpate

    texture, elasticity

    and tenderness

    Color same as the

    facial color;

    symmetrical;

    auricle aligned

    with the outer

    canthus of the eye

    Mobile, firm and

    not tender; the

    pinna recoils after

    it is folded

    Color same to face

    and symmetrical

    Pinna recoils

    Normal

    Normal

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    VI. Laboratory and Diagnostic Examinations Results

    DATE PROCEDURE NORMS RESULTSINTERPRETATION

    AND ANALYSIS

    September/24/2013 Hematology

    Hemoglobin

    (11.93-14.30) 13.9G/DLNORMAL

    Hemoglobin Level

    Hematocrit

    (36.81-43.71)41.0%

    NORMAL

    HEMATOCRIT

    LEVEL

    RBC Count

    (3.8-5.05)4.38 1012/L NORMAL RBC LEVEL

    WBC COUNT

    (4.19-12.3)5.8 109/L

    NORMAL WBC

    LEVEL

    PLATELET

    COUNT(150-450)

    Adequate

    109/L

    NORMAL PLATELET

    LEVEL

    DATE PROCEDURE NORMS RESULTSINTERPRETATION

    AND ANALYSIS

    September/24/2013Fasting Blood

    Sugar

    FBS

    (3.64-6.16

    mmol/L)

    6. 16 G/DL NORMAL FBS

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    XI. Discharge Plan

    Medications Mefenamic Acid as needed every 6 hours

    Exercise Avoid straining during defecation. Gentle exercises are fine.

    Treatment Phacoemulsification

    Health Teachings Advice the following to patient:

    Take a rest. You may read and watch TV. Gentle exercises

    are fine too. You can go out, but try to avoid

    crowded and dusty places. Wearing sunglasses

    when you are outdoors may help to keep your

    eyes comfortable and less sensitive to light.

    You will be given eye drops for about a monthto prevent infection and reduce inflammation

    Follow your doctor's instructions carefully. If

    you need to, ask a family member or friend tohelp instill the eye drops. If you were to go out

    make sure you have access to hand hygiene

    facilities so that you can clean your hands

    before you instill your eye drops. Shake the eye

    drop bottle before use. Tilt your head back, look

    up and pull the lower eyelid down. Instill just

    ONE drop into the eye, avoiding contact with

    the eye lashes. Wait 5 minutes before instilling

    a different eye drop.

    For mild pain, you may take mefenamic acid. Ifyou have pain that is not relieved by this

    medicine, call your doctor.

    When you sleep, please put on the eye shieldgiven to you for at least 1 week to 1 month so

    that you dont press on the operated eye.

    For the first few days, your vision may beblurred, so be careful to avoid falling over or

    hurting your head or eye, especially if the

    operated eye is padded and the other eye also

    suffers from poor vision.

    Out-Patient Department follow-up Our Lady Of Peace Hospital- Eye clinic 7:30 am-December 29,2013- Friday

    Diet No restriction on the diet. Any pre-existing dietsshould be continued.

    Increase fluid intake.Sexuality/ Spirituality Continue to seek Gods help.

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    Anatomy and Physiology of Eyes

    The human eye is the organ which gives us the sense of sight, allowing us to observe and learn more

    about the surrounding world than we do with any of the other four senses. We use our eyes in almost

    every activity we perform, whether reading, working, watching television, writing a letter, driving a car,

    and in countless other ways. Most people probably would agree that sight is the sense they value more

    than all the rest.

    The eye allows us to see and interpret the shapes, colors, and dimensions of objects in the world by

    processing the light they reflect or emit. The eye is able to detect bright light or dim light, but it cannot

    sense objects when light is absent.

    process of vision

    Light waves from an object (such as a tree) enter the eye first through the cornea, which is the clear dome

    at the front of the eye. It is like a window that allows light to enter the eye. The light then progresses

    through the pupil, the circular opening in the center of the colored iris.

    Fluctuations in the intensity of incoming light change the size of the eyes pupil. As the light entering theeye becomes brighter, the pupil will constrict (get smaller), due to the pupillary light response. As the

    entering light becomes dimmer, the pupil will dilate (get larger).

    Initially, the light waves are bent or converged first by the cornea, and then further by the crystalline lens

    (located immediately behind the iris and the pupil), to a nodal point (N) located immediately behind the

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    back surface of the lens. At that point, the image becomes reversed (turned backwards) and inverted

    (turned upside-down).

    The light continues through the vitreous humor, the clear gel that makes up about 80% of the eyes

    volume, and then, ideally, back to a clear focus on the retina, behind the vitreous. The small central area

    of the retina is the macula, which provides the best vision of any location in the retina. If the eye is

    considered to be a type of camera (albeit, an extremely complex one), the retina is equivalent to the filminside of the camera, registering the tiny photons of light interacting with it.

