conservation status of the forest beetles (insecta ...conservation status of the forest beetles...

Biodiversity Data Journal 5: e14557doi: 10.3897/BDJ.5.e14557

Species Conservation Profiles

Conservation status of the forest beetles (Insecta,

Coleoptera) from Azores, Portugal

Paulo Alexandre Vieira Borges , Lucas Lamelas-López , Isabel R. Amorim , Anja Danielczak , RuiNunes , Artur R.M. Serrano , Mário Boieiro , Carla Rego , Axel Hochkirch , Virgílio Vieira

‡ CE3C – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dosAçores, Dep. de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal§ IUCN SSC Mid-Atlantic Islands Specialist Group, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal| Trier University, Department of Biogeography, D-54296 Trier, Germany¶ Centro de Biologia Ambiental/Departamento de Biologia Animal/, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa,Lisboa, Portugal# cE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dosAçores - Departamento de Biologia, Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Açores, Portugal

Corresponding author: Paulo Alexandre Vieira Borges ([email protected])

Academic editor: Pedro Cardoso

Received: 15 Jun 2017 | Accepted: 11 Oct 2017 | Published: 19 Oct 2017

Citation: Borges P, Lamelas-López L, Amorim I, Danielczak A, Nunes R, Serrano A, Boieiro M, Rego C,Hochkirch A, Vieira V (2017) Conservation status of the forest beetles (Insecta, Coleoptera) from Azores,Portugal. Biodiversity Data Journal 5: e14557. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e14557

Abstract

Background

Island biodiversity is under considerable pressure due to the ongoing threats of invasivealien species, land use change or climate change. The few remnants of Azorean nativeforests harbour a unique set of endemic beetles, some of them possibly already extinct orunder severe long term threat due to the small areas of the remaining habitats or climaticchanges. In this contribution we present the IUCN Red List profiles of 54 forest adaptedbeetle species endemic to the Azorean archipelago, including species belonging to fourspeciose families: Zopheridae (12 species), Carabidae (11 species), Curculionidae (11species) and Staphylinidae (10 species).

‡,§ ‡,§ ‡,§ |

‡,§ ¶ ‡,§ ‡,§ | #,§

© Borges P et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source arecredited.

https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e14557

mailto:[email protected]

https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e14557

New information

Most species have a restricted distribution (i.e. 66% occur in only one island) and a verysmall extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO). Also common to most ofthe species is the severe fragmentation of their populations, and a continuing decline inEOO, AOO, habitat quality, number of locations and subpopulations caused by the ongoingthreat from pasture intensification, forestry, invasive species and future climatic changes.Therefore, we suggest as future measures of conservation: (1) a long-term monitoring planfor the species; (2) control of invasive species; (3) species-specific conservation action forthe most highly threatened species.

Keywords

Beetles, forest species, islands, IUCN, red list, invasive species, climatic changes.

Introduction

The currently known diversity of Azorean endemic beetle taxa totals 76 taxa, including 68endemic species and the remaining being subspecies (Borges et al. 2010, Borges et al.2017). Nine of the endemics are cave or lavicolous adapted (most of them belonging to thegenus Trechus) (see Borges et al. 2004, Borges et al. 2007, three are freshwater species,and the remaining are forest adapted species. Therefore, the remnants of native forests onthe Azores harbour a unique set of endemic beetles, some of them possibly already extinct(Terzopoulou et al. 2015) or under severe long term threats due to small sized habitats(Triantis et al. 2010) or climatic changes (Ferreira et al. 2016). Only two Azorean beetlespecies were so far assessed for the IUCN Red List, the click beetle Alestrus dolosus(Nardi and Mico 2010), with a current status of Data Deficient (DD) and the longhorn beetleCrotchiella brachyptera (Nardi and Mico Balaguer 2010), with a current status ofEndangered (EN), both requiring reassessements.

In this contribution we present the IUCN Red List profiles of 54 forest adapted beetlespecies endemic to the Azores. This group of species includes 12 ironclade beetles(Zopheridae), 11 ground beetles (Carabidae), 11 weevil and bark beetles (Curculionidae)and 10 rove beetles (Staphylinidae) representing the four most speciose beetle families inAzores (Borges et al. 2010, Borges et al. 2017).

Materials and Methods

To perform the IUCN Red List profiles we went through the following steps: i) the originalspecies descriptions were examined to learn about the habitats and ecology of the species;ii) the most recent literature was also consulted to obtain information about synonyms and

2 Borges P et al

Synonyms:

Common names:

Taxonomic notes:

critical information for the taxonomic notes; iii) for the calculation of AOO and EOO weconsulted the Azorean Biodiversity Portal and downloaded CSV files with the distribution ofeach species; iv) images of the species were also obtained from the repository available inthe Azorean Biodiversity Portal, the most important source of information for Azoresbiodiversity (see Borges et al. 2010).

Prior to the calculation of area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO), the500 m x 500 m cells obtained from Azorean Biodiversity Portal were filtered to consideronly the cells with high level of precision as defined by Borges et al. 2010: 1 – very preciselocality, usually point UTM data; 2 – literature locality not exceeding 25 km . The centroidfor each cell was calculated to obtain the distribution points for each species. Despite notfully following the guidelines, the calculation of AOO and EOO was performed using thecommonly used Geospatial Conservation Assessment Tool (GeoCAT). For EOOcalculation Minimum Convex Polygones (MCP) were used without need of speciesdistribution medelling, since in most cases the final polygons covered all the native habitatarea. Final maps with species distributions were produced using the IUCN standards withArcMap 10.

Critical information on species threats and conservation were mostly obtained fromLindroth 1960, Gaston et al. 2006, Machado 2009, Triantis et al. 2010, Meijer et al. 2011,Terzopoulou et al. 2015, Ferreira et al. 2016, Borges et al. 2017.

The raw data on species distributions in the islands, values of AOO, EOO, altitudinal rangeand number of localities is available in Suppl. material 1.

Species Conservation Profiles

Bembidion derelictus Alluaud, 1926

Species information

Bembidion derelictus Alluaud, 1926; Ocydromus derelictus (Alluaud, 1926);Peryphus derelictus Alluaud, 1926.

Ground beetle (English); Carocho (Portuguese).

Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family

Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Carabidae

Bembidion derelictus was described from a single male collected onthe 31.VII.1888 and deposited in the Museum of Paris (Alluaud 1926). The wings are

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Conservation status of the forest beetles (Insecta, Coleoptera) from Azores, ... 3

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/



http://geocat.kew.org/

Reviewers:

Editor:

Map of records (Google Earth):

Basis of EOO and AOO:

Basis (narrative):

Min Elevation/Depth (m):

Max Elevation/Depth (m):

Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:

Justification for trend:

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

rudimentary, narrow, parallel-sided, length about one half, width about one third of oneelytron (Lindroth 1960).

Region for assessment:

- Global

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range

Biogeographic realm:

- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 2

Observed

This species has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO = 0-12 km²)and area of occupancy (AOO = 0-12 km²).

562

870

Bembidion derelictus is a single-island endemic species restricted toFlores (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from Caldeira Comprida in theNatural Forest Reserve of Morro Alto e Pico da Sé. The species is considered possiblyextinct (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).

Extent of occurrence

0-12

Stable

The species is considered extinct in the historical locality due tohabitat destruction (last sample dates from 1888). It was not sampled recently despitesome intensive field work (see Borges et al. 2005, Borges et al. 2016).

No

Yes

4 Borges P et al

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/bembidion-derelictus-7332/

Causes reversible?:

Extreme fluctuations?:

AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


Number of locations:

Justification for number of locations:

Trend:


Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

0-12

Stable

The species is considered extinct in the historical locality due tohabitat destruction. It was not sampled recently despite some intensive field work.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

0-1

The species is potentially extinct due todestruction of the habitat in all its range.

Stable

Possibly went extinct more than 10 years ago.

Population

Stable

The species is only known from a single subpopulation. Accordingto Terzopoulou et al. 2015 this species was extinct more than ten years ago.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown


Number of subpopulations:

Trend:



System:

Habitat specialist:

Habitat (narrative):

Trend in extent, area or quality?:


Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:

Generation length (yr):

Dependency of single sp?:

Ecology and traits (narrative):

Subpopulations

0-1

Stable


Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

The species occurred in the hyper-humid native forest of the FloresIsland (Azores) dominated by Juniperus brevifolia woodland, with an altitudinal rangebetween 562 and 870 m. This species is possibly extinct (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).

Decline (inferred)

Since the historical record, the native habitat in the island of Floreswas greatly reduced to accomodate pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations(Triantis et al. 2010). In the last ten years invasive plant species are spreading (e.g.Hedychium gardnerianum; Hydrangea macrophylla) changing the structure of the forestand the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitatquality.

Major Importance

- 1.4. Forest - Temperate

Ecology

0.6 cm

1

No

This is a nocturnal predator species that lived in hyper-humid forest floor.

6 Borges P et al

Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:

Justification for threats:

Conservation action type:

Conservation actions:



Threats

Ongoing

- 2.2.1. Agriculture & aquaculture - Wood & pulp plantations - Small-holder plantations - 8.1.2. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases - Invasive non-native/

alien species/diseases - Named species

Future

- 8. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases- 11.1. Climate change & severe weather - Habitat shifting & alteration- 11.2. Climate change & severe weather - Droughts

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and lack of resources due to its large body size (Terzopoulou et al.2015). Currently, Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management and invasiveplant species spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Hydrangea macrophylla) arechanging the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil withimpacts on native invertebrate species. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat willfurther decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts andhabitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation

In Place

- 1. Land/water protection- 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection- 5. Law & policy- 5.1. Law & policy - Legislation- 5.2. Law & policy - Policies and regulations

Needed

- 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection- 2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management- 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control- 2.3. Land/water management - Habitat & natural process restoration


Justification for conservation actions:

Use type:

Ecosystem service type:

Ecosystem services:

Research needed:

Justification for research needed:

Common names:

- 4. Education & awareness- 5.4.3. Law & policy - Compliance and enforcement - Sub-national level

The species is protected by regional law (RAA2012). Its habitat is located in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Flores Island).Therefore, degraded habitats in the Natural Park of Flores Island should be restored and astrategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by invasive species andclimate change in this area. Ultimately, more area of pristine Juniperus brevifolia woodlandis required around the lower-altitude, sheltered parts of the cloud forest zone, with greaterconnectivity between them. Formal education and awareness is needed to allow futureinvestments in restored habitats invaded by invasive plants.

Other

International

Less important

- 12. Biocontrol

- 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends- 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology- 2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan- 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends- 3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trends

Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens and obtain information on population size,distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-based management plan and amonitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute toperform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALAprotocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Bradycellus chavesi Alluaud, 1919

Species information


8 Borges P et al

Taxonomic notes:

Reviewers:

Editor:



Basis (narrative):

Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:

Taxonomy



Bradycellus chavesi was described from a single female collected inSão Miguel island and deposited in the Museum of Paris. The hind-wings are quiterudimentary (Lindroth 1960).


- Global

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 3

Observed

The species is considered extinct in the unique historical locality. It hada very small extent of occurrence (EEO = 0-4 km ) and area of occupancy (AOO = 0-4 km).

Bradycellus chavesi is a single-island endemic species restricted to S.Miguel (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010) that is considered extinct in the Azoreanarquipelago (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Last record is from 1919 with the original speciesdescription.


0-4

Stable

2 2


http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/bradycellus-chavesi-7351/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/bradycellus-chavesi-7351/


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:


Causes ceased?:

The species is considered extinct in the historical locality, possiblydue to habitat destruction. Not sampled recently despite some intensive field work duringthe BALA expeditions (Borges et al. 2005; Borges et al. 2016).

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

0-4

Stable

The species is considered extinct in the historical locality, possiblydue to habitat destruction. Not sampled recently despite some intensive field work.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

0-1

The species is potentially extinct due todestruction of the habitat in all its range.

Stable


Population

Stable


No

10 Borges P et al

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:



System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:



Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

0-1

Stable

The species is only known from a single subpopulation. Accordingto Terzopoulou et al. 2015 this species is extinct more than 10 years ago.

Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

The species occurred in the native forest of São Miguel Island(Azores), but it is considered extinct. Current altitudinal range is unknown.

Decline (inferred)

Since the historical record, the native habitat in the island of SãoMiguel was greatly reduced to accomodate pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations(Triantis et al. 2010). In the last ten years invasive plant species are spreading (e.g.Hedychium gardnerianum; Gunnera tinctoria, Pittosporum undulatum) changing thestructure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on soilinvertebrates.

Major Importance


Ecology

0.5 cm

1

No



Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:






This is an univoltine species. The species was a predatorwith night activity that lived in hyper-humid forest floor.

Threats

Ongoing

- 2.2. Agriculture & aquaculture - Wood & pulp plantations - 8.1.2. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases - Invasive non-native/


Future

- 8.1. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases - Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases

- 11.1. Climate change & severe weather - Habitat shifting & alteration- 11.2. Climate change & severe weather - Droughts

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size. In the last ten years and currently, Cryptomeria japonica wood &pulp plantations management and invasive plant species spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Gunnera tinctoria, Pittosporum undulatum) are changing the structure of theforest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on soil invertebrates.Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climatechange (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation

In Place

- 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection

Needed

- 2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management- 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control- 2.3. Land/water management - Habitat & natural process restoration- 4. Education & awareness- 5.4.3. Law & policy - Compliance and enforcement - Sub-national level

12 Borges P et al


Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Common names:

Taxonomic notes:

The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is possibly in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of São Miguel Island). Thereis the need to keep the control of invasive plants and the restoration of native habitat insome areas in the Northeast part of S. Miguel. Formal education and awareness is neededto allow future investments in restored habitats invaded by invasive plants.

Other

International

Less important

- 12. Biocontrol

- 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends- 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology

Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens and obtain information on population size,distribution and trends.

Calathus carvalhoi Serrano & Borges, 1986

Species information


Taxonomy



Calathus carvalhoi was described from five individuals. A female(Holotype) was collected in Terra Chã (Terceira island) from 15.X.1983 to 4.XI.1983 anddeposited in the collection of A. Serrano. A male (Allotype) was collected in Terra Chã(Terceira island) on the 9.X.1983 and deposited in the collection of P. Borges. A male andtwo females (Paratypes) were collected in Terra Chã (Terceira island) on the 1.X.1984 andon the 9.X.1983, respectively, deposited in the collections of P. Borges and A. Serrano.According to morphology of aedeagus, Calathus mollis Marsh, is the closted species to C.


Figure(s) or Photo(s):

Reviewers:

Editor:



carvalhoi Serrano & Borges, but according to the index, length:width of the pronotum, thisspecies is more similar to Calathus lundbladi Colas (Serrano and Borges 1986).


- Global

Fig. 1

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 4

Observed

Figure 1.

Female of Calathus carvalhoi from Terra Chã (Terceira, Azores) (Credit: Enésima Mendonça).

14 Borges P et al

https://arpha.pensoft.net/display_zoomed_figure.php?fig_id=3653477



https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e14557.figure1



Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


It has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO = 4-8 km²) and area ofoccupancy (AOO = 4-8 km²).

634

710

Calathus carvalhoi is a single-island endemic species restricted toTerceira (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from the Natural Reserve of TerraBrava. The species is possibly considered extinct in the original locality (Terra Chã). Theextent of occurrence (EOO) is 4-8 km and the maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is also4-8 km .


4-8

Stable

The species is considered extinct in the historical locality (TerraChã, Terceira island) due to habitat destruction. However, the species was found recently inTerra Brava pristine forest.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

4-8

Stable

The species is considered extinct in the historical locality (TerraChã, Terceira island) due to habitat destruction. However, the species was found recently inTerra Brava pristine forest.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

2

2


http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/calathus-carvalhoi-7359/



Trend:


Trend:


Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:


Locations

1

In the historical site (Terra Chã, Terceira island)the species is considered as possibly extinct. Only known with a stable subpopulation inTerra Brava pristine native forest fragment.

Stable

Only one site left at Terra Brava (Terceira) that is in pristine nativeforest.

Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is very rare and only known from a singlesubpopulation in Terra Brava. Despite the fact that Terra Brava was considerered a nativeforest fragment with a high value of biotic integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011), a continuingdecline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from the ongoing recent habitatdegradation due to invasions of alien plants that are changing the habitat structure, namelydecreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of otherplants with impacts in soil invertebrates.

- (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

1

Decline (inferred)

The species is very rare and only known from a singlesubpopulation at Terra Brava, since the other subpopulation in Terra Chã is considered aspossible extinct. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is consequentlyinferred.

16 Borges P et al


System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:




Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

The species occurs in a native forests of the Azores (Terceira Island)dominated by Ilex perado ssp. azorica, Laurus azorica and Juniperus brevifolia, with analtitudinal range between 634 and 710 m.

Decline (observed)

Ongoing invasion of exotic plants that are changing the habitatstructure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promotingthe spread of other plants.

Major Importance


Ecology

0.74 cm

1

No

This is an univoltine species. It is a night activity predatorthat lives under barks of native trees and in the soil.

Threats

Ongoing



Future


Threats:








In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due todeforestation. The species is considered extinct in Terra Chã (Terceira island) due to majorhistorical land-use changes with clearing of original habitat and current Eucalyptus spp.wood & pulp plantations management. The most important ongoing threat to this species isthe spread of invasive plants (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum) that are changing the habitatstructure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promotingthe spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will decline as aconsequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts, and habitat shift andalteration), which may drive this species to extinction, because it is depending on humidforests.

Conservation

In Place

- 1. Land/water protection- 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection- 1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection- 5.1. Law & policy - Legislation- 5.2. Law & policy - Policies and regulations

Needed


The species is protected by regional law (RAA2012). Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Terceira). The TerceiraNatural Park administration is currently starting control measures of the invasive plants.Further spread of invasive plants needs to be stopped in order to avoid any future declinesof the species. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to bedeveloped to address the future threat by climate change. A habitat management plan isneeded and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Since this species is

18 Borges P et al

Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Synonyms:

Common names:

restricted to the relict native Azorean forests, it is suggested that some awarenessmeasures should be put in practice.

Other

International

Less important

- 12. Biocontrol


Research is needed into its ecology and life history inorder to learn about its current population size, distribution and trends. A generalmonitoring scheme for the invertebrate community in the habitat is in place, but the extantsubpopulation of this particular species and its habitat in Terra Brava needs to bemonitored in more detail. It is also necessary an area-based management plan for thespecies in Terra Brava. A monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will informabout habitat quality (Gaspar et al. 2011). Based on Borges et al. 2016and Borges et al.2017b the species is very rare and there is the need to invest in direct nocturnal surveys toevaluate the rarity status of the species.

Calathus extensicollis Putzeys, 1983

Species information

Calathus mollis Marsh


Taxonomy




Taxonomic notes:

Reviewers:

Editor:



Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:

Calathus extensicollis was described from a single mature femalecollected in Pico island and deposited in the collection of Chaudoir. Two additionalspecimens are deposited in British Natural History Museum. The hind-wings are quitereduced (Lindroth 1960).


- Global

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 5

Observed

It has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO = 0-16 km²) and area ofoccupancy (EOO = 0-16 km²)

900

1000

Calathus extensicollis is a single-island endemic species restricted toPico (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from high elevation native forest(900-1000 m). This large bodied species is considered extinct (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).No precise locality was indicated in the original description, but at the indicated elevationthere are the current main remnants of native forest.


0-16

Stable

20 Borges P et al

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/calathus-extensicollis-7356/


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:

The species is considered extinct in the historical locality due tohabitat destruction. Not sampled recently despite some intensive field work during theBALA expeditions (Borges et al. 2005; Borges et al. 2016).

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

0-16

Stable

The species is considered extinct in the historical locality due tohabitat destruction. Not sampled recently despite some intensive field work during theBALA expeditions (Borges et al. 2005; Borges et al. 2016).

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

0-1

The species is only known from a singlesubpopulation. According to Terzopoulou et al. 2015 this species is extinct more than 10years ago. The historical site at 900 m of altitude is the main current area with fragments ofnative forest.

Stable


Population

Stable



Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:



System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:


No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

0-1

Stable

The species is only known from a single subpopulation. Accordingto Terzopoulou et al. 2015 this species was extinct more than 10 years ago.

Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

The species occurred in the native forest of the Pico Island (Azores),with an altitudinal range between 900 and 1000 m. This species is considered extinct(Terzopoulou et al. 2015) more than 10 years ago.

Decline (inferred)

Since the historical record, the native habitat in the island of Picowas greatly reduced to accomodate pastures. Recently invasive plant species arepromoting changes in habitat structure.

Major Importance


Ecology

0.90 cm

22 Borges P et al




Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:






1

No

This is an univoltine species. It was a night activitypredator that lived in the high elevation native forest.

Threats

Ongoing

- 2.2. Agriculture & aquaculture - Wood & pulp plantations - 8.1.2. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases - Invasive non-native/


Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality and the lack of resources due to its large body size(Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Currently, Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantationsmanagement and invasive plant species spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Pittosporum) are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and fernsin the soil with impacts on native invertebrate species. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 thehabitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number ofdroughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation

In Place

- 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection- 1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection

Needed

- 2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management- 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control



Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Synonyms:

Common names:

- 2.3. Land/water management - Habitat & natural process restoration- 4. Education & awareness- 5.4.3. Law & policy - Compliance and enforcement - Sub-national level

The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Pico). It is also necessary amonitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute toperform a species potential recovery plan. Therefore, degraded habitats in the Natural Parkof Pico Island should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address thefuture threat by invasive species and climate change in this area. Formal education andawareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats invaded by invasiveplants.

Other

International

Less important

- 12. Biocontrol

- 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends- 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology- 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends- 3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trends

Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens and obtain information on population size,distribution and trends. It is also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebratecommunity in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan.Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (seee.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Calathus lundbladi Colas, 1938

Species information

Calathus melanocephalus Uyttenboogaart, 1947; Calathus mollis Drouet,1859


24 Borges P et al

Taxonomic notes:


Reviewers:

Editor:

Taxonomy


Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Carabida

This is the most similar Azorean endemic Calathus species to themainland relative Calathus mollis (Lindroth 1960). The hind-wings are quite reduced(Lindroth 1960).


- Global

Fig. 2

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Figure 2.

Male of Calathus lundbladi from Tronqueira (S. Miguel, Azores) (Credit: Enésima Mendonça).










Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 6

Observed

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 42.5 km and the maximum area ofoccupancy (AOO) is 36.0 km .

543

100

Calathus lundbladi is an endemic species from S. Miguel (Azores,Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from Natural Forest Reserve of Pico da Vara(Tronqueira). The extent of occurrence and the area of occupancy (AOO) are probablysmaller since the species is possibly considered extinct in Furnas.


42.5

Decline (observed)

The species occurs in a small fragment of native forest(Tronqueira). This is the only locality known after intensive survey in the Island (Borges etal. 2005, Borges et al. 2016). The EOO of native forest is only around 4 km .

No

Yes

Yes

Unknown

Area of occupancy

36

Decline (inferred)

The species occurs in a small fragment of native forest(Tronqueira). This is the only localityn known after intensive survey in the Island (Borges etal. 2005, Borges et al. 2016). The AOO of native forest is only around 4 km .

No

2

2

2

2

26 Borges P et al

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/calathus-lundbladi-7354/

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:


Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:

Yes

Yes

Unknown

Locations

1

The complete forest is threatened by invasiveplants (Hedychium gardnerianum and Clethra arborea) that are changing the habitatstructure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promotingthe spread of other plants.

Decline (inferred)

Only one location left, since the species seems extinct in all othersites of the island due to major historical land-use changes. The current subpopulation isthreatened by invasive plants that are changing habitat structure.

Population

Decline (observed)

A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferredfrom monitoring schemes (sampled in 1989 with a large population and decreasingnumbers in 2000 and 2010) (Borges et al. 2005, Borges et al. 2016), and from the ongoinghabitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (Hedychium gardnerianum and Clethra arborea).


No

Yes

Yes

Unknown

Subpopulations

1

Stable




System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:




Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

The species is very rare and only known from a singlesubpopulation.

Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

The species occurs in the hyper-humid native forests of the Azores,surrounded by plantations of exotic trees, with an altitudinal range between 543 and 1000m.

Decline (inferred)

Ongoing invasion of exotic plants (Hedychium gardnerianum andClethra arborea) that are changing habitat structure.

Major Importance


Ecology

0.9 cm

1

No

This is an univoltine species. It is a nocturnal predator thatlives under barks of native trees and in the soil.

Threats

Ongoing

- 2.2.1. Agriculture & aquaculture - Wood & pulp plantations - Small-holder plantations - 8.1. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases - Invasive non-native/

alien species/diseases

Future

28 Borges P et al

Threats:








In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due todeforestation. The species is considered as possibly extinct in Furnas due to majorhistorical land use changes with clearing of original habitat. The most important ongoingthreat to this species is the spread of invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum andClethra arborea) that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover ofbryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based onFerreira et al. 2016 the habitat will decline as a consequence of climate change (increasingnumber of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration), which may drive this species toextinction, because it is dependent on humid forests.

Conservation

In Place

- 1. Land/water protection- 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection- 1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection- 5.1. Law & policy - Legislation- 5.2. Law & policy - Policies and regulations

Needed


The species is protected by regional law (RAA2012). Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (S. Miguel Natural Park). The São MiguelNatural Park administration is currently starting control measures of the invasive plants.LIFE PRIOLO project started with a restoration of degraded habitats increasing the area ofpristine forest. A general monitoring scheme for the invertebrate community in the habitat isin place, but the subpopulation of this particular species and its habitat needs to bemonitored in more detail. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to bedeveloped during the coming years.


Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Common names:

Taxonomic notes:

Reviewers:

Other

International

Less important

- 12. Biocontrol

- 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends- 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology- 2. Conservation Planning- 2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan- 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends- 3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trends

Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. A generalmonitoring scheme for the invertebrate community in the habitat is in place, but thesubpopulation of this particular species and its habitat needs to be monitored in more detailin order to contribute to perform an area-based management plan and a species potentialrecovery plan due to recent rarity. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol willinform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Calathus vicenteorum Schatzmayr, 1939

Species information


Taxonomy


Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Carabida

The most similar species is C. lundbladi that is endemic to S. Miguel;the eyes are flatter than in C. mollis and the hind wings are reduced (Lindroth 1960).


- Global

Anja Danielczak

30 Borges P et al

Editor:



Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 7

Observed

It has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO = 0-4 km²) and area ofoccupancy (AOO = 0-4 km²).

450

550

Calathus vicenteorum is an endemic species from Santa Maria(Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from high elevation native forest in Pico Alto(550 m asl). This large bodied species is considered extinct (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Thearea of its remaining native habitat is 0.09 km².


0-4

Stable

The area of its remaining native habitat is now 0.09 km². Notsampled recently despite some intensive field work during the BALA expeditions (Borges etal. 2005; Borges et al. 2016). This large bodied species is considered extinct.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy


http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/calathus-vicenteorum-7355/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/calathus-vicenteorum-7355/

AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:

0-4

Stable

The area of its remaining native habitat is now 0.09 km². Notsampled recently despite some intensive field work during the BALA expeditions (Borges etal. 2005; Borges et al. 2016). This large bodied species is considered extinct.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

0-1

A single fragment of native forest at Pico Altocurrently with 0.09 km included in a Natural Reserve that has a very low Index of BioticIntegrity (Gaspar et al. 2011). The species is considered extinct due to destruction of thehabitat in all its range.

Stable


Population

Stable


No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

0-1

Stable

2

32 Borges P et al



System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:




Threat type:

Threats:

The species is only known from a single subpopulation. Accordingto Terzopoulou et al. 2015 this species is extinct more than 10 years ago.

Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

The species occurred in the native forest of the Santa Maria Island(Azores), with an altitudinal range between 500 and 550 m. It is considered extinct(Terzopoulou et al. 2015).

Decline (inferred)

Since the historical record, the native habitat in the island of SantaMaria was greatly reduced to accomodate Cryptomeria japonica plantations (Triantis et al.2010). Currently invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum; Pittosporum undulatum) arechanging the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil whichwill impact the species habitat quality.

Major Importance


Ecology

0.87 cm

1

No

This is a predator species with nocturnal activity. The lastspecimens found in 1957 were captured associated with Calluna vulgaris (Lindroth 1960).

Threats

Ongoing

- 2.2.1. Agriculture & aquaculture - Wood & pulp plantations - Small-holder plantations


Threat type:

Threats:







- 8.1.2. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases - Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases - Named species

Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality and its large body size (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Basedon Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change(increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration). The most importantongoing threat to this species is Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantationsmanagement and the spread of invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporumundulatum) that are changing the habitat structure in the main native forest, namelydecreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of otherplants.

Conservation

In Place

- 1. Land/water protection- 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection

Needed


The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Santa Maria). It is also necessary amonitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute toperform a species potential recovery plan. Therefore, degraded habitats in the Natural Parkof Santa Maria Island should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to addressthe future threat by invasive species and climate change in this area. Formal education andawareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats invaded by invasiveplants.

34 Borges P et al

Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Common names:

Taxonomic notes:

Other

International

Less important

- 12. Biocontrol



Cedrorum azoricus Borges & Serrano, 1993

Species information

Ground beetle (English); Carocho-da-penumbra (Portuguese)

Taxonomy



Cedrorum azoricus was described from individuals collected in Terceira(Terra Brava and Morro Assombrado), Santa Maria (Pico Alto) and Pico (Caveiro) islands,between 1990 and 1992. This species is recognized by the form of pronotum, the absenceof crossed epipleura, the shape of the aedeagus and the shape of the terminal stylomere.C. azoricus has two subspecies, recognized by the form of pronotum (Borges and Serrano1993).




- Global

Fig. 3, Fig. 4

Figure 3.

Male of Cedrorum azoricus azoricus from Caldeira de St. Bárbara (Terceira, Azores) (Credit:Enésima Mendonça).

Figure 4.

Male of Cedrorum azoricus caveirensis from Cabeço do Caveiro (Pico, Azores) (Credit:Enésima Mendonça).

36 Borges P et al













Reviewers:

Editor:



Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 8

Observed

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 12,300 km and the maximumarea of occupancy (AOO) is 40 km .

500

1200

Cedrorum azoricus is an endemic species with two subspecies, C. a. azoricus occurring in Terceira and Santa Maria islands, and C. a. caveirensis restricted toPico island (Azores, Portugal) (Borges and Serrano 1993; Borges et al. 2010). The speciesis known from the Natural Forest Reserves of Biscoito da Ferraria, Serra de Santa Bárbara,Terra Brava (Terceira), Caveiro and Mistério da Prainha (Pico) and Pico Alto (Santa Maria).


12,300

Decline (inferred)

The extent of occurrence includes large areas of unsuitablehabitats and the size of its remaining native habitat is now only 40 km . The speciescontinues in decline due to native forest degradation (mainly Juniperus brevifolia-Laurus azorica and Ilex perado subsp. azorica forests) due to the ongoing spread of invasivespecies in Santa Maria (Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum), Terceiraand Pico (Hedychium gardnerianum).

No

Yes

Unknown

2

2

2


http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cedrorum-azoricus-6829/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cedrorum-azoricus-6829/


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:


Unknown

Area of occupancy

40

Decline (inferred)

The species occurs in native forests of several islands (Terceira,Pico and Santa Maria). The AOO with native forest is around 40 km². The speciescontinues in decline due to native forest degradation (mainly Juniperus brevifolia, Laurus azorica and Ilex perado subsp. azorica forests) due to the ongoing spread of invasivespecies in Santa Maria (Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum), Terceiraand Pico (Hedychium gardnerianum).

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

6

The species inhabits in six native isolated forestpatches in three islands (Terceira, Pico, Santa Maria).

Decline (observed)

Six locations known since in the last ten years a spread of invasiveplants is changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes andferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Pico Alto (Santa Maria) site hasa very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011) with a size of 0.09 km² and invasiveplants that can drive the local subpopulation to extinction very fast. In recent times at leastone location was lost in S. Maria island due to major changes in habitat with the removal ofvegetation.

Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is particularly restricted and the subpopulation ofSanta Maria is very low in number of individuals. A continuing decline in the number of

38 Borges P et al

Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:



Severe fragmentation?:

Justification for fragmentation:

System:

Habitat specialist:


mature individuals is inferred from monitoring schemes (never sampled in Santa Mariaafter its description, in spite of several sampling efforts in the last ten years) (Borges et al.2005, Borges et al. 2016), and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions ofalien plants (Gaspar et al. 2011).


No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

4

Decline (inferred)

The species is known from four subpopulations. Thesubpopulation of Santa Maria is very low in number of individuals. A continuing decline inthe number of subpopulations is inferred from monitoring schemes (never sampled in Sta.Maria after its description, in spite of several sampling efforts in the last ten years) (Borgeset al. 2005, Borges et al. 2016), and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasionsof alien plants.

Unknown

Yes

Major land-use changes at all elevations in Santa Maria,Terceira and Pico islands promoted the creation of small patches of native and exoticforest. The species occurs in four natural forest fragments that are isolated in a sea ofpastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations. At least two of the locations will be undersevere threat in the next 10 years due to the aggressive spread of the invasive plantHedychium gardnerianum.

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:




Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:

Cedrorum azoricus has two subspecies, C. a. azoricus present in Terceira and SantaMaria islands, occurs in native forests of high altitude (altitudinal range between 500 and1000 m) ("cloud-zone forests"; dominated by Juniperus brevifolia, Ilex perado subsp.azorica and Laurus azorica), and C. a. caveirensis, restricted to Pico island, occurs also innative forests (dominated by Juniperus brevifolia) (altitudinal range between 800 and 1200m) (Borges and Serrano 1993; Borges et al. 2010).

Decline (inferred)

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality and its large body size (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).Currently invasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat .

Major Importance


Ecology

1.34-1.6 cm

1

No

This is an univoltine species. It is a nocturnal predator thatlives in the soil. In both Terceira and Pico islands it occurs mostly in sites with deepcrevices in hyper-humid forest. The peak of activity in October, being an autumn breader.

Threats

Ongoing



Future


40 Borges P et al







In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality and its large body size (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).Ongoing invasion of an invasive plant species (Hedychium gardnerianum) in Terceira andPico and in addition Pittosporum undulatum in Santa Maria, are major threats since theseplant species are changing the habitat structure in the main native forest, namelydecreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of otherplants. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence ofclimate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation

In Place

- 1. Land/water protection- 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection- 1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection- 2. Land/water management- 4. Education & awareness- 5.1. Law & policy - Legislation- 5.2. Law & policy - Policies and regulations

Needed


The species is protected by regional law (RAA2012). Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Terceira, Pico and SantaMaria). The Terceira Natural Park administration is currently starting control measures ofthe invasive plants. Further spread of invasive plants needs to be stopped in order to avoidany future declines of the species. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategyneeds to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary amonitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to theconservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to bedeveloped during the coming years.


Use type:

Justification for use and trade:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Common names:

Taxonomic notes:

Other

International

This species is not utilized.

Less important

- 12. Biocontrol


Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens and obtain information on population size,distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-based management plan and amonitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute toperform a species potential recovery plan in the island of Santa Maria. Monitoring every tenyears using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al.2011).

Olisthopus inclavatus Israelson, 1983

Species information

Ground beetle (English); Carocho (Portuguese)

Taxonomy



Olisthopus inclavatus was described from a single male collected onthe 10.VII.1982 in Santa Maria (Airport) island. This species is similar to O. elongatusWollaston but differs by the absence of a conspicuous nail-shaped sclerite in the internalsac of the penis (Israelson 1983).

42 Borges P et al


Reviewers:

Editor:




- Global

Fig. 5

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 9

Observed

Figure 5.

Female of Olisthopus inclavatus from Mata dos Anjos (Santa Maria, Azores) (Credit: EnésimaMendonça).








Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


Olisthopus inclavatus is a single-island endemic species from SantaMaria (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from few patches of highly modifiedlowland forests.

150

300

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 35 km and the maximum area ofoccupancy (AOO) is 32 km .


35

Decline (inferred)

The species occurs in several small fragments of exotic forest in asmall area at low altitude. The species continues in decline due to native forest destructionand habitat fragmentation.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

32

Decline (inferred)

The species occurs in several exotic forest patchs in Santa Mariaisland and it is relatively widespread by the island, but highly fragmented. The speciescontinues in decline due to native forest destruction, invasive plant spread and habitatfragmentation.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

2

2

44 Borges P et al

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/olisthopus-inclavatus-7363/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/olisthopus-inclavatus-7363/



Trend:


Trend:


Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:




Locations

4

The species occurs in at least four isolated exoticforest patches in Santa Maria island that are under major disturbance.

Decline (observed)

Four locations known but the area decreased in the last ten yearsdue to exotic forest removal.

Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is particularly restricted but the abundance isrelatively high in some of the known sites. A continuing decline in the number of matureindividuals is inferred from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plantsand the destruction of exotic plantations for the implementation of pastures.


No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

5

Decline (inferred)

The species is particularly restricted but the abundance isrelatively high in some of the known subpopulations. A continuing decline in the number ofsubpopulations is inferred from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alienplants and the destruction of exotic plantations for the implementation of pastures.

Unknown

Yes



System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:




Threat type:

Major land-use changes at all elevations in S. Mariaisland promoted the creation of small patches of native and exotic forest. The speciesoccurs in five small patches of exotic forest that are isolated in a sea of pastures andCryptomeria japonica plantations. More than 50% of the known subpopulations are undersevere threat due to exotic forest management and eventual forest removal.

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

The species occurs in exotic forests (dominated by Cryptomeria japonica, Acacia spp.), semi-natural forests and in semi-natural pastures in Santa Mariaisland, with an altitudinal range between 150 and 300 m, being relatively widespread(Meijer et al. 2011).

Decline (inferred)

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality and its large body size (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).

Major Importance

- 1.4. Forest - Temperate- 14.2. Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland- 16. Introduced vegetation

Ecology

0.55 cm

1

No

This is an univoltine species. It is a nocturnal predator thatlives in native trees and in the soil associated with plant litter.

Threats

Ongoing

46 Borges P et al

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:





Use type:




Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality. Currently the modified habitats where it occurs arebeing highly disturbed, namely pactches of Cryptomeria japonica and Acacia spp..Agriculture and wood & pulp productions are also a major threat. Based on Ferreira et al.(2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasingnumber of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation

Needed


The species is not protected by regional law.Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address theongoing impact of invasive plants and future threat by climate change. It is necessary amonitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to theconservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to bedeveloped during the coming years. Formal education and awareness is needed to allowfuture investments in restored habitats invaded by alien plants.

Other

International




Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Synonyms:

Common names:

Taxonomic notes:


Less important

- 12. Biocontrol


Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens and obtain information on population size,distribution and trends. It is also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebratecommunity in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery planin some of the isolated exotic Acacia spp. patches.

Pseudanchomenus aptinoides Tarnier, 1860

Species information

Anchomenus aptinoides Tarnier, 1860; Azoranchus aptinoides Tarnier, 1860

Ground beetle (English); Laurocho (Portuguese)

Taxonomy



Pseudanchomenus aptinoides was described from an individualcollected in S. Miguel, on 1867, and deposited in the Natural History Museum of Paris. Thespecimens found more recently in Pico Island have no difference in the shape of aedeagus(PAV Borges, pers. observation).


- Global

Fig. 6

48 Borges P et al

Reviewers:

Editor:



Basis (narrative):


Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 10

Observed

Pseudanchomenus aptinoides is an endemic species present in Picoand S. Miguel islands (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from Natural ForestReserves of Caveiro, Lagoa do Caiado and Mistério da Prainha in Pico island and inFurnas in S. Miguel island. After some surveys in Furnas the species was not found in thelast 20 years despite some intensive search (Borges et al. 2005, Borges et al. 2016), and ispotentially considered extinct in S. Miguel.

800

Figure 6.

Female of Pseudanchomenus aptinoides from Cabeço do Caveiro (Pico, Azores) (Credit:Enésima Mendonça).








http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/pseudanchomenus-aptinoides-6831/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/pseudanchomenus-aptinoides-6831/


Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



1200

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is therefore only 16 km and themaximum area of occupancy (AOO) is 16 km .


16

Decline (inferred)

The EOO was calculated based on Pico distribution. The speciescontinues in decline due to ongoing native forest degradation and habitat fragmentation.The species is considered extinct in Furnas locality at S. Miguel due to major land-usechanges and habitat destruction.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

16

Decline (inferred)

The species occurs in native forest patches included in the NaturalReserves of Caveiro, Lagoa do Caiado and Mistério da Prainha in Pico island and it isconsidered extinct in S. Miguel (Furnas), due to habitat destruction. The species continuesin decline due to native forest degradation and habitat fragmentation. Despite an AOO of16 km , the current areal area of available native forest is only 9.52 km .

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

3

2

2

2 2

50 Borges P et al


Trend:


Trend:


Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:



The species occurs in several native forestpatches in Pico, and in a location in a S. Miguel island (Furnas), but possibly extinct there.

Decline (observed)

Three locations known but the original area was larger. In one ofthe locations now is possibly extinct. In the last ten years a spread of invasive plants(namely Hedychium gardnerianum) is changing the habitat structure, namely decreasingthe cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants.

Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is relatively abundant in Pico Island native forest inparticular in the pristine fragment of Caveiro. In spite of several sampling efforts in the last20 years no individuals were sampled in S. Miguel (Borges et al. 2005, Borges et al. 2016),and consequently the subpopulation of this island is possibly considered extinct, which isinferred from major land-use changes in this locality in the last 100 years, that weremaintained in the last ten years with increaing pasture development and urbanization.


No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

3

Decline (inferred)

The species is relatively abundant in Pico Island native forest inparticular in the pristine fragment of Caveiro. In spite of several sampling efforts in the last20 years no individuals were sampled in S. Miguel (Borges et al. 2005, Borges et al. 2016),and consequently the subpopulation of this island is considered extinct, which is inferredfrom major land-use changes in this locality in the last 100 years, that were maintained inthe last ten years with increasing pasture development and urbanization.

Unknown




System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:




Yes

Major land-use changes at middle and high elevations inPico and S. Miguel promoted the creation of small patches of native forest. The species isconfirmed to occur in three natural forest fragments in Pico that are isolated in a sea ofpastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations. In at least half of the locations in the lastten years a spread of invasive plants is changing the habitat structure, namely decreasingthe cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Atleast two of the locations will be under severe threat in the next 10 years, with only Caveiroarea still having some resistance to the spread of the invasive plant Hedychium gardnerianum.

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

The species occurs in native forests dominated by montane Juniperusbrevifolia woodland in Caveiro but also lavic formations dominated by Erica azorica inMistério da Prainha, in the island of Pico, with an altitudinal range between 800 and 1200m

Decline (observed)

Due to ongoing invasion of exotic plants that are changing thestructure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts onnative invertebrate species.

Major Importance


Ecology

1.2 cm

1

No

This is an univoltine species. It is a nocturnal predator thatlives in native trees and in the soil, particularly in ravines. Based on seasonal data fromSLAM traps obtained in several islands between 2012 and 2016 (see Borges et al. 2017b),the adults are active all year, being most abundant in summer and autumn.

52 Borges P et al

Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:






Threats

Ongoing



Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality and its large body size (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).Currently, Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management and invasive plantspecies spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum;) are changing the structure of the forestand the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on the species. Based onFerreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change(increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration). The species is consideredextinct in S. Miguel island due to major historical land-use changes with clearing of originalhabitat.

Conservation

In Place

- 1. Land/water protection- 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection- 1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection- 2. Land/water management- 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control- 4. Education & awareness

Needed

- 2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management- 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control- 2.3. Land/water management - Habitat & natural process restoration



Use type:



Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


- 4.1. Education & awareness - Formal education- 4.3. Education & awareness - Awareness & communications- 5.4.3. Law & policy - Compliance and enforcement - Sub-national level

The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Pico). Degraded habitats should berestored and of critical importance is the continued expansion and linking of habitatfragments as well as removal of invasive non-native species where this is possible. Astrategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It isnecessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order tocontribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed andanticipated to be developed during the coming years. Formal education and awareness isneeded to allow future investments in restored habitats invaded by invasive plants.

Other

International


Less important

- 12. Biocontrol


Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in S.Miguel and obtain information on populationsize, distribution and trends in both S. Miguel and Pico islands. It is also necessary anarea-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in thehabitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring everyten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al.2011).

54 Borges P et al

Common names:

Taxonomic notes:


Trechus terrabravensis Borges, Serrano & Amorim, 2004

Species information

Ground beetle (English); Carocho-da-terra-brava (Portuguese)

Taxonomy



Trechus terrabravensis was described from three individuals (one maleand two females), collected from 18.VII.2001 to 02.VIII.2001, in Terceira island (TerraBrava). The aedeagus of this species clearly resembles those of the cavernicoloustroglobitic species Trechus jorgensis (S. Jorge) and T. pereirai (Pico) (Borges et al. 2004).


- Global

Fig. 7

Figure 7.

Male of Trechus terrabravensis from Terrra Brava (Terceira, Azores) (Credit: EnésimaMendonça).








Reviewers:

Editor:



Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 11

Observed

Trechus terrabravensis is a single-island endemic species restricted toTerceira (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from the Natural Forest Reservesof Biscoito da Ferraria e Pico Alto, Pico do Galhardo, Terra Brava and Serra de StaBárbara.

500

1000



32

Decline (inferred)

This species occurs in native forests included in several protectedareas of Terceira island. The extent of occurrence of this species continues to decline dueto habitat degradation in the native forest (mainly Juniperus brevifolia-Laurus azorica andIlex perado subsp. azorica forests) mostly caused by invasive plants, and habitatfragmentation.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

2

2

56 Borges P et al

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/trechus-terrabravensis-7345/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/trechus-terrabravensis-7345/

AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:


Area of occupancy

32

Decline (inferred)

This species occurs in native forests included in several protectedareas of Terceira island. The AOO including only native forest is around 21 km². The areaof occupancy of this species continues to decline due to habitat degradation in the nativeforest (mainly Juniperus brevifolia-Laurus azorica and Ilex perado subsp. azorica forests)mostly caused by invasive plants, and habitat fragmentation.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

4

The species occurs in four native forest patchesincluded in Natural Park of the Terceira island, and two of them (Biscoito da Ferraria e PicoAlto, Pico do Galhardo) were highly impacted by invasive plants in the last ten years havinga low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011).

Decline (inferred)

Four locations known but the last ten years we observed a spreadof invasive plants changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover ofbryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants.

Population

Decline (observed)

The species is particularly restricted but abundant in some of thelocalities (Gaston et al. 2006). A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals isinferred from monitoring schemes (Borges et al. 2005, Borges et al. 2016) and from theongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (Gaspar et al. 2011).


Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


Trend:





System:

Habitat specialist:




Yes

Yes

Unknown

Subpopulations

4

Decline (inferred)

The species is particularly restricted but abundant in some of thesubpopulations in Terra Brava and Caldeira St. Barbara (Gaston et al. 2006). A continuingdecline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from monitoring schemes (Borges et al.2005, Borges et al. 2016) and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions ofalien plants in Biscoito da Ferraria e Pico Alto and Pico do Galhardo.

Unknown

Yes

Major land-use changes at middle elevations promotedthe creation of small patches of native forest. The species occurs in four natural forestfragments that are isolated in a sea of pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations, andis very rare in two of the subpopulations (Biscoito da Ferraria e Pico Alto and Pico doGalhardo).

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

This species occurs deep inside very humid laurel forests (nativeforests dominated by Laurus azorica, Ilex perado subsp. azorica and Juniperus azorica) onTerceira, with an altitudinal range between 500 and 1000 m. Several specimens werecollected in leaf litter, suggesting that this is a litter species. In both Terra Brava andCaldeira da Serra de Santa Bárbara, the terrain is basaltic with a system of cracks anddeep holes and the forest floor is covered by a dense carpet of mosses and ferns with littlelight reaching the ground (Borges et al. 2004)

Decline (inferred)

58 Borges P et al


Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:




Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are decreasing thequality of the habitat changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover ofbryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants.

Major Importance


Ecology

0.35 cm

1

No

This is an univoltine species and it is a predator that livesin the soil litter in hyperhumid conditions.

Threats

Ongoing



Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality and lack of resources due to its large body size(Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Currently, Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantationsmanagement and invasive plant species spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum) arechanging the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil withimpacts on the species. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as aconsequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting &alteration).







Use type:



Ecosystem services:

Research needed:

Conservation

In Place

- 1. Land/water protection- 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection- 1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection- 2. Land/water management- 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control

Needed


The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Terceira). The Terceira NaturalPark administration is currently starting control measures of the invasive plants. Degradedhabitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the futurethreat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate communityin the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitatmanagement plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.

Other

International

The species is not utilized.

Less important

- 12. Biocontrol

- 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends- 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology- 2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan

60 Borges P et al


Common names:

Taxonomic notes:

Reviewers:

Editor:


- 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends- 3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trends

Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is alsonecessary an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebratecommunity in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery planas a consequence of invasive plant species spread in two native forest fragments (Biscoitoda Ferraria e Pico Alto and Pico do Galhardo). Monitoring every ten years using the BALAprotocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Trechus torretassoi Jeannel, 1937

Species information

Ground beetle (English); Carocho (Portuguese)

Taxonomy



This species was described from individuals collected in S. Miguelisland (Sete Cidades), on the 4.VI.1935. The hind-wings are reduced to almostinconspicuous rudiments (Lindroth 1960). Later was cited to Furnas (Gillerfors 1986a) andnever found after that.


- Global

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 12



Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Observed

Trechus torretassoi is a single-island endemic species known from S.Miguel (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), and occurring historically only at Furnasand Sete Cidades volcanos.

700

845

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 24 km and the maximum area ofoccupancy (AOO) is 12 km . The species is considered possibly extinct (Terzopoulou et al.2015) due to destruction of the habitat in all its range.


0-24

Stable

The species occured in two areas now dominated by exoticplantations and pastures in S. Miguel island (Sete Cidades and Furnas). The extent ofoccurrence of this species declined due to habitat degradation in the native forest, mostlycaused by invasive plants, and suitable habitat has been extirpated from areas where thespecies once occurred (historical distribution). Now the species is considered extinct morethan 10 years ago (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

0-12

Stable

The species occured in two areas now dominated by exoticplantations and pastures in S. Miguel island. The area of occupancy of this speciesdeclined in the last decades due to habitat degradation in the native forest, mostly causedby invasive plants, and suitable habitat has been extirpated from areas where the speciesonce occurred (historical distribution). Now the species is considered extinct more than 10years ago (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).

2

2

62 Borges P et al

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/trechus-torretassoi-7341/

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:


No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

0-2

The species occured in two areas now dominatedby exotic plantations and pastures in S. Miguel island (Furnas and Sete Cidades). Now thespecies is considered extinct more than 10 years ago (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).

Stable


Population

Stable

The species was historically particularly restricted and with verylow number of sampled individuals. A continuing decline in the number of matureindividuals is inferred from monitoring schemes, from massive land-use changes in the last100 years and the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants in the last10 years. Despite intensive collecting efforts in the past 20 years (Borges et al. 2005,Borges et al. 2016), no specimens have been collected since 1985 and according toTerzopoulou et al. (2015) this species is possibly extinct.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

0-2

Stable

The species was particularly restricted and with very low innumber of sampled individuals. A possible decline in the number of subpopulations is



System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:




inferred from monitoring schemes (Borges et al. 2005, Borges et al. 2016), from massiveland-use changes in the last 50 years and the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasionsof alien plants. Despite intensive collecting efforts in the past 20 years, no specimens havebeen collected since 1985 and according to Terzopoulou et al. (2015) this species wasextinct more than ten years ago.

Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

This species occurred originally in native forest in S. Miguel island(Azores), with an altitudinal range between 700 and 845 m. However, if still extant it shouldoccur in exotic plantations of Cryptomeria japonica. It is a predator that lives in the soilassociated with debris and litter.

Decline (inferred)

Massive land-use changes in the last 100 years have probably ledto strong declined of this species due to changes in habitat size and quality.

Major Importance

- 1.4. Forest - Temperate- 14.3. Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations- 16. Introduced vegetation

Ecology

0.30-0.32 cm

1

No

This is an univoltine species and it is a predator that livesin the soil associated with debris and litter. In the last record in 1985 it was sampledassociated with debris in a lake shore near a Cryptomeria japonica plantation (Gillerfors1986a).

64 Borges P et al

Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:





Threats

Ongoing



Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due todeforestation (Triantis et al. 2010). The species is potentially considered extinct due tomajor historical land-use changes with clearing of original habitat (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).The most important ongoing threat to this species is Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulpplantations management and the spread of invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum) thatare changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns inthe soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) thehabitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number ofdroughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation

Needed


The species is not protected by regional law. It isalso necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order tocontribute to perform a species potential recovery plan in Furnas and Sete Cidades.Therefore, degraded habitats in Furnas and Sete Cidades should be restored and astrategy needs to be developed to address the ongoing threat by invasive species andfuture threat by climate change. Formal education and awareness is needed to allow futureinvestments in restored habitats invaded by invasive plants.


Use type:



Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Common names:

Taxonomic notes:

Other

International


Less important

- 12. Biocontrol


Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in historical areas of Furnas and Sete Cidades. Itis also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order tocontribute to perform a species potential recovery plan.

Mniophilosoma obscurum Gillerfors, 1986

Species information

Leaf beetle (English); Escaravelho-do-musgão (Portuguese)

Taxonomy


Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Chrysomelidae

Mniophilosoma obscurum was described from a single male, collectedin Flores island (Caldeira Comprida), on the 15.VI.1985. It is deposited in Museu Municipaldo Funchal (Madeira). This species is very similar to the Madeiran M. laeve Wollaston, thathas a body-form suborbiculate-ovate, exceedingly convex, but easily separated from thatspecies by rather strong microsculpture of upper surface; by being apparently glabrousimpunctate and by structure of male genitalia (Gillerfors 1986b).


- Global

66 Borges P et al

Reviewers:

Editor:



Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 13

Observed

Mniophilosoma obscurum is a single-island endemic species restrictedto Flores (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from Natural Forest Reserve ofMorro Alto e Pico da Sé.

560

880



13

Stable

This species occurs in a small fragment of native forest in Floresisland. The extent of occurrence is stable in the last 60 years and has a high value of bioticintegrity (Gaspar et al. 2011).

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

2

2


http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/mniophilosoma-obscurum-7887/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/mniophilosoma-obscurum-7887/

AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Area of occupancy

4

Decline (inferred)

This species occurs in a small fragment of native forest in Floresisland. In spite for the fact that the whole nature reserve has some levels of biotic integrity(Gaspar et al. 2011), part of the area is being recently invaded by two invasive plants (Hydrangea macrophylla and Hedychium gardnerianum) with destruction of some areas.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

1

The species occurs in a single native forestfragment in the Flores island that is starting to be impacted by invasive plants (Hydrangea macrophylla and Hedychium gardnerianum) that are disrupting the quality of forest ground.

Stable

Between 1940 and 1950 major land-use changes occurred in theisland, the reserve has a high Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011), but thehistorical site is already under strong impact of invasive plants that are decreasing thecover of Sphagnum spp., disrupting the quality of forest ground, habitat of the species.

Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is rare and only known from a single subpopulation inFlores island. The surrounding area is protected and it is well preserved with a high Indexof Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011). However, part of the AAO is starting to be impactedby invasive plants (Hydrangea macrophylla and Hedychium gardnerianum) that aredisrupting the quality of forest ground with potential decline un the number of individuals.

No

Yes

68 Borges P et al

Causes reversible?:



Trend:



System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:



Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

1

Stable

The species is rare and only known from a single subpopulation inFlores island. The surrounding area is protected and it is well preserved with a high Indexof Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011). However, part of the AAO is starting to be impactedby invasive plants (Hydrangea macrophylla and Hedychium gardnerianum) that aredisrupting the quality of forest ground and the supopulation may be under threat.

Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

This species occurs in a small fragment of native forest in Floresisland (Azores), dominated by Juniperus brevifolia, Calluna vulgaris shrubs and Sphagnumspp. moss (Gillerfors 1986a), with an altitudinal range between 560 and 880 m.

Decline (observed)

The Habitat is stable in the last 60 years, part of the AAO isstarting to be impacted by invasive plants (Hydrangea macrophylla and Hedychium gardnerianum) that are disrupting the quality of forest ground.

Major Importance


Ecology

0.16 cm

1

No



Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:






This is an univoltine species. Adults and larvae areherbivores and feed on all sorts of plant tissue in Sphagnum spp. bogs.

Threats

Ongoing


Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010; Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Currentlyinvasive plants Hydrangea macrophylla and Hedychium gardnerianum are changing someof the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat, since are changing the habitatstructure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promotingthe spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline asa consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting &alteration).

Conservation

In Place


Needed

- 2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management- 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control- 2.3. Land/water management - Habitat & natural process restoration- 4.1. Education & awareness - Formal education- 4.3. Education & awareness - Awareness & communications- 5.4.3. Law & policy - Compliance and enforcement - Sub-national level

70 Borges P et al


Use type:



Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Common names:

The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Flores). Degraded habitats shouldbe restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climatechange. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat inorder to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan isneeded and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Formal education andawareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats invaded by invasiveplants.

Other

International


Less important

- 8. Habitat Maintenance


Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. Monitoringevery ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about population trends and habitatquality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011)

Atlantocis gillerforsi Israelson, 1985

Species information

Minute tree beetle, fungus beetle (English)

Taxonomy


Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Ciidae


Taxonomic notes:


Reviewers:

Editor:


Atlantocis gillerforsi was described from several individuals collected inSanta Maria (Coevas) and S. Miguel (Povoação) islands, between 30.VII.1983 and10.VIII.1983. These specimens are deposited in G. Gillerfors and G. Israelson collections(Israelson 1985c).


- Global

Fig. 8

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 14

Figure 8.

Female of Atlantocis gillerforsi from Caveiro (Pico, Azores) (Credit: Enésima Mendonça).

72 Borges P et al








Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


Observed

Atlantocis gillerforsi is an endemic species present in Flores, Terceira,Pico, S. Miguel and Santa Maria islands (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), knownfrom Natural Forest Reserves of Morro Alto e Pico da Sé (Flores); Pico Galhardo and TerraBrava (Terceira); Atalhada and Pico da Vara (S. Miguel) and Pico Alto (Santa Maria).

350

1000



34,000

Stable

The species occurs in several islands and many natural areas,most of them currently well preserved.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

64

Decline (inferred)

The species occurs in areas of native and exotic forests of severalislands (Flores, Terceira, Pico, S. Miguel and Santa Maria). The area with native forest isaround one third of the AOO. The species continues in decline due to native forestdegradation and habitat fragmentation.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

2

2


http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/atlantocis-gillerforsi-7674/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/atlantocis-gillerforsi-7674/



Trend:


Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:



Locations

11

The species occurs in eleven native and exoticforest patches in five islands (Flores, Terceira, Pico, S. Miguel and Santa Maria). All thelocations are currently under severe invasion by plants like Hedychium gardnerianum, withmajor impacts on the structure of the forest floor.

Decline (inferred)

Eleven locations known but the original area was larger withdecreasing of habitat quality in the last 10 years due to land-use changes and invasiveplants that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytesand ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. In fact, Pico Galhardo(Terceira); Atalhada and Pico da Vara (S. Miguel) and Pico Alto (Santa Maria) have a lowIndex of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011).

Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is highly abundant. However, part of the AAO isstarting to be impacted by invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum, Pittosporum undulatum) that are disrupting the quality of forest ground with potential decline in thenumber of individuals.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

7

Decline (inferred)

The species is very abundant. However, some of thesubpopulations are starting to be impacted by invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum, Pittosporum undulatum) that are disrupting the quality of forest ground with potentialdecline in the number of subpopulations.

Yes

74 Borges P et al


System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:




Major land-use changes at all elevations in the islandspromoted the creation of small patches of native and exotic forest. The species occurs inseven natural forest fragments that are isolated in a sea of pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations. In the last ten years a spread of invasive plants is changing thehabitat structure in more than 50% of the subpopulations, namely decreasing the cover ofbryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. The sites at PicoGalhardo (Terceira); Atalhada (S. Miguel) and Pico Alto (Santa Maria) have a low Index ofBiotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011).

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

The species occurs in native (dominated by Laurus azorica andJuniperus brevifolia) and exotic (e.g. Eucalyptus spp.) forests of several islands (Flores,Terceira, Pico, S. Miguel and Santa Maria), with an altitudinal range between 350 and 1000m. This species was an inhabitant of ancient azorean laurel forests and successfullyadapted itself to changed conditions of life (habitat transformation) (Israelson 1985c).

Decline (observed)

The habitat was stable during last century. However, in the last tenyears invasive plant species spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Pittosporum undulatum) are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and fernsin the soil decreasing the quality of the habitat with impacts on the species.

Major Importance

- 1.4. Forest - Temperate- 16. Introduced vegetation

Ecology

0.14 - 0.17 cm

1

No

This species feeds mostly on fungi. Based on seasonaldata from SLAM traps obtained in several islands between 2012 and 2016, the adults areactive all year (Borges et al. 2017b), being more abundant in summer.


Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:







Threats

Ongoing


Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010, Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Currentlyinvasive plants Hydrangea macrophylla, Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality of the habitat,since are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes andferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016)the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number ofdroughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation

In Place

- 1. Land/water protection- 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection- 1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection- 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control

Needed


76 Borges P et al

Use type:



Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Common names:

The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas(Natural Parks of Flores, Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Maria). Further spread of invasiveplants needs to be stopped in order to avoid any future declines of the species. Degradedhabitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the futurethreat by climate change. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to bedeveloped during the coming years. Formal education and awareness is needed to allowfuture investments in restored habitats invaded by invasive plants.

Other

International


Less important



Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It isnecessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order tocontribute to the conservation of this species. Monitoring every ten years using the BALAprotocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Calacalles azoricus Stüben, 2004

Species information

True weevil, Snout beetle, Weevil (English); Gorgulho (Portuguese)

Taxonomy


Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Curculionidae


Taxonomic notes:


Reviewers:

Editor:



Species described by Stüben 2004 based on specimens found inCaladeira do Faial associated with roots of Tolpis azorica.


- Global

Fig. 9

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 15

Observed

Figure 9.

Female of Calacalles azoricus from Caldeira do Faial (Faial, Azores) (Credit: EnésimaMendonça).

78 Borges P et al







Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


Calacalles azoricus is a single-island endemic species from Faial(Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from Natural Forest Reserve of Caldeira doFaial.

800

1000



4

Decline (inferred)

This species occurs in a small fragment of native forest in Faialisland. The host plant is also very rare and decreasing its distribution due to invasiveplants, that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytesand ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

4

Decline (inferred)

The species occurs in a small fragment of native forest of Faialisland. The AOO with native forest is around 1.9 km². The species continues in decline dueto native forest destruction and habitat fragmentation.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

2

2


http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/calacalles-azoricus-7933/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/calacalles-azoricus-7933/



Trend:


Trend:


Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:



Locations

1

The species occurs only in Caldeira do Faial in theFaial island.

Decline (inferred)

The species had a larger distribution in recent past, but majorreductions in the distribution of the host plant (Tolpis azorica) due to major land-usechanges in the last decades decreased the number of adequate patches of habitat. Thesingle site is being heavily impacted by invasive plants in the last ten years.

Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is very rare and only known from a singlesubpopulation in Faial island. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals isinferred due to restricted distribution and host-plant rarity (Tolpis azorica).


No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

1

Decline (inferred)

The species is very rare and only known from a singlesubpopulation in Faial island. A continuing decline in the number of supoputaions isinferred due to restricted distribution and host-plant rarity (Tolpis azorica), with potentialextinction of the species.

Unknown

80 Borges P et al

System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:



Dependent on species:


Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

The species occurs in native forests of high altitude in the Faial island(Azores), with an altitudinal range between 800 and 1000 m.

Decline (inferred)

In the last 100 years, the species has probably strongly declineddue to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are alsodecreasing the quality of the remaining habitat

Major Importance


Ecology

0.35 -0.5 cm

1

Yes

Tolpis azorica

This is an univoltine species. Adults and larvae areherbivores and feed of plant tissues (Tolpis azorica).

Threats

Ongoing


Future









Use type:

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010, Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Currentlyinvasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum and Rubus ulmifolius) are changing some of theareas and decreasing the quality of the habitat, as they are changing the habitat structure,namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spreadof other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as aconsequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting &alteration).

Conservation

In Place

- 1. Land/water protection- 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection- 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control- 5.1. Law & policy - Legislation- 5.2. Law & policy - Policies and regulations

Needed


The species is protected by regional law (RAA2012). Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Faial). Degraded habitatsshould be restored in Caldeira do Faial and of critical importance is the removal of invasivenon-native species where this is possible. A strategy needs to be developed to address thefuture threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebratecommunity in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitatmanagement plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitatsinvaded by invasive plants.

Other

International

82 Borges P et al


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Common names:

Taxonomic notes:


Less important




Calacalles droueti (Crotch, 1867)

Species information


Taxonomy



Calacalles droueti was originally described based on specimenscollected by Godman in the island of Flores associated with stems of Euphorbia stygiana.More recently the Lectotypes were designated by Stüben 2004 based on specimenscollected in Pico (Lagoa do Caiado) and Faial (Caldeira).


- Global

Fig. 10


Reviewers:

Editor:



Basis (narrative):



Range description:

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 16

Observed

Calacalles droueti is an endemic species present in Flores, Faial andPico islands, but possibly extinct in Flores (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), knowncurrently from Natural Forest Reserves of Caldeira do Faial (Faial) and Lagoa do Caiado(Pico).

600

1200

Figure 10.

Female of Calacalles droueti from Lagoa do Caiado (Pico, Azores) (Credit: EnésimaMendonça).

84 Borges P et al







http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/calacalles-droueti-6828/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/calacalles-droueti-6828/

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 706 km and the maximum area of occupancy (AOO) is28 km .


706

Decline (observed)

This species occurs in several areas of native forest of Faial andPico islands. Possibly extinct in Flores. Most of the EOO includes habitats not occupied bythis species that is restricted to few patches with the rare host plant (Euphorbia stygianasubsp. stygiana). The extent of occurrence of this species continues to decline due tohabitat degradation in the native forest (mostly due to invasive plants) and to habitatfragmentation.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

28

Decline (observed)

The species occurs in several native forest patchs in Faial andPico islands, but possibly extinct in Flores island. The area of occupancy of this speciescontinues to decline due to habitat degradation in the native forest (mostly due to invasiveplants) and to habitat fragmentation.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

7

2

2



Trend:


Trend:


Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:





This species occurs in seven isolated native forestpatches in the Faial and Pico islands. Possibly extinct in Flores.

Decline (inferred)

Seven locations known but the original area was larger. Most ofthe sites have very few plants of Euphorbia stygiana subsp. stygiana, and the species caneasily be extinct in some sites in near future.

Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is very rare and only known from a singlesubpopulation in Faial island and several subpopulations in Pico island. A continuingdecline in the number of mature individuals is inferred due to host-plant rarity (Euphorbia stygiana subsp. stygiana). Most of the sites have very few plants of Euphorbia stygianasubsp. stygiana, and the species can easily be extinct in some sites in near future.


No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

7

Decline (inferred)

The species is very rare, possibly extinct in Flores, known from asingle subpopulation in Faial island and six subpopulations in Pico island. A continuingdecline in the number of subpopulations is inferred due to host-plant rarity (Euphorbia stygiana subsp. stygiana). Decline is due to rarity and abundance decreasing of host plant.

Unknown

Yes

Major land-use changes at middle and high elevations inPico island promoted the creation of small patches of native forest. The species occurs in

86 Borges P et al

System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:




Dependent on IUCN Status:


Threat type:

five natural forest fragments in Pico that are isolated in a sea of pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations. Most of the small fragments are not sustainable at long-term due tothe spread of invasive plants. Possibly only the Lagoa do Caiado fragment is sustainable atlong-term due to its larger size and larger populations of the host plant.

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

The species occurs in native forests of high altitude in the Faial andPico islands (Azores), with an altitudinal range between 600 and 1200 m.

Decline (inferred)

In the last 100 years, the species has probably strongly declineddue to changes in habitat size and quality. Currently invasive plant species are alsodecreasing the quality of the remaining habitat. The host plant is very rare and has adeclining trend (IUCN classification: Critically Endangered).

Major Importance


Ecology

0.4 - 0.6 cm

1

Yes

Euphorbia stygiana stygiana

Critically Endangered (CR)

This is an univoltine species. Adults and larvae arenocturnal herbivores and feed of plant tissues of Euphorbia stygiana subsp. stygiana.

Threats

Ongoing


Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:







alien species/diseases - Named species- 12. Other options - Other threat

Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010, Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Currently,Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management and invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum) are changing some of the areas and decreasing the quality ofthe habitat, since are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover ofbryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based onFerreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change(increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration). Other important threat isthe extreme rarity of the host plant.

Conservation

In Place

- 1. Land/water protection- 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection- 2. Land/water management- 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control- 4. Education & awareness- 5.1. Law & policy - Legislation- 5.2. Law & policy - Policies and regulations

Needed


88 Borges P et al


Use type:



Justification for ecosystem services :

Research needed:


Synonyms:

Common names:

The species is protected by regional law (RAA2012). Its habitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Faial and Pico). It isnecessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order tocontribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed andanticipated to be developed during the coming years. The conservation of the host plant iscritical. Since this species occurs in relict native Azorean forests and associated also with avery rare plant, it is suggested that some awareness measures should be put in practice.

Other

International


Less important

There is insufficient information available toidentify the ecosystem services for this species.


Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in other sites with the host plant, and obtaininformation on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-basedmanagement plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat inorder to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten yearsusing the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Calacalles subcarinatus (Israelson, 1984)

Species information

Acalles subcarinatus Israelson, 1984; Acalles wollastoni Chevr., 1852



Taxonomic notes:


Taxonomy



This small species was described from a individuals collected in SantaMaria (Pico Alto) and S. Miguel (Furnas) islands, between 8.VII.1982 and 13.VII.1982.These specimens are deposited in the Finnish Museum of Natural History (Israelson1984b).


- Global

Figs 11, 12

Figure 11.

Female of Calacalles subcarinatus from Terra Brava (Terceira, Azores) (Credit: EnésimaMendonça).

90 Borges P et al







Reviewers:

Editor:



Basis (narrative):


Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 17

Observed

Calacalles subcarinatus is a widespread endemic species present in allislands of the Azorean archipelago (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known fromNatural Forest Reserves of Caldeiras Funda e Rasa and Morro Alto e Pico da Sé (Flores);Caldeira do Faial (Faial); Mistério da Prainha (Pico); Pico Pinheiro and Topo (S. Jorge);Biscoito da Ferraria, Pico Galhardo, Serra Sta. Bárbara and Terra Brava (Terceira);Atalhada e Pico da Vara (S. Miguel) and Pico Alto (Santa Maria).

100

Figure 12.

Female of Calacalles subcarinatus from Terra Brava (Terceira, Azores) (Credit: Paulo A.V.Borges).








http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/calacalles-subcarinatus-6896/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/calacalles-subcarinatus-6896/


Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:

AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:


1200



42,600

Increase

The species is expanding its range to exotic trees and man madehabitats.

No

Yes

Unknown

Area of occupancy

220

Increase

The species is expanding its range to exotic trees and man madehabitats. The species is expanding to non-native habitats.

No

Yes

Unknown

Locations

0

This is a widespread species, with no threats.

Increase

Possibly is increasing distribution due to adaptation to exotic trees,namely low altitude orchards.

2

2

92 Borges P et al

Trend:


Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


Trend:



System:

Habitat specialist:



Population

Increase

C. subcarinatus is a widespread and highly abundant species. Thespecies is expanding to exotic habitats and population is increasing. We assume no impactfor the population as it occurs naturally in several native and exotic patches in all islands ofthe archipelago.

- (a) direct observation

No

Yes

Unknown

Subpopulations

9

Stable

C. subcarinatus is a widespread and highly abundant species. Thespecies presents a stable population and occurs in several islands. We assume no impactfor the subpopulations as it occurs naturally in several patches in all islands of thearquipelago.

Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

No

The species occurs in several habitats and in all islands of theAzorean arquipelago, with an altitudinal range between 100 and 1200 m. C. subcarinatusinhabits the native forests dominated by native and endemic vegetation, prefering Ilex perado subsp. azorica but also occurring in Juniperus brevifolia, Frangula azorica, Vaccinium cylindraceum and Erica azorica; exotic forests (mainly plantations and forests ofPittosporum spp. and Eucalyptus spp.); in agricultural areas occurs in orchards associatedwith Castanea sativa.

Increase



Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:




Threat type:

Threats:




The species is expanding to exotic trees

Suitable


Ecology

0.17 - 0.26 cm

1

No

Adults and larvae are herbivores and feed of plant tissuesboth during the day and night. Based on seasonal data from SLAM traps obtained inseveral islands between 2012 and 2016 (Borges et al. 2017b), the adults are active allyear, being most abundant in spring and summer.

Threats

Future

- 8.1. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases - Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010; Terzopoulou et al. 2015). However,the species seems to be adapting to other non-native trees and is expanding its range. Nothreats are known for this species, but possibly invasive species may create an impact infuture.

Conservation

In Place

The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Flores, Faial, Pico, S. Jorge,Terceira, Graciosa, S. Miguel and Santa Maria). No special measures of conservation areneeded since the species also occurs in non-native plants.

94 Borges P et al

Use type:



Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Common names:

Taxonomic notes:

Other

International


Important



Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. Amonitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (seee.g. Gaspar et al. 2011)

Caulotrupis parvus Israelson, 1985

Species information


Taxonomy



Caulotrupis parvus was described from two individuals collected inSanta Maria island (Pico Alto), between 11.VII.1982 and 8.VIII.1983, deposited in G.Israelson collection. The particularities of the aedeagal structures may indicate a moreprofund difference between C. parvus and the Madeiran forms (Israelson 1985a).


- Global


http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/caulotrupis-parvus-7942/



Reviewers:

Editor:



Basis (narrative):


Fig. 13

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 18

Observed

The area of its remaining native habitat is 0.09 km², but the AOO is 8km². Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is therefore also 8 km².

310

Figure 13.

Caulotrupis parvus from Pico Alto (Santa Maria, Azores) (Credit: Enésima Mendonça).

96 Borges P et al








Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


550

Caulotrupis parvus is a single-island endemic species from SantaMaria (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), where it is restricted to the highest elevationsof the island (310 to 550 m asl) and to the unique native primary forest. However thespecies was also found recently by Meijer et al. 2011 in a Cryptomeria japonica plantation,prone to be cut soon.


8

Decline (inferred)

This species occurs in a native forest patch and in a smallfragment of exotic forest in Santa Maria island. There is an inferred continuing decline inEOO due to the spread of invasive plants and observed loss of habitat quality. In additionone of the sites is an industrial Cryptomeria japonica plantation, prone to be cut soon,which will imply a reduction of EOO to half.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

8

Decline (inferred)

There is an inferred continuing decline in AOO due to the spreadof invasive plants and observed loss of habitat quality. In addition one of the localities is anindustrial Cryptomeria japonica plantation, prone to be cut soon.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown






Trend:


Trend:


Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:


Locations

2

The main native complete forest is threatened byinvasive plants. The additional location is a pulp Cryptomeria japonica plantation that willbe cut soon.

Decline (observed)

Only one location of native forest left, that has a very low Index ofBiotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011) with a size of 0.09 km² and invasive plants that candrive this species to extinction very fast. The other location is a Cryptomeria japonicaplantation that will be cut soon.

Population

Decline (observed)

The species is very rare and only known from a single sustainablesubpopulation (the species occurs in a single native forest patch included in a NaturalReserve of Santa Maria island that has a very low Index of Biotic Integrity, Gaspar et al.2011)), since the second known location is a Cryptomeria japonica plantation threaten bydeforestation. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from theongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants, and deforestation of pulpplantation of Cryptomeria japonica.


No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

2

Decline (inferred)

The species is very rare and only known from a single sustainablesubpopulation, since the second known location is a Cryptomeria japonica plantation

98 Borges P et al




System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:




threatened by deforestation. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations isinferred from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants, anddeforestation of production pulp plantation of Cryptomeria japonica.

Unknown

Yes

Major land-use changes at all elevations in Santa Mariaisland promoted the creation of small patches of native and exotic forest. The speciesoccurs in one natural forest fragment and in a small patch of exotic forest that are bothisolated in a sea of pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations. The subpopulation ofthe exotic plantation is not sustainable in the next ten years and the single native forestpatch is included the Natural Reserve of Santa Maria island that has a very low Index ofBiotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011).

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

The species occurs in the native forests of the Azores, surrounded byplantations of exotic trees and pastures, but also found in a Cryptomeria japonicaplantation. This species has an altitudinal range between 310 and 550 m.

Decline (observed)

Ongoing invasion of exotic plants that are changing the structureof the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on nativeinvertebrate species.

Major Importance

- 1.4. Forest - Temperate- 16. Introduced vegetation

Ecology

0.23 cm

1

No

This is an univoltine species. It feeds on dead wood.


Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:






Threats

Ongoing

- 2.2.1. Agriculture & aquaculture - Wood & pulp plantations - Small-holder plantations - 2.3.2. Agriculture & aquaculture - Livestock farming & ranching - Small-holder grazing,

ranching or farming- 8.1.2. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases - Invasive non-native/


Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due todeforestation. The most important ongoing threats to this species are Cryptomeria japonicawood & pulp plantations management and the spread of invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum) that are changing the habitat structure in themain native forest, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil andpromoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will declineas a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts), which may drive thisspecies to extinction, because it is depending on humid forests.

Conservation

In Place

- 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection- 1.2. Land/water protection - Resource & habitat protection- 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control- 5.1. Law & policy - Legislation- 5.2. Law & policy - Policies and regulations

Needed

- 2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management- 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control- 2.3. Land/water management - Habitat & natural process restoration

100 Borges P et al


Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Synonyms:

- 4. Education & awareness- 5.4.3. Law & policy - Compliance and enforcement - Sub-national level

The species is protected by regional law (RAA2012). Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Santa Maria Natural Park). The SantaMaria Natural Park administration is currently starting control measures of the invasiveplants. Further spread of invasive plants needs to be stopped in order to avoid any futuredeclines of the species. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to bedeveloped to address the future threat by climate change. A general monitoring scheme forthe invertebrate community in the habitat is in place, but the population of this particularspecies and its habitat needs to be monitored in more detail. A habitat management plan isneeded and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.

Other

International

Less important



Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens and obtain information on population size,distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-based management plan and amonitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the Pico Alto native forest andsurrounded areas of non-native habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potentialrecovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitatquality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Donus multifidus (Israelson, 1984)

Species information

Hypera multifida Israelson, 1984


Common names:

Taxonomic notes:


Reviewers:

Editor:


Taxonomy


Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Curculiniodae

Donus multifidus was described from four individuals collected in SantaMaria island (Pico Alto), between 8.VII.1982 and 4.VIII.1983, deposited in G. Israelsoncollection (Israelson 1984b).


- Global

Fig. 14

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Figure 14.

Donus multifidus from Pico Alto (Santa Maria, Azores) (Credit: Enésima Mendonça).

102 Borges P et al









Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 19

Observed


450

550

Donus multifidus is a single-island endemic species from Santa Maria(Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), where it is restricted to the highest elevations of theisland (450 to 550 m asl) and to the unique native forest remnant included in a NaturalReserve of Santa Maria island that has a very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al.2011).


4

Decline (inferred)

This species occurs in a single native forest patch of Santa Mariaisland. There is an inferred continuing decline in EOO due to the spread of invasive plantsand observed loss of habitat quality.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown


http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/donus-multifidus-7929/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/donus-multifidus-7929/

AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:


Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Area of occupancy

4

Decline (inferred)

This species occurs in a small fragment of native forest in SantaMaria island. The size of its remaining native habitat is now only around 0.09 km². Thespecies continues in decline due to native forest destruction and habitat fragmentation.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

1

The species occurs in a single native forest patchin the Santa Maria island.

Stable

The species occurs in a single native forest patch included in aNatural Reserve of Santa Maria island that has a very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gasparet al. 2011).

Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is very rare and only known from a single sustainablesubpopulation. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from theongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Pittosporum undulatum), that are changing the structure of the forest and the cover ofbryophytes and ferns in the soil decreasing the quality of the habitat with impacts on thespecies.


No

104 Borges P et al

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:



System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:




Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

1

Stable

The species is very rare and only known from a singlesubpopulation.

Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

The species occurs in native forests of high altitude in Santa Mariaisland (Azores), with an altitudinal range between 450 and 550 m.

Decline (observed)

Due to invasive plant species that are changing the structure ofthe forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on the species.

Major Importance


Ecology

1

No

Adults and larvae are herbivores and feed of plant tissues.This is an univoltine species.


Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:






Threats

Ongoing



Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due todeforestation. The most important ongoing threats to this species are Cryptomeria japonicawood & pulp plantations management and the spread of invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum) that are changing the habitat structure in themain native forest, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil andpromoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will declineas a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts), which may drive thisspecies to extinction, because it is dependend on humid forests.

Conservation

In Place

- 1. Land/water protection- 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection- 2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management- 5. Law & policy- 5.1. Law & policy - Legislation- 5.2. Law & policy - Policies and regulations

Needed

- 2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management- 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control- 2.3. Land/water management - Habitat & natural process restoration- 4. Education & awareness

106 Borges P et al


Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Synonyms:

Common names:

- 5.4.3. Law & policy - Compliance and enforcement - Sub-national level

The species is protected by regional law (RAA2012). Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Santa Maria). Furtherspread of invasive plants needs to be stopped in order to avoid any future decline of thespecies. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed toaddress the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for theinvertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of thisspecies. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during thecoming years.

Other

International

Less important



Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in the Pico Alto region (including non-nativehabitats) and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is alsonecessary an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebratecommunity in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan.Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (seee.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Drouetius azoricus (Drouet, 1859)

Species information

Laparocerus azoricus Drouet, 1859



Taxonomic notes:


Reviewers:

Editor:

Taxonomy



Machado 2009 describes in detail all the subspecies of this taxonoriginally described by Drouet in 1859. Differences between the subspecies are based onshape of rostrum, thorax and scales.


- Global

Fig. 15

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Figure 15.

Drouetius azoricus nitens from Flores (Azores) (Credit: Enésima Mendonça).

108 Borges P et al









Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 20

Observed

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 23,800 km and the maximum areaof occupancy (AOO) is 76 km .

0

500

Drouetius azoricus is an endemic species with four subspecies, D. a. azoricus occurring in Faial, S. Jorge and Graciosa islands; D. a. nitens occurring inOccidental group (Corvo and Flores islands); D. a. parallelirostris restricted to Terceiraisland and D. a. separandus restricted to S. Miguel island (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al.2010). D. a. parallelirostris is known from a small area within Terceira Natural Park.


23,800

Decline (inferred)

The Extent of Occurrence includes large areas of unsuitablehabitats. The species continues in decline due to native forest destruction at lower altitudesand habitat continuing degradation and fragmentation.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

76

Decline (inferred)

The species continues in decline due to native forest destructionat lower altitudes and habitat continuing degradation and fragmentation.

No

2

2


http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/drouetius-azoricus-9599/

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:


Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

11

This species occurs in eleven isolated locations atlower altitudes by the occidental group (Flores and Corvo islands), central group (Faial, S.Jorge, Graciosa and Terceira islands) and also in São Miguel. All these locations are underthreat due to continuous change of the habitat as a consequence Human activities at lowerelevations. The locations keeping native vegetation are also changing due to the spread ofinvasive plants (e.g. Pittosporum undulatum)

Decline (inferred)

Eleven locations known but the original area was larger due tomajor land-use changes in low elevation habitats.

Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is rare (very few specimens known) and known fromsubpopulations in low elevation areas in several islands (Corvo, Flores, Faial, S. Jorge,Graciosa, Terceira and S. Miguel islands). A continuing decline in the number of matureindividuals is inferred from the ongoing habitat degradation due to human activities at lowerelevations.


No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

7

110 Borges P et al

Trend:





System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Decline (inferred)

The species is very rare (very few specimens known) and knownfrom subpopulations in low elevation areas in seven islands (Corvo, Flores, Faial, S. Jorge,Graciosa, Terceira and S. Miguel islands). A continuing decline in the number ofsubpopulations is inferred from the ongoing habitat degradation due to human activities atlower elevations.

Unknown

Yes

As a consequence of major past and ongoing land-usechanges at low and middle elevations in all islands the seven subpoulations are restrictedto small patches.

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

This species has four subspecies (D. a. azoricus present in Faial, S.Jorge and Graciosa islands; D. a. nitens present in Occidental group (Corvo and Floresislands); D. a. parallelirostris restricted to Terceira island and D. a. separandus restricted toS. Miguel island), and occurs in modified native forests (dominated by Erica azorica andMorella faya), exotic forests and semi-natural pastures (Machado 2009). Some specimenscan also be found inside caves at Terceira island, possibly falling there when migrating tothe soil (adults stay underground during the day). This species has an altitudinal rangebetween 0 and 500 m.

Decline (observed)

Due to major land-use changes at low elevations, with thedestruction of many habitats for urbanization and implementation of agriculture activities.

Major Importance

- 1.4. Forest - Temperate- 4. Grassland- 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Caves- 14.2. Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland


Size:




Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:




Ecology

0.62-0.82 cm

1

No

It is frequent to find specimens in caves, since the adultsstay underground during the day. The fact that the species is polyphagous facilitates itssurvival in a highly human modified territory at lower elevations. Adults and larvae areherbivores and feed on plant tissues. This is an univoltine species.

Threats

Ongoing

- 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas- 2.2.1. Agriculture & aquaculture - Wood & pulp plantations - Small-holder plantations - 8.1.2. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases - Invasive non-native/

alien species/diseases - Named species- 9.1.1. Pollution - Domestic & urban waste water - Sewage

Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Terzopoulou et al. 2015, Triantis et al. 2010). One ofthe most important ongoing threat to this species is the continuous change of habitat dueto Human activities at lower elevations. The sites keeping native vegetation are alsochanging due to the spread of invasive plants (e.g. Pittosporum undulatum). Based onFerreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change(increasing number of droughts and Habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation

In Place

- 1. Land/water protection

112 Borges P et al




Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


- 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection

Needed


The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Terceira). In the other six islandsnone of subpopulations are located within the range of protected areas. Further spread ofinvasive plants needs to be stopped in order to avoid any future declines of the species.Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address thefuture threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebratecommunity in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. Formaleducation and awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats at lowelevations.

Other

International

Less important

- 7. Nutrient Cycling


Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in all the historical localities and obtain informationon population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a monitoring plan for theinvertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potentialrecovery plan in many of the historical localities. In addition, there is the need of specialarea-based management plans for most of the subpopulations.


Common names:

Taxonomic notes:


Reviewers:

Editor:

Drouetius borgesi Machado, 2009

Species information


Taxonomy



Machado 2009 describes in detail all the subspecies of this taxon.Differences between the subspecies are based on shape of rostrum, thorax and scales.


- Global

Fig. 16

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Figure 16.

Drouetius borgesi borgesi from Terra Brava (Terceira, Azores) (Credit: Javier Torrent).

114 Borges P et al









Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 21

Observed

Drouetius borgesi is an endemic species with three subspecies: D. b. borgesi occurring in Terceira island; D. b. centralis occurring in Faial, Pico, S. Jorge andGraciosa islands and D. b. sanctmichaelis restricted to S. Miguel island (Azores, Portugal)(Borges et al. 2010). D. borgesi is known from the Natural Forest Reserves of Caveiro(Pico); Pico Pinheiro (S. Jorge); Pico Galhardo, Serra de Sta Bárbara and Terra Brava(Terceira); and Pico da Vara (S. Miguel).

300

1100



11,600

Decline (observed)

The Extent of Occurrence includes large areas of unsuitablehabitats. This species continues to decline due to habitat degradation in the native forest(mostly due to invasive plants) and to habitat fragmentation.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

92

2

2


http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/drouetius-borgesi-9601/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/drouetius-borgesi-9601/

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


Decline (inferred)

The species occurs in the native and exotic forests of the islandsof the central group (Faial, Pico, S. Jorge, Graciosa and Terceira) and S. Miguel island.Possibly the AOO value is slightly overestimated. The area of occupancy of this speciescontinues to decline due to habitat degradation in the native forest (mostly due to invasiveplants) and to habitat fragmentation.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

17

This species occurs in 17 native and exotic forestpatches distributed by the islands of the central group (Faial, Pico, S. Jorge, Graciosa andTerceira islands) and S. Miguel island.

Decline (observed)

Seventeen locations known, but the original area was larger.Invasive plant species spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum) are changing thestructure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on thespecies.

Population

Decline (inferred)

D. borgesi is a widespread and still an abundant species in somepristine sites. The species currently has a decreasing population density due to the spreadof the invasive plant Hedychium gardnerianum that is changing the structure of the forestand the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on the species.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

116 Borges P et al


Trend:





System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Subpopulations

17

Decline (inferred)

D. borgesi is a widespread and still a highly abundant species.The species presents currently a stable population only in pristine sites. However, thespread of Hedychium gardnerianum) is changing the structure of the forest and the cover ofbryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on the species and potential decline of themost disturbed subpopulations.

Unknown

Yes

Major land-use changes at all elevations in all islandspromoted the creation of small patches of native forest. The species occurs in 17 naturalforest fragments that are isolated in a sea of pastures and Cryptomeria japonicaplantations. In the last ten years many of those subpopulations were highly impacted byinvasive plants that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover ofbryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. The trend ofinvasive plant species spread will continue in future with negative impacts in most of thesubpopulations.

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

This species has three subspecies: D. b. borgesi present in Terceiraisland, inhabits native forests (dominated by Juniperus brevifolia, Ilex perado subsp.azorica, Laurus azorica and Erica azorica) and Cryptomeria plantations; D. b. centralispresent in Faial, Pico, S. Jorge and Graciosa islands, inhabits in native and exotic forests,native plants on lavic formations (Erica azorica) and grasslands and natural pastures andD. b. sanctmichaelis restricted to S. Miguel island, inhabits native forests.

Decline (inferred)

The spread of Hedychium gardnerianum is changing the structureof the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on the species.

Major Importance



Size:




Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:


- 14.3. Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations- 16. Introduced vegetation

Ecology

0.17 - 0.26 cm

1

No

This species has an altitudinal range between 300 and1100 m. Adults and larvae are herbivores and feed on plant tissues, mostly leafs andduring the night. Based on seasonal data from SLAM traps obtained in several islandsbetween 2012 and 2016 (Borges et al. 2017b), the adults are active all year, being mostabundant in spring and summer.

Threats

Ongoing

- 2.1.1. Agriculture & aquaculture - Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Shiftingagriculture


Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010; Terzopoulou et al. 2015). The mostimportant ongoing threats to this species are Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantationsmanagement and the spread of invasive plants (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum) that arechanging the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in thesoil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitatwill further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughtsand habitat shifting & alteration).

118 Borges P et al





Use type:



Conservation

In Place

- 1. Land/water protection- 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection- 2. Land/water management- 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control- 4. Education & awareness

Needed


Justification for conservation actions

The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is in regionally protected areas(Natural Parks of Pico S. Jorge, Terceira and S. Miguel). The Terceira Natural Parkadministration is currently starting control measures of the invasive plants. Degradedhabitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the futurethreat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate communityin the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitatmanagement plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.Since this species occurs in relict native Azorean forests, some awareness measures wereput recently in practice using for instance images from extreme macro (see Fig. 17 andArroz et al. 2016)

Other

International


Important


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:




Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in more sites and obtain information on populationsize, distribution and trends. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will informabout habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Figure 17.

Extreme macro photo of Drouetius borgesi borgesi from Terra Brava (Terceira, Azores) (Credit:Javier Torrent).

120 Borges P et al







Synonyms:

Common names:

Taxonomic notes:


Drouetius oceanicus Machado, 2009

Species information

Laparocerus azoricus Drouet, 1859


Taxonomy



Machado 2009 describes in detail all the subspecies of this new taxon.Differences between the subspecies are based on shape of rostrum, thorax and scales.


- Global

Fig. 18

Figure 18.

Drouetius oceanicus tristis from Pico Timão (Graciosa, Azores) (Credit: Enésima Mendonça).








Reviewers:

Editor:



Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 22

Observed


0

200

Drouetius oceanicus is an endemic species with two subspecies: D. o.oceanicus restricted to Terceira island and D. o. tristis occurring in Corvo, Faial, S. Jorge,Graciosa and S. Miguel islands (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010). The speciesoccurs in coastal areas, but in Graciosa also at higher altitudes (Pico Timão).


22,000

Decline (inferred)

The Extent of Occurrence includes many unsuitable habitats notoccupied by this species. The species continues in decline due to native forest destructionat lower elevations and habitat continuing destruction and fragmentation.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

2

2

122 Borges P et al

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/drouetius-oceanicus-9600/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/drouetius-oceanicus-9600/

AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:


Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Area of occupancy

40

Decline (inferred)

The species continues in decline due to native forest destructionat lower elevations and habitat continuing destruction and fragmentation.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

6

This species occurs in six isolated locations in theislands of Corvo, Faial, S. Jorge, Graciosa, Terceira and S. Miguel islands under threat.

Decline (inferred)

Six locations known but the original area was larger due to majorchanges in low elevation habitats. Possibly extinct in some of these six locations and indanger in the others due to continuing disturbance and land-use changes for urbanizationang agriculture activities.

Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is extremely rare and there are six knownsubpopulations at low elevation areas in several islands (Corvo, Faial, S. Jorge, Graciosa,Terceira and São Miguel islands). A continuing decline in the number of mature individualsis inferred from the ongoing habitat degradation due to human activities. Recently in 2016(Borges et al. 2017a) found two specimens in the historical site from Terceira in a highlydegraded marsh associated with native and exotic plants (Paul do Belo Jardim).


No


Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:





System:

Habitat specialist:



Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

6

Decline (inferred)

The species is extremely rare and there are six knownsubpopulations at low elevations in several islands (Corvo, Faial, S. Jorge, Graciosa,Terceira and São Miguel islands). A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations isinferred from the ongoing habitat degradation due to human activities. Recently in 2016 fewspecimens were found in the historical site from Terceira in a highly degraded marshassociated with native and exotic plants (Paul do Belo Jardim) (Borges et al. 2017a).

Unknown

Yes

Major land-use changes at low and middle elevations inall islands promoted the creation of small patches of native and exotic forest. The speciesoccurs in six islands in small patches of exotic habitats fragmented due to urban andagriculture development, that will keep occurring in the next ten years in all thesubpopulations.

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

This species has two subspecies (D. o. oceanicus restricted toTerceira island and D. o. tristis present in Corvo, Faial, S. Jorge, Graciosa and S. Miguelislands), and occurs in modified native forests (dominated by Erica azorica and Morella faya), exotic forests and marsh areas (in Terceira) (Machado 2009; Borges et al. 2017a).Some of the historical llocalities are completely destroyed and urbanized or with intensivepastures, which may imply local extinction. The subpopulation of Terceira is located in asmall water course near a march area surrounded by an industrial area. This species hasan altitudinal range between 0 and 200 m.

Decline (observed)

124 Borges P et al


Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:




Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:


The habitat is being highly modified and is currently under extremedisturbance regimes due to urbanization and agriculture activities at low elevations.

Major Importance

- 1.4. Forest - Temperate- 3.4. Shrubland - Temperate- 5.16. Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Marshes/Pools- 14.2. Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland- 16. Introduced vegetation

Ecology

0.70-0.82 cm

1

No

Adults and larvae are herbivores and feed on planttissues. The fact that the species is polyphagous facilitates its survival in a highly humanmodified territory at lower elevations. This is an univoltine species.

Threats

Ongoing



Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Terzopoulou et al. 2015, Triantis et al. 2010). One ofthe most important ongoing threat to this species is the continuous change of habitat dueto Human activities at lower elevations, mostly urbanization and pollution, but also





Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:

agriculture activities. The sites with still native vegetation are also changing due to thespread of invasive plants (e.g. Pittosporum undulatum) and managment of pulp plantations.Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climatechange (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration due to severeweather).

Conservation

Needed

- 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection- 2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management- 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control- 2.3. Land/water management - Habitat & natural process restoration- 4. Education & awareness- 5.4.3. Law & policy - Compliance and enforcement - Sub-national level

The species is not protected by regional law.Further spread of invasive plants needs to be stopped in order to avoid any future declinesof the species. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to bedeveloped to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring planfor the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation ofthis species. Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments inrestored habitats at low elevations.

Other

International

Less important



126 Borges P et al


Common names:

Reviewers:

Editor:



Basis (narrative):



Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens at lower elevations and obtain information onpopulation size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a monitoring plan for theinvertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potentialrecovery plan. In addition, there is the need of special area-based management plans formost of the subpopulations. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will informabout habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Neocnemis occidentalis Crotch, 1867

Species information


Taxonomy




- Global

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 23

Observed

This species is considered extinct in Azores (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).

450

550


Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Neocnemis occidentalis is a single-island endemic species fromSanta Maria (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010).


0-4

Stable

Based on the area of a unique cell of the historical locality. Thespecies is considered extinct in the historical locality possibly due to habitat destruction.Not sampled recently despite some intensive field work (Borges et al. 2005, Borges et al.2016).

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

0-4

Stable


No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

0-1

The species is potentially extinct due todestruction of the habitat in all its range (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).

128 Borges P et al

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/neocnemis-occidentalis-7919/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/neocnemis-occidentalis-7919/

Trend:


Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:



System:

Habitat specialist:




Unknown


Population

Unknown

The species is only known from a single subpopulation. Acontinuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from historical records.According to Terzopoulou et al. 2015 this species was extinct more than ten years ago.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

0-1

Unknown


Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

The species occured in the native forest of Santa Maria Island(Azores), with an altitudinal range between 450 and 550 m. It is considered extinct.

Decline (observed)

Since the historical record, the native habitat in the island of SantaMaria was greatly reduced to accomodate Cryptomeria japonica plantations (Triantis et al.2010). In the last ten years invasive plant species are spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Pittosporum undulatum) changing the structure of the forest and the coverof bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality.


Habitat importance:

Habitats:




Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:




Major Importance


Ecology

1

No

It is a phytophagous species. This is an univoltine species.

Threats

Ongoing



Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Terzopoulou et al. 2015). The most important ongoingthreat to this species is the spread of invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum andPittosporum undulatum) that are changing the habitat structure in the main native forest,namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spreadof other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as aconsequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting &alteration).

Conservation

In Place


130 Borges P et al




Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


- 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection- 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control

Needed


The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Santa Maria). Degraded habitatsshould be restored and of critical importance is the removal of invasive non-native specieswhere this is possible. A strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat byclimate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in thehabitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat managementplan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Formal educationand awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats invaded byinvasive plants.

Other

International

Less important



Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens at Pico Alto (Santa Maria) and obtain informationon population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-basedmanagement plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat inorder to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten yearsusing the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).


Common names:

Taxonomic notes:

Reviewers:

Editor:



Basis (narrative):



Phloeosinus gillerforsi Bright, 1987

Species information

Bark beetle (English); Caruncho-do-cedro-do-mato (Portuguese)

Taxonomy



This species was described from individuals collected in Pico island,between 29.VII.1983 and 25.6.1985. These are deposited in G. Israelson collection and inthe Canadian National Collection of Insects. Adults are easily recognized by the convexelytral declivity on which the first and third interstriae are, at most, very weakly elevatedand all interstriae bear a row of minute to small granules and distinct punctures and by thedistinct, median carina on the frons of both sexes (Bright 1987).


- Global

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 24

Observed


0

1200

2

2

132 Borges P et al

Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Phloeosinus gillerforsi is an endemic species present in Pico, S.Jorge, Terceira and S. Miguel islands (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known fromNatural Forest Reserves of Mistério da Prainha (Pico); Pico Pinheiro (S. Jorge); Biscoito daFerraria and Serra de Sta. Bárbara (Terceira); Atalhada and Pico da Vara (S. Miguel).


10,100

Decline (inferred)

The species is well adapted to Juniperus brevifolia, species that isprotected, but is reducing its area due to invasive plants and forest fragmentation.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

40

Decline (inferred)

The species occurs in the native forests of the Pico, S. Jorge,Terceira and S. Miguel islands. The AOO value including native forest is around 30 km .The species may decline due to invasive plants that are promoting host tree Juniperus brevifolia habitat fragmentation.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

8

This species occurs in eigth isolated native forestpatches in the Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and S. Miguel islands.

2


http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/phloeosinus-gillerforsi-7163/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/phloeosinus-gillerforsi-7163/

Trend:


Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:



System:

Habitat specialist:


Decline (inferred)

Eight locations known but the original area was larger. In the lastten years invasive plant species are spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Hydrangea macrophylla, Pittosporum undulatum, Clethra arborea), changing the structure of the forestand the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitatquality.

Population

Decline (inferred)

P. gillerforsi is a widespread and particularly abundant species innative forests (very common in the host tree Juniperus brevifolia). The species is currentlyabundant but a declining in the abundance of some subpopulation is inferred from thefragmentation and declining of the host species Juniperus brevifolia.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

8

Decline (inferred)

P. gillerforsi is a widespread and particularly abundant species innative forests (very common in the host tree Juniperus brevifolia). A declining in thenumber of subpopulations is inferred from the fragmentation and declining in theabundance of the host species Juniperus brevifolia.

Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

The species occurs in native forests dominated by the main hostAzorean endemic tree Juniperus brevifolia in Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira and S. Miguel islands(Azores), with an altitudinal range between 0 and 1200 m.

134 Borges P et al



Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:






Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:


Stable

The habitat is more or less stable since the host plant is protected.

Major Importance


Ecology

0.32 cm

0

Yes

Juniperus brevifolia

Vulnerable (VU)

Adults and larvae are herbivores and feed on plant tissuesof the host tree, the Azorean Cedar Juniperus brevifolia. Based on seasonal data fromSLAM traps obtained in several islands between 2012 and 2016 (Borges et al. 2017b), theadults are active all year, being most abundant in spring and autumn.

Threats

Ongoing



Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Terzopoulou et al. 2015, Triantis et al. 2010). One ofthe most important ongoing threat to this species is the fragmentation of the host planthabitat due to invasive plants (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Hydrangea macrophylla, Pittosporum undulatum, Clethra arborea) and Cryptomeria japonica pulp plantation







Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:

management. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as aconsequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts).

Conservation

In Place

- 1. Land/water protection- 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection- 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control

Needed


The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, Pico andS. Miguel). Further spread of invasive plants needs to be stopped in order to avoid anyfuture declines of the host plant species. Degraded habitats should be restored and astrategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It isnecessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order tocontribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed andanticipated to be developed during the coming years.

Other

International

Less important


- 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends- 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology- 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends

136 Borges P et al


Common names:


Reviewers:

Editor:


- 3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trends

Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in small fragments with the host plant Juniperus brevifolia. and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is alsonecessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order tocontribute to perform a species potential recovery plan in some areas. Monitoring every tenyears using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al.2011).

Pseudechinosoma nodosum Hustache, 1936

Species information

True weevil, Snout beetle, Weevil (English); Gorgulho-casca-de-noz(Portuguese).

Taxonomy




- Global

Fig. 19

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 25



Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Observed

Pseudechinosoma nodosum is an endemic species present in Flores,Faial, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Maria islands (Azores, Portugal)(Borges et al. 2010), known from Natural Forest Reserves of Caveiro and Mistério daPrainha (Pico); Pico Pinheiro (S. Jorge); Pico Galhardo and Terra Brava (Terceira);Graminhais and Pico da Vara (S. Miguel) and Pico Alto (Santa Maria).

400

1200



33,700

Decline (observed)

The EOO includes large areas of unsuitable habitats. The EOO ofthis species continues to decline due to habitat degradation in the native forest (mostly dueto invasive plants) and to habitat fragmentation.

No

2

2

Figure 19.

Pseudechinosoma nodosum from Pico Alto (Santa Maria, Azores) (Credit: EnésimaMendonça).

138 Borges P et al







http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/pseudechinosoma-nodosum-6827/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/pseudechinosoma-nodosum-6827/

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

100

Decline (observed)

The species occurs in the native and exotic forests of the Flores,Faial, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Maria islands. Possibly the AOO valueis slightly overestimated. The species continues in decline due to native forest destructionand habitat fragmentation.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

13

This species occurs in 13 native and exotic forestfragmented patches in the Flores, Faial, Pico, S. Jorge,Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Mariaislands.

Decline (inferred)

Thirteen locations known but the original area was larger. Thenatural forest reserves of Pico Pinheiro (S. Jorge); Pico Galhardo (Terceira) and Pico Alto(St. Maria) have a very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011) and in the last tenyears invasive plant species spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Pittosporum undulatum) are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and fernsin the soil decreasing the quality of the habitat with impacts on the species.

Population

Decline (inferred)



Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:



System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

P. nodosum is a widespread and particularly abundant species innative and few patches of exotic forests. The species currently has a decreasing populationdensity due to the spread of the invasive plant Hedychium gardnerianum that is changingthe structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts onthe species

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

13

Decline (inferred)

P. nodosum is a widespread and particularly abundant species innative and few patches of exotic forests. A decreasing in the number of subpopulations isinferred as a consequence of the spread of the invasive plant Hedychium gardnerianumthat is changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soilwith impacts on the species.

Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

The species occurs in native forests (mainly dominated by Juniperus brevifolia, Laurus azorica and Ilex perado spp. azorica) and Cryptomeria japonicaplantations in Flores, Faial, Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Maria islands(Azores), with an altitudinal range between 400 and 1200 m.

Decline (inferred)

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently the quality of the habitatin part of its range is decreasing due to the invasions of alien plants (namely Hedychium gardnerianum) and Cryptomeria japonica plantations managemen.

Major Importance

140 Borges P et al

Habitats:

Size:




Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:




Ecology

0.18 - 0.25 cm

1

No

This is an univoltine species. Adults and larvae areherbivores and feed on plant tissues. This is a dead wood specialist (i.e. saprophagous).

Threats

Ongoing



Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010, Terzopoulou et al. 2015). The mostimportant ongoing threats to this species are Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantationsmanagement an the spread of invasive plants changing the structure of the forest. Basedon Ferreira et al. (2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change(increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation

In Place






Use type:



Ecosystem services:

Research needed:

- 1. Land/water protection- 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection- 2. Land/water management- 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control- 4. Education & awareness

Needed


The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Pico, S. Jorge, Terceira, Pico, S.Miguel and Santa Maria). The Terceira Natural Park administration is currently startingcontrol measures of the invasive plants. Further spread of invasive plants needs to bestopped in most islands order to avoid any future declines of the species. Degradedhabitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the futurethreat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate communityin the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitatmanagement plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.

Other

International


Important

- 7. Nutrient Cycling- 8. Habitat Maintenance


142 Borges P et al


Common names:

Taxonomic notes:

Reviewers:

Editor:



Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in more native forest sites and obtain informationon population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a monitoring plan for theinvertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potentialrecovery plan in some of the islands. An Area-based Management Plan is needed for someof the subpopulations, namely in Santa Maria and S. Miguel. Monitoring every ten yearsusing the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Sphaericus velhocabrali Israelson, 1984

Species information

Cigarette beetle, Death wacth beetle, Drugstore beetle, Furniture beetle,Powerpost beetle (English)

Taxonomy


Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Anobiidae

Sphaericus velhocabrali was described from a individuals collected inSanta. Maria island, on the 9.VII.1982 (Israelson 1984a).


- Global

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 26

Observed


Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


Sphaericus velhocabrali is a single-island endemic species from SantaMaria (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010).

0

150

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 8 km and the maximum area ofoccupancy (AOO) is 8 km . The species cccurs only in a small coastal area at Ponta deSão Lourenço.


8

Decline (observed)

This species occurs in habitats associated with agriculturalactivities of Santa Maria island. Possibly the EOO value is slightly overestimated since thespecies has a very small range. The species continues in decline due to human land-usechange and agricultural activities at low elevations.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

8

Decline (observed)

This species occurs in habitats associated with agriculturalactivities of Santa Maria island. Possibly the AOO value is slightly overestimated. Thespecies continues in decline due to human disturbance.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

2

2

144 Borges P et al

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/sphaericus-velhocabrali-7592/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/sphaericus-velhocabrali-7592/



Trend:

Trend:


Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:



System:

Habitat specialist:

Locations

1

This species occurs in habitats associated withagricultural activities (vineyards) of Santa Maria island.

Unknown

Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is only known from a single subpopulation on SantaMaria island. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred due to theongoing threats, mainly due to human disturbance associated to agricultural activities.


No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

1

Unknown

The species is only known from a single subpopulation on SantaMaria island.

Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes





Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:




Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:


This species occurs in habitats associated to agricultural areas(vineyards) in Sant Maria island (Azores), with an altitudinal range between 0 and 150 m(Israelson 1984a).

Decline (inferred)

Due to human disturbance associated to agricultural activities.

Major Importance

- 14.3. Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations- 16. Introduced vegetation

Ecology

0.14 - 0.20 cm

1

No

This is an univoltine species. S. velhocabrali is anherbivorous xylophagous species (i.e. whose diet consists primarily of wood).

Threats

Ongoing

- 2.1. Agriculture & aquaculture - Annual & perennial non-timber crops- 8.1.2. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases - Invasive non-native/


Future

- 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas- 11.1. Climate change & severe weather - Habitat shifting & alteration- 11.2. Climate change & severe weather - Droughts

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010). Based on Ferreira et al. (2016) thehabitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number ofdroughts and habitat shifting & alteration). In addition, environmental degradation is also

146 Borges P et al




Use type:



Ecosystem services:

Research needed:

occurring due to agriculture activities an invasive species, such as Hedychium gardnerianum, since this species is changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing thecover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Mainadditional threat will be the change of vineyards to other land-use, or urban developmentdue to tourism.

Conservation

Needed

- 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection- 2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management- 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control- 2.3. Land/water management - Habitat & natural process restoration- 4.1. Education & awareness - Formal education- 4.3. Education & awareness - Awareness & communications- 5.4.3. Law & policy - Compliance and enforcement - Sub-national level

The species is not protected by regional law, butsome enforcement should be put in place in this direction. Thus, it is necessary amonitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to theconservation of this species. Since this species is one of the few endemic species ofinsects in the Azores that lives associated with vineyards, it is suggested that someawareness measures should be put in practice, due to its unique natural value of thespecies and cultural value of vineyards for the Azorean region. Therefore, current habitatshould be maintained and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat byclimate change.

Other

International


Important





Common names:

Taxonomic notes:


Reviewers:

Editor:

- 2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan- 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends- 3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trends

Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in additional coastal areas in Santa Maria andobtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary amonitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute toperform a species potential recovery plan.

Athous azoricus Platia & Gudenzi, 2002

Species information

Click beetle, Wireworm (English); Escaravelho-mola-dos-Açores(Portuguese)

Taxonomy


Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Elateridae

Athous azoricus was described from a single male collected in S.Miguel island. Female has the same coloration of the male; it differs latter by the moreconvex and quadrangular pronotum and shorter antennae not reaching for two articles theapices of the posterior angles of pronotum (Platia and Borges 2002).


- Global

Fig. 20

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

148 Borges P et al



Basis (narrative):



Range description:

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 27

Observed


50

300

Athous azoricus is an endemic species present in Flores, Graciosa,Terceira and S. Miguel islands (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010).

2

2

Figure 20.

Athous azoricus from Terceira (Azores) (Credit: Enésima Mendonça).








http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/athous-azoricus-7555/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/athous-azoricus-7555/

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:



14,000

Decline (inferred)

The species keeps a decline trend due to native forest destruction,landscape transformation associated to agricultural activities, introduced species andhabitat fragmentation.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

44

Decline (inferred)

The species occurs in native forests patches of the Flores,Graciosa, Terceira, and S. Miguel islands. The species keeps a decline trend due to nativeforest destruction, landscape transformation associated to agricultural activities, introducedspecies and habitat fragmentation.

Yes

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

5

This species occurs in five native and exotic forestpatches in the Flores, Graciosa, Terceira and S. Miguel islands.

Decline (inferred)

Five locations known that were highly impacted by land usechanges and invasive plants in the last ten years.

150 Borges P et al

Trend:


Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:





System:

Habitat specialist:


Population

Decline (inferred)

This species is rare. There is an inferred continuing decline in thenumber of mature individuals since the five known subpopulations are under threat due tomajor land-use changes at lower elevations.


No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

5

Decline (inferred)

This species is rare. There is an inferred continuing decline in thenumber of subpopulations thatare under threat due to major land-use changes at lowerelevations.

Unknown

Yes

Major land-use changes at low and middle elevationspromoted the creation of small patches of native and exotic forest in all islands. Thespecies occurs in five natural and exotic forest fragments that are isolated in a sea ofpastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations. In the last ten years a spread of invasiveplants is changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes andferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants.

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:




Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:


The species occurs in native and exotic forests of the Flores, Graciosa, Terceira, and S.Miguel islands (Azores), with an altitudinal range between 50 and 300 m.

Decline (observed)

Impact of introduced invasive plant speciesm namely Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum and human activities decreases the quality ofhabitat at lower and middle elevations.

Major Importance

- 1.4. Forest - Temperate- 14.3. Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations

Ecology

0.95 cm

1

No

Adults and larvae are herbivores and feed of plant tissues.This is an univoltine species.

Threats

Ongoing

- 2.1. Agriculture & aquaculture - Annual & perennial non-timber crops- 2.2.1. Agriculture & aquaculture - Wood & pulp plantations - Small-holder plantations - 8.1.2. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases - Invasive non-native/


Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Terzopoulou et al. 2015, Triantis et al. 2010). Currentlythe main threat to this species is the impact of introduced species and the agricultural

152 Borges P et al




Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


activities, including the impact of Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantationsmanagement. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as aconsequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts).

Conservation

Needed

- 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection- 2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management- 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control- 2.3. Land/water management - Habitat & natural process restoration- 4. Education & awareness- 5.4.3. Law & policy - Compliance and enforcement - Sub-national level

The species is not protected by regional law.Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address thefuture threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebratecommunity in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitatmanagement plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitatsinvaded by invasive plants.

Other

International

Less important



Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in additional native forest fragments in severalislands and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also


Common names:

Taxonomic notes:


Reviewers:

Editor:

necessary a area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebratecommunity in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan.Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (seee.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Athous pomboi Platia & Borges, 2002

Species information

Click beetle, Wireworm (English); Escaravelho-mola-de-Santa-Maria(Portuguese)

Taxonomy



Athous pomboi was described from two individuals collected in SantaMaria island, between 20.VIII.1997 and 27.VIII.1997. Both deposited in the University ofAzores in Terceira at the "Dalberto Teixeira Pombo collection". This new species isdistinguished from A. azoricus essentially by the darker colour, in the male by the greaterconvexity of pronotum, the shape of anterior frontal margin, and shorter antennae (Platiaand Borges 2002).


- Global

Fig. 21

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

154 Borges P et al



Basis (narrative):



Range description:

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 28

Observed


100

550

Athous pomboi is a single-island endemic species restricted to SantaMaria (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from Natural Forest Reserve of PicoAlto.

2

2

Figure 21.

Athous pomboi from Pico Alto (Santa Maria, Azores) (Credit: Enésima Mendonça).








http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/athous-pomboi-6826/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/athous-pomboi-6826/

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:



40

Decline (inferred)

This species occurs in several native and exotic forest patches ofSanta Maria island. The area of its remaining native habitat is now only around 0.09 km².The extent of occurrence of this species continues in decline due to habitat degradation inthe native forest (mostly due to invasive plants) and to habitat fragmentation.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

40

Decline (inferred)

The species occurs in native and exotic forests of the Sta. Mariaisland. The size of its remaining native habitat is now only 0.09 km². The area of occupancyof this species continues in decline due to habitat degradation in the native forest (mostlydue to invasive plants) and to habitat fragmentation.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

4

This species occurs in one native and three exoticforest patches in Sta. Maria island.

Decline (inferred)

Four locations that were highly impacted by invasive plants in thelast ten years. The native forest location has a very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et

156 Borges P et al

Trend:


Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:





System:

Habitat specialist:

al. 2011) with a area of 0.09 km² and invasive plants can drive this species to extinctionvery fast.

Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is very rare in all known locations in Sta. Maria island.A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred due to small patchesand the expansion of alien plants.


No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

2

Decline (inferred)

The species is very rare in all known locations in Sta. Maria island.A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred due to small patches andthe expansion of alien plants.

Unknown

Yes

Major land-use changes at all elevations in S. Mariaisland promoted the creation of small patches of native and exotic forest. The speciesoccurs in one natural forest fragment and small not sustainable small patches of exoticforest that are isolated in a sea of pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations. Withexception of the native forest all the other sites are under severe threat.

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes





Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:




Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:

The species occurs in native forests, Cryptomeria japonica plantationsand Acacia spp. exotic forests in S. Maria (Azores), with an altitudinal range between 100and 550 m.

Decline (observed)

In the last ten years invasive plant species are spreading (e.g.Hedychium gardnerianum; Pittosporum undulatum) changing the structure of the forest andthe cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality.

Major Importance

- 1.4. Forest - Temperate- 3.4. Shrubland - Temperate- 14.3. Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations- 16. Introduced vegetation

Ecology

0.94 cm

1

No

Adults and larvae are herbivores and feed on planttissues, being active during the night. Based on seasonal data from SLAM traps obtainedin several islands between 2012 and 2016 (Borges et al. 2017b), the adults are active allyear, being most abundant in summer. This is an univoltine species.

Threats

Ongoing

- 2.2.1. Agriculture & aquaculture - Wood & pulp plantations - Small-holder plantations - 2.3. Agriculture & aquaculture - Livestock farming & ranching- 8.2.2. Invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases - Problematic native

species/diseases - Named species

Future

- 11.1. Climate change & severe weather - Habitat shifting & alteration

158 Borges P et al







Use type:


- 11.2. Climate change & severe weather - Droughts

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010, Terzopoulou et al. 2015). One ofthe most important ongoing threats to this species is the spread of invasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum), agriculture activities, Cryptomeria japonica pulp plantations management and habitat degradation in the unique site of nativeforest. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence ofclimate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation

In Place


Needed


The species is not protected by regional law. Itsmain native habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Santa Maria). Furtherspread of invasive plants needs to be stopped in order to avoid any future declines of thespecies. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed toaddress the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for theinvertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of thisspecies. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during thecoming years.

Other

International

Less important


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Synonyms:

Common names:

Reviewers:

Editor:



Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in additional fragments of exotic forest in S. Mariaand obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary anarea-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in thehabitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring everyten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al.2011).

Heteroderes azoricus (Tarnier, 1860)

Species information

Oophorus azoricus Tarnier, 1860

Click beetle (English); Escaravelho-mola (Portuguese)

Taxonomy




- Global

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

160 Borges P et al



Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 29

Observed


0

500

Heteroderes azoricus is an endemic species occurring in all Azoreanislands (Borges et al. 2010), known from the Natural Forest Reserve of Pico Alto in SantaMaria.


39,000

Decline (inferred)

The Extent of Occurrence includes large areas of unsuitablehabitats. The species keeps a decline trend due to native forest destruction at lowerelevations and habitat continuing destruction and fragmentation.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

200

Decline (inferred)

The species keeps a decline trend due to native forest destructionand habitat fragmentation at lower elevations.

No

Yes

2

2


http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/heteroderes-azoricus-7550/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/heteroderes-azoricus-7550/

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:



Unknown

Unknown

Locations

35

This is a widespread species that occurs in 35locations of native and exotic forests and in agricultural landuses of the Flores, Faial,Graciosa, Terceira, S. Miguel and Sta. Maria islands.

Decline (inferred)

35 locations, in which many of them in the last ten years werehighly impacted by invasive species spread, exotic forest cut, intensive pasturemanagement and urban development. Possibly some of these locations are not currentlyadequate for the species.

Population

Decline (inferred)

H. azoricus is a widespread and particularly abundant species inseveral habitats. A decline in the population abundance is inferred as a consequence of thespread invasive plant species, exotic forest cut, intensive pasture management and urbandevelopment.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

9

Stable

H. azoricus is a widespread and particularly abundant species inseveral habitats. We assume stability in the number of subpopulations, despite de fact thatsome subpopulations are under threat.

Unknown

162 Borges P et al

System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:




Threat type:

Habitat

Terrestrial

No

The species occurs in several habitats, like native forests, exoticforests, lava formations, grasslands and in agricultural land-uses of the Flores, Faial,Graciosa, Terceira, S. Miguel and Sta. Maria islands (Azores). It is widespread by the lowelevation habitats in the archipelago (altitudinal range between 0 and 500 m).

Decline (observed)

Many of the fragments in the last ten years were highly impactedby invasive species spread, exotic forest cut, intensive pasture management and urbandevelopment. Possibly some of the sites are not currently adequate for the species.

Major Importance

- 1.4. Forest - Temperate- 3.4. Shrubland - Temperate- 4. Grassland- 14.2. Artificial/Terrestrial - Pastureland- 14.3. Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations- 16. Introduced vegetation

Ecology

0.85-10.5 cm

1

No

Adults and larvae are herbivores and feed on planttissues. It is common to find many individuals under the bark of exotic trees. Based onseasonal data from SLAM traps obtained in several islands between 2012 and 2016(Borges et al. 2017b) most of the adults are active in summer. This is an univoltine species.

Threats

Ongoing


Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:







- 2.1.2. Agriculture & aquaculture - Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holderfarming



Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010, Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Currentlyagriculture activities, Cryptomeria japonica plantations as well as invasive plants arepromoting dramatic changes in the low elevation habitats. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 thehabitat will further decline as a consequence of climate changes (increasing number ofdroughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation

In Place


Needed


The species is not protected by regional law. Itsmain native habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Santa Maria). In theremaining islands the species range is outside protected areas. Further spread of invasiveplants needs to be stopped in order to avoid any future declines of the species. Degradedhabitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address the future

164 Borges P et al

Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Synonyms:

Reviewers:

Editor:

threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate communityin the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitatmanagement plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.

Other

International

Less important



Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in historical sites and in additional low elevationsites and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessarya monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute toperform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALAprotocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Cryptolestes azoricus (Ratti, 1972)

Species information

Leptophloeus azoricus Ratti, 1972

Taxonomy


Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Laemophloeidae


- Global

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch




Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 30

Observed


400

550

Cryptolestes azoricus is a single-island endemic species from SantaMaria (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010). This species is only known from the originalHolotype for which there is no precise locality in the island, but possibly is located in thesmall remnant of native forest at Pico Alto Natural Forest reserve.


4

Decline (inferred)

This species possibly occurs in the only remaining native forestpatch from Santa Maria island. There is an inferred continuing decline in EOO due to thespread of invasive plants and observed loss of habitat area in the last 100 years andadditional loss of habitat quality in the last 10 years.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

4

166 Borges P et al

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cryptolestes-azoricus-7452/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/cryptolestes-azoricus-7452/

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:


Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Decline (inferred)

Based on one locality, the main native forest remaining in theisland. There is an inferred continuing decline in AOO due to the spread of invasive plantsand observed loss of habitat area in the last 100 years and additional loss of habitat qualityin the last 10 years.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

1

The main current native forest that is highlythreatened by invasive plants, namely Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum that are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes andferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality.

Decline (inferred)

Only one location of native forest left that has a very low Index ofBiotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011) with a area of 0.09 km² and invasive plants can drivethis species to extinction very fast The other possibe locations are now with exoticplantations of Cryptomeria japonica or pastures.

Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is very rare and only known from a single possiblesustainable subpopulation. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals isinferred from recent past deforestation and the ongoing habitat degradation due toinvasions of alien plants.


No

Yes


Causes reversible?:



Trend:



System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:




Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

1

Decline (inferred)

The species is very rare and only known from a single possiblesustainable subpopulation that may become extinct due to recent past deforestation andthe ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants.

Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

The species possibly occurs in the single native forests patch of SantaMaria, surrounded by plantations of exotic trees and pastures. This species has analtitudinal range between 400 and 500 m.

Decline (observed)

In the last ten years invasive plant species are spreading (e.g.Hedychium gardnerianum; Pittosporum undulatum) changing the structure of the forest andthe cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil which will impact the species habitat quality

Major Importance


Ecology

1

No

This is a predator that lives under bark of native trees.This is an univoltine species.

168 Borges P et al

Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:






Threats

Ongoing



Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tomajor deforestation (Triantis et al. 2010). The most important ongoing threats to thisspecies are Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management andthe spread ofinvasive plants (Hedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum) that are changingthe habitat structure in the main native forest, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytesand ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al.2016 the habitat will decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number ofdroughts and habitat shifting & alteration), which may drive this species to extinction,because it is depending on humid forests.

Conservation

In Place


Needed




Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Common names:

The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Santa Maria). The Santa MariaNatural Park administration is currently starting control measures of the invasive plants.Further spread of invasive plants needs to be stopped in order to avoid any future declinesof the species. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to bedeveloped to address the future threat by climate change. A general monitoring scheme forthe invertebrate community in the habitat is in place, but the population of this particularspecies and its habitat needs to be monitored in more detail. A habitat management plan isneeded and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.

Other

International

Less important

- 12. Biocontrol


Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in the surrounding areas of Pico Alto (S, Maria)and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary anarea-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in thehabitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring everyten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al.2011).

Metophthalmus occidentalis Israelson, 1984

Species information

Mould beetle, Minute brown, Plaster beetle, Scavenger beetle (English)

170 Borges P et al

Taxonomic notes:


Reviewers:

Editor:

Taxonomy


Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Latridiidae

This species was described from two individuals, collected in SantaMaria island (Pico Alto), between 4.VIII.1983 and 6.VIII.1983. These specimens aredeposited in G. Israelson and G. Gillerfors collections. The Azorean species differ of theMacaronesian forms by uniform body colour, broader prothorax, non-raised elytralinterstriae, considerably smaller size, more convex elytra and/or in details of the upper-sidesculpture (Israelson 1984b).


- Global

Fig. 22

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Figure 22.

Metophthalmus occidentalis from Caldeira da Graciosa (Graciosa, Azores) (Credit: EnésimaMendonça).










Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 31

Observed


100

550

Metophthalmus occidentalis is an endemic species present in Faial,Graciosa, S. Miguel and Santa Maria islands (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010),known from Natural Forest Reserve of Pico Alto (Santa Maria) and occurring also in someexotic plantations in the other islands.


23,000

Decline (inferred)

The Extent of Occurrence includes large areas of unsuitablehabitats. The species keeps a decline trend due to native forest destruction and habitatfragmentation.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

48

Decline (inferred)

2

2

172 Borges P et al

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/metophthalmus-occidentalis-7663/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/metophthalmus-occidentalis-7663/


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:


The species occurs in several native and exotic forests of theFaial, Graciosa, S. Miguel and Santa Maria islands. The species continues in decline dueto native forest destruction and habitat fragmentation.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

7

The species occurs in seven exotic and nativeforest patches in the Faial, Graciosa, S. Miguel and Santa Maria islands.

Decline (inferred)

Seven locations that were highly impacted by invasive plants in thelast ten years, and native forest patch included in a Natural Reserve of Santa Maria islandhas a very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011).

Population

Decline (inferred)

M. occidentalis is a widespread and particularly abundant speciesin native and exotic forests. A decline in the population abundance is inferred as aconsequence of the spread invasive plant species and exotic forest cut.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

4

Stable



System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:




Threat type:

M. occidentalis is a widespread and particularly abundant species in native and exoticforests. We assume stability in the number of subpopulations, despite de fact that somesubpopulations are under threat.

Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

No

This species occurs in native forests, exotic forests (dominated byPittosporum undulatum) and Cryptomeria japonica plantations in several Azorean islands(Faial, Graciosa, S. Miguel and Santa Maria islands), with an altitudinal range between 100and 500 m.

Decline (inferred)

Many of the fragments in the last ten years were highly impactedby invasive species spread and exotic forest cut.Possibly some of the sites are not currentlyadequate for the species.

Major Importance


Ecology

0

No

This species is a descomposer of organic matter living inthe soil. Based on seasonal data from SLAM traps obtained in several islands between2012 and 2016 (Borges et al. 2017b), the adults are active all year, being most abundant inspring and summer. This is bivoltine species.

Threats

Ongoing

174 Borges P et al

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:









Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010). The main current threats areCryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management and the advance of theinvasive plant Hedychium gardnerianum that is changing the habitat structure, namelydecreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of otherplants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence ofclimate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation

In Place


Needed


The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of S. Miguel and Santa Maria).Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address thefuture threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebratecommunity in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitatmanagement plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.


Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Common names:

Taxonomic notes:

Other

International

Less important



Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in additional low elevaton sites in several islandsand obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary amonitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute toperform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALAprotocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Catops velhocabrali Blas & Borges, 1998

Species information

Azorean small scavenger beetle (English)

Taxonomy


Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Leiodidae

Catops velhocabrali was described from a single male collected inSanta Maria island, from 12 to 18.VI.1990 (holotype). It is deposited in the University ofAzores in Terceira ("Dalberto Teixeira Pombo collection"). Catops velhocabrali differs fromits probable nearest C. thurepalmi and C. antoniomachadoi from the Canaries, by having astronger and more convex general appearance and a less transverse pronotum. It alsodiffers in the antennae, maxillary palpus and aedeagus (Blas and Borges 1999).


- Global

176 Borges P et al

Reviewers:

Editor:



Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 32

Observed


450

550

Catops velhocabrali is a single-island endemic species from SantaMaria (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from Natural Forest Reserve of PicoAlto.


12

Decline (inferred)

This species occurs in native and exotic forest patches andgeological formations of Santa Maria island. The species continues in decline due to nativeforest destruction, habitat fragmentation and degradation of the geologic formations.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

2

2


http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/catops-velhocabrali-7526/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/catops-velhocabrali-7526/

AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:


Area of occupancy

12

Decline (inferred)

The species occurs in native and exotic forests and geologicalformations of the Santa Maria islands. The area of its remaining native habitat is now only0.09 km². The species continues in decline due to native forest destruction, habitatfragmentation and degradation of the geologic formations.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

1

This species occurs in native and exotic forestpatches and geological formations at Pico Alto Santa Maria island.

Decline (inferred)

One location included in a Natural Reserve of Santa Maria islandthat has a very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011) as a consequence of adramatic spread of invasive plants (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Pittosporum undulatum), that are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in thesoil decreasing the quality of the habitat with impacts on the species.

Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is very rare and only known from a singlesubpopulation in Santa Maria island in native forest patch included in a Natural Reserve(Pico Alto) that has a very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011). A continuingdecline in the number of mature individuals is inferred due to human activities (associatedwith agriculture and cattle pollution), a small subpopulation, small patches and by theexpansion of alien plants.

178 Borges P et al

Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:



System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:


No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

1

Decline (inferred)

The species is very rare and only known from a singlesubpopulation in Santa Maria island. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulationsis inferred due to human activities (associated with agriculture and cattle pollution), smallpatches and by the expansion of alien plants.

Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

This species occurs in different habitats: native forests, Cryptomeria japonica plantations and MSS - Mesocavernous Shallow Stratum in Santa Maria island(Blas and Borges 1999). This species has an altitudinal range between 450 and 550 m.

Decline (observed)

Ongoing invasion of exotic plants that are changing the structureof the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil with impacts on the species.

Major Importance

- 1.4. Forest - Temperate- 7.1. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Caves- 7.2. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic) - Other Subterranean Habitats- 14.3. Artificial/Terrestrial - Plantations- 16. Introduced vegetation


Size:




Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:




Ecology

0.35 cm

1

No

This is a decomposer of organic matter (saprophagous)with night activity. This is an univoltine species.

Threats

Ongoing



Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Terzopoulou et al. 2015, Triantis et al. 2010). Currentlythe most important ongoing threats to this species are Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulpplantations management and the spread of invasive plants namely Pittosporum undulatumand Hedychium gardnerianum since are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasingthe cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants.Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climatechange (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation

In Place

- 1. Land/water protection- 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection- 2. Land/water management- 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control

180 Borges P et al




Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Needed


The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Santa Maria). The Santa MariaNatural Park administration is currently starting control measures of the invasive plants.Further spread of invasive plants needs to be stopped in order to avoid any future declinesof the species. Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to bedeveloped to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring planfor the invertebrate community in the MSS habitat in order to contribute to the conservationof this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developedduring the coming years.

Other

International

Less important



Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in new sites with MSS habitat and obtaininformation on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a monitoringplan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform aspecies potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol willinform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).


Common names:

Reviewers:

Editor:



Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:

Aleochara freyi Bernhauer 1940

Species information

Rove beetle (English)

Taxonomy


Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Staphylinidae


- Global

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 33

Observed


1200

1800

Aleochara freyi is single-island endemic species from Pico (Azores,Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from Pico mountain protected area.


8

Decline (inferred)

2

2

182 Borges P et al

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/aleochara-freyi-7681/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/aleochara-freyi-7681/


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:

This species occurs in a fragment of native forest of Pico island(Montanha do Pico). Possibly the EOO value is slightly overestimated. The speciescontinues in decline due to native forest destruction and habitat fragmentation, withcreation of pastures.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

8

Decline (inferred)

This species occurs in a fragment of native forest of Pico island(Montanha do Pico). Possibly the AOO value is slightly overestimated. The speciescontinues in decline due to native forest destruction and habitat fragmentation, withcreation of pastures.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

1

This species occurs in one single native forestpatch in Pico island (Montanha do Pico).

Decline (inferred)

Only one location left, and the site is under disturbance due tocattle grazing in high altitude semi-natural pastures.

Population

Decline (inferred)



Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:



System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

The species is only known from a single subpopulation in Picoisland. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred from historicalrecords. This species can be on the edge of extinction due to major historical changes in itstype locality.


No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

1

Decline (inferred)

The species is only known from a single subpopulation in Picoisland. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from historicalrecords.

Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

This species occurs in one single native forest patch (dominated byJuniperus brevifolia and Erica azorica), located at high altitude, in Pico island (Montanhado Pico).

Decline (observed)

Destruction of habitat for creation of pastures a trend that stilloccurs.

Major Importance


184 Borges P et al

Size:




Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:




- 3.4. Shrubland - Temperate

Ecology

0.33-0.4 cm

1

No

This is a nocturnal predator that lives under bark of nativetrees and in the soil. This is an univoltine species.

Threats

Ongoing

- 2.3.2. Agriculture & aquaculture - Livestock farming & ranching - Small-holder grazing,ranching or farming


Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality, mostly creation of pastures (Triantis et al. 2010). Oneof the most important ongoing threat to this species is the high elevation dairy cattle andmeat cattle semi-natural pastures and the spread of invasive plants namely Hedychium gardnerianum since are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover ofbryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based onFerreira et al. 2016) the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change(increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation

In Place






Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


- 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection- 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control

Needed


The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of Pico; Reserva Natural daMontanha do Pico). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to bedeveloped to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring planfor the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation ofthis species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed duringthe coming years.

Other

International

Less important

- 12. Biocontrol


Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in the high elevation semi-natural pastures of Picoisland and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is alsonecessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order tocontribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years usingthe BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

186 Borges P et al

Common names:

Reviewers:

Editor:



Basis (narrative):

Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Atheta azorica Bernhauer, 1936

Species information


Taxonomy




- Global

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 34

Observed

The historical unknown locality is assumed as one 2 km x 2 km cell.

Atheta azorica was described for Azores but without indication of theisland of occurrence. It was never found after its description and consequently there is noprecise indication of its locality.


4

Unknown

The historical unknown locality is assumed as one 2 km x 2 kmcell.


http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/atheta-azorica-7417/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/atheta-azorica-7417/

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

4

Unknown

Atheta azorica was described for Azores but without indication ofthe island of occurrence. It was never found after its description and consequently there isno precise indication of its locality.

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

1

The historical unknown precise location.

Unknown

Population

Unknown

There is no information available.

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

188 Borges P et al

Trend:



System:

Habitat specialist:



Habitat importance:

Habitats:




Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:

Subpopulations

Unknown

There is no information available.

Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

This species is originally associated with native forest.

Unknown

Major Importance


Ecology

1

Unknown

This is a predator species originally associated with nativeforest, but with unknown current distribution and ecology.

Threats

Ongoing



Future

- 11.1. Climate change & severe weather - Habitat shifting & alteration





Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Common names:

- 11.2. Climate change & severe weather - Droughts

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality, mostly creation of pastures (Triantis et al. 2010). Themost important ongoing threats to this species are the managment of pulp plantations ofCryptomeria japonica and the spread of invasive plants namely Hedychium gardnerianumsince are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes andferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 thehabitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number ofdroughts a nd habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation

Needed

The species is not protected by regional law. Noinformation is available on its location and consequently there are no conservationmeasures planned.

Other

International

Less important

- 12. Biocontrol


Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in at least one of the islands and obtaininformation on population size, distribution and trends.

Atheta caprariensis Israelson, 1985

Species information


190 Borges P et al

Taxonomic notes:

Reviewers:

Editor:



Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Taxonomy



Atheta caprariensis was described from individuals collected in S.Miguel island (Furnas), between 28.VII.1983 and 31.VII.1984. These individuals aredeposited in G. Israelson and G. Gillerfors collections. This species is closely related withspecies from the subgenera Notothecta and Atheta-complex, but amply distinguished by itslarger size among several other characters. The inner armature of the penis of the presentspecies seems to be rather weak for a member of this subgenus but may have beenreduced, still more so in the following species (Israelson 1985b).


- Global

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 35

Observed


500

600

Atheta caprariensis is a single-island endemic species from S. Miguel(Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from Furnas region.


8

2

2


http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/atheta-caprariensis-7507/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/atheta-caprariensis-7507/

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Decline (inferred)

This species occurs in modified habitats at S. Miguel island(Furnas). Possibly the EOO value is slightly overestimated. The species continues indecline due to native forest destruction and habitat fragmentation.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

8

Decline (inferred)

This species occurs in a fragment of exotic forest of S. Miguelisland (Furnas). Possibly the AOO value is slightly overestimated due to urbanization andpasture intensification. The species continues in decline due to native forest destructionand habitat fragmentation. The current habitat is highly disturbed.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

1

This species occurs in one single native forestpatch in S. Miguel island (Furnas).

Decline (inferred)

In the last 50 years major alterations were made in the territorywith impacts in native habitats. Only one site left with additional major changes in the last10 years with the creation of a public park around Furnas Lake.

192 Borges P et al

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:



System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is only known from a single subpopulations in S.Miguel island. The abundance is unknown and possibly decreasing due to the impact ofmajor urban, forestry and agriculture changes in the historical locality.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

1

Decline (inferred)

The species is only known from a single subpopulations in S.Miguel island. A decline in the number of is unknown and possibly decreasing due to majorurban, forestry and agriculture changes.

Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

This species occurs in one single exotic forest patch in S. Miguelisland (Furnas) (Israelson 1985), with an altitudinal range between 500 and 600 m.

Decline (observed)

Destruction of habitat for creation of urban areas, industrialCryptomeria japonica plantations and pastures.

Major Importance



Size:




Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:




Ecology

0.26-0.33

1

No

It is a nocturnal predator that lives under bark of nativeand exotic trees and in the soil. This is an univoltine species.

Threats

Ongoing



Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Terzopoulou et al. 2015, Triantis et al. 2010). Currentlythe main threat is the major changes in habitats for urban use, industrial plantations ofCryptomeria japonica and pastures, but also the spread of invasive plants namelyHedychium gardnerianum since are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing thecover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Basedon Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change(increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation

Needed

- 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection- 2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management- 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control

194 Borges P et al


Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Common names:


The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in a degraded area that should be restored and a strategy needs to be developedto address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for theinvertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of thisspecies. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during thecoming years.

Other

International

Less important

- 12. Biocontrol


Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in Furnas and surrounded areas and obtaininformation on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a area-basedmanagement plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat inorder to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten yearsusing the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Atheta dryochares Israelson, 1985

Species information

Rove beetle (English); Escaravelho-de-asa-curta (Portuguese)


Taxonomic notes:


Reviewers:

Editor:

Taxonomy



This species was described from individuals collected in S. Miguelisland (Furnas; Ponta Delgada) between 11.VII.1982 and 31.VII.1984. These specimensare deposited in the G. Israelson collection. An Azorean species of similar size and colouras A. dryochares is A. (Hummleriella) azorica Bernhauer, described on a single female.According to the description the latter would differ from the former by its abnormally largehead, very small eyes, only being a third as long as the temples, furthermore by theantennal structure and by the abdominal tergite VI being provided with a very weak basalimpression (Israelson 1985b).


- Global

Fig. 23

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Figure 23.

Atheta dryochares from Terra Brava (Terceira, Azores) (Credit: Enésima Mendonça).

196 Borges P et al









Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 36

Observed


400

1200

Atheta dryochares is an endemic species occurring in Faial, Pico,Graciosa, São Jorge, Terceira, S. Miguel and Santa Maria islands (Azores, Portugal)(Borges et al. 2010; Borges, unpublished data), known in Natural Forest Reserves ofCaldeira do Faial (Faial), Caveiro and Mistério da Prainha (Pico), Topo (São Jorge),Biscoito da Ferraria, Pico Galhardo, Serra de Sta. Bárbara and Terra Brava (Terceira); Picoda Vara, Atalhada and Graminhais (S. Miguel); and Pico Alto (Santa Maria).


25,000

Stable

The Extent of Occurrence includes large areas of unsuitablehabitats. However, the species is widely distributed occurring in many islands.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

104

2

2


http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/atheta-dryochares-6900/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/atheta-dryochares-6900/

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Stable

This species occurs only in native forest patches of seven islands.The AOO with native forest is approximately 40 km . The species occurs in a pristinehabitat, the canopy of endemic trees from Azores.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

13

This species occurs in thirteen native forestpatches in seven islands.

Decline (inferred)

Thirteen locations that were highly impacted by invasive plants inthe last ten years, with the spread of Pittosporum undulatum, Hedychium gardnerianum (inall islands) and Clethra arborea (in S. Miguel) that are changing habitat structure.

Population

Stable

The species is particularly abundant in the canopy of endemictrees, and subpopulations are known in seven islands (Faial, Pico, Graciosa, São Jorge,Terceira, S. Miguel and Sta. Maria). The species presents a stable population. The habitatis protected and we assume no impact for the population.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

7

2

198 Borges P et al

Trend:



System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:




Threat type:

Stable

The species is particularly abundant in the canopy of endemictrees, and subpopulations are known in seven islands. The habitat is protected and weassume no impact for the subpopulations.

Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

This species occurs in native forests dominated by Ilex perado subsp.azorica, Laurus azorica, Erica azorica, Juniperus brevifolia and Vaccinium cylindraceum, inthe islands of Faial, Pico, São Jorge, Graciosa, Terceira, S. Miguel and Sta Maria (Azores).This species has an altitudinal range between 400 and 1200 m.

Stable

The habitat (endemic trees - canopy) is currently protected and thetree canopies are still well preserved.

Major Importance


Ecology

0.17-0.24 cm

1

No

This is a predator that lives under bark, and is associatedwith lichens and bryophytes of endemic trees, being active during the night. Based onseasonal data from SLAM traps obtained in several islands between 2012 and 2016(Borges et al. 2017b), the adults are active all year, being most abundant in spring andsummer. This is an univoltine species.

Threats

Ongoing


Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:









Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010, Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Currentlythe most important ongoing threats to this species are Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulpplantations management and the spread of invasive plants namely Pittosporum undulatum,Clethra arborea and Hedychium gardnerianum since are changing the habitat structure,namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spreadof other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as aconsequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting &alteration).

Conservation

In Place


Needed


The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is located in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Faial, Pico, São Jorge,Terceira, S. Miguel and Sta. Maria). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategyneeds to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a

200 Borges P et al

Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Common names:

monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to theconservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to bedeveloped during the coming years. Formal education and awareness is needed to allowfuture investments in restore habitats invaded by invasive plants.

Other

International

Less important

- 12. Biocontrol


Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in another islands and obtain information onpopulation size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a monitoring plan for theinvertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potentialrecovery plan in some islands where invasive plants are changing habitat structure.Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (seeGaspar et al. 2011).

Atheta floresensis Pace, 2004

Species information


Taxonomy




- Global


Reviewers:

Editor:



Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 37

Observed


200

500

Atheta floresensis is a single-island endemic species from Flores(Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from a single locality.


8

Decline (inferred)

This species occurs in a small fragment of highly modifiedvegetation in Flores island. The species continues in decline due to native forestdestruction, invasive plants and habitat modification

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

8

2

2

202 Borges P et al

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:


Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


Decline (inferred)

This species occurs in a small fragment of highly modifiedvegetation in Flores island. The species continues in decline due to native forestdestruction, invasive plants and habitat modification.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

1

The species occurs in a single human modifiedforest fragment in the Flores island.

Decline (inferred)

Between 1940 and 1950 major land-use changes occurred in theisland. In the last 10 years invasive plants namely Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum are spreading and changing the structure of the habitat, namely decreasingthe cover of bryophytes and ferns with impacts on the species.

Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is rare and only known from a single subpopulation inFlores island. The area of occurrence is highly modified duet to human activities andinvasive plant species. We assume some impact for the abundance of the population.


No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown



Trend:



System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:




Threat type:

Subpopulations

1

Decline (inferred)

The species is rare and only known from a single subpopulation inFlores island. The area of occurrence is highly modified due to human activities andinvasive plant species. We assume a decline for the number of subpopulations.

Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

This species occurs in a small fragment of human modified forest inFlores island (Azores), dominated by Pittosporum undulatum. This species has analtitudinal range between 200 and 500 m.

Decline (observed)

Destruction of habitat for agriculture, and there is the spread of aninvasive plant (Pittosporum undulatum).

Major Importance


Ecology

0.26-0.33 cm

1

No

Adults and larvae are nocturnal predators and were foundin wet debris and moss near the margin of a small river. This is an univoltine species.

Threats

Ongoing

204 Borges P et al

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:





Use type:



Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010, Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Currentlythe main threat is the major changes in habitats for urban use, industrial plantations ofCryptomeria japonica and pastures, but also the spread of invasive plants namelyHedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum since are changing the habitatstructure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promotingthe spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as aconsequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting &alteration).

Conservation

Needed


The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in a degraded area that should be restored and a strategy needs to be developedto address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for theinvertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of thisspecies. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during thecoming years.

Other

International



Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Common names:

Reviewers:

Editor:

Less important

- 12. Biocontrol


Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in other sites in Flores, particularly in native forestand obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary aarea-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in thehabitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring everyten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al.2011).

Euconnus azoricus Franz, 1969

Species information

Ant-like stone beetle (English)

Taxonomy




- Global

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

206 Borges P et al



Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 38

Observed

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 7,000 km and the maximum areaof occupancy (AOO) is 44 km .

10

800

Euconnus azoricus is an endemic species from Terceira, Pico andSão Miguel (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010 and unpublished data), known fromMonte Brasil (Terceira), Furnas (São Miguel) and Pico Redondo (Pico).


7,000

Decline (inferred)

This species occurs in a fragment of native and exotic forest ofTerceira island (Monte Brasil), an area with exotic Cryptomeria japonica plantations inFurnas (S. Miguel) and in a small fragment with native forest and Pinus. sp. (PicoRedondo; Pico). Possibly the EOO value is slightly overestimated. The species continuesin decline due to native forest destruction, invasive plants and habitat modification.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

44

Decline (inferred)

This species occurs in a fragment of native and exotic forest ofTerceira island (Monte Brasil), an area with exotic Cryptomeria japonica plantations inFurnas (S. Miguel) and in a small fragment with native forest and Pinus. sp. (Pico

2

2


http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/euconnus-azoricus-7426/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/euconnus-azoricus-7426/

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:

Redondo; Pico). Possibly the AOO value is slightly overestimated. The species continues indecline due to native forest destruction, invasive plants and habitat modification.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

3

This species occurs in three highly modified forestpatches in Terceira island (Monte Brasil), Furnas (São Miguel) and Pico Island (PicoRedondo).

Decline (inferred)

Only three locations left that were highly impacted by land usechanges and invasive plants in the last ten years.

Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is only known from three isolated subpopulations, onein Terceira island (Monte Brasil), one in Furnas (São Miguel) and a recent finding in PicoRedondo (Pico Island). A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferredfrom historical and recent habitat modification. This species can be on the edge ofextinction at Terceira island due to major recent changes in its type locality.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

3

Decline (inferred)

208 Borges P et al





System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:



The species is only known from three isolated subpopulations, onein Terceira island (Monte Brasil), one in Furnas (São Miguel) and a recent finding in PicoRedondo (Pico Island). A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferredfrom habitat modification.

Unknown

Yes

Major land-use changes at low and middle elevationspromoted the creation of small patches of native and exotic forest that are isolated in a seaof pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations and that were highly impacted byinvasive plants in the last ten years.

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

This species occurs in a forest patch with native and exotic vegetationin Terceira island (Monte Brasil), in the highly modified area of Furnas (São Miguel)dominated by Cryptomeria japonica plantations and in a fragment of native forestdominated by Juniperus brevifolia mixed with planted Pinus sp. in Pico Redondo at Picoisland. Altitudinal range is between 10 and 800 m.

Decline (observed)

In Terceira, destruction of habitat for creation of urban areas,agriculture, and there is the spread of an invasive plant (Pittosporum undulatum). In Pico,plantation of Pinus sp. mixed with native vegetation. In São Miguel the Cryptomeria japonica plantations are being heavily invaded by Hedychium gardnerianum.

Major Importance


Ecology

0.19 cm

1

No



Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:






This is a nocturnal predator that lives under bark of nativetrees and in the soil. This is an univoltine species.

Threats

Ongoing



Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010). In the last 50 years the invasiveplant Pittosporum undulatum spread in the area of Monte Brasil with the major decrease ofnative trees and shrubs and current dominance of Pittosporum undulatum. In Pico islandthe plantation of Pinus sp. mixed within native vegetation may become a problem for theadequate persistence of native plants. In Furnas, spread of Hedychium gardnerianum isdestroying the habitat, since is changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing the coverof bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based onFerreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change(increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation

In Place


Needed

- 2.1. Land/water management - Site/area management- 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control

210 Borges P et al


Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Synonyms:

Common names:


The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Pico, Terceira, S. Miguel).Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address thecurrent threat by invasive plants (Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum). Itis necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order tocontribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed andanticipated to be developed during the coming years.

Other

International

Less important

- 12. Biocontrol


Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in new localities in known islands and also inanother islands and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is alsonecessary a area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebratecommunity in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan.Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (seee.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Geostiba melanocephala (Crotch, 1867)

Species information

Sipalia melanocephala Crotch; Xenomma capillaricornis Grav.



Reviewers:

Editor:



Basis (narrative):

Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:

Taxonomy




- Global

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 39

Observed

Based on a unique cell of the historical locality.

Geostiba melanocephala is a single-island endemic species from SãoMiguel (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010). This species is very rare and possibly it isnear extinction.


0-4

Stable


No

Yes

Unknown

212 Borges P et al

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/geostiba-melanocephala-7503/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/geostiba-melanocephala-7503/


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


Unknown

Area of occupancy

0-4

Stable


No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

0-1

The original historical location

Unknown

Possibly extinct.

Population

Stable

The species is only known from a single subpopulation. Possiblyextinct.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown



Trend:



System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:




Threat type:

Subpopulations

0-1

Stable

The species is only known from a single subpopulation. Possiblyextinct.

Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

Unknown

The species occurred in the native forest of São Miguel Island(Azores), but it is considered possibly extinct. This is a nocturnal predator. The currentaltitudinal range is unknown.

Decline (observed)

Since the historical record, the native habitat in the island of SãoMiguel was greatly reduced to accomodate pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations(Triantis et al. 2010).

Major Importance


Ecology

1

No

This is a nocturnal predator. The current altitudinal rangeis unknown. This is an univoltine species.

Threats

Ongoing

214 Borges P et al

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:









Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size. In the last 50 years additional major changes occurred withpasture intensification and the spread of the invasive plant Hedychium gardnerianum that ischanging the habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in thesoil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat willfurther decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts andhabitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation

In Place


Needed


The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is possibly in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of São Miguel Island).Degraded habitats should be restored and of critical importance is the continued expansionof invasive plant species. A strategy needs to be developed to address the future threat byclimate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in thehabitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management


Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Common names:

Taxonomic notes:

plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Formal educationand awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitats invaded byinvasive plants

Other

International

Less important

- 12. Biocontrol


Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in the native forests of S. Miguel island and obtaininformation on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a monitoringplan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform aspecies potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol willinform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Medon varamontis Assing, 2013

Species information


Taxonomy



This species was described from five specimens collected in 2013 inPico da Vara in S. Miguel island. M. varamontis belongs to the M. ferrugineus group, basedon the male sexual characters (Assing 2013).

216 Borges P et al

Reviewers:

Editor:



Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


- Global

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 40

Observed


1000

1200

Medon varamontis is a single-island endemic species from S. Miguel(Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from Natural Forest Reserve of Pico daVara.


4

Decline (inferred)

This species occurs in a fragment of native forest of S. Miguelisland (Tronqueira in NFF of Pico da Vara). Possibly the EOO value is slightlyoverestimated. The EOO is in decline due to native forest destruction, habitatfragmentation and the spread of invasive plants that are changing the habitat of thespecies.

No

Yes

Unknown

2

2


http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/medon-varamontis-7216/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/medon-varamontis-7216/


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Unknown

Area of occupancy

4

Decline (inferred)

This species occurs in a fragment of native forest of S. Miguelisland (Tronqueira in NFF of Pico da Vara). Possibly the AOO value is slightlyoverestimated. The AOO is in decline due to native forest destruction, habitat fragmentationand the spread of invasive plants that are changing the habitat of the species.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

1

This species occurs in one single native forestpatch in S. Miguel island (Tronqueira).

Decline (inferred)

Only one site left that is now well protected and had a relativelyhigh value of biotic integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011). However, in the last ten years invasiveplant species spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Clethra arborea) are changing thestructure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil decreasing thequality of the habitat with impacts on the species.

Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is particularly abundant and only known from a singlesubpopulation in a high elevation area in S. Miguel island. There is an inferred declining inthe population due to invasive plant species spreading (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Clethra arborea), that are changing the structure of the forest and the cover of bryophytesand ferns in the soil decreasing the quality of the habitat with impacts on the species.

No

218 Borges P et al

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:



System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

1

Decline (inferred)

The species is particularly abundant and only known from a singlesubpopulation in a high elevation area in S. Miguel island. There is an inferred declining ,since this subpopulation may be threatened due to invasive plant species spreading (e.g.Hedychium gardnerianum; Clethra arborea), that are changing the structure of the forestand the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil decreasing the quality of the habitat withimpacts on the species.

Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

This species occurs in one single native natural grassland and bogpatch (dominated by Sphagnum spp.) located at high altitude with also the scatteredpresence of the Azorean cedar (Juniperus brevifolia), in S. Miguel island (Pico da Vara).This species has an altitudinal range between 1000 and 1200 m.

Decline (observed)

Destruction of habitat for creation of plantations of Cryptomeria japonicaa amd the spread of invasive plants (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Clethra arborea).

Major Importance

- 4. Grassland- 5.4. Wetlands (inland) - Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands


Size:




Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:




Ecology

0.45-0.48

1

No

This is a nocturnal predator that lives in the soil associatedwith grass roots and litter. This is an univoltine species.

Threats

Ongoing



Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010), mostly the creation of plantationsof Cryptomeria japonica and pastures. The management of Cryptomeria japonica is still aproblem. One of the most important ongoing threats to this species is the spread ofinvasive plants, namely Hedychium gardnerianum and Clethra arborea that are changingthe habitat structure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil andpromoting the spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will furtherdecline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitatshifting & alteration).

Conservation

In Place


220 Borges P et al




Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Needed


The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of S. Miguel). Further spread ofinvasive plants needs to be stopped in order to avoid any future declines of the species.Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed to address thefuture threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebratecommunity in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitatmanagement plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments in restored habitatsinvaded by invasive plants.

Other

International

Less important

- 12. Biocontrol


Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find more extant specimens in additional areas around Pico da Vara (S.Miguel) and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is alsonecessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order tocontribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years usingthe BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).


Synonyms:

Common names:


Reviewers:

Editor:

Phloeostiba azorica (Fauvel, 1900)

Species information

Homalium clavicorne Wollaston; Phloeonomus azoricus Fauvel


Taxonomy




- Global

Fig. 24

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Figure 24.

Phloeostiba azorica from Terra Chã (Terceira, Azores) (Credit: Enésima Mendonça).

222 Borges P et al









Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 41

Observed

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca 8,800 km and the maximum areaof occupancy (AOO) is 36 km .

300

1200

Phloeostiba azorica is an endemic species occurring in Flores, Pico,São Jorge, Graciosa, Terceira and S. Miguel islands (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al.2010), known in Natural Forest Reserves of Mistério da Prainha and Lagoa Caiado (Pico),Pico Pinheiro (S. Jorge); Biscoito da Ferraria, Caldeira de Guilherme Moniz and Serra deSta. Bárbara (Terceira); and Atalhada and Graminhais (S. Miguel).


8,800

Decline (inferred)

The Extent of Occurrence includes large areas of unsuitablehabitats. The EOO continues in decline due to native forest destruction, habitatfragmentation and the spread of invasive plants.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

36

2

2


http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/phloeostiba-azorica-7307/

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


Decline (inferred)

This species occurs in native forest patches of Pico, Terceira andS. Miguel islands. The AOO with native forest is approximately 30 km . The AOO continuesin decline due to native forest destructin, habitat fragmentation and the spread of invasiveplants.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

8

This species occurs in eight native forest patchesin the islands of Pico (Mistério da Prainha and Lagoa do Caiado), São Jorge (PicoPinheiro), Terceira (Biscoito da Ferraria, Caldeira de Guilherme Moniz and Serra de Sta.Bárbara) and S. Miguel (Atalhada and Graminhais) islands.

Decline (inferred)

Eight locations that were highly impacted by invasive plants in thelast ten years, namely Pico Pinheiro (S. Jorge), Biscoito da Ferraria and Caldeira deGuilherme Moniz (Terceira) and Atalhada (S. Miguel).

Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is particularly abundant and subpopulations areknown in Flores, Terceira, Pico, São Jorge, Gracioasa and S. Miguel islands. There is aninferred declining in the population due to invasive plant species spreading (e.g.Hedychium gardnerianum, Pittosporum undulatum), that are changing the structure of theforest decreasing the quality of the habitat with impacts on the species.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

2

224 Borges P et al


Trend:





System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Subpopulations

6

Decline (inferred)

The species is particularly abundant and subpopulations areknown in Flores, Terceira, Pico, São Jorge, Gracioasa and S. Miguel. There is an inferreddeclining in the number of subpopulations due to invasive plant species spreading (e.g.Hedychium gardnerianum, Pittosporum undulatum), that are changing the structure of theforest decreasing the quality of the habitat with impacts on the species, At least GuilhermeMoniz (Terceira) and Atalhada (S. Miguel) have very low values of biotic integrity (Gasparet al. 2011).

Unknown

Yes

Major land-use changes at middle elevations promotedthe creation of small patches of native forest. The species occurs in seven natural forestfragments that are isolated in a sea of pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations andthat were highly impacted by invasive plants in the last ten years.

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

This species occurs in native forest patches in the islands of Flores,Terceira, Pico, São Jorge, Graciosa and S. Miguel (Azores), with an altitudinal rangebetween 300 and 1200 m.

Decline (inferred)

Destruction of habitat for creation of plantations of Cryptomeria japonica and the spread of invasive plants (e.g. Hedychium gardnerianum; Pittosporum undulatum).

Major Importance



Size:




Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:




Ecology

0.23-0.37 cm

1

No

This is a nocturnal predator that lives under bark of nativetrees and in the soil. Based on seasonal data from SLAM traps obtained in several islandsbetween 2012 and 2016 (Borges et al. 2017b), the adults are active in summer. This is anunivoltine species.

Threats

Ongoing



Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010, Terzopoulou et al. 2015). One ofthe most important ongoing threats to this species is the managment of pulp plantations ofCryptomeria japonica and the spread of invasive plants, namely Hedychium gardnerianumand Pittosporum undulatum that are changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing thecover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Basedon Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change(increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation

In Place


226 Borges P et al




Use type:


Research needed:


- 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control

Needed


The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Parks of Pico, São Jorge, Terceira and S.Miguel). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to be developed toaddress the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for theinvertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of thisspecies. A habitat management plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during thecoming years.

Other

International

Very important


Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in additional areas of native forest and inadditional islands and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It isalso necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order tocontribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years usingthe BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).


Common names:

Reviewers:

Editor:



Basis (narrative):



Range description:

Phytosus schatzmayri Bernhauer, 1941

Species information


Taxonomy




- Global

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 42

Observed

It has a very small extent of occurrence (EOO = 0-12 km²) and area ofoccupancy (AOO = 0-12 km²). Based on the area of thee unique cells of the historicallocality.

0

200

Phytosus schatzmayri is a single-island endemic species from S.Miguel (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010). This species is considered very rare andpossibly near extinction (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).

228 Borges P et al

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/phytosus-schatzmayri-7511/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/phytosus-schatzmayri-7511/

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:



0-12

Stable

The species is considered possibly extinct in the historical localitypossibly due to habitat destruction. Not sampled recently despite some intensive field work(Borges et al. 2016).

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

0-12

Stable

Based on the area of thee unique cells of the historical locality.The species is considered extinct in the historical locality possibly due to habitatdestruction. Not sampled recently despite some intensive field work (Borges et al. 2016).

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

0-1

The historical location (Ponta Delgada, S.Miguelisland).

Unknown

Possibly extinct.


Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:



System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Population

Stable

The species is only known from a single subpopulation. Accordingto Terzopoulou et al. 2015 this species is possibly extinct.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

0-1

Stable

The species is only known from a single subpopulation. Accordingto Terzopoulou et al. 2015 this species is possibly extinct.

Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

The species occurred in the native forest of São Miguel Island(Azores), with an altitudinal range between 0 and 200 m. The species is possibly extinct.

Decline (observed)

Since the historical record, the native habitat in the island of SãoMiguel was greatly reduced to accomodate pastures and Cryptomeria plantations (Triantiset al. 2010) and the historical locality was possibly destroyed as a consequence ofurbanization.

Major Importance


230 Borges P et al

Size:




Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:





Ecology

0.2-0.28

1

No

This is a nocturnal predator species usually associatedwith plant debris in the soil. This is an univoltine species.

Threats

Ongoing

- 1.1. Residential & commercial development - Housing & urban areas

Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size. Currently the historical locality was highly modified due tourbanization. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as aconsequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting &alteration).

Conservation

Needed


The species is not protected by regional law. Astrategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It isnecessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in private gardens in Ponta


Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Synonyms:

Common names:

Reviewers:

Editor:

Delgada. Formal education and awareness is needed to allow future investments inrestored habitats invaded by invasive plants.

Other

International

Less important

- 12. Biocontrol


Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens, possibly in public and private gardens, and obtaininformation on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary a monitoringplan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform aspecies potential recovery plan.

Nesotes azoricus (Crotch, 1867)

Species information

Helops azoricus Crotch, 1867

Darkling beetle, False Wireworm, Mealworms (English)

Taxonomy


Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Tenebrionidae


- Global

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

232 Borges P et al



Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 43

Observed

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 0-8 km and the maximum area ofoccupancy (AOO) is 0-8 km .

500

600

Nesotes azoricus is a single-island endemic species from S. Miguel(Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010), known from Furnas (S. Miguel). The species isconsidered possibly extinct (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).


0-8

Stable

This species occurs in modified habitats at S. Miguel island(Furnas). Possibly the EOO value is slightly overestimated. The species is consideredpossibly extinct (Terzopoulou et al. 2015).

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

0-8

Stable

2

2


http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/nesotes-azoricus-7865/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/nesotes-azoricus-7865/


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:

This species occurs in a fragment of exotic forest of S. Miguelisland (Furnas). Possibly the AOO value is slightly overestimated due to urbanization andpasture intensification. The species is considered possibly extinct (Terzopoulou et al.2015).

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

0-1

This species occurs in one single native forestpatch in S. Miguel island (Furnas), but is possibly extinct (Terzopoulou et al. 2015)

Stable

In the last 50 years major alterations were made in the territorywith impacts in native habitats. Only one site left, but the current habitat is highly disturbedand according to Terzopoulou et al. 2015 this species is almost extinct.

Population

Stable

The species is only known from a single subpopulation in S.Miguel island. The abundance is unknown and possibly decreasing due to major urban andagriculture changes. According to Terzopoulou et al. 2015 this species is almost extinct.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

0-1

Stable

234 Borges P et al



System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:




Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

The species is only known from a single subpopulation in S.Miguel island. According to Terzopoulou et al. 2015 this species is almost extinct.

Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

The species occurs in a single native forest patch in the S. Miguelisland (Furnas), with an altitudinal range between 500 and 600 m.

Decline (observed)

Destruction of habitat for creation of urban areas, industrialplantations and pastures.

Major Importance


Ecology

1

No

It is a detritivore species that feed of decompositionorganic matter and lives in the soil. This is an univoltine species.

Threats

Ongoing



Future


Threats:







Use type:



In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010, Terzopoulou et al. 2015). Mainrecent past and ongoig threats are destruction of habitat for creation of urban areas,industrial plantations of Cryptomeria japonica and pastures and the spread of invasiveplants (Hedychium gardnerianum) that are changing the habitat structure, namelydecreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of otherplants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence ofclimate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting & alteration).

Conservation

In Place


Needed


The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Park of S. Miguel; Área de PaisagemProtegida das Furnas). Degraded habitats should be restored and a strategy needs to bedeveloped to address the future threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring planfor the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation ofthis species.

Other

International

Less important

236 Borges P et al

Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Common names:

Taxonomic notes:




Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens at Furnas but also in native forests in Pico daVara, and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessaryan area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community inthe habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoringevery ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gasparet al. 2011).

Tarphius acuminatus Gillerfors, 1987

Species information

Ironclad beetle (English); Escaravelho-cascudo-da-mata (Portuguese)

Taxonomy


Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Zopheridae

This species is characterized by (Borges et al. 2017): anterior margin ofclypeus markedly arcuate inwards; elytral nodules fair developed with a pattern formula 3/2,3, 1/2, 0; external row of the lateral margin of pronotum with more or less 15 setae;pronotal and elytral setae long and acuminate (needle shaped); aedeagus as in Fig. 8 (inGillerfors 1986b).


- Global

Fig. 25


Reviewers:

Editor:



Basis (narrative):



Range description:

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 44

Observed


600

800

Tarphius acuminatus is a single-island endemic species restricted toPico island (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010,Borges et al. 2017), known from NaturalForest Reserve of Lagoa do Caiado.

2

2

Figure 25.

Tarphius acuminatus from Cabecinhos (Pico, Azores) (Credit: Erno-Endre Gergely). Scale 0.5mm.

238 Borges P et al







http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/tarphius-acuminatus-6832/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/tarphius-acuminatus-6832/

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:



8

Decline (inferred)

It is a very rare species that occurs in the native forest of Picoisland, with a reduced extent of occurrence. The species continues in decline due to habitatloss and the expansion of invasive plant species (Borges et al. 2017).

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

8

Decline (inferred)

The species occurs in two small patches of native forest, one of itincluded in a Natural Forest Reserve of Pico. The AOO is overestimated. The speciescontinues in decline due to reduced area of occupancy, habitat loss and the expansion ofinvasive plant species (Borges et al. 2017).

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

2

The species occurs in two patches of native forestin Pico Island.

Decline (inferred)

In the last 50 years major alterations were made in the territorywith impacts in native habitats. Two locations known that were highly impacted by invasiveplants in the last ten years.


Trend:


Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:





System:

Habitat specialist:

Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is very rare and only occurs in two small patches ofnative forest in Pico island. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals isinferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoing habitat degradation due toinvasions of alien plants (Hedychium gardnerianum) (Borges et al. 2017).


No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

2

Decline (inferred)

The species is very rare and only from two subpopulations thatoccur in two small patches of native forest in Pico island. A continuing decline in thenumber of subpopulations is inferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoinghabitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (Hedychium gardnerianum) (Borges etal. 2017).

Unknown

Yes

Major land-use changes at middle and high elevationspromoted the creation of small patches of native forest. The species occurs in two naturalforest fragments that are isolated in a sea of semi-natural pastures and that were highlyimpacted by invasive plants in the last ten years. At least one of the subpopulations isunder threat due to the expansion of invasive plants.

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

240 Borges P et al




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:




Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:


The species is very rare, and it only occurs in two small patches ofnative forest, in Pico island (Borges et al. 2017). It has an altitudinal range between 600and 800 m.

Decline (observed)

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently the rapid advance ofinvasive plant species are decreasing the quality of the habitat (Borges et al. 2017).

Major Importance


Ecology

0.33 cm

1

No

This is a nocturnal fungivorous species that lives in thesoil and in dead trunks of endemic trees. This is an univoltine species.

Threats

Ongoing


Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently, the rapid advance andexpansion of invasive plants species is the major threat (Borges et al. 2017), particularlyHedychium gardnerianum that is changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing thecover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Based







Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:

on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change(increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting and alteration).

Conservation

In Place


Needed


The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Reserve of Lagoa do Caiado, in Picoisland). Degraded habitats should be restored with the removal of invasive species. Astrategy needs also to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It isnecessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order tocontribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed andanticipated to be developed during the coming years. Since this species is an icone of therelict native Azorean forests, it is suggested that some awareness measures should be putin practice.

Other

International

Less important



242 Borges P et al


Common names:

Taxonomic notes:


- 2.1. Conservation Planning - Species Action/Recovery Plan- 2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan- 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends- 3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trends

Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in more patches of native vegetation at Mistério daPrainha and Caveiro and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It isalso necessary an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebratecommunity