corruption transnationale : rapport du club des juristes

7/21/2019 Corruption transnationale : rapport du Club des juristes

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NGLLH

^^HGFK@

MGN

RKUUGRP

@S RCFAGRNCLCFP@C DK DSPPC NGFPRCDK NGRRSUPHGFPRKF^FKPHGFKDC

LKR^ 25;3


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@S RCFAGRNCLCFP@C DK DSPPC NGFPRCDK NGRRSUPHGFPRKF^FKPHGFKDC

RKUUGRP @S NDSB @C^ ISRH^PC^

Ngllhsshgf k` mgnLKR^ 25;3

Kssgnhkthgf `ndkrc - 0, ruc `c dk Udkfnmc ?355? UkrhsPd. 9 5; 3> 1> 05 50 - Akx 9 5; 3> 1> 05 5=

www.dcndub`csiurhstcs.ngl OcttyHlkocs


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Nglpgshthgf`c dk Ngllhsshgf

Ursh`cft 9@h`hcr Rcbut,Urgacsscur dSfhvcrsht Ukftmgf-Kssks

Lclbrcs 9Pmglks Bku`cssgf,Kvgnkt ku bkrrcku `c Ukrhs, Ndhaagr` Nmkfnc,Kfnhcf Lclbrc ù Ngfschd `c dGr`rc;

Dhgfcd Bcfkhnmc, Lkohstrkt, ^cnrtkhrc ofrkd ù ^crvhnc ncftrkd `cprvcfthgf `c dk ngrrupthgf

@kf Bcfouhouh,Ngfschddcr iurh`hquc nmcz BFU UkrhbksArc` @kvhs,Kvgnkt ku bkrrcku `c Ukrhs, @cbcvghsc & Udhlptgf, kfnhcfprgnurcur kìghft `c Fcw Xgrj

@glhfhquc @c`hcu, Kvgnktc ku bkrrcku `c Ukrhs, Akrtmgukt,Ksscdhfcku & Kssgnhs

Kdcxkf`rc Okddghs, Lktrc `c ngfarcfncs M@R dSfhvcrsht `c Rgucf

Dgn Ourhf, Urclhcr vhnc-prgnurcur, ^cnthgf Ahfkfnhrcs, Ukrquct `c Ukrhs

Nmrhsthfc Oucrrhcr,@hrcntrhnc iurh`hquc ku ngftcfthcux nmcz Pmkds OrgupJklh Mkcrh, Kvgnkt ku bkrrcku `c Ukrhs, Kuoust & @cbguzy,Lclbrc ù Ngfschd `c dGr`rc, Kfnhcf ^cnrtkhrc `c dk Ngfarcfnc

@glhfhquc Mchftz,Kvgnkt ku bkrrcku `c Ukrhs, M_&M,Kvgnkts & Rcnmtskfwdtc, KLNG, Lclbrc ù NFB

Adgrcfnc Dgfhs, @hrcntrhnc Iurh`hquc @douc dk ngllufhnkthgfOguvcrfkfnc ct kux prgorkllcs `c Nglpdhkfnc `c Dkokr`rc

Mkrhthfh Lktsgpgudgu, Urgacsscur `c `rght prhv dk Aknudt Ickf Lgffct`c dSfhvcrsht Ukrhs-û` ;;, @hrcntrhnc `c dHfsthtut `tu`cs iu`hnhkhrcs

Kstrh` Lhofgf-Ngdglbct,Kvgnktc ku bkrrcku `c Ukrhs,^gudcz-Dkrhvhrc & Kssgnhs, nmkroc `cfschofclcfts Ukrhs H ct Ukrhs HH`c ;88= 2552

Uktrhnc Xcrlhk, @hrcntcur ngfagrlht ct rcspgfskbhdht sgnhtkdc nmcz Pgtkd2

Adgrcfnc @cquktrc, scnrtkhrc `c Ngllhsshgf, @gntgrkftc ngftrkntucddcrkttknmc dHfsthtut `c nrhlhfgdgohc `c Ukrhs

(;) ûbsthtu pgur ncrtkhfcs rufhgfs pkr Lc Nmkrdcs-Mcfrh Bgcrhfocr, Kvgnkt ku bkrrcku `c Ukrhs,Ndhaagr` Nmkfnc, Kfnhcf scnrtkhrc `c dk Ngfarcfnc ù stkoc(2) ûbsthtu pgur ncrtkhfcs rufhgfs pkr Lhnmcd Jkmf, Rcspgfskbdc Ngfagrlht Mgd`hfo/Pgtkd ^K


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Dhstc `cs pcrsgffkdhtsku`hthgffcs

Nglht arkfkhs `c dk Nmklbrc `c ngllcrnc hftcrfkthgfkdc 9Arkfghs Ocgrocs,@dou ofrkd HNN Arkfnc

Cftrcprhscs 9^ydvhc Jkf` `c Bckupuy, Orgup Nmhca Nglpdhkfnc Gancrnmcz Pcnmfhp

@glhfhquc Dklgurcux, @hrcntcur tmhquc ct Rcspgfskbhdht `cftrcprhscnmcz Pmkds

Mcfrh [uhftkr`, @gftgdgouc Lkfkocr nmcz BFU Ukrhbks

Fktmkdhc Rkyfku`,Ngrpgrktc Nglpdhkfnc `hrcntgr nmcz ^kfg-kvcfths

Lkohstrkts 9^uskffc Lk`rhnm,Lkohstrktc `c dhkhsgf kddclkf`c cf Arkfnc

Mcrv Rgbcrt, Qhnc-prsh`cft nmkro `c dhfstrunthgf dk IHR^ `c Ukrhs

Grokfhskthgf `c Nggprkthgf ct `c @vcdgppclcft ngfglhqucs 9Fhngdk Bgfunnh, @hrcntcur ct Nggr`gffktcur `c dK`mshgf dk @hrcnthgf `cs kaakhrcs iurh`hqucs `c [email protected].

Grokfhskthgfs fgf oguvcrfclcftkdcs 9_hddhkl Bgur`gf,Kvgnkt ku bkrrcku `c Ukrhs ct Ursh`cft-agf`ktcur`c ^mcrpk

@kfhcd Dcbouc,Ursh`cft `c Prkfspkrcfny Hftcrfkthgfkd Arkfnc

^gnhts `c ncrthnkthgf 9Umhdhppc Nk`un,Ursh`cft @hrcntcur Ofrkd `c dK`ht

Umhdhppc Lgfthofy, Ursh`cft `Ctmhn Hftcddhocfnc

6Ukoc ?


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Pkbdc `cs lkthrcs

Hftrgùnthgf ...............................................................................................;;

;RCUKRPHC 9

Kldhgrcr dcanknht u hspgshtharprcssha `c duttc ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf.....................................................;?

H. ûr dcs kldhgrkthgfs `c agf`................................................................;?

K. ur dk ngf`hthgf `c dk rnhprgnht `hfnrhlhfkthgf

pgur pgursuhvrc dcs akhts `c ngrrupthgf ngllhs dtrkfocr ...............;=

B. ûr dkbscfnc `hfnrhlhfkthgf ù trkn

`hfflucfnc hftcrfkthgfkd .........................................................................2;

N. Dcs ngf`hthgfs `kttrhbuthgf `c dk rcspgfskbhdht

pfkdc cs pcrsgffcs lgrkdcs .............................................................22

@. Dc lgftkft `cs pchfcs `klcf`c ........................................................23

HH. ûr dcs kldhgrkthgfs prgnùrkdcs......................................................21

K. Dk`kptkthgf `c dk prgnùrc `c NRUN ................................................2?

k. Dhftcrvcfthgf ù ^NUN ku stk`c

`c dk rcngffkhsskfnc `c nudpkbhdht.................................................>;

b. Dk prhsc cf nglptc `c dk shtukthgf `c dcftrcprhsc

`kfs dk prgpgshthgf `cs pchfcs ..........................................................>0

n. Dkssgupdhssclcft `cs rodcs c dku`hcfnc .....................................>1

B. Dhftcr hnthgf ù nulud `cs pgursuhtcs ...................................................>?

6Ukoc =


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2LCUKRPHC 9

Rcngffktrc dcs prgorkllcs `c ngfagrlht

lhs cf pdknc `kfs dcs cftrcprhscs...........................................................0;

H. Dk rodclcftkthgf `cs prgorkllcs `c ngfagrlht...........................00

HH. Dk prhsc cf nglptc rprcsshvc `cs prgorkllcs `c ngfagrlht......01

6Ukoc 8


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Hftrgùnthgf

Cf guvrkft dcs lkrnms dk ngfnurrcfnc, dk lgf`hkdhskthgf k akht pgrtcrdkttcfthgf sur dk ngrrupthgf `kocfts pubdhns trkfocrs gu ngrrupthgfhftcrfkthgfkdc gu trkfsfkthgfkdc>. Hd fcst pks agrtuht, nct okr`, quc

dufc cs prclhrcs grokfhskthgfs hftcrfkthgfkdcs scf trc prgnnupcsght dGrokfhskthgf `c Nggprkthgf ct `c @vcdgppclcft Cngfglhqucs(GN@C).

Ncddc-nh k prhs sk prclhrc Rcngllkf`kthgf sgf suict dc ;; iuhddct ;8800.Cddc `clkf`kht kux pkys lclbrcs `c dGN@C `c pufhr dk ngrrupthgf`kocfts pubdhns trkfocrs pkrnc qucddc susnhtc `c orkvcs prgnnu-pkthgfs lgrkdcs ct pgdhthqucs ct akussc dcs ngf`hthgfs hftcrfkthgfkdcs `cngfnurrcfnc . Cddc k t suhvhc ùfc Rcngllkf`kthgf ù ;; kvrhd ;881

sur dk `ùnthbhdht snkdc `cs pgts-`c-vhf vcrss `cs kocfts pubdhnstrkfocrs3ct ùfc Rcngllkf`kthgf ù 2> lkh ;88? sur dk duttc ngftrcdk ngrrupthgf kfs dcs trkfsknthgfs ngllcrnhkdcs hftcrfkthgfkdcs1quh gftt dufc ct dkutrc iusthcs pkr dcs llcs lgthas. DGN@C k cfsuhtc k`gp-t, dc 2; fgvclbrc ;88?, ufc Ngfvcfthgf sur dk duttc ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf`kocfts pubdhns trkfocrs `kfs dcs trkfsknthgfs ngllcrnhkdcs hftcrfk-thgfkdcs `gft dc Urklbudc k pkrchddclcft lhs cf kvkft dkttchftc kux ngf`hthgfs hftcrfkthgfkdcs `c ngfnurrcfnc . Hd cf vk `c llc pgur dk

Rcngllkf`kthgf vhskft rcfagrncr dk duttc ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf kocftspubdhns trkfocrs ù 21 fgvclbrc 2558 quh k rclpdkn dk Rcngllkf-`kthgf ù 2> lkh ;88?.

(>) Dcs cxprcsshgfs ngrrupthgf hftcrfkthgfkdc ct ngrrupthgf trkfsfkthgfkdc sgft cftcfùcs `kfsdc llc scfs cf arkfkhs.(0) N(80)?3/AHFKD. DGN@C kvkht k`gpt, `s ;8?1, `cs Urhfnhpcs `hrcntcurs dhftcfthgf `cs cftrc-prhscs ludthfkthgfkdcs quh dcur rcngllkf`khcft `c rcauscr `c prgpgscr `cs pgts-`c-vhf kux agfn-

thgffkhrcs gu `c n`cr dcur sgddhnhtkthgf cf nc scfs (pkoc ;2, vcrshgf kfodkhsc).(3) N(81)2?/AHFKD.(1) N(8?);2>/AHFKD.

6Ukoc ;;


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Dkttchftc dk ngfnurrcfnc fcst ncrtcs pks dufhquc lgtha `c dkttcfthgfpgrtc dk ngrrupthgf `kocfts pubdhns trkfocrs pkr dk ngllufkut

hftcrfkthgfkdc?. Cddc cst llc rcdouc uf rkfo scngf`khrc `kfs dcskutrcs hfstrulcfts hftcrfkthgfkux quh duh gft t ngfsknrs, dcsqucds gftpdutt lhs dknncft sur dkttchftc dk stkbhdht `cs hfsthtuthgfs `lgnrk-thqucs ct sur dcftrkvc ku vcdgppclcft ngfglhquc. Ncst dc nks `c dkNgfvcfthgf hftcrklrhnkhfc ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf ù 28 lkrs ;881, quh kngfsthtu dk prclhrc ngfvcfthgf rcdkthvc ncttc qucsthgf, `c dk Ngfvcf-thgf pfkdc sur dk ngrrupthgf ù Ngfschd `c dCurgpc ù 2? ikfvhcr ;888 ct`c dk Ngfvcfthgf `c dGFS ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf ù >; gntgbrc 255>. Ncs

ngfvcfthgfs gft qukdh dk ngrrupthgf `c lcfknc pgur dk `lgnrkthc`gft dk ngllhsshgf ct dcs caacts sgft ofrkdclcft trkfsfkthgfkux, ncquh iusthc qucddc akssc dgbict `c ngfvcfthgfs hftcrfkthgfkdcs gft dgbictcst `c lcttrc cf pdknc ufc rknthgf ufhagrlc ct nggprkthvc `cs tkts sgf okr`=.

Dc prhfnhpkd kppgrt `c ncs hfstrulcfts hftcrfkthgfkux cst `kvghr rcl-`h kux hfsuaskfncs `c dk rprcsshgf `c dk ngrrupthgf `kocfts pubdhnstrkfocrs pkr dcs tkts. Ncddcs-nh gft `khddcurs t dufc `cs nkuscs prhf-nhpkdcs `c dcur k`gpthgf. DGN@C k khfsh rcdcv, `kfs sk Rcngllkf`k-thgf ù ;; iuhddct ;880, quc scuds qucdqucs tkts kvkhcft, dpgquc, ufcdgh hfnrhlhfkft dk ngrrupthgf `kocfts pubdhns trkfocrs. Ncs ngfvcfthgfsgft cftcfù lcttrc f ncttc shtukthgf cf pgskft ufc gbdhokthgf `hfnrh-lhfcr dk ngrrupthgf `kocfts pubdhns trkfocrs. Ncdk k t fgtkllcftdc nks pgur dk ngfvcfthgf akhtc Bruxcddcs dc 21 lkh ;88? ct rcdkthvc dk duttc ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf hlpdhqukft `cs agfnthgffkhrcs `cs Ngllu-fkuts curgpcffcs gu cs agfnthgffkhrcs cs tkts lclbrcs c dSfhgfcurgpcffc ct pgur dk ngfvcfthgf `c dGN@C ù 2; fgvclbrc ;88? quh

(?) Dk ngfvcfthgf `c dGN@C akht kussh tkt `kutrcs lgthas ngllc dk bgffc ocsthgf `cs kaakhrcspubdhqucs ct dc `vcdgppclcft ngfglhquc. Hd cst ncpcf`kft hftrcsskft `c rcdcvcr quc ncs kutrcslgthas fc ourkhcft pks `kfs dcs rcngllkf`kthgfs ù ;; iuhddct ;880 ct ù ;; kvrhd ;881, dcsqucddcskvkhcft ufc kpprgnmc prhfnhpkdclcft ngllcrnhkdc c dk ngrrupthgf.(=) Dk duttc ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf cst prscftc ngllc dufc c dcurs prhfnhpkdcs prhgrhts pkr dcs grok-fhslcs hftcrfkthgfkux dcs pdus hlpgrtkfts. Ncst khfsh quc dc O25, dk Bkfquc Lgf`hkdc ct bhcf sr dcsFkthgfs-Sfhcs cf agft duf `c dcurs gbicnthas prhgrhtkhrcs. Ncttc ufkfhlht hftcrfkthgfkdc sur dcxtrlc

orkvht `c dk ngrrupthgf ngfùht sc `clkf`cr sh cddc fk pks prhs, `kfs dk prhg`c ngftclpgrkhfc,dk fkturc ùf nrhlc hftcrfkthgfkd `gft dk rprcsshgf `rgocrkht, `c nc akht, ncrtkhfcs rodcs `c `rghtnglluf ngllc, pkr cxclpdc, dhllufht `cs oguvcrfkfts.

@S RCFAGRNCLCFP @C DK DSPPC NGFPRC DK NGRRSUPHGF PRKF^FKPHGFKDC

6Ukoc ;2


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gft dufc ct dkutrc agrlud ufc gbdhokthgf `hfnrhlhfcr dcs ngrrupthgfsngfncrfkft, ùfc pkrt, dcs agfnthgffkhrcs curgpcfs8ct, `kutrc pkrt, dcs

kocfts pubdhns trkfocrs;5.

Ncs ngfvcfthgfs, quh gft t rkthcs pkr dk Arkfnc, dgft klcfc nrcr`cs hfarknthgfs `c ngrrupthgf `kocfts pubdhns trkfocrs puhsqucddcakhskht pkrthc `cs tkts quh fc pufhsskhcft pks ncs akhts. Hd tkht cf caactknquhs quc dcs `dhts `c ngrrupthgf `c pcrsgffcs `pgshtkhrcs `c dkutg-rht pubdhquc fc skppdhqukhcft pks kux kocfts pubdhns trkfocrs. Ncttcsgduthgf `ngudkht `c dk fkturc `cs `dhts `c ngrrupthgf quh pkrthnhpkhcft`cs nrhlcs ct `dhts ngftrc dk nmgsc pubdhquc ct quh, nc thtrc, fc skppdh-qukhcft qukux scuds kocfts pubdhns arkfkhs puhsquhd fkppkrthcft pks uf tkt `c sgnnupcr `c dk bgffc ngfùhtc `kutgrhts pubdhqucs trkf-orcs;;.

Ncst dk dgh f 2555-383 ù >5 iuhf 2555 rcdkthvc dk ngrrupthgf quh k nrdcs `dhts `c ngrrupthgf `kocfts pubdhns trkfocrs kux krthndcs 0>3-; ctsuhvkfts ù Ng`c pfkd. Ncux-nh gft t lg`hs pkr dk dgh f 255?-;38=ù ;> fgvclbrc 255? rcdkthvc dk duttc ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf. Ncs lg`h-

nkthgfs gft t iusthcs pkr dk fncssht `hftorcr dcs sgduthgfs kppgr-tcs pkr dk Ngfvcfthgf pfkdc sur dk ngrrupthgf ù Ngfschd `c dCurgpcù 2? ikfvhcr ;888;2. Cddcs gft fgtkllcft ngfùht nrcr uf `dht `cngrrupthgf pksshvc `kocfts pubdhns trkfocrs quh fcxhstkht pks kupkrk-vkft, puhsquc dk Ngfvcfthgf `c dGN@C fc dc prvgykht pks. Nc `hspgshtharprcssha k t rcfagrn pkr dk dgh f 25;>-;;;? ù 1 `nclbrc 25;> rcdk-thvc dk duttc ngftrc dk arku`c snkdc ct dk orkf`c `dhfqukfnc ngfg-lhquc ct fkfnhrc, dkqucddc k koorkv dcs pchfcs prvucs pkr dcs `dhts

`c ngrrupthgf `kocfts pubdhns trkfocrs.Fgfgbstkft ncs `hspgshthgfs, dk rprcsshgf pfkdc arkfkhsc `c dk ngrrup-thgf hftcrfkthgfkdc cst svrclcft nrhthquc.

(8) Ngfv. c dSfhgf curgpcffc u 21 lkh ;88? rcdkthvc dk duttc ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf hlpdhqukft csagfnthgffkhrcs `cs Ngllufkuts curgpcffcs gu `cs agfnthgffkhrcs `cs tkts lclbrcs `c dSfhgfcurgpcffc, krt. 2 ct >.(;5) Ngfv. `c dGN@C ù 2; fgv. ;88? sur dk duttc ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf `kocfts pubdhns trkfocrs `kfsdcs trkfsknthgfs ngllcrnhkdcs hftcrfkthgfkdcs, krt. ;cr.

(;;) N. Dglbghs, @rght pfkd hftcrfkthgfkd ,@kddgz, 2lc`., ;8?8, f>8> : @. Rcbut, @rght pfkd hftcrfkthgfkd ,@kddgz, 2lc`., 25;0, f?8.(;2) Rkppgrt Kss. Fkt., ;>lcdo., f 20> pkr L. Mufkudt, spn. p. 2; s.


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14/48

Ncttc nrhthquc cst dc akht, ùfc pkrt, `cs grokfhskthgfs ct hfsthtuthgfs quhsgft dgrhohfc `cs ngfvcfthgfs hftcrfkthgfkdcs ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf. Dc

orgupc `c trkvkhd `c dGN@C sur dk ngrrupthgf, nmkro `vkducr dk lhsccf uvrc c dk ngfvcfthgf u 2; fgvclbrc ;88? ct c dk Rcngllkf`k-thgf `c 2558, k khfsh akht orhca dk Arkfnc, kfs sgf rkppgrt `c pmksc trghs,`c fc pks cxcrncr kvcn tgutc dk vhoucur kttcfùc sgf knthgf rprcs-shvc `kfs `c tcds `gsshcrs (`c ngrrupthgf hftcrfkthgfkdc) ;>. Hd k rptncs orhcas cf gntgbrc 25;0 `kfs ufc @ndkrkthgf g hd k akht pkrt `c scs hlpgrtkftcs prgnnupkthgfs qukft ku nkrkntrc dhlht `c scs caagrtspgur sc ngfagrlcr dk Ngfvcfthgf `c dGN@C sur dk ngrrupthgf `kocfts

pubdhns trkfocrs `kfs dcs trkfsknthgfs ngllcrnhkdcs hftcrfkthgfkdcs .Hd k fgtkllcft rcorctt quc dk Arkfnc fkht pks cfoko `cs ragrlcscf lkthrc `hf`pcf`kfnc ù lhfhstrc pubdhn, `cfnk`rclcft ùscnrct-àcfsc ct `c dk dgh `c bdgnkoc, `kddgfoclcft ù `dkh `c prcs-nrhpthgf `c dk ngrrupthgf trkfsfkthgfkdc ct `hfnrhlhfkthgf ù trkn `hf-flucfnc hftcrfkthgfkd. Dc Orgupc `tkts ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf (ORCNG),quh kssurc dc suhvh `c dk ngfagrlht `c scs qukrkftc-fcua tkts lclbrcskux hfstrulcfts `c duttc ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf dkbgrs pkr dc Ngfschd `c

dCurgpc, k ngfndu, kfs sgf `cuxhlc Rkppgrt `vkdukthgf ù Prghshlcnyndc `vkdukthgf ù 22 lkrs 25;>, quc dk Arkfnc k rcstrchft ksscz agrtc-lcft sk nglptcfnc ct scs nkpknhts c pgursuhtc dokr` cs kaakhrcs`c `hlcfshgf trkfsfkthgfkdc, nc quh cst agrt `gllkoc nglptc tcfu `cdhlpgrtkfnc ù pkys `kfs dngfglhc hftcrfkthgfkdc ct ù pgh`s `cbckungup `c scs sgnhts ngllcrnhkdcs ;0. Dc prclhcr Rkppgrt kfth-ngr-rupthgf `c dk Ngllhsshgf curgpcffc, pubdh dc > avrhcr 25;0, k rndkl dkldhgrkthgf `c dk dohsdkthgf sur dcs akhts `c dk ngrrupthgf trkfsfkthg-

fkdc khfsh quc dknnrghssclcft `c dcanknht, ùfc pkrt, `cs cfqutcssur `cs akhts `c ngrrupthgf survcfus dtrkfocr ct, `kutrc pkrt, `cs pgur-suhtcs cf dk lkthrc ;3.

(;>) Rkppgrt `c pmksc > sur dk lhsc cf uvrc pkr dk Arkfnc `c dk ngfvcfthgf `c dGN@C sur dk duttcngftrc dk ngrrupthgf, gntgbrc 25;2, spn. p. ?>.

(;0) ORCNG, Prghshlc nyndc `vkdukthgf, @cuxhlc rkppgrt `c ngfagrlht pgur dk Arkfnc, 22 lkrs25;>, spn. p. ?.(;3) Rkppgrt kfthngrrupthgf `c dSC, Kffcxc Arkfnc, NGL (25;0) >= fkd, spn. p. ;2.


6Ukoc ;0


15/48

Dk nrhthquc cst dc akht, `kutrc pkrt, `cs GFO spnhkdhscs `kfs dk duttcngftrc dk ngrrupthgf. PRKFÛKRCFNX HFPCRFKPHGFKD ARKFNC k ncrtcs

skdu dcs kvkfncs kppgrtcs pkr dk dgh ù 1 `nclbrc 25;>. Lkhs cddck kussh shludtkflcft rcdcv ncrtkhfcs hfsuaskfncs ct kppcd dcOguvcrfclcft kddcr pdus dghf ;1. PRKFÛKRCFNX HFPCRFKPHGFKD k, pkrkhddcurs, ndkss dk Arkfnc ku 22lc rkfo lgf`hkd `kfs sgf ndkssclcftpgur dkffc 25;> ù `cor `c pcrncpthgf `c dk ngrrupthgf, nc quh dkpdknc ku ;5lcrkfo `cs pkys `c dSfhgf curgpcffc. Dkssgnhkthgf ^MCR-UK k, `c sgf nt, rcorctt, `kfs uf ngllufhqu ù 1 fgvclbrc 25;>, dklbhthgf trgp lg`cstc ù dohsdktcur pgur duttcr ngftrc dk arku`c ct

dk ngrrupthgf . Cddc k knncftu scs nrhthqucs rncllcft cf `fgfkft,`kfs uf ngllufhqu ù 20 gntgbrc 25;0 pubdh cf nglluf kvcndkssgnhkthgf KFPHNGR, dhfknthgf nmrgfhquc `c dk Arkfnc `kfs dcs nks`c ngrrupthgf `kocfts pubdhns trkfocrs(quh) tlghofc ùf vrhtkbdc`nkdkoc cftrc dk vgdgft pgdhthquc kanmc c ragrlcr dk iusthnc ct dkn-thgf ngfnrtc lkdor uf `hspgshtha iurh`hquc rncllcft ngfsgdh` .

Dk nrhthquc cst dc akht, cff, `c prgacsshgffcds pgur dcsqucds dcs hfsua-skfncs rprcsshvcs arkfkhscs cxpgscft dcs cftrcprhscs arkfkhscs trcpgursuhvhcs dtrkfocr `s dgrs quc pdushcurs tkts gft ufc dohsdkthgfkfth-ngrrupthgf quh skppdhquc cxtrk-tcrrhtgrhkdclcft. Hds nhtcft cf cxclpdcdc Agrchof Ngrrupt Urknthncs Knt (ANUK) cs tkts-Sfhs ct dc rncft SJ Brhbc-ry Knt (SJBK);?. Hds agft vkdghr quc ncs dohsdkthgfs `gffcft nglptcfnc dcurs iurh`hnthgfs dokr` cs cftrcprhscs arkfkhscs ct quc ncttc nglp-tcfnc cst `kutkft pdus susncpthbdc `c scxcrncr quc dk Arkfnc fkoht pksngftrc cddcs. Udushcurs nks sgft lcfthgffs kykft gff dhcu `c dgur`csskfnthgfs dtrkfocr ngftrc `cs cftrcprhscs arkfkhscs pgur `cs akhts `cngrrupthgf;=. Kussh kppcddcft-hds ufc lg`hnkthgf ù `hspgshtha arkfkhskf quc dcs cftrcprhscs arkfkhscs lcttcft cf pdknc `cs lnkfhslcshftcrfcs c prvcfthgf c dk ngrrupthgf ct quc dc hspgshtha arkfkhs sght cflcsurc `c pgursuhvrc ct iuocr dcs akhts `c ngrrupthgf;8.

(;1) Prkfspkrcfny Hftcrfkthgfkd Arkfnc, ngllufhqu ù 3 fgvclbrc 25;>.(;?) Q., pkr cxclpdc, . ckssku`, Dk duttc ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf cf `rght kfodkhs, klrhnkhf ct arkfkhs 9ufc kpprgnmc nglpkrc , Rcv. iur. ng. pub.25;>, tu`c ;5, spn. f 2= s.

(;=) N. @kromkl, Dk ngrrupthgf `kfs tgus scs tkts , Dc Ahokrg, 25 kgt 25;>.(;8) Q. Bod, . Bgfhakssh, Duttc ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf hftcrfkthgfkdc 9 dc rctkr` c dk Arkfnc lcfknc scscftrcprhscs , Dclgf`c.ar, 2= gnt. 25;0.


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Ncs nrhthqucs rcfngftrcft uf dkroc nmg `kfs dcs l`hks g cddcs cftrc-thcffcft dhlkoc ùfc hf`haarcfnc shfgf ùfc tgdrkfnc `cs kutgrhts

pubdhqucs dokr` `cs akhts `c ngrrupthgf25. Cddcs kdhlcftcft khfsh dksusphnhgf sur dk prgbht ù pcrsgffcd pgdhthquc ct sur dk lgrkdht `c dkvhc ngfglhquc uf lglcft g ncddc-nh fk pcut-trc iklkhs t kusshorkf`c.

Ncst nc ngftcxtc quh k ngfùht dc Ndub `cs iurhstcs ngfsthtucr ufcngllhsshgf k` mgnpgur shftrcsscr dk qucsthgf. Ncddc-nh scst `gffcngllc gbicntha `vkducr dc `hspgshtha rprcssha arkfkhs `c duttc ngftrcdk ngrrupthgf trkfsfkthgfkdc ct `c akhrc `cs prgpgshthgfs pgur dc rcfagr-ncr. Ncst dc rsudtkt `c ncs trkvkux `gft dc prscft rkppgrt akht tkt.^hd ngfrlc quc dc `hspgshtha rprcssha pcut skfs `gutc trc kldhgr(;rcpkrthc), hd prngfhsc kussh `c rcngffktrc dc rdc `cs cftrcprhscs `kfsncttc duttc (2lcpkrthc). Dcs ku`hthgfs lcfcs `c llc quc dcs `gnu-lcfts rcnuchddhs gft cf caact lgftr quc `c fglbrcuscs cftrcprhscs arkf-khscs gft lhs cf pdknc `cs prgorkllcs hftcrfcs kfth-ngrrupthgf. Ncsprgorkllcs ngfsthtucft `cs hfstrulcfts cankncs `c prvcfthgf ct `ctrkhtclcft `c dk ngrrupthgf hftcrfkthgfkdc. Hd ngfvhcf`rkht fkflghfs `cdcs cfnk`rcr kf `c dcur `gffcr ufc ufhagrlht quh dcs aksscft rpgf`rckux cxhocfncs `kfs nc `glkhfc ct quhds puhsscft prgùhrc `cs caacts

iurh`hqucs.

(25) Q., pkr cxclpdc, Ngrrupthgf. Dk Arkfnc dhf`cx , Dhbrkthgf, > n. 25;> : Ngrrupthgf 9 dk Arkfnc ght

cfngrc prgorcsscr , Dcokrg.ar,> n. 25;> : Duttc ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf 9 dGN@C phfodc dcs caagrts dhlhts `c dk Arkfnc , Dcs nmgs, 2> gnt. 25;0 : Dk ngfvcfthgf `c dGN@C sur dk ngrrupthgf dkroclcft hofgrc ,DGbs, 2> gnt. 25;0.


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;RCUKRPHCKldhgrcr dcanknhtù `hspgshtha rprcssha `c

duttc ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf

Ncst dc `glkhfc quh ngfncftrc dcs nrhthqucs. Dc `hspgshtha rprcssha arkf-khs sguaarhrkht `hfsuaskfncs quh cftrkvcrkhcft dk pgursuhtc `cs akhts `cngrrupthgf hftcrfkthgfkdc. Ncs hfsuaskfncs scrkhcft dk aghs `c agf` ct`c agrlc. Dcur ngfigfnthgf cxpdhqucrkht dc akhbdc fglbrc `c ngf`klfk-thgfs prgfgfncs pkr dcs iurh`hnthgfs arkfkhscs. kfs `gutc cst-hd pgsshbdc`kldhgrcr dc `hspgshtha cxhstkft sur dc agf` ct dk agrlc. Lkhs hd ngfvhcft

`kvcrthr quc ncs kldhgrkthgfs fc pcuvcft qutrc dhlhtcs nkr dcs `hspg-shthgfs arkfkhscs rpgf`cft dkroclcft kux prcsnrhpthgfs hftcrfkthgfkdcs.Ncst `kutkft pdus dc nks kprs dk dgh ù 1 `nclbrc 25;>. Hd cst fkf-lghfs cfngrc pgsshbdc `c rcfagrncr, sur pdushcurs pghfts, dc `hspgshtha arkf-khs llc shd scrkht cxncssha ct llc pkraghs hfuthdc `c lcttrc cf uvrcdcfsclbdc `cs prngfhskthgfs prgpgscs pkr dcs hfsthtuthgfs hftcrfkthg-fkdcs ct dcs GFO, dcsqucddcs prgn`cft sguvcft ufc kfkdysc rùntrhncshfgf rùhtc `cs sgduthgfs pgshthvcs.

H. ûr dcs kldhgrkthgfs `c agf`

Dc orgupc `c trkvkhd `c dGN@C sur dk ngrrupthgf kvkht adhnht dcs kutg-rhts arkfkhscs pgur dcur trkfspgshthgf ngfsnhcfnhcusc `c dk Ngfvcfthgfcf `rght hftcrfc `kfs sgf Rkppgrt `c pmksc ;. Hd scst nkrt `c nct kvhs`kfs scs rkppgrts udtrhcurs akhskft pdushcurs orhcas dk dohsdkthgf arkf-khsc. Hd cf k rpt dcs prhfnhpkux `kfs sk @ndkrkthgf ù 2> gntgbrc

25;0. Ncux-nh pgrtcft fgtkllcft sur 9

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- dk ngf`hthgf `c dk rnhprgnht `hfnrhlhfkthgf pgur pgursuhvrc dcs akhts`c ngrrupthgf ngllhs dtrkfocr,

- dkbscfnc `hfnrhlhfkthgf ù trkn `hfflucfnc hftcrfkthgfkd,

- dcs ngf`hthgfs kttrhbuthgf c dk rcspgfskbhdht pfkdc cs pcrsgffcslgrkdcs,

- dc lgftkft `cs pchfcs `klcf`c.

Dk Ngllhsshgf k cxklhf ncs orhcas lkhs k ngfsh`r quhd fc ngfvcfkhtpks `c lg`hcr dk dohsdkthgf arkfkhsc sur dcs pghfts quhd `fgfnc.

K. ûr dk ngf`hthgf `c dk rnhprgnht `hfnrhlhfkthgfpgur pgursuhvrc dcs akhts `c ngrrupthgf ngllhs dtrkfocr

Dc orhca cst roudhrclcft agrlud pkr dGN@C. Hd pgrtc sur dc akht quc dknglptcfnc arkfkhsc cst sgulhsc ufc ngf`hthgf `c `gubdc hfnrhlh-fkthgf pgur dcs akhts `c ngrrupthgf ngllhs dtrkfocr cf kppdhnkthgf `c

dkrthndc ;;>-1 ù Ng`c pfkd. Dc orgupc `c trkvkhd `c dGN@C ngfsh`rcquc ncttc cxhocfnc ngfsthtuc uf gbstkndc dk pgursuhtc pkr dk Arkfnc cakhts `c ngrrupthgf trkfsfkthgfkdc. Kussh rcngllkf`c-t-hd hfstkllcft sksupprcsshgf2;.

Dk nglptcfnc cxtrktcrrhtgrhkdc arkfkhsc cf lkthrc `c ngrrupthgffc `rgoc ncrtcs pks kux rodcs ofrkdcs xcs pkr dcs krthndcs ;;>-1ct suhvkfts ù Ng`c pfkd. Hd scfsuht bhcf quc ncttc nglptcfnc cstsubgr`gffc dk ngf`hthgf `c `gubdc hfnrhlhfkthgf pgur dcs akhts `cngrrupthgf ngllhs dtrkfocr pkr `cs cftrcprhscs arkfkhscs gu pkr `cspcrsgffcs pmyshqucs arkfkhscs. Nct krthndc pgsc cf caact ncttc ngf`hthgfpgur dcs `dhts, nc quc sgft dcs hfarknthgfs `c ngrrupthgf `kocfts pubdhnstrkfocrs prvucs pkr dcs krthndcs 0>3-; ct suhvkfts ù Ng`c pfkd.

Hd fc sclbdc pks ncpcf`kft quc ncttc ngf`hthgf sght cf lcsurc c dhlhtcrsubstkfthcddclcft dk nglptcfnc arkfkhsc `kfs nc `glkhfc.

(2;) Rkppgrt `c pmksc > sur dk lhsc cf uvrc pkr dk Arkfnc `c dk ngfvcfthgf `c dGN@C sur dk duttcngftrc dk ngrrupthgf, gntgbrc 25;2, spn. p. 25.


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Hd akut khfsh sgudhofcr quc ncttc ngf`hthgf fc skppdhquc quku nks gdcs akhts `c ngrrupthgf gft t, `kfs dcur hftorkdht, ngllhs dtrkfocr

pkr ufc pcrsgffc lgrkdc gu pmyshquc arkfkhsc. Hd cf `ngudc qucddcfc skppdhquc pks sh dcs akhts sgft, pgur pkrthc, rkttknmkbdcs ku tcrrhtghrcarkfkhs. @kfs ncttc mypgtmsc, ncs akhts rcdvcft `c dk nglptcfnc tcrrh-tgrhkdc arkfkhsc cf kppdhnkthgf `c dkrthndc ;;>-2, kdhfk 2, u Ng`c pfkdscdgf dcqucd dhfarknthgf cst rputc ngllhsc sur dc tcrrhtghrc `c dk Rpu-bdhquc `s dgrs quuf `c scs akhts ngfsthtuthas k cu dhcu sur nc tcrrhtghrc .Gr, hd akut skvghr quc dk Ngur `c nksskthgf prcf` cf nglptc dc dhcu ùshoc sgnhkd pgur dgnkdhscr dcs `nhshgfs `c ocsthgf nkrkntrhskft uf `dht

pfkd22. Ncttc sgduthgf ngfùht fncsskhrclcft dgnkdhscr cf Arkfnc dcsakhts c ngrrupthgf ngllhs pkr ufc cftrcprhsc arkfkhsc skfs quhd hlpgrtcquc dcs sgllcs khcft t pkycs dtrkfocr ct quc dk `nhshgf knmctcsght hftcrvcfuc dtrkfocr. Dhlpdhnkthgf ùfc sgnht arkfkhsc `kfs`cs akhts c ngrrupthgf suat gfn rkttknmcr ncux-nh ku tcrrhtghrc arkfkhsct dcs sgulcttrc dk nglptcfnc tcrrhtgrhkdc arkfkhsc, dkqucddc fcstvh`cllcft fuddclcft subgr gffc ufc ngf`hthgf `c `gubdc hfnrhlh-fkthgf. Hd akut okdclcft sgudhofcr quc dk ngrrupthgf sc trguvc hfnrhlhfc

`kfs dk lkigrht `cs Ctkts `c sgrtc qucf tgut tkt `c nkusc dk ngf`hthgf`c `gubdc hfnrhlhfkthgf sc trguvc dc pdus sguvcft rclpdhc.

Dc nks `kfs dcqucd dc pkhclcft scrkht dc akht ùfc dhkdc trkforc fkp-pkrkt pks `kvkftkoc cf lcsurc `c akhrc gbstkndc dk nglptcfncarkfkhsc, s dgrs quc dk nmklbrc nrhlhfcddc ngfsh`rc quufc hfarknthgfngllhsc pkr ufc dhkdc ùfc cftrcprhsc arkfkhsc cst hlputkbdc ncddc-nh qukf` cddc k t pcrptrc sgf hfhthkthvc2>. Hd cst vrkh quc subshstc dcnks `kfs dcqucd dk dhkdc k koh `c sk prgprc hfhthkthvc skfs y kssgnhcr dksgnht-lrc. Lkhs hd fy k kdgrs kunufc rkhsgf pgur quc ncddc-nh cfngurtufc rcspgfskbhdht pfkdc. Dc akht quufc ngrrupthgf sght ngllhsc pkrufc dhkdc fc suat pks cfokocr dk rcspgfskbhdht pfkdc `c sk sgnh-t-lrc. Hd fc pcut cf kddcr khfsh quc sh ncttc sgnht-lrc k t kssgnhc ncttc ngrrupthgf. Gr, `kfs ncttc mypgtmsc, ncddc-nh pcut kssurlcfttrc qukdhc `kutcur gu `c ngkutcur `c dk ngrrupthgf nglptc tcfu ùngftrdc quc sk pgshthgf duh akht cxcrncr sur scs dhkdcs.

(22) Q., pkr cxclpdc, Nrhl, 1 avr. ;881, Budd. nrhl., f 15 : Nrhl., >; ikfv. 255?, Budd. nrhl., f 2=.(2>) Nrhl., >; ikfv. 255?, prn.


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Sfc sgduthgf u llc typc cst kssurlcft kppdhnkbdc sh dk ngrrupthgf cstdc akht ùf hftcrl`hkhrc trkfocr quh koht pgur dc nglptc ùfc sgnht

arkfkhsc. Nc nks `c ourc fc rcdvc pks, pgur dk sgnht arkfkhsc, `cdk nglpdhnht ngftrkhrclcft nc quh k t sgutcfu pkr dc ORCNG `kfssgf trghshlc rkppgrt `vkdukthgf `c dk Arkfnc20. Hd akut rkppcdcr quc dcs`dhts `c ngrrupthgf knthvc hftorcft dcs kohssclcfts hf`hrcnts. Dkrthndc0>3-;, kdhfk ;cr, ù Ng`c pfkd vhsc khfsh dc akht `c prgpgscr `hrcntc-lcft gu hf`hrcntclcft uf kvkftkoc uf kocft pubdhn trkfocr pgurquhd knnglpdhssc uf kntc `c sk agfnthgf gu aknhdht pkr sk agfnthgf. Dkr-thndc 0>3-;, kdhfk 2, u Ng`c pfkd pufht pkrchddclcft dc akht `c n`cr

uf kocft pubdhn quh sgddhnhtc `hrcntclcft gu hf`hrcntclcft uf kvkf-tkoc pgur knnglpdhr uf kntc `c sk agfnthgf gu aknhdht pkr sk agfnthgf. Hdscfsuht quc dcftrcprhsc arkfkhsc quh rcngurt uf hftcrl`hkhrc gu quhknncptc dk sgddhnhtkthgf trkfslhsc pkr uf hftcrl`hkhrc fk pks dk qukdh-t `c nglpdhnc lkhs `kutcur ùfc ngrrupthgf. Dkrthndc ;;>-3 ù Ng`cpfkd rcdktha dk nglpdhnht cf Arkfnc ùf `dht ngllhs dtrkfocr fcduh cst `gfn pks kppdhnkbdc.

Hd fkppkrkt gfn pks quc dcs krthndcs ;;>-3 ct ;;>-1 u Ng`c pfkd sghcftkppdhnkbdcs ufc ngrrupthgf ngllhsc dtrkfocr `kfs dkqucddc ufcsgnht arkfkhsc cst hlpdhquc. Nkr ncttc mypgtmsc fcftrc pks `kfs dcnmklp `kppdhnkthgf `c ncs `cux krthndcs. Dcxhocfnc `c `gubdc hfnrhlh-fkthgf fc `hlhfuc pkrchddclcft pks dk nglptcfnc arkfkhsc cf nks `cngrrupthgf ngllhsc dtrkfocr ku priu`hnc ùfc sgnht arkfkhsc,puhsquc dk nglptcfnc pcrsgffcddc pksshvc prvuc pkr dkrthndc ;;>-? uNg`c pfkd fc dk prvght pks. Hd scfsuht quc ncs akhts pcuvcft trc pgur-suhvhs pkr dcs iurh`hnthgfs pfkdcs arkfkhscs `kfs dhf`haarcfnc `c dcurhfnrhlhfkthgf dtrkfocr. Kussh fy-k-t-hd pks dhcu, scdgf dk Ngllhsshgf, cprngfhscr ufc lg`hnkthgf c dk dgh pfkdc arkfkhsc cf nc quh ngfncrfcdk nglptcfnc cxtrk-tcrrhtgrhkdc arkfkhsc cf lkthrc `c ngrrupthgftrkfsfkthgfkdc. Hd ngfvhcf`rkht fkflghfs quc dcs pkrqucts sghcft scfsh-bhdhss kux ngrrupthgfs trkforcs `gft `cs sgnhts arkfkhscs gft tvhnthlcs kf `cfokocr `cs pgursuhtcs ngftrc dcs sgnhts trkforcs quhdcs gft ngllhscs. Ncs pgursuhtcs lgftrcrkhcft dk nkpknht ct dk vgdgft

(20) Prghshlc nyndc `vkdukthgf, Rkppgrt `vkdukthgf `c dk Arkfnc, ;8 avr. 2558, 81, p. 2=.


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`c dk Arkfnc `kohr hftcrfkthgfkdclcft ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf ngllc dcagft fgtkllcft dcs tkts-Sfhs `Klrhquc kvcn dc ANUK, ct `sgrlkhs dc

Rgykulc-Sfh kvcn dc SJBK.

@kfs tgus dcs nks, dcs nrhthqucs akhtcs dk Arkfnc rcdkthvclcft dk ngf`h-thgf `c `gubdc hfnrhlhfkthgf pgur pgursuhvrc dcs `dhts `c ngrrupthgftrkfsfkthgfkdc prgn`cft, tgut dc lghfs, ufc cxpcrthsc hfsuaskftc `cs`hspgshthgfs dokdcs ct `cs sgduthgfs iu`hnhkhrcs.

B. ûr dkbscfnc `hfnrhlhfkthgf ù trkn `hfflucfnchftcrfkthgfkd

Hd ngfvhcft c rkppcdcr quc dkbscfnc hfnrhlhfkthgf u trkn hfflucfnctrkfsfkthgfkd scxpdhquc pkr dc akht quc dk ngfndushgf `c lkrnms hftcr-fkthgfkux fncsshtc sguvcft `c rcngurhr `cs hftcrl`hkhrcs `gft dkn-thvht ngfshstc akhrc ù dgbbyhfo gu hftcrvcfhr kuprs `cs pcrsgffcs`nhshgffkhrcs. Dk Arkfnc k nrkhft quc dk nrkthgf uf dht `c trkn hf-flucfnc hftcrfkthgfkd fc pufhssc ncs prkthqucs ct fc `skvkftkoc, c nc

akht, dcs cftrcprhscs arkfkhscs quh sc trguvcrkhcft `kfs dhlpgsshbhdht `cakhrc kppcd `cs hftcrl`hkhrcs `gft dhftcrvcfthgf cst sguvcft uthdc shfgfhf`hspcfskbdc23. Cddc k gbscrv quc ncttc hfnrhlhfkthgf fcxhstc pks `kfsuf orkf` fglbrc `tkts. Dc oguvcrfclcft k `khddcurs akht ufc rscrvccf nc scfs dk Ngfvcfthgf pfkdc sur dk ngrrupthgf ù Ngfschd `c dCu-rgpc. Ncttc rscrvc tkht bhcf sr kutgrhsc pkr ncttc Ngfvcfthgf21. Gfpcut rcdcvcr qucddc k kussh t akhtc pkr `cs tkts ngllc dk Bcdohquc,dc @kfclkrj, dHtkdhc, dcs Ukys-Bks, dc Rgykulc-Sfh ct dk û`c2?. @kfs dc

llc scfs, fh dc ANUK fh dc SJBK fc prvghcft ncttc hfarknthgf.Hd k sclbd dk Ngllhsshgf quc dcs rkhsgfs `c ncttc kbscfnc `hfnrh-lhfkthgf `clcurkhcft pcrthfcftcs. Dc ngllcrnc hftcrfkthgfkd fncsshtctguigurs, `kfs `c trs fglbrcux nks, `c akhrc kppcd `cs hftcrl`hkhrcsprgnmcs `cs `nhshgffkhrcs pubdhns. Hd fc akut pks, bhcf cftcfù, qucncttc hftcrvcfthgf `hsshludc ufc ngrrupthgf ù `nhshgffkhrc, nc quh pcuttrc dc nks. Lkhs dc `dht `c ngrrupthgf pcut kdgrs skppdhqucr, dcqucd pufht

(23) Q. Kss. Fkt., Urgict `c dgh rcdktha dk duttc ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf, ;>lcdo., f ;?;, p. 3.(21) Ngfv. pfkdc sur dk ngrrupthgf ù Ngfschd `c dCurgpc ù 2? ikfv. ;888, krt. >?.(2?) DKddclkofc fk pks rkth ncttc ngfvcfthgf.


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dk sgddhnhtkthgf gu dknncptkthgf hf`hrcntc `kvkftkocs pgur knnglpdhr ufkntc `c sk agfnthgf gu aknhdht pkr sk agfnthgf (N. pf., krt. 0>3-;). @kfs

ncttc mypgtmsc, dhftcrl`hkhrc k dk qukdht `c nglpdhnc ct dc `nhshgf-fkhrc ncddc `kutcur. Dcftrcprhsc arkfkhsc pcut kussh trc pgursuhvhc cfqukdht kutcur ufc ngrrupthgf knthvc sh cddc tkht hfagrlc c dk fkdht`c dhftcrvcfthgf c dhftcrl`hkhrc. Hd scfsuht quc dc dht `c ngrrupthgf cstnkrkntrhs `s dgrs quc dc `nhshgffkhrc pubdhn rcght uf pkhclcft. Hd csthf`haarcft quc nc pkhclcft fc sght pks akht `hrcntclcft cftrc scs lkhfs.Hd cst pkrchddclcft hf`haarcft quc nc pkhclcft fc duh prgtc pks pcrsgf-fcddclcft, puhsquc dc dht `c ngrrupthgf pufht kussh dgntrgh kvkftkoc

kutruh. @kfs ncs ngf`hthgfs, hd kppkrkt quc dcs akhts nkrkntrhss `c trkn`hfflucfnc hddhnhtc, ncst--`hrc ncux quh `gffcft dhcu ufc ngrrupthgf,sgft pufhs pkr dc `rght pfkd arkfkhs. Dc rcprgnmc akht pkr dGN@C dkArkfnc cst `gfn cxncssha.

N. Dcs ngf`hthgfs `kttrhbuthgf `c dk rcspgfskbhdhtpfkdc `cs pcrsgffcs lgrkdcs

Hd fk pks sclbd dk Ngllhsshgf quc dcs ngf`hthgfs `kttrhbuthgf `cdk rcspgfskbhdht pfkdc `cs pcrsgffcs lgrkdcs tkhcft susncpthbdcs `cakhrc gbstkndc dk rprcsshgf `cs akhts `c ngrrupthgf trkfsfkthgfkdc.

Ncs ngf`hthgfs fclpnmcft pks dcfokoclcft `c dk rcspgfskbhdhtpfkdc `cs pcrsgffcs lgrkdcs, s dgrs quc `cs akhts `c ngrrupthgf `csth-fs pcrlcttrc ufc sgnht c bfnhcr uf lkrnm gu c ngfndurcuf ngftrkt pcuvcft kssurlcft trc ngfsh`rs ngllc ngllhs pgur

sgf nglptc ku scfs `c dkrthndc ;2;-2 `u Ng`c pfkd. Dcxhocfnc scdgfdkqucddc dcs akhts `ghvcft trc ngllhs pkr uf grokfc gu uf rcprscftkftkppkrkt, `c sgf nt, pdchfclcft iusthc, `s dgrs quc dk rcspgfskbhdhtpfkdc ufc pcrsgffc lgrkdc fcst k`lhsshbdc quku nks g dcs akhts gftt ngllhs pkr cs pcrsgffcs quh dhfnkrfcft ct quh, nc thtrc, dgft cfok-oc cf kohsskft. Hd fc scrkht pks knncptkbdc quufc pcrsgffc lgrkdcrpgf`c pfkdclcft `c akhts ngllhs dhfsu `c ncux quh gft dc pguvghr`c dk `hrhocr gu `c dk rcprscftcr. Dk Ngllhsshgf thcft sgudhofcr quc dk

ngllhsshgf `c akhts `c ngrrupthgf fc `ght pks fncsskhrclcft cfokocrdk rcspgfskbhdht pfkdc `c dk pcrsgffc lgrkdc ngfncrfc. Ncdk fc `ght


6Ukoc 22


23/48

trc dc nks qu dk ngf`hthgf quc dcs grokfcs c dk pcrsgffc lgrkdc y gftpkrthnhp, uf thtrc qucdngfquc.

Dk qucsthgf scst pgsc, nc suict, `c skvghr shd ngfvhcft, cf lkthrc `cngrrupthgf `kfs dcftrcprhsc, `c lkhftcfhr dkppdhnkthgf `c dk sgduthgf

iurhspru`cfthcddc scdgf dkqucddc dcs skdkrhs thtudkhrcs ùfc `dokthgf `cpguvghrs cfokocft dk rcspgfskbhdht pfkdc `c dcur cftrcprhsc. Gf pcutcf caact ngftcstcr, ku rcokr` `c scs ngfsqucfncs pgur dhlkoc ùfccftrcprhsc, quuf skdkrh cfokoc dk rcspgfskbhdht pfkdc `c sgf cftrc-prhsc ù scud akht quhd cst thtudkhrc ùfc `dokthgf `c pguvghrs ct kdgrsquhd k koh `c sk prgprc hfhthkthvc llc sh ncttc knthgf pcut kppkrktrcngllc kykft t akhtc pgur sgf nglptc. Gf pgurrkht `gfn pgscr uf prhf-nhpc hfvcrsc `kbscfnc `cfokoclcft `c dk rcspgfskbhdht pfkdc `cdcftrcprhsc pkr dc akht ùf skdkrh thtudkhrc ùfc `dokthgf `c pguvghrs,nc prhfnhpc ftkft nkrt quku nks g hd cst tkbdh quc dcs kohssclcfts`c nc skdkrh gft t ngffus `cs grokfcs gu rcprscftkfts `c dcftrc-prhsc gu quku nks g ncs grokfcs gu rcprscftkfts kvkhcft `cs rkhsgfs`c ngffktrc ncs kohssclcfts.

^h cddc k ngfsh`r quhd fy kvkht pks dhcu `kppgrtcr `cs `rgokthgfsku rohlc `c `rght nglluf `c dk rcspgfskbhdht pfkdc `cs pcrsgffcslgrkdcs prvu pkr dkrthndc ;2;-2 ù Ng`c pfkd, dk Ngllhsshgf k, cfrcvkfnmc, ngfsh`r quhd ngfvcfkht `tcf`rc kux pcrsgffcs lgrkdcs dclnkfhslc c hlhfuthgf c pchfcs prvu pgur dcs pcrsgffcs pmyshqucs.Dkrthndc 0>3-1-; ù Ng`c pfkd `hspgsc khfsh quc dcs pchfcs prhvkthvcs `cdhbcrt cfngurucs pkr dcs kutcurs gu nglpdhncs ùf `dht `c ngrrupthgfpksshvc gu knthvc `kocft pubdhn trkfocr cfngurcft ufc pchfc prhvkthvc

`c dhbcrt rùhtc `c lghth sh, kykft kvcrth dkutgrht k`lhfhstrkthvc guiu`hnhkhrc, (hds gft) pcrlhs `c akhrc ncsscr dhfarknthgf gu `h`cfthcr, dc nksnmkft, dcs kutrcs kutcurs gu nglpdhncs . Nc lnkfhslc k t kigutkux dhts c ngrrupthgf pkr dk dgh u 1 nclbrc 25;>. Hd fc prgtc qukuxpcrsgffcs pmyshqucs. Ncttc dhlhtkthgf fcst ncrtcs pks prgprc kux `dhts`c ngrrupthgf. Dcs kutrcs hfarknthgfs quh dk prvghcft dc dhlhtcft pkrchddc-lcft kux pcrsgffcs pmyshqucs. Lkhs ncttc dhlhtkthgf scxpdhquc pkr dkfkturc `cs hfarknthgfs pgur dcsqucddcs hd k t ngfu ct prvu. Ncddcs-nh

tkhcft dc trkn `c stupkfts ct dc tcrrgrhslc, ncst--`hrc `cs hfarknthgfsorkvcs ngftrc dcs pcrsgffcs rcdcvkft ùfc nrhlhfkdht `c typc grokfhsc.


6Ukoc 2>


24/48

Dk dgh f 2550-250 ù 8 lkrs 2550 `htc Dgh Ucrbcf HH duh k kigut `kutrcshfarknthgfs c llc fkturc ngllc dkssksshfkt ct dclpghsgffclcft gu

dcs kntcs `c tgrturc ct `c bkrbkrhc.

@kfs tgus dcs nks, dk dhlhtkthgf ù lnkfhslc `c `hlhfuthgf `c pchfcskux pcrsgffcs pmyshqucs fk pks sk nkusc `kfs ufc hlpgsshbhdht `cdkppdhqucr kux pcrsgffcs lgrkdcs lkhs `kfs dk fkturc `cs hfarknthgfspgur dcsqucddcs hd k t hfhthkdclcft prvu. Hd fy k kunuf gbstkndc ncquhd sght tcfù kux pcrsgffcs lgrkdcs pgur `cs hfarknthgfs ùfc kutrcfkturc, s dgrs quc dc dohsdktcur k ì akht dc nmghx `c dkppdhqucr ncshfarknthgfs. Ncst prnhslcft dc nks pgur dcs `dhts `c ngrrupthgf pgurdcsqucds dc lnkfhslc k t prvu skfs y hfndurc dcs pcrsgffcs lgrkdcskdgrs quc sgf kbscfnc `kppdhnkthgf ncux-nh fk kunufc iusthnkthgf.

Ku ngftrkhrc, dk Ngllhsshgf k ngfsh`r quc sgf kppdhnkthgf kuxpcrsgffcs lgrkdcs scrkht iusthc tkft `gff quhd rcfvghc ufc shtuk-thgf quh pcut sc rcfngftrcr `kfs dk vhc ùfc pcrsgffc lgrkdc. Udushcurslclbrcs `c dk Ngllhsshgf ct ncrtkhfs cxpcrts ct prkthnhcfs ku`hthgf-fs pkr dk Ngllhsshgf gft khfsh akht vkdghr quhd fcst pks hfcfvhskockbdc

quufc pcrsgffc lgrkdc `nguvrc quc `cs akhts `c ngrrupthgf gft tngllhs pkr `cs pcrsgffcs pguvkft cfokocr sk prgprc rcspgfskbhdhtpfkdc. Dk rcspgfskbhdht pfkdc qucddc cfngurt khfsh fc akht dgbict `ku-nufc kttfukthgf kdgrs llc qucddc rkoht ncs akhts cf prcfkft tgutclcsurc h`ghfc, vghrc cf y lcttkft f. Ncttc shtukthgf cst susncpthbdc `cngfùhrc dcs cftrcprhscs trkhtcr dk qucsthgf cf prhv skfs cf hfagrlcrdcs kutgrhts. Kussh ngfvhcf`rkht-hd quc dk rcspgfskbhdht pfkdc `cs cftrc-prhscs sght kttfuc, `s dgrs quc dk pcrsgffc lgrkdc rkoht dk `ngu-

vcrtc c dk ngllhsshgf c akhts c ngrrupthgf cf prcfkft hll`hktclcfttgutc lcsurc ku schf `c dcftrcprhsc pgur y rcl`hcr ct cf kvcrthsskft dcskutgrhts ct cf sclpdgykft y lcttrc f. Hd fy k cf caact kunufc rkhsgfpgur quc dc lnkfhslc `c `hlhfuthgf `c pchfc fc duh sght pks kppdh-nkbdc dk `haarcfnc `cs pcrsgffcs pmyshqucs quh sc trguvcft `kfs dkllc shtukthgf. Dc bfnc `c dk `hlhfuthgf `c pchfc scrkht fkflghfsdhlht ku nks g dcftrcprhsc fk rcthr kunuf prgt c dhfarknthgf. Dk pchfc`klcf`c `cvrkht, `kfs tgus dcs nks, pgrtcr sur dc bfnc gbtcfu. Dk

`hlhfuthgf `c pchfc pgurrkht kdgrs skppdhqucr dk sgllc susncpthbdc`c `pksscr nc bfnc. Dk prhsc cf nglptc pgurrkht llc `gffcr dhcu


6Ukoc 20


25/48

ufc cxclpthgf `c pchfc sh dk rknthgf `c dcftrcprhsc k lhs f dkshtukthgf ct k clpnm qucddc prgùhsc scs caacts ct kdgrs qucddc lct cf

pdknc uf prgorkllc `c ngfagrlht sgus doh`c ù ^NUN2=.

Dk Ngllhsshgf ngfsh`rc `gfn quhd ngfvhcf`rkht quc dk pchfc`klcf`c cfnguruc pkr dcs pcrsgffcs lgrkdcs ù akht `cs `dhts`c ngrrupthgf `kocfts pubdhns trkfocrs sght `hlhfuc `c lghth`kfs dcs llcs ngf`hthgfs quc dk `hlhfuthgf `c pchfc `clprh-sgffclcft prvuc pgur dcs pcrsgffcs pmyshqucs. Dc lnkfhslcpgurrkht trc tcfù ncrtkhfcs `cs kutrcs pchfcs kppdhnkbdcs

kux pcrsgffcs lgrkdcs : dk ùrc `cs pchfcs `hftcr`hnthgf cfngu-rucs pgurrkht khfsh trc pkrchddclcft `hlhfuc `c lghth. Hd pgurrkhtllc trc prvu ufc cxclpthgf `c pchfc ku nks g dk rknthgf`c dcftrcprhsc kurkht pcrlhs `c lcttrc f kux akhts `c ngrrupthgfct `cf fcutrkdhscr dcs caacts ct kurkht lhs cf pdknc, sh nc ftkht pksì dc nks, uf prgorkllc `c ngfagrlht.

@. Dc lgftkft `cs pchfcs `klcf`c

Dc lgftkft `cs pchfcs `klcf`c kppdhnkbdcs kux akhts `c ngrrupthgf`kocfts pubdhns trkfocrs k t trs nrhthqu pkr dcs orgupcs `c trkvkhdlhs cf pdknc pkr dcs grokfhslcs ct hfsthtuthgfs dgrhohfc `cs ngfvcf-thgfs sur dk ngrrupthgf. Ncs nrhthqucs sgft ncpcf`kft kftrhcurcs ku rcd-vclcft `c nc lgftkft pkr dk dgh ù 1 `nclbrc 25;>. Ncddc-nh k dcvdk pchfc ; 555 555 pgur dcs pcrsgffcs pmyshqucs, nc quh dk pgrtc

3 555 555 pgur dcs pcrsgffcs lgrkdcs cf kppdhnkthgf `c dkrthndc ;>;->=ù Ng`c pfkd. Dk dgh ù 1 `nclbrc 25;> k kussh prvu quc dklcf`cpguvkht trc pgrtc ku `gubdc ù prgt thr `c dhfarknthgf. Ncdk pcrlctquc dklcf`c fc puhssc pks trc hfarhcurc nc prgt ngllc ncdk k tdc nks kfs dc iuoclcft rcfù ngftrc dk sgnht KARKF quh k ngf`klfncddc-nh 355 555 `klcf`c kdgrs quc dcs akhts ngfncrfkhcft uf ngftrkt`c ;?5 L .

(2=) Q. nh-`cssgus.


6Ukoc 23


26/48

HH. ûr dcs kldhgrkthgfs prgnùrkdcs

Ncst dc `glkhfc quh akht dgbict `cs nrhthqucs dcs pdus agrtcs. Gf cf akhtdk nkusc prhfnhpkdc ù akhbdc fglbrc `c ngf`klfkthgfs pfkdcs pgurngrrupthgf kocfts pubdhns trkfocrs. D cfngrc, ncrtkhfcs nrhthqucs sgfthfagf`cs gu trs dkroclcft cxkorcs. Dk lkigrht `cs lclbrcs `c dkNgllhsshgf `c trkvkhd ù Ndub `cs iurhstcs k khfsh iuo cxncsshvcs dcsnrhthqucs sur dkbscfnc `hf`pcf`kfnc ù pkrquct ct sur dk brhvct ù`dkh `c prcsnrhpthgf.

Dkbscfnc `hf`pcf`kfnc ù pkrquct cst ufc nrhthquc rnurrcftc. Cddc

k cfngrc t agrludc rncllcft pkr dc orgupc `c trkvkhd `c dGN@C`kfs sk @ndkrkthgf ù 2> gntgbrc 25;0. Cddc cst ngfstkllcft rptcpkr dcs GFO spnhkdhscs `kfs dk duttc ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf. Ncttc nrhthqucsc trguvc kuigur`muh kaakhbdhc pkr dk pgsshbhdht rcngffuc kux kssgnhkthgfs`c duttc ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf `c sc ngfsthtucr pkrthc nhvhdc cf nks `kttchftc dk prgbht ct dk supprcsshgf ngrrdkthvc `c dk rcqutc ù pkrquct pgurdk pgursuhtc `cs akhts `c ngrrupthgf `kocfts pubdhns trkfocrs. Ncs `cuxragrlcs ùcs dk dgh ù 1 `nclbrc 25;> fcutrkdhscft dc pguvghr `gp-

pgrtufht `cs pgursuhtcs ù pkrquct cf pcrlcttkft kux kssgnhkthgfs `cduttc ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf c akhrc guvrhr ufc hfagrlkthgf iu`hnhkhrc ngfùhtcpkr uf iuoc `hfstrunthgf28. Dk nrhthquc sur dkbscfnc `hf`pcf`kfnc ùpkrquct cst kussh kaakhbdhc pkr dk Dgh ù 23 iuhddct 25;> rcdkthvc kux kttrh-buthgfs ù okr`c `cs snckux ct `cs lkohstrkts ù lhfhstrc pubdhn cflkthrc `c pgdhthquc pfkdc ct `c lhsc cf uvrc `c dknthgf pubdhqucpuhsquhd cst `sgrlkhs akht hftcr`hnthgf ku Okr`c `cs ^nckux `k`rcsscr`cs hfstrunthgfs hf`hvhùcddcs kux prgnurcurs `c dk Rpubdhquc. Ncrtkhfs

lclbrcs `c dk Ngllhsshgf gft pu stgffcr `kfs ncs ngf`hthgfs `c dkpcrshstkfnc `c dk vhoucur `c dk `fgfnhkthgf `c dkbscfnc `hf`pcf-`kfnc ù pkrquct, `s dgrs quc dcs kssgnhkthgfs `c duttc ngftrc dk ngrrup-thgf pcuvcft akhrc guvrhr ufc hfagrlkthgf iu`hnhkhrc kdgrs llc quc dcpkrquct y scrkht gppgs. Hd sclbdc - ncst ù lghfs dgphfhgf ù Ursh`cft

(28) Dcs ngf`hthgfs `korlcft `cs kssgnhkthgfs `c duttc ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf cf vuc `c dcxcrnhnc`cs `rghts rcngffus dk pkrthc nhvhdc gft t xcs pkr dc `nrct f 25;0->2? pubdh ku Igurfkd ganhcd

ù ;0 lkrs 25;0. PRKFÛKRCFNX HFPCRFKPHGFKD k t korc pkr krrt ù 22 gntgbrc 25;0.(>5) Q., pkr cxclpdc, Rkppgrt `c pmksc > sur dk lhsc cf uvrc pkr dk Arkfnc `c dk ngfvcfthgf `cdGN@C sur dk duttc ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf, gntgbrc 25;2, spn. p. 30.


6Ukoc 21


27/48

`c dk Ngllhsshgf - quc dk duttc ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf sght pkraghs uthdhscpgur pgrtcr `cs rcvcf`hnkthgfs `c fkturc pgdhthquc shfgf ngrpgrkthstc.

Dc `dkh `c prcsnrhpthgf akht pkrchddclcft dgbict `c nrhthqucs rnurrcftcsquh cf `fgfncft dk ùrc>5. Ncddcs-nh rcdvcft `c dk pththgf `c prhfnhpc,`s dgrs quhd fcst pks ngftcst quc dk iurhspru`cfnc cf k trs dkroclcftkssgupdh dcs rodcs `c nkdnud. Cddc rcpgrtc khfsh dc pghft `c `pkrt `c dkprcsnrhpthgf ku igur ù `crfhcr kntc `cxnuthgf, nc quh pcrlct `c dcxcr kprs dc pkntc `c ngrrupthgf>;. Cddc qukdhc kussh sguvcft dcs akhts `cngrrupthgf `kbus `c bhcfs sgnhkux pgur cf rcpgrtcr dk prcsnrhpthgf ku

igur `c ngfstktkthgf `kfs `cs ngf`hthgfs pcrlcttkft dcxcrnhnc `c dkn-thgf pubdhquc. Sf krrt ù 1 lkh 2558 sclbdc llc kvghr kppdhqu ncttcsgduthgf dk ngrrupthgf>2. Hd fy k, cf gutrc, pks `cxclpdc `kfs dcqucd `cspgursuhtcs pgur `cs akhts `c ngrrupthgf kurkhcft t lhscs cf nmcn pkr dkprcsnrhpthgf. Dcs orhcas akhts dk Arkfnc sur ncttc qucsthgf prgn`cft `gfnùfc kfkdysc lhfcllcft kbstrkhtc c dkpprnhkthgf c dk prcsnrhpthgf.

Ncs ngfndushgfs fc shofhcft pks qukunufc kldhgrkthgf fc pcut trckppgrtc cf lkthrc `c pgursuhtcs. Lkhs ncs kldhgrkthgfs sgft akhrc

khddcurs, ncst--`hrc cf `cmgrs `cs pghfts mkbhtucddclcft cxklhfs `kfsnc glkhfc. Cddcs pgrtcft sur dk lhsc cf pdknc ufc prgnùrc k`kptc`c rcngffkhsskfnc prkdkbdc `c nudpkbhdht (NRUN) ct sur dk fncssht`clpnmcr dcs nuluds `c pgursuhtcs.

K. Dk`kptkthgf `c dk prgnùrc `c NRUN

Dcs ku`hthgfs `c dk Ngllhsshgf duh gft akht ngfstktcr quc dcs cftrcprhscs

arkfkhscs ngfargftcs `cs akhts `c ngrrupthgf prarcft pkraghs shfgfsguvcft dcs trkhtcr strhntclcft cf hftcrfc , ncst--`hrc skfs cf kvcr-thr dcs kutgrhts. Nc nmghx scxpdhquc pkr dcur nrkhftc quufc hfagrlkthgf`cs kutgrhts kht pgur ngfsqucfnc `c dcs akhrc pgursuhvrc pfkdclcftct kdgrs quc ncs pgursuhtcs sgft kppcdcs, scdgf tgutc vrkhsclbdkfnc,

(>;) Nrhl., 2? gnt. ;88?, Budd. nrhl., f >32.(>2) Nrhl., 1 lkh 2558, pgurvgh f 5=-=005?. Hd cst vrkh qugf pcut shftcrrgocr sur dk pgrtc rcddc `cnct krrt, `s dgrs quhd vhskht kussh uf `dht `kbus `c ngfkfnc ct quc scs lgthas gft systlkthquc-

lcft lcfthgff dcs `cux hfarknthgfs. Gf pgurrkht `gfn rkttknmcr sk sgduthgf ku scud `dht `kbus `cngfkfnc `kutkft pdus quc dkbscfnc `c pubdhnkthgf `c dkrrt ku Buddcthf fhfnhtc pks duh rcngf-fktrc ufc orkf`c hlpgrtkfnc.


6Ukoc 2?


28/48

sc prgdgfocr dgfotclps. Cddc scxpdhquc kussh pkr dcur hlkoc `c dkiusthnc pfkdc qucddcs pcrghvcft ngllc dghofc ct hofgrkftc ù

lgf`c `c dcftrcprhsc ct `gft cddcs pcfscft, nc thtrc, qucddc fcst pkscf lcsurc `kppgrtcr ufc rpgfsc hf`hvhùkdhsc dcur shtukthgf. ^kfs`gutc cst-hd `cs nks g `cs pgursuhtcs sgft iusthcs, kdgrs llc qucddcspgrtcrkhcft sur `cs akhts quc dcs cftrcprhscs ngfncrfcs gft rvds. Lkhshd akut, `kfs ncttc mypgtmsc, quc dcs cftrcprhscs puhsscft csnglptcr suruf trkhtclcft rkph`c ct shlpdc `cs pgursuhtcs kvcn uf hftcrdgnutcur `hqucddcs pcuvcft h`cfthcr khslcft ct `gft cddcs gft dhcu `c suppgscrquhd ngffkt dc agfnthgffclcft cs cftrcprhscs. Ncst ufc ngf`hthgf pgur

qucddcs pgrtcft spgftkflcft dcs akhts `c ngrrupthgf quh dcs ngfncrfcft dk ngffkhsskfnc `cs kutgrhts.

Dcs trkvkux `c dk Ngllhsshgf gft kussh akht rcssgrthr dhfk`kptkthgfarqucftc `c dhfagrlkthgf iu`hnhkhrc ngllc lg`c `c pgursuhtc `cs`dhts `c ngrrupthgf hftcrfkthgfkdc. Ncttc hfk`kptkthgf fk pks sk nkuscvh`cllcft `kfs dc iuoc `hfstrunthgf. Cddc thcft dk dcftcur `c dhfagrlk-thgf iu`hnhkhrc, quh cst ufc prgnùrc sc prgdgfockft ofrkdclcft surpdushcurs kffcs. Gr, ncttc ùrc fcst pks k`kptc ku trkhtclcft `c akhtslcttkft cf nkusc `cs cftrcprhscs hftcrvcfkft sur dcs lkrnms hftcrfkthg-fkux. Ncddcs-nh gft ku ngftrkhrc bcsghf quc nc trkhtclcft sght rkph`c pgurquc dcur shtukthgf iurh`hquc fc sguaarc pks `hfncrthtu`c. Dk ùrc `c dhf-agrlkthgf iu`hnhkhrc fuht kussh kux pgursuhtcs arkfkhscs, `s dgrs qucddc`gffc dk pgsshbhdht `cs pgursuhtcs trkforcs `c scxcrncr kvkft cddcspgur dcs llcs akhts ct kdgrs quc ncux-nh pcuvcft ngfncrfcr, ku prclhcrnmca, `cs cftrcprhscs arkfkhscs quh kurkhcft vgnkthgf trc iuocs pkrdcs iurh`hnthgfs arkfkhscs. Ncst pgurqugh hd ngfvhcft `cfvhskocr quc

dk pgursuhtc `c akhts `c ngrrupthgf trkfsfkthgfkdc puhssc rcdcvcr ùfcprgnùrc quh ngfnhdhc dk rkph`ht ct dcanknht.

Dk Ngllhsshgf rcngffkt qucddc k ngfsh`r quhd ngfvcfkht c shfsphrcr`cs prgnùrcs kfodg-klrhnkhfcs ct fgtkllcft ù @cacrrc` Urgscnu-thgf Korcclcft, dcqucd ngfsthtuc ufc prgnùrc sgupdc ct rkph`c quh cstpkrthnudhrclcft k`kptc kux akhts c ngrrupthgf>>. Hd pcrlct quhds aksscft

(>>) Q., pkr cxclpdc, K. Lhofgf-Ngdglbct, A. Butmhku, Dc @cacrrc` Urgscnuthgf Korcclcft klrhnkhf,ufc agrlc hf`htc `c iusthnc fognhc INU `. Of. 25;>, t. p. 12; : Um. Oggsscfs, Akut-hd `cvcfhrkfodg-skxgf pgur skvghr duttcr ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf 7 , DcsCnmgs.ar, 20 gnt. 25;0.


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dgbict `c agrtcs skfnthgfs pnufhkhrcs skfs rcngurhr uf prgns `gft dkùrc cst hfvhtkbdclcft dgfouc ct dc rsudtkt fncsskhrclcft hfncrtkhf. Hd

k kussh ufc canknht prvcfthvc, puhsquhd pcut ngfùhrc dcs cftrcprhscs lcttrc cf pdknc `cs lcsurcs `csthfcs vhtcr dc rcfguvcddclcft `c ncsakhts. Ncddcs-nh sgft kutkft pdus cfndhfcs ngfscfthr sk lhsc cf uvrcquhd skoht ùfc prgnùrc rkph`c quh, nc thtrc, dcur pkrofc dk ùrcùf prgns. Hd cst vrkh quc dc lgftkft cs klcf`cs kuxqucddcs cddcs sgftcxpgscs cst kussh trs hfnhtktha.

Hd fc skoht pks pgur kutkft `c rcprgùhrc dc @cacrrc` UrgscnuthgfKorcclcft.Ncduh-nh prscftc `cs trkhts prgagf`lcft dhs dk trk`hthgfklrhnkhfc quh fc sgft pks trkfspgskbdcs kfs dk prgnùrc pfkdc arkf-khsc. Hd `gffc khfsh ufc trgp orkf`c pdknc ku prgnurcur ku rcokr` `cscxhocfncs ngfsthtuthgffcddcs arkfkhscs. Hd susnhtc kussh uf ngt cxgrbhtkftpgur dcs cftrcprhscs, fgtkllcft dgrsquhd sknnglpkofc `c dk lhsc cfpdknc ùf lnkfhslc `c lgfhtgrhfo>0, dcqucd skppkrcftc `c surnrgt ufc prhvkthskthgf `c dk iusthnc pfkdc. Hd skoht, cf akht, `c shfsphrcr `cdk pmhdgsgpmhc trkfsknthgffcddc ù @cacrrc` Urgscnuthgf Korcclcft, `sdgrs quc ncddc-nh cst dk prhfnhpkdc nkusc `c sgf canknht kvrc. Duth-dht `cs prgnùrcs kdtcrfkthvcs cf lkthrc `c ngrrupthgf cst `khddcurscxpdhnhtclcft rcngffuc pkr dcs kutgrhts arkfkhscs. Dc crvhnc ncftrkd cprvcfthgf `c dk ngrrupthgf (^NUN), quh cst uf scrvhnc nmkro `kh`cr dcskutgrhts nglbkttrc dk ngrrupthgf>3, karlc cf nc scfs cxprcsslcft,`kfs ufc pdkqucttc `c prscftkthgf knncsshbdc pkrthr ù shtc Hftcrfctù Lhfhstrc `c dk Iusthnc, quc dk trkfsknthgf gu dk fognhkthgf ngfsth-tucft `cs sgduthgfs kfth-ngrrupthgf cankncs. Kussh ngfvhcft-hd `c prvghrgu, tgut dc lghfs, `klfkocr ufc prgnùrc quh `gffc dhcu uf trkh-tclcft `c nc typc pgur `cs akhts `c ngrrupthgf.

Nc sgft ncs ngfsh`rkthgfs quh gft ngfùht dk Ngllhsshgf prgpgscrquc dcs `dhts `c ngrrupthgf puhsscft akhrc dgbict ùfc prgnùrc k`kp-tc `c NRUN. Dc nmghx `c dk NRUN scst, cf akht, hlpgs ku rcokr` `csfglbrcux hftrts qucddc prscftc, dcsqucds duh ngfarcft ufc sgupdcsscprgnmc ùfc prgnùrc kdtcrfkthvc skfs cf trc ufc.

(>0) Ncduh-nh ngfshstc `shofcr uf thcrs dcftrcprhsc quh kurk pgur lhsshgf vkducr ct c survchddcr

dc prgorkllc `c ngfagrlht quc dc @cacrrc` Urgscnuthgf Korcclcftk lhs cf pdknc (v. K. Lhofgf-Ng-dglbct, A. Butmhku, krt. prn., spn. f >> ct s.)(>3) Q. nh-`cssgus.


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Hd skoht `kbgr` ùfc prgnùrc prcxhstkftc ct fgf ùfc prgnùrcnrc cx fhmhdg`gft dk nrkthgf pgur pgursuhvrc spnhkdclcft `cs `dhts

`c ngrrupthgf fgurrhrkht hllkfqukbdclcft dk susphnhgf. Hd skoht cfsuhtc,ngllc sk `fglhfkthgf dcxprhlc, ùfc prgnùrc `gffkft dhcu ufc nglpkruthgf sur rcngffkhsskfnc `c nudpkbhdht. Dk Ngllhsshgf knkrt, nct okr`, dh`c `c rcngurhr ufc trkfsknthgf ku rcokr` `c dkfkturc `rgoktghrc `c ncttc prgnùrc, dkqucddc pcut rcfvgycr dhlkocùfc iusthnc hfokdhtkhrc ku prgt c ncux quh cf agft dgbict. Hd skoht cffùfc prgnùrc rkph`c ct shlpdc, nc quh dk rcf` pkrthnudhrclcft k`kp-tc ku trkhtclcft cs akhts c ngrrupthgf lcttkft cf nkusc ufc cftrcprhsc

quh hftcrvhcft, pkr mypgtmsc, sur dcs lkrnms hftcrfkthgfkux. Ncs cftrc-prhscs gft cf caact bcsghf quc dcur shtukthgf pfkdc sght ndkrhc `kfs `cs`dkhs brcas. Cddc prscftc kussh dkvkftkoc `kbguthr ufc `ndkrkthgf`c nudpkbhdht ct fgf uf ndkssclcft skfs suhtc, nc quh prscrvc ngftrcdc sgupgf tguigurs aknhdc `c lkfsutu`c pgur dcs gprktcurs ngfg-lhqucs ct `bgunmc sur ufc sgduthgf iurh`hquc skfs hfncrthtu`c pgurncux-nh, puhsqucddc cst rcvtuc `c dkutgrht `c nmgsc iuoc.

Dk Ngllhsshgf k ncrtcs kussh cfvhsko dk pgsshbhdht quc dcs akhts `cngrrupthgf trkfsfkthgfkdc puhsscft akhrc dgbict ùfc nglpgshthgfpfkdc>1. Ncttc prgnùrc k `cs kvkftkocs nglpkrkbdcs ncux `c dkNRUN. Cddc k llc ufc sgupdcssc `c lhsc cf uvrc quh duh cst kssu-rlcft suprhcurc. Cddc pcut, pkr cxclpdc, trc ngfc ufc pcrsgffckutrc quc dc prgnurcur `c dk Rpubdhquc>?. Cddc prvght kussh dc rcngurs `cs lcsurcs kdtcrfkthvcs quc fc prvght pks dk NRUN. Lkhs cddc k dhfngf-vfhcft `kppkrktrc ngllc ufc lcsurc kdtcrfkthvc kux pgursuhtcs, ncquh pcut sclbdcr hfk`kpt dk rpgfsc pfkdc quhd ngfvhcft kppgrtcrkux akhts `c ngrrupthgf. Ncst nc quh cxpdhquc qucddc fc puhssc trc lhsccf uvrc quc pgur `cs `dhts pksshbdcs ùfc pchfc `clprhsgffclcftùfc urc hfarhcurc gu okdc nhfq kfs>=. Dk Ngllhsshgf k cf nc scfsngfsh`r quc dgphfhgf ftkht pks `hspgsc knncptcr quc dk ngrrup-thgf puhssc akhrc dgbict ùfc prgnùrc quh fc `gffc pks agrlcddclcft

(>1) N. prgn. pf., krt. 0;-2.(>?) Dc iuoc `hfstrunthgf pcut ncrtcs trc kussh dgrhohfc ùfc NRUN (N. prgn. pf., krt. ;=5-;). Lkhs

dk lhsc cf uvrc `c ncddc-nh cst, llc `kfs nc nks, ngfc ku prgnurcur `c dk Rpubdhquc quh cfcst skhsh sur gr`gffkfnc c rcfvgh u iuoc hfstrunthgf(>=) N. prgn. pf., krt. 0;-2, kd. ;cr.


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dhcu `cs pgursuhtcs. Ncst nc quh dk ngfùht nkrtcr dk nglpgshthgfpfkdc llc sh cddc ngfsh`rc quc ncddc-nh pgurrkht kussh trc cfvhskoc.

Dk Ngllhsshgf k csthl quhd ngfvcfkht `k`kptcr dk NRUN qukf` cddcngfncrfc dk qucsthgf spnhquc `c dk ngllhsshgf `c akhts `c ngrrup-thgf trkfsfkthgfkdc lcttkft cf nkusc ufc cftrcprhsc arkfkhsc ct kdgrsquc ncddc-nh k hfagrl dcs kutgrhts gu rcngffkt ncs akhts. Ncs k`kptk-thgfs ngfshstcrkhcft akhrc hftcrvcfhr dc ^NUN pgur trc dhftcrdgnutcur `cscftrcprhscs ku stk`c `c dk rcngffkhsskfnc `c nudpkbhdht, prcf`rc cfnglptc dk shtukthgf `c dcftrcprhsc `kfs dk prgpgshthgf `cs pchfcs ct kssgupdhr dcs rodcs kppdhnkbdcs dku`hcfnc `c nglpkruthgf.

k. Dhftcrvcfthgf ù ^NUN ku stk`c `c dk

rcngffkhsskfnc `c nudpkbhdht

Dc trkhtclcft `c akhts `c ngrrupthgf `kfs dc nk`rc ùfc NRUN k`kptcfncsshtc dhftcrvcfthgf ùfc kutgrht spnhkdhsc `kfs dc `glkhfc `c dkngrrupthgf quh cst, `c nc akht, ku ngftknt `cs cftrcprhscs. Dk Ngllhsshgf

k pcfs quc ncttc kutgrht `cvkht trc dc ^NUN pdutt quc dc fguvckuprgnurcur `c dk Rpubdhquc fkfnhcr. Nc nmghx scxpdhquc pkr dcur nkrkn-trc rcspcntha.

Dc prgnurcur `c dk Rpubdhquc fkfnhcr fcxcrnc ndksshquclcft quc`cs agfnthgfs `c pgursuhtc>8. Dk prclhrc lkohstrktc, gnnupcr ncpgstc, `nrht cddc-llc ncttc fguvcddc hfsthtuthgf ngllc ufc agrnc `carkppc 05. k lhsshgf cst `gfn ngfuc ngllc lhfcllcft shfgf cxndu-shvclcft rprcsshvc. Ncdk dclpnmc `cf akhrc dc bgf hftcrdgnutcur `cs

cftrcprhscs ngfargftcs uf prgbdlc c ngrrupthgf, s dgrs quc dk sgdu-thgf duh kppgrtcr pcut fc pks trc strhntclcft rprcsshvc. Ncst `kutkftpdus dc nks sh nc prgbdlc fc fncsshtc pks dcfokoclcft `c dk rcspgf-skbhdht pfkdc `c dcftrcprhsc. Gf pcut `gfn srhcusclcft `gutcr quc dcprgnurcur `c dk Rpubdhquc fkfnhcr sght cf lcsurc `c bhcf `hsthfoucrcftrc dcs shtukthgfs cs cftrcprhscs ku rcokr` llc c sk ngfncpthgf csk lhsshgf.

(>8) N. prgn. pf., krt. ?53 s.(05) dhkfc Mgudcttc 9 Dc pkrquct fkthgfkd fkfnhcr `ght trc ufc agrnc `c arkppc , Dclgf`c.ar,>lkrs 25;0.


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Dc ^NUN cst, `c sgf nt, ufc strunturc hftcrlhfhstrhcddc kutgfglcpdknc kuprs ù lhfhstrc `c dk Iusthnc quh cst `hrho pkr uf lkohstrkt

`c dgr`rc iu`hnhkhrc ct nglprcf` `cs lkohstrkts ct `cs kocfts pubdhns0;.Hd rclpdht ufc lhsshgf `c ncftrkdhskthgf `cs hfagrlkthgfs fncsskhrcs dk prvcfthgf `c dk ngrrupthgf. Hd sclpdghc kussh kvghr `cs rcdkthgfs`hrcntcs kvcn dcs cftrcprhscs cf lcfkft kuprs `cddcs `cs knthgfs `cscfshbhdhskthgf dk ngrrupthgf ct cf shofkft kvcn cddcs `cs ngfvcfthgfs`csthfcs dcs kh`cr lcttrc cf uvrc `cs prgorkllcs `c ngfagrlht.Kussh cst-hd kssurlcft lhcux pdkn quc dc prgnurcur fkfnhcr pgur hftcr-vcfhr pgshthvclcft `kfs dc nk`rc ùf trkhtclcft pkr NRUN `cs akhts `c

ngrrupthgf trkfsfkthgfkdc. Ncttc hftcrvcfthgf fncsshtc fkflghfs `c dcrcpgshthgffcr iurh`hquclcft pgur quhd sght mkbhdht rclpdhr ncttc lhsshgf.

Dc ^NUN fk pks cf caact `c nglptcfnc pgur hftcrvcfhr `kfs uf `gsshcrpkrthnudhcr02. Hd k ku ngftrkhrc dgbdhokthgf `c skhshr dc prgnurcur `c dkRpubdhquc `cs akhts susncpthbdcs `c ngfsthtucr ufc hfarknthgf `gft hd kngffkhsskfnc ct `c scf `csskhshr `s quufc prgnùrc iu`hnhkhrc `cf-qutc gu `hfagrlkthgf cst guvcrtc0>. Nc pgshthgffclcft fuht `khddcurs dk lhsshgf llc u ^NUN, s dgrs quc ncduh-nh ngfsh`rc qucddc ngfshstckussh kohr pgshthvclcft kuprs `cs cftrcprhscs prhvcs ct pubdhqucs00.Hd dc akht kppkrktrc ngllc uf kuxhdhkhrc `cs pkrqucts, nc quh fc pcrlctpks `c dc ngfncvghr ngllc uf hftcrdgnutcur pguvkft knnglpkofcr dcscftrcprhscs `kfs dc trkhtclcft ùf prgbdlc `c ngrrupthgf. Ncst, `kfstgus dcs nks, dc scfthlcft quh k t cxprhl `cvkft dk Ngllhsshgf pkrpdushcurs rcprscftkfts `cftrcprhscs. Ncst pgurqugh hd ngfvhcf`rkht `crcvcfhr sur ncs `hspgshthgfs pgur prvghr ufc hftcrvcfthgf pgshthvc u ^NUNcf prscfnc `c akhts susncpthbdcs `c nkrkntrhscr uf `dht `c ngrrupthgftrkfsfkthgfkdc ct pgur cf akhrc, nc thtrc, dhftcrdgnutcur `cs cftrcprhscs`kfs dc nk`rc `c dk NRUN k`kptc ncs akhts.

(0;) D. f 8>-;22 ù 28 ikfv. ;88>, krt. ;cr.(02) ^kua ncddc prvgykft sk lhsc cf rcdkthgf kvcn dk pcrsgffc kykft shofkd uf nrhlc gu uf `dhtquh k t ngllhs `kfs sgf cftrcprhsc gu `kfs sgf k`lhfhstrkthgf ct quh cftrc `kfs sgf nmklp `cnglptcfnc (N. prgn. pf., krt. 05-1). Ncttc lhsc cf rcdkthgf fhftcrvhcft ncpcf`kft qu dk `clkf`c`c dk pcrsgffc cf nkusc, nc quh cf rùht dk pgrtc.(0>) D. f 8>-;22 ù 28 ikfv. ;88>, krt. 2 ct >.

(00) Hd cst vrkh quc ncttc lhsshgf fc rcssgrt pks `cs `hspgshthgfs `c dk dgh ù 28 ikfvhcr ;88>, dcsqucddcsfc ngfcft ku ^NUN quc `cs lhsshgfs kuprs `cs pguvghrs pubdhns. Dhftcrvcfthgf ù ^NUN kuprs `cscftrcprhscs cst `gfn dc aruht ùfc hfhthkthvc quh duh cst prgprc.


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Nc rdc hftcrdgnutcur pgurrkht scxcrncr pgur dcs akhts `gft dcs cftrcprhscsgft dk ngffkhsskfnc. Dc ^NUN pgurrkht trc `shof ngllc dc scrvhnc

kvcn dcqucd dcs cftrcprhscs `ghvcft cftrcr cf rcdkthgf qukf` cddcs sgftngfargftcs `cs akhts `c ngrrupthgf trkfsfkthgfkdc. Hd akut ngfstktcrquuf rdc `c nc typc cst ì rcngffu ku ^NUN pkr dc dohsdktcur. Dk dghù 1 `nclbrc 25;> k nr uf fguvcd krthndc 05-1 ù Ng`c `c prgn-ùrc pfkdc quh prvght quufc pcrsgffc kykft shofkd uf nrhlc gu uf`dht quh k t ngllhs `kfs sgf cftrcprhsc gu `kfs sgf k`lhfhstrkthgfcst lhsc cf rcdkthgf, sk `clkf`c, kvcn dc ^NUN dgrsquc ncttc hfarkn-thgf cftrc `kfs dc nmklp `c nglptcfnc `c ncduh-nh. Ncttc `hspgshthgf

tlghofc ùfc fguvcddc grhcftkthgf `cs lhsshgfs ù ^NUN quh dc akhthftcrvcfhr `kfs `cs kaakhrcs pkrthnudhrcs. Duh `gffcr uf rdc `hftcrdgnutcur`cs cftrcprhscs `kfs dc nk`rc ùfc NRUN shfsnrhrkht `kfs ncttc fguvcddcgrhcftkthgf cf prvgykft ufc lhsc cf rcdkthgf ù ^NUN kvcn dcs cftrc-prhscs. Hd ngfsknrcrkht dc ^NUN ngllc dc scrvhnc kykft nglptcfnc pgurngffktrc `c tgus dcs kspcnts `c dk ngrrupthgf.

Nc rdc `hftcrdgnutcur ngfshstcrkht rcncvghr dcs hfagrlkthgfs `c dcftrc-prhsc ngfncrfc ct cftcf`rc scs rcprscftkfts ct ngfschds. Hd kppkr-thcf`rkht ku ^NUN, `kfs dc nk`rc `c sk lhsshgf, `c agrludcr uf kvhs dhftcfthgf ù prgnurcur fkfnhcr sur dk suhtc `gffcr kux akhts quh gftt pgrts sk ngffkhsskfnc. Nct kvhs pgrtcrkht sur dk scudc rcspgfskbh-dht pfkdc `c dcftrcprhsc. Hd pgurrkht ngfndurc dkbscfnc `c pgursuhtcspfkdcs, dk lhsc cf uvrc ufc NRUN gu cs pgursuhtcs ndksshqucs03.Hd `cvrkht, kfs dcs trghs nks, trc iusth ku rcokr` `cs dlcfts quh gft tngfstkts. Dk dgh `cvrkht prnhscr quc dk lhsc cf uvrc pkr dcftrcprhscùf prgorkllc `c ngfagrlht cst uf dlcft prcf`rc cf nglptcpgur dc rcngurs ufc NRUN. Dc ^NUN scrkht kussh nglptcft pgur akhrc`cs prgpgshthgfs cf lkthrc `c pchfcs. Ncddcs-nh pgurrkhcft hftorcr dklhsc cf pdknc ùf prgorkllc `c ngfagrlht gu sgf vkdukthgf ct sklg`hnkthgf ku nks g hd cf cxhstcrkht uf.

(03) Dk lhsc cf uvrc ùfc prgnùrc `c pgursuhtc, nc qucst dk NRUN, fc pcut pks trc pgscngllc hlprkthvc. Hd akut lfkocr dk pgsshbhdht ùfc kbscfnc `c pgursuhtc ku nks g dcs akhtsfkppkrkhsscft pks pufhsskbdcs gu ku nks g hds kppkrkhsscft ùfc orkvht trs akhbdc. Gf pgurrkht

cfvhskocr, `kfs ncttc scngf`c mypgtmsc, quc dc ^NUN prgpgsc uf ndkssclcft sgus ngf`hthgf `c dklhsc cf uvrc gu `c dcxpcrthsc ùf prgorkllc `c ngfagrlht. Dc ^NUN scrkht nglptcft pgur scprgfgfncr sur ncttc lhsc cf uvrc gu pgur cxpcrthscr uf prgorkllc cxhstkft.


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@kfs tgus dcs nks, dc ngfstkt pkr dc ^NUN `c dk fkturc pfkdc `cs akhtspgrts sk ngffkhsskfnc fc dc `csskhshrkht pks ngftrkhrclcft kux `hspg-

shthgfs `c dkrthndc > `c dk dgh ù 28 ikfvhcr ;88>. Ncst cf caact dk ngf`hthgfpgur quc dc ^NUN puhssc kppkrktrc ngllc uf vrhtkbdc hftcrdgnutcur ctfgf ngllc ufc kutgrht dghofc `cs cftrcprhscs. Hd duh aku`rkht ncrtcshfagrlcr dc prgnurcur fkfnhcr `cs akhts `c ngrrupthgf quh gft t pgrts sk ngffkhsskfnc. Lkhs ncttc hfagrlkthgf fkurkht - ngllc ncdk k t`ht - kunuf caact `c `csskhshssclcft ù ^NUN. Cddc `cvrkht akhrc tkt `csvcftucddcs hlpdhnkthgfs `c pcrsgffcs pmyshqucs kf quc dc prgnurcurfkfnhcr puhssc hll`hktclcft cfqutcr dcur suict ct, dc nks nmkft,

dcs pgursuhvrc. Dcs `gnulcfts rkssclbds pkr dc ^NUN scrkhcft bhcf srknncsshbdcs ku prgnurcur fkfnhcr.

Dc rdc `hftcrdgnutcur `cs cftrcprhscs `vgdu ku ^NUN pgurrkht kussh scxcr-ncr, `kutrc pkrt, kdgrs llc quc dcs akhts `c ngrrupthgf dcs lcttkft cfnkusc kurkhcft t pgrts dk ngffkhsskfnc `cs kutgrhts pkr `kutrcsbhkhs. Nkr ncttc mypgtmsc fcst pks fncsskhrclcft cxndushvc ùfc NRUN.Ncdk pcut trc dc nks, pkr cxclpdc, sh uf prgorkllc `c ngfagrlht k tlhs cf pdknc ku schf c dcftrcprhsc. Ncduh-nh fc suat pcut-trc pks dcxgf-rcr pfkdclcft. Hd pcut fkflghfs kutgrhscr dk lhsc cf uvrc ùfc NRUN.Gf pcut `khddcurs sc `clkf`cr sh nc rcngurs fc `cvrkht pks, `kfs ncttcmypgtmsc, trc c rght gu shd fc aku`rkht pks quc cs pgursuhtcs ndksshqucssghcft, tgut dc lghfs, subgr`gffcs uf kvhs ngfagrlc ù ^NUN01. @kfstgus dcs nks, dk lhsc cf nkusc ùfc cftrcprhsc `kfs `cs akhts `c ngrrupthgftrkfsfkthgfkdc pgrts dk ngffkhsskfnc ù pkrquct `cvrkht ngfùhrc dkskhshfc ù ^NUN pkr dc pkrquct kux fs `c agrludcr dkvhs lcfthgff nh-`cs-sus. Ncduh-nh pgurrkht pkrchddclcft ngfndurc dkbscfnc `c pgursuhtc, dklhsc cf uvrc ùfc NRUN gu `cs pgursuhtcs ndksshqucs.

b. Dk prhsc cf nglptc `c dk shtukthgf `c dcftrcprhsc

`kfs dk prgpgshthgf `cs pchfcs

Dk Ngllhsshgf k csthl quhd ngfvcfkht c prvghr quc dc NUN dhvrc ufkvhs sur dcs pchfcs kppdhqucr ufc cftrcprhsc pgursuhvhc pgur `cs akhts

`c ngrrupthgf `kocfts pubdhns trkfocrs.(01) Q. nh-`cssgus.


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Cddc k ngfsh`r quc nct kvhs `cvkht shlpgscr ku prgnurcur fkfnhcrqukf` dcs akhts `c ngrrupthgf gft t pgrts dk ngffkhsskfnc `cs kutg-

rhts pkr dcftrcprhsc cddc-llc. Ncttc sgduthgf duh k sclbd shfsnrhrc `kfssgf gbicntha vhskft hfnhtcr dcs cftrcprhscs cftrcr cf ngftknt kvcn dcskutgrhts pubdhqucs qukf` cddcs sgft ngfargftcs cs akhts c ngrrupthgf.Dc akht `c skvghr quc dkvhs ù ^NUN sur dcs pchfcs shlpgscrk ku lhfhstrcpubdhn fc pcut quhfnhtcr dcs cftrcprhscs ngftkntcr dc ^NUN. Ncst pgur-qugh hd ngfvhcf`rkht, `kfs ncttc mypgtmsc, quc dc prgnurcur fkfnhcr fcpuhssc prgpgscr `cs pchfcs qukvcn dkvhs ngfagrlc ù ^NUN. Dc iuocskhsh ngfscrvcrkht, `c tgutc akgf, dk pgsshbhdht `c rcauscr `mglgdgoucr

dk prgpgshthgf `c pchfcs quh duh cst sgulhsc.Nct kvhs scrkht, cf rcvkfnmc, scudclcft shlpdc `kfs dc nks hfvcrsc, ncst--`hrc qukf` dcftrcprhsc fcst pks dgrhohfc `c dhfagrlkthgf `cs kutgrh-ts. Hd ngfvhcf`rkht fkflghfs `c prvghr ufc gbdhokthgf `c lgthvkthgf ùprgnurcur fkfnhcr qukf` hd `nh`c `c fc pks suhvrc dkvhs ù ^RUN. ^kprgpgshthgf `c pchfcs `cvrkht kdgrs cxpgscr dcs lgthas pgur dcsqucds cddcsnkrtc `c dkvhs ù ^NUN.

Dcs pchfcs scrkhcft, `kfs tgus dcs nks, agrlcddclcft prgpgscs pkr dcprgnurcur `c dk Rpubdhquc ngfagrllcft kux `hspgshthgfs `c dkrthndc083-= ù Ng`c `c prgnùrc pfkdc. Cddcs `cvrkhcft tcfhr nglptc `c dkshtukthgf `c dcftrcprhsc.

Ncst khfsh quufc pdknc hlpgrtkftc `cvrkht trc knngr`c kuxprgorkllcs `c ngfagrlht. Dk dgh pgurrkht khfsh prvghr dc prgfgfn ùfcpchfc ngfshstkft lcttrc cf pdknc uf prgorkllc c ngfagrlht ku nksg hd fcxhstcrkht pks gu dvkducr ct dc lg`hcr ct/gu rcfagrncr ku nks g

hd cxhstcrkht. Ncttc lhsc cf pdknc scrkht ngftrdc pkr dc ^NUN, dcqucd scrkhtkussh nglptcft pgur vkducr gu akhrc lg`hcr dc prgorkllc `c ngfagr-lht. Gf pgurrkht ngfncvghr quc dc àkut udtrhcur `c lhsc cf pdknc gu`c ngrrcnthgf sght pfkdclcft skfnthgff.

Dc prgfgfn ùfc pchfc prcsnrhvkft `k`gptcr gu `c lg`hcr ufprgorkllc `c ngfagrlht fc scrkht bhcf sr pks cxndusha `kutrcspchfcs. Gf pgurrkht fkflghfs ngfncvghr uf pdkagffclcft `c dk pchfc

`klcf`c kfs dc nk`rc c dk lhsc cf uvrc ufc NRUN sur dc lg`dcù pdkagffclcft `c dk pchfc prhvkthvc `c dhbcrt `kfs nc llc nk`rc.


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Nc pdkagffclcft scrkht dh dk lhsc cf uvrc ùfc NRUN. Hd fc scngfagf`rkht pks kvcn dk `hlhfuthgf `c pchfc dhc dkvcrthssclcft `cs

kutgrhts pkr dcftrcprhsc. Gf pgurrkht krthnudcr dcs `cux sgduthgfs `c dklkfhrc suhvkftc 9 uf pdkagffclcft dhlht kux trghs qukrts `c dk pchfc`klcf`c cfnguruc cf nks `c NRUN : ufc `hlhfuthgf `c lghth cf nks`kvcrthssclcft cs kutgrhts ct c ncsskthgf `cs caacts c dk ngrrupthgf0?.Nc pdkagffclcft ct ncttc `hlhfuthgf scrkhcft kppdhnkbdcs sgus rscrvcquc dcftrcprhsc fk pks òko `cs prgts suprhcurs kux klcf`cscfngurucs.

n. Dkssgupdhssclcft `cs rodcs `c dku`hcfnc

Dk lhsc cf uvrc ufc NRUN pgur cs akhts c ngrrupthgf trkfsfkthgfkdclcttkft cf nkusc `cs cftrcprhscs arkfkhscs `kfs dc nk`rc `c ngftrktshftcrfkthgfkux fncsshtcrkht `kppgrtcr qucdqucs kssgupdhssclcfts dkpmksc `mglgdgokthgf.

Dk Ngllhsshgf prngfhsc `kbgr` `nkrtcr dc lnkfhslc `c dk `gubdc

ngfvgnkthgf prvu pkr dkrthndc 083-;3-; ù Ng`c `c prgnùrc pfkdc.Ncduh-nh fc sclbdc pks kpprgprh uf trkhtclcft prgnùrkd `csprhtngfscfsukdhstc.

Dk Ngllhsshgf scst hftcrrgoc cfsuhtc sur dc prhfnhpc `c dk tcfuc `ku-`hcfncs muhs-ndgs pgur hfnhtcr dcs cftrcprhscs ngllufhqucr tgutcs dcshfagrlkthgfs `gft cddcs `hspgscft kux kutgrhts iu`hnhkhrcs. Cddc k fkf-lghfs ngfndu dk fncssht `c ngfscrvcr dc prhfnhpc `cs ku`hcfncspubdhqucs kf `c prscrvcr dk dohthlht `c dk prgnùrc `c NRUN. Dk

pgsshbhdht ùfc ku`hcfnc muhs-ndgs pgurrkht trc cfvhskoc `s dgrsquc dk pubdhnht scrkht c fkturc kvghr cs ngfsqucfncs hsprgpgrthgf-fcs pgur dk rputkthgf `c dcftrcprhsc gu `s dgrs quc scrkhcft cf icu dcscnrct `cs kaakhrcs ct/gu k agrthgrhdc scnrct `c dk àcfsc fkthgfkdc.

@kfs dc llc scfs, hd k sclbd dk Ngllhsshgf quc dk pkrthnudkrht `cskaakhrcs `c ngrrupthgf kutgrhskht dcftrcprhsc pgursuhvhc sgppgscr dk

(0?) Hd akut rkppcdcr quc dk NRUN fc prvght pks `c `hlhfuthgf ù lgftkft `c dklcf`c cfnguruc

dk `haarcfnc `c nc quh cst prvu pgur dclprhsgffclcft. Dkrthndc 083-= ù Ng`c `c prgnùrcpfkdc hspgsc khfsh quc dc lgftkft c dk pchfc klcf`c prgpgsc fc pcut trc suprhcur ncduh cdklcf`c cfnguruc. Hd prnhsc quc ncttc klcf`c pcut trc kssgrthc ù surshs.


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ngllufhnkthgf dk pkrthc nhvhdc `c `gnulcfts rcdcvkft ù scnrct `cskaakhrcs. Ncddc-nh fc pgurrkht pks k agrthgrhkvghr ngllufhnkthgf `c `gnu-

lcfts nguvcrts pkr dc scnrct `c dk àcfsc fkthgfkdc.

Dk Ngllhsshgf k kussh ngfsh`r quc dk nglpdcxht `cs kaakhrcs `cngrrupthgf `c llc quc dcs pchfcs susncpthbdcs `c akhrc dgbict `c dkprgpgshthgf ù pkrquct iusthkhcft `kddgfocr dc `dkh `c rflcxhgf prvupkr dkrthndc 083-;5 ù Ng`c `c prgnùrc pfkdc. Ncduh-nh pgurrkht trcskfs priu`hnc pgrt uf lghs, `s dgrs quc dk NRUN pgur `cs akhts `cngrrupthgf trkfsfkthgfkdc vhscrkht, pkr mypgtmsc, ufc pcrsgffc lgrkdc dcfngftrc `c dkqucddc hd fy k pks dhcu `kvghr dcs nrkhftcs `c auhtc quh sgftdk nkusc ù `dkh `c ;5 igurs `c dkrthndc 083-;5.

B. Dhftcr`hnthgf ù nulud `cs pgursuhtcs

Dc nkrkntrc cxtrk-tcrrhtgrhkd `cs `haarcftcs dohsdkthgfs kfth-ngrrupthgflfkoc dk pgsshbhdht quuf llc akht `c ngrrupthgf puhssc trc pgursuh-vh `kfs pdushcurs tkts. Nc nulud `c pgursuhtcs pcut llc `bgunmcr

sur uf nulud `c skfnthgfs `s dgrs quc dk rodc fgf bhs hf h`clfc skp-pdhquc pks kfs dgr`rc hftcrfkthgfkd0=. Ncttc shtukthgf scst ì gbscrvccf Arkfnc g cs cftrcprhscs gft t pgursuhvhcs pgur cs akhts c ngrrup-thgf `kocfts pubdhns trkfocrs kdgrs qucddcs kvkhcft t ngf`klfcspgur dcs llcs akhts kux Ctkts-Sfhs.

Ncrtcs, `cs lnkfhslcs pcuvcft kttfucr dcs caacts `c ncs `gubdcs pgur-suhtcs ct ngf`klfkthgfs. Ncst dc nks cf Arkfnc g dk Ngur `c nksskthgfk `nh` quc dcs pchfcs prgfgfncs dtrkfocr `ghvcft trc hlprkth-

vclcft `ùhtcs `c dk pchfc prgfgfnc pkr dcs iurh`hnthgfs arkfkhscs08.Ncttc `ùnthgf scxpdhquc pkr dc prhfnhpc `c prgpgrthgffkdht `cspchfcs, dcqucd hftcr`ht quufc pcrsgffc puhssc subhr ufc pchfc suprhcurcku lkxhlul prvuc pkr dk dgh pfkdc arkfkhsc quh pufht dhfarknthgf gft

(0=) Dc Ukntc hftcrfkthgfkd rcdktha kux `rghts nhvhds ct pgdhthqucs ù ;8 `nclbrc ;811 rcstrchft dk rcngf-fkhsskfnc `c dkutgrht `c nmgsc iuoc ku nk`rc hftcrfc, ncst--`hrc dmypgtmsc ùfc `gubdcngf`klfkthgf pkr uf llc tkt. Hd cf vk c llc u prgtgngdc f ? dk Ngfvcfthgf curgpcffc cs

`rghts `c dmgllc (v., sur ncttc qucsthgf, @. Rcbut, @rght pfkd hftcrfkthgfkd,2lc`., @kddgz, 25;0, f =1)(08) Nrhl., 2> gnt. 25;>, f ;>-=>=88, Budd. nrhl., f 25;, @. 25;>. Iur. 2835, fgtc @. Rcbut, R^N 25;>, p.=3?, gbs. @. Bgnngf-Ohbg`.


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cddc scst rcfùc ngupkbdc. Hd cf rsudtc quufc scngf`c pgursuhtc cfArkfnc fc pcut pks `gffcr dhcu ufc ngf`klfkthgf `gft dc qukftul

nulud kvcn dk pchfc trkforc `pkssc dc lkxhlul prvu pkr dk dgharkfkhsc. Hd fclpnmc quc ncttc dhlhtkthgf fc akht pks gbstkndc ufnulud `c pgursuhtcs ct uf nulud `c pchfcs. Dk prhsc cf nglptc `c dkngf`klfkthgf trkforc hftcrvhcft cf gutrc scudclcft ku rcokr` `cspchfcs qucddc k prgfgfncs. Dcs pchfcs quh fgft pks ì t prgfgf-ncs fc agft, pkr mypgtmsc, dgbict `kunufc dhlhtkthgf. Ncst dc nks, pkrcxclpdc, `cs pchfcs nglpdlcftkhrcs. Gf pcut nrkhf`rc `khddcurs qucdhlpgsshbhdht `kppdhqucr ufc pchfc `klcf`c ù akht ùfc ngf`kl-

fkthgf trkforc prn`cftc fc ngfùhsc dk iurh`hnthgf skhshc prgfgf-ncr `kutrcs pchfcs.

Dkbscfnc `c lhsc cf uvrc `kfs dgr`rc hftcrfkthgfkd ù prhfnhpc fgfbhs hf h`cl scxpdhquc pgur dcs hfarknthgfs `gft dk rprcsshgf fcst pksgrokfhsc hftcrfkthgfkdclcft ct quh pcut, nc thtrc, vkrhcr cf agfnthgf`cs iurh`hnthgfs kppcdcs dcs iuocr. Hd cst kdgrs dohthlc quc dcs tktsrpgf`cft pkr cux-llcs `cs akhts quh gft pu pgrtcr kttchftc dcurgr`rc pubdhn hftcrfc ct fc scf rclcttcft pks kux skfnthgfs `gft ncs akhtsgft pu akhrc dgbict sur `kutrcs tcrrhtghrcs. Lkhs nct kroulcft pcr` sk agrnccf prscfnc ùfc rprcsshgf hftcrfkthgfkdc grokfhsc pkr dc bhkhs `cngfvcfthgfs hftcrfkthgfkdcs. Ncttc rprcsshgf hftcrfkthgfkdc pcrlct `clcttrc cf uvrc dc prhfnhpc fgf bhs hf h`cl, tkft `gff qucddc suppgscufc mkrlgfhskthgf `cs rknthgfs pfkdcs fkthgfkdcs kux hfarknthgfs cfnkusc.

Ncst prnhslcft dc nks pgur dcs `dhts `c ngrrupthgf trkfsfkthgfkdc

`gft dc prhfnhpc llc c dk rprcsshgf rsudtc c ngfvcfthgfs hftcrfkthg-fkdcs35. Ncst pgurqugh hd ngfvhcf`rkht quc ncttc rprcsshgf fc puhssc pkshftcrvcfhr ngfighftclcft gu sunncsshvclcft sur dc tcrrhtghrc `c pdushcurstkts pkrthcs. Ncst ufc prgnnupkthgf quh rcssgrt `khddcurs c dk Ngfvcf-thgf `c dGN@C ù ;? `nclbrc ;88?. gf krthndc 0 sthpudc khfsh 9

(35) Q. nh-`cssus.


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Krthndc 0 Nglptcfnc

;. Nmkquc Ukrthc prcf` dcs lcsurcs fncsskhrcs pgur tkbdhr sknglptcfnc dokr` `c dk ngrrupthgf ùf kocft pubdhn trkfocrdgrsquc dhfarknthgf cst ngllhsc cf tgut gu pkrthc sur sgf tcrrhtghrc.

2. Nmkquc Ukrthc kykft nglptcfnc pgur pgursuhvrc scs rcssgr-thsskfts rkhsgf `hfarknthgfs ngllhscs dtrkfocr prcf` dcslcsurcs fncsskhrcs pgur tkbdhr sk nglptcfnc dokr` `c dkngrrupthgf ùf kocft pubdhn trkfocr scdgf dcs llcs prhfnhpcs.

>. Dgrsquc pdushcurs Ukrthcs gft nglptcfnc dokr` ùfchfarknthgf prsulc vhsc `kfs dk prscftc Ngfvcfthgf, dcs

Ukrthcs ngfncrfcs sc ngfncrtcft, dk clkf`c c dufc cftrc

cddcs, kf `c `nh`cr qucddc cst ncddc quh cst dk lhcux llc

`cxcrncr dcs pgursuhtcs.

0. ().

Nct krthndc pgsc ufc gbdhokthgf `c ngfncrtkthgf cf nks c nglptcfncsngfnurrcftcs kux fs c pgursuhtcs pkr uf scud tkt. Hd scf hfùht bhcf qucdcs akhts `c ngrrupthgf `kocfts pubdhns trkfocrs fc `cvrkhcft pks akhrcdgbict `c pdushcurs pgursuhtcs ct k agrthgrh`c pdushcurs ngf`klfkthgfs.Dcxprcsshgf `c ncttc hftcr`hnthgf fcst ncpcf`kft pks cxpdhnhtc, nc quhcxpdhquc prnhslcft quc `cs nks `c pdurkdht `c pgursuhtcs ct ngf`kl-fkthgfs gft pu sgbscrvcr. Kussh ngfvhcf`rkht-hd quc dGN@C ndkrhc ncttcshtukthgf pkr uf prgtgngdc sk ngfvcfthgf, dcqucd prvghrkht dkppdhnkthgfù prhfnhpc fgf bhs hf h`clpgur dk rprcsshgf `c dk ngrrupthgf `kocftspubdhns trkfocrs.

Nc prgtgngdc pgurrkht llc grokfhscr dk rsgduthgf `cs ngfflhts `cnglptcfnc pkrthr `c nrhtrcs thrs `c dk fkturc `cs nglptcfncssusncpthbdcs `trc cxcrncs pkr nmkquc tkt. Ncst khfsh quhd pgurrkht`gffcr dk prhgrht dk nglptcfnc tcrrhtgrhkdc sur dcs kutrcs nks `cnglptcfnc. Hd cst vrkh quc dcs `dhts `c ngrrupthgf trkfsfkthgfkdc sgftsusncpthbdcs `c rcdcvcr `c dk nglptcfnc tcrrhtgrhkdc `c pdushcurs tkts. Hd

ngfvhcf`rkht kdgrs `c prvghr `cs nrhtrcs nglpdlcftkhrcs pgur `tcrlh-fcr dtkt kuqucd hd ngfvhcft `knngr`cr dk nglptcfnc pgur pgursuhvrc


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dcs akhts cf nkusc. Ncux-nh pgurrkhcft tcfhr dk fkthgfkdht `cs pcrsgffcscf nkusc ct fgtkllcft dk fkthgfkdht `c dcftrcprhsc ngfncrfc, dk

prhgrht tkft rcngffuc dtkt sur dc tcrrhtghrc `uqucd ncttc cftrcprhsc ksgf shoc sgnhkd.

@kfs tgus dcs nks, hd cst fncsskhrc c lcttrc uf tcrlc kux nuluds cpgursuhtcs ct `c ngf`klfkthgfs `cs `dhts `c ngrrupthgf `kocftspubdhns trkfocrs, kdgrs quc dcur rprcsshgf cst mkrlgfhsc hftcrfk-thgfkdclcft, nc quh pcrlct `c dcur kppdhqucr dc prhfnhpc fgf bhs hfh`cl. Hd ngfvhcf`rkht `gfn quc ncttc kppdhnkthgf sght cxprcsslcft

prvuc pkr dcs hfstrulcfts hftcrfkthgfkux dgrhohfc `c dk rprcs-shgf pfkdc `c ncs `dhts. Ncttc prvhshgf fncsshtcrkht dk`gpthgf`uf prgtgngdc dk Ngfvcfthgf `c dGN@C, `s dgrs quc ncddc-nhfhftcr`ht, cf dtkt `c sk r`knthgf, quhlpdhnhtclcft ncs nuluds.


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2LCUKRPHCRcngffktrc dcsprgorkllcs `c ngfagrlht

lhs cf pdknc `kfs dcscftrcprhscs

Dcs trkvkux `c dk Ngllhsshgf duh gft lgftr quc `c fglbrcux orgupcsarkfkhs kykft ufc knthvht hftcrfkthgfkdc gu trkfsargftkdhrc kvkhcft lhscf pdknc `cs prgorkllcs hftcrfcs `c ngfagrlht. Ncux-nh ngfshstcftfgtkllcft lcttrc cf uvrc `cs lcsurcs hftcrfcs `c prvcfthgf ct `c

trkhtclcft `cs akhts `c ngrrupthgf. Dknthgf `c prvcfthgf `gffc dhcu, pkrcxclpdc, `cs cfokoclcfts pubdhns prhs pkr dcs `hrhockfts `c rcauscr pkrkvkfnc tgutc gprkthgf clprchftc `c ngrrupthgf. Cddc sknnglpkofc `clcsurcs `c scfshbhdhskthgf, `c agrlkthgfs ct `hfagrlkthgf `cs pcrsgffcdssur dc rhsquc `c ngrrupthgf ct sur dk pgshthgf acrlc `c dcur cftrcprhsc nctokr`. Ncrtkhfs orgupcs arkfkhs ngfcft dk `fhthgf `cs prcsnrhpthgfsprvcfthvcs rcspcntcr ufc strunturc `hc quh cst gtc c rcssgurncssuaskftcs pgur dcur lhsc cf uvrc caacnthvc. Cddcs prvghcft cs prgncssusspnhkux `c ngfndushgf `cs ngftrkts `kfs dcs `glkhfcs rhsquc. Dknthgf`c prvcfthgf prvght kussh `cs lnkfhslcs `c ngftrdc hftcrfc `cs hftcr-l`hkhrcs, `cs ngftrcpkrthcs ct `cs gprkthgfs. Dcs kntcs `c ngftrdc sgftkdgrs cxnuts pkr `cs scrvhncs quh sgft grokfhquclcft spkrs `c ncuxquh gft ngfndu dcs gprkthgfs quh cf agft dgbict. Dknthgf c trkhtclcft csakhts `c ngrrupthgf ngfshstc lcttrc cf pdknc uf prgncssus `c rclgftc`cs sgupgfs `c ngrrupthgf uf scrvhnc spnhkdclcft agrl pgur dcsvkducr ct knnglpkofcr dcs pcrsgffcs quh cf gft akht tkt. Cddc prvght csprgn`urcs `hsnhpdhfkhrcs dcfngftrc `c ncux quh gft ngllhs `cs akhts`c ngrrupthgf, lkhs kussh dcfngftrc `c ncux quh fgft pks rcspcnt dcsprcsnrhpthgfs hftcrfcs `c prvcfthgf `c dk ngrrupthgf.

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(3;) Ks k rst kf` bkshn stcp, hftrgùnc kfth-ngrrupthgf pgdhnhcs kf` prgorkls whtmhf tmchr grokfhzkthgfskf` tmchr bushfcss gpcrkthgfs (Urknthnkd stcps tg omt ngrrupthgf, mttps9//www.ufodgbkdnglpknt.gro/KbgutPmcON/PmcPcfUrhfnhpdcs/prhfnhpdc;5.mtld)

Ncs prgorkllcs hftcrfcs c ngfagrlht gft t hfhthkdclcft ngfus pgurprvcfhr dc rhsquc pfkd `c ngf`klfkthgf pgur `cs akhts `c ngrrupthgf.

Nc rhsquc cst kppkru pgshthvclcft kvcn dcs ngfvcfthgfs hftcrfkthgfkdcs`c duttc ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf, dcsqucddcs gft ngfùht dcs tkts sc `gtcr`c svrcs dohsdkthgfs kfth-ngrrupthgf. Dk pgrtc cxtrk-tcrrhtgrhkdc `c ncsdohsdkthgfs dcur k sguvcft gff nglptcfnc pgur iuocr cs cftrcprhscstrkforcs. Dc ANUK k, `kfs nc `glkhfc, igu uf rdc lgtcur cf pcrlct-tkft kux iurh`hnthgfs klrhnkhfcs `c sc rcngffktrc aknhdclcft nglp-tcftcs pgur iuocr `cs akhts `c ngrrupthgf trkfsfkthgfkdc ngllhs pkr`cs cftrcprhscs fgf-klrhnkhfcs. Dk dgur`cur `cs skfnthgfs pnufhkhrcs

cfngurucs `cvkft ncs iurh`hnthgfs klrhnkhfcs k kssurlcft t ufakntcur trs hfnhtktha dk`gpthgf `c prgorkllcs `c ngfagrlht.

Hd scrkht ncpcf`kft rùntcur `kttrhbucr dk lhsc cf uvrc kntucddc `cncs prgorkllcs dk scudc nrkhftc c pgursuhtcs pfkdcs. Dcs cftrcprhscssgft kussh kfhlcs pkr `cs gbicnthas tmhqucs, kykft t scfshbhdhscs kuxngfsqucfncs `c dk ngrrupthgf sur dc `vcdgppclcft ngfglhquc ctdc agfnthgffclcft `lgnrkthquc `cs tkts g cddc cst prkthquc. Dkfn dhfhthkthvc `c L. Jg KFFKF kdgrs quhd tkht ^cnrtkhrc ofrkd `csFkthgfs-Sfhcs, dc Ukntc lgf`hkd (Sfhtc` Fkthgfs Odgbkd Nglpknt) skt-tknmc prglguvghr dk rcspgfskbhdht nhvhquc `cs cftrcprhscs kutgur `c`hx prhfnhpcs qucddcs sgft hfvhtcs kppdhqucr vgdgftkhrclcft. Dc hxhlcprhfnhpc, rkigut cf 2550 dk suhtc `c dk`gpthgf `c dk Ngfvcfthgf `csFkthgfs-Sfhcs ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf, prvght quc dcs cftrcprhscs sgft hfvh-tcs kohr ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf sgus tgutcs scs agrlcs, y nglprhs dcxtgr-shgf `c agf`s ct dcs pgts-`c-vhf . Dcs cftrcprhscs shofktkhrcs scfokocft lcttrc cf uvrc ncs prhfnhpcs kux fs `kvghr ufc knthvht `cftrcprhscrcspgfskbdc. Ncst dc nks c pdushcurs cftrcprhscs arkfkhscs quh gft k`m-r ku Ukntc lgf`hkd ct quh, nc thtrc, kppdhqucft sgf `hxhlc prhfnhpc.Gr, ncttc kppdhnkthgf dcur `clkf`c `c lcttrc cf pdknc `cs prgorkllcshftcrfcs `c duttc ngftrc dk ngrrupthgf3;. Dcs prgorkllcs `c ngfagrlhtqucddcs lcttcft cf uvrc shfsnrhvcft `gfn `kfs ncttc `lkrnmc `kp-pdhnkthgf `cs prhfnhpcs ù Ukntc lgf`hkd.


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Hd fcxhstc ncpcf`kft kunufc rodclcftkthgf arkfkhsc `c ncsprgorkllcs `c ngfagrlht32, `c sgrtc quc dcs cftrcprhscs arkfkhscs cf

`tcrlhfcft cddcs-llcs dc ngftcfu. Dc pkrk`gxc cst quc ncttc `tcrlh-fkthgf cst hfsphrc pkr dcs dohsdkthgfs trkforcs kfth-ngrrupthgf, s dgrsquc ncddcs-nh dcs prcffcft cf nglptc pgur dcur lhsc cf uvrc ct qucddcsgft ufc pgrtc cxtrk-tcrrhtgrhkdc quh pcut dcs rcf`rc kppdhnkbdcs kux cftrc-prhscs arkfkhscs. Ncst dc nks ù ANUK ct ù SJBK `gft dkppdhnkthgf cstlg`hc sh dcftrcprhsc cf nkusc k lhs cf pdknc uf prgorkllc caacntha`c ngfagrlht3>. Ncdk ngfùht dcs cftrcprhscs arkfkhscs knngr`cr dcurprgorkllc `c ngfagrlht kux cxhocfncs `c ncs `cux dohsdkthgfs. Nc

sgunh pcut llc dcs ngfùhrc rcnmcrnmcr `cs ncrthnkthgfs kuprs `csgnhts quh cf agft prgacsshgf. Ncst khfsh quc sc `vcdgppcft `cs ncrth-nkthgfs kfth-ngrrupthgf kux fs c okrkfthr dk ngfagrlht cs prgorkllcs`cs cftrcprhscs kux cxhocfncs ù ANUK ct ù SJBK. Gf pcut lcfthgffcr, nct okr`, dcs ncrthnkthgfs prgpgscs pkr dcs sgnhts K@HP ct Lkzkrsgu pkr dk sgnht CPMHN-Hftcddhocfnc30. Ncddcs-nh sk`rcsscft cxprcsslcftkux sgnhts arkfkhscs, kdgrs llc quc dk dohsdkthgf arkfkhsc fkt-tknmc kunufc ngfsqucfnc dk lhsc cf pdknc ùf prgorkllc `c

ngfagrlht. Cddcs karlcft pguvghr vkdh`cr dcur prgorkllc `c ngfagrlhtku rcokr` `cs prcsnrhpthgfs ù ANUK ct ù SJBK.

Gf pcut trc dohthlclcft tgff quc dcs cftrcprhscs arkfkhscs `-fhsscft dc ngftcfu `c dcur prgorkllc `c ngfagrlht pkrthr `c dohs-dkthgfs trkforcs. Ncttc shtukthgf scxpdhquc pkr dkbscfnc `c prhsc cfnglptc `cs prgorkllcs `c ngfagrlht pkr dc `rght arkfkhs. Cddc fcstvh`cllcft pks skthsakhskftc, `s dgrs qucddc ngfùht akhrc rodclcf-tcr dknthvht cs cftrcprhscs arkfkhscs pkr cs rghts trkfocrs. Cddc cst cfgutrc akntcur `c `haarcfncs `kfs dcs prgorkllcs `c ngfagrlht, puhsqucdk `fhthgf `c dcur ngftcfu rcdvc `c pdushcurs `rghts trkfocrs. Cddc fcpcrlct pks cff `c okrkfthr dk lhsc cf uvrc ùf prgorkllc `c

(32) Dcs prgacsshgffcds `gft dcs knthvhts agft dgbict ùfc rodclcftkthgf spnhquc sgft kssuictths `cs fgrlcs pkrthnudhrcs, tcds dcs bkfquhcrs quh `ghvcft rcspcntcr dc Rodclcft 8?-52 prvgykft dklhsc cf pdknc ùf `hspgshtha `c ngfagrlht (krthndc ;; ct s. fgtkllcft), dcs prcstktkhrcs `c scrvhncs`hfvcsthssclcft kstrchfts dk lhsc cf pdknc `c tcds prgorkllcs pkr dc Ngfschd `cs lkrnms fkf-nhcrs ct pkr dc Rodclcft ofrkd `c dKutgrht `cs lkrnms fkfnhcrs gu cfngrc dcs kssurcurs.

(3>) Q. . ^ckssku`, krt. prn., spn. f 1; s.(30) Q., sur ncddc-nh, K. Kdly, Ncrthnkthgf `cs prgorkllcs `c prvcfthgf `c dk ngrrupthgf. [ucddcuthdht pgur dcs cftrcprhscs 7 , Nkmhcrs u rght c dcftrcprhsc25;0, f 3, `gsshcr >5.


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ngfagrlht pkr dcs cftrcprhscs arkfkhscs, puhsquc ncttc lhsc cf uvrc`pcf` `c dcur kpprnhkthgf `c dcur cxpgshthgf ku rhsquc `kppdhnkthgf

ù ANUK gu ù SJBK. Gr, dcs prgorkllcs `c ngfagrlht ngfsthtucft kssu-rlcft `cs lgycfs cankncs `c prvcfthgf `c dk ngrrupthgf, `c sgrtcquhd ngfvhcf`rkht `cf ofrkdhscr dk lhsc cf uvrc. Ncs ngfstktkthgfsgft ngfùht dk Ngllhsshgf prngfhscr quc dcs prgorkllcs `c ngfagr-lht sghcft rodclcfts pkr dc rght arkfkhs ct ngfsh`rcr quhd ngfvhcft`c dcs prcf`rc cf nglptc `kfs dk rprcsshgf `cs `dhts `c ngrrupthgftrkfsfkthgfkdc.

H. Dk rodclcftkthgf `cs prgorkllcs `c ngfagrlht

Ncttc rodclcftkthgf lkfcrkht ù ^NUN, dcqucd scrkht dhfsthtuthgfnglptcftc pgur fhr `cs rcngllkf`kthgfs c ngfagrlht csthfk-thgf `cs cftrcprhscs. Dhftrt `c ncttc sgduthgf cst, ùfc pkrt, `c ngfa-rcr ufc sgupdcssc dk agrludkthgf `c ncs rcngllkf`kthgfs, dcsqucddcspgurrkhcft trc khslcft lhscs igur gu lg`hcs cf agfnthgf `csngfstktkthgfs kppgrtcs pkr dk prkthquc. Cddc k, `kutrc pkrt, dkvkftkoc

`c dohthlcr dhftcrvcfthgf ù ^NUN `kfs dkpprnhkthgf pfkdc `cs akhts`c ngrrupthgf ngllhs `kfs ufc cftrcprhsc, `s dgrs quc ncttc kppr-nhkthgf hftorcrk, pkr mypgtmsc, dk qucsthgf `c dk lhsc cf uvrc ùfprgorkllc `c ngfagrlht `gft dc ngftcfu k t `fh pkr dc ^NUN. Dcprhfnhpc `c dk prhsc cf nglptc `c dk lhsc cf uvrc `cs prgorkllcs `cngfagrlht ct ncduh ù rcfvgh, pgur dcur `fhthgf, kux rcngllkf`kthgfsù NUN pgurrkht ourcr kfs dc Ng`c pfkd dk suhtc cs krthndcs fhs-skft dcs `dhts `c ngrrupthgf `kocfts pubdhns trkfocrs.

Dk Ngllhsshgf scst pgs dk qucsthgf `c dk `dhlhtkthgf ù nmklp`kppdhnkthgf `cs prgorkllcs `c ngfagrlht `c akgf skvghr shd fykurkht pks dhcu c akhrc ufc hsthfnthgf cftrc dcs cftrcprhscs cf agfnthgf cdcurs tkhddcs. Gf pgurrkht khfsh ngfncvghr uf fhvcku lhfhlul `c lhsc cfuvrc pgur dcs pcthtcs ct lgycffcs cftrcprhscs ct uf fhvcku suprhcurpgur dcs orkf`cs cftrcprhscs. Nkr dk lhsc cf pdknc ùf prgorkllc `cngfagrlht rcquhcrt `cs lgycfs ct susnhtc, nc thtrc, `cs `pcfscs quh fc

pcuvcft pks trc ufhagrllcft kssulcs pkr dcs cftrcprhscs. Dk Ngllhs-shgf k ncpcf`kft, dk rflcxhgf, nkrt dh`c `c lgùdcr dhftcfsht `cs


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gbdhokthgfs ùf prgorkllc `c ngfagrlht cf agfnthgf `c dk tkhddc `cscftrcprhscs. Cddc k ngfsh`r quhd fc scrkht pks àcf`kbdc `c prvghr ufc

vcrshgf kddoc nt ùfc vcrshgf suppgsc, pkr mypgtmsc, `kvkf-tkoc pcragrlkftc. Cddc k gbscrv cf nc scfs quc dc nmklp `kppdhnkthgf`cs gbdhokthgfs `c duttc ngftrc dc bdkfnmhlcft, quh rcdvcft ùfc tmlk-thquc ù llc gr`rc, fc vkrhc pks cf agfnthgf `c dk tkhddc `cs grokfhslcskuxqucds cddcs skppdhqucft. Nct kvhs fcxndut pks ncpcf`kft quc dc ^NUN`nh`c `c vkrhcr scs rcngllkf`kthgfs `c ngfagrlht cf agfnthgf `cnrhtrcs prcfkft cf nglptc dk tkhddc gu dknthvht `cs cftrcprhscs.

Dk rodclcftkthgf `cs prgorkllcs `c ngfagrlht `cvrk `tcrlhfcr dcsgbdhokthgfs quh cf rcdvcrgft. Hd fc skoht pks, kfs dc nk`rc `c nc rkppgrt,`c prgn`cr ncttc `tcrlhfkthgf quh cst `vcdgppc ct prnhsc pkrdc prgict `c Dhofcs @hrcntrhncs ù ^NUN. Ncddc-nh rcprcf` dcs prcsnrhpthgfsusucddcs, dcsqucddcs gft trkht dcfokoclcft `c dk `hrcnthgf ct `c dcf-sclbdc `c dk mhrkrnmhc, dk ngllufhnkthgf kuprs ù pubdhn ct ùpcrsgffcd c dcftrcprhsc ct cs pkrtcfkhrcs ngllcrnhkux, dk agrlkthgf`c nc pcrsgffcd, dh`cfthnkthgf `cs `glkhfcs rhsquc, dk lhsc cfpdknc `c prgncssus pkrthnudhcrs `kfs ncs `glkhfcs, dhftcrvcfthgf `cngftrdc `cs gprkthgfs pkr uf scrvhnc `hsthfnt, dk prvhshgf ùf lnk-fhslc `kdcrtc tmhquc, dknnglpkofclcft `cs dkfncurs `kdcrtc ct dk skfnthgf `cs kutcurs `c akhts `c ngrrupthgf lkhs kussh `c ncux quhfgft pks rcspcnt dcs prcsnrhpthgfs ù prgorkllc `c ngfagrlht. Dcsdhofcs `hrcntrhncs (Ouh`kfnc) agrludcs pkr dc Lhfhstrc `c dk Iusthncbrhtkffhquc kux fs `c prnhscr dcs prgnùrcs k`quktcs lcttrccf uvrc `kfs dcs prgorkllcs `c ngfagrlht pcuvcft vh`cllcfttrc ufc sgurnc `hfsphrkthgf tgut ngllc ncddcs lhscs pkr dKutgrht `cngftrdc pru`cfthcd ct `c rsgduthgf, pkr PRKNAHF gu cfngrc pkr dKutgrht`cs lkrnms fkfnhcrs.

Dk Ngllhsshgf scst kussh hftcrrgoc sur dk qucsthgf `c skvghr shd ykvkht dhcu `c prngfhscr dc rcngurs gbdhoktghrc, `kfs dcs prgorkllcs `cngfagrlht, `cs sgnhts cxtcrfcs `c ncrthnkthgf. Cddc rcngffkt dhftrt`c dcur hftcrvcfthgf, dkqucddc `gffc dhcu uf ku`ht nglpdct ct cxtcrfc`cs prgorkllcs `c ngfagrlht pkr `cs prgacsshgffcds kykft ufc agrtc

cxpcrthsc `kfs nc `glkhfc. Cddc k ncpcf`kft csthl quhd ngfvcfkht `cdkhsscr kux cftrcprhscs dc sghf `c `nh`cr `c akhrc kppcd ncs sgnhts `c


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ncrthnkthgf ku rcokr` `u ngt `c dcur hftcrvcfthgf. Dhftorkthgf `ufcncrthnkthgf cxtcrfc `kfs dcs prgorkllcs `c ngfagrlht fc lkfqucrkht

pks cf gutrc `c pgscr `cs `hanudts `kfs dkpprnhkthgf `cs rcspgfskbh-dhts pfkd

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