    Within the layers of the retina, light impulses are changed into electrical signals. Then they are sent

    through the optic nerve, along the visual pathway, to the occipital cortex at the posterior (back) of the

    brain. Here, the electrical signals are interpreted or seen by the brain as a visual image.

    Actually, then, we do not see with our eyes but, rather, with our brains. Our eyes merely are the

    beginning of the visual process. Watch an 11-minute film, created in 1941, about the anatomy andphysiology of the eye: How the Eye Functions.

    myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism

    If the incoming light from a far away object focuses before it gets to the back of the eye, that eyes

    refractive error is called myopia (nearsightedness). If incoming light from something far away has notfocused by the time it reaches the back of the eye, that eyes refractive error is hyperopia

    (farsightedness).

    In the case of astigmatism, one or more surfaces of the cornea or lens (the eye structures which focus

    incoming light) are not spherical (shaped like the side of a basketball) but, instead, are cylindrical or toric

    (shaped a bit like the side of a football). As a result, there is no distinct point of focus inside the eye but,

    rather, a smeared or spread-out focus. Astigmatism is the most common refractive error.

    presbyopia (after 40 vision)

    After age 40, and most noticeably after age 45, the human eye is affected by presbyopia. This natural

    condition results in greater difficulty maintaining a clear focus at a near distance with an eye which sees

    clearly far away.

    Presbyopia is caused by a lessening of flexibility of the crystalline lens, as well as to a weakening of the

    ciliary muscles which control lens focusing. Both are attributable to the aging process.

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    An eye can see clearly at a far distance naturally, or it can be made to see clearly artificially, such as with

    the aid of eyeglasses or contact lenses, or else following a photorefractive procedure such as LASIK

    (laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis). Nevertheless, presbyopia eventually will affect the near focusing

    of every human eye.

    eye growth

    The average newborns eyeball is about 18 millimeters in diameter, from front to back (axial length). In

    an infant, the eye grows slightly to a length of approximately 19 millimeters.

    The eye continues to grow, gradually, to a length of about 24-25 millimeters, or about 1 inch, in

    adulthood. A ping-pong ball is about 1 inch in diameter, which makes the average adult eyeball about

    2/3 the size of a ping-pong ball.

    The eyeball is set in a protective cone-shaped cavity in the skull called the orbit or socket. This bonyorbit also enlarges as the eye grows.

    extraocular muscles

    The orbit is surrounded by layers of soft, fatty tissue. These layers protect the eye and enable it to turneasily.

    Traversing the fatty tissue are three pairs of extraocular muscles, which regulate the motion of each eye:

    the medial & lateral rectus muscles, the superior & inferior rectus muscles, and the superior & inferior

    oblique muscles.

    eye structures

    Several structures compose the human eye. Among the most important anatomical components are the

    conjunctiva, cornea, crystalline lens, extraocular muscles, iris, macula, optic nerve, retina, and vitreous

    humor.

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    Cataract

    Cataracts are cloudy areas in the lens inside the eye - which is normally clear. Cataracts can develop in

    one or both eyes. If they develop in both eyes, one will be more severely affected than the other. A

    normally clear lens allows light to pass through to the back of the eye, so that the patient can see well-

    defined images. If a part of the lens becomes opaque light does not pass through easily and the patient's

    vision becomes blurry - like looking through cloudy water or a fogged-up window. The more opaque

    (cloudier) the lens becomes, the worse the person's vision will be.

    According to Medilexicon's medical dictionary, cataract is "Complete or partial opacity of the ocular

    lens.". There are two types of cataracts:

    Age related cataracts - they appear later in life; the most common form.

    Congenital cataracts (childhood cataracts) - these may be present when the baby is born, or shortly after

    birth. Cataracts may also be diagnosed in older babies and children - these are sometimes referred to as

    developmental, infantile or juvenile cataracts. Researchers from the University Zurich were the first to

    identify the chromosomal location and exact molecular defect in the coding region of the gene

    responsible for a childhood cataract.

    A patient with cataracts will eventually find it hard to read, or drive a car - especially during the night.

    Even seeing people's facial expressions becomes difficult. Cataracts are not usually painful. The patient's

    long-distance vision is more severely affected at first.

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    Cataracts cause more vision problems globally than any other eye condition or disease - especially in

    developing countries, where they are much more common among poor people, according to a study

    carried out in Kenya, The Philippines, and Bangladesh.

    Some studies indicate that cataracts are more common among elderly people further down the

    socioeconomic ladder in the USA - prevalence of cataracts causing significant visual problems appears

    high among older U.S. Hispanics who also often encounter barriers to access to care (in the USA

    "Hispanics" refers to Americans of Latin American origin, not people who originate from Spain).

    Both men and women are affected equally.

    According to the National Health Service (NHS), UK, approximately one third of people aged 65 or over

    have cataracts in one or both eyes.


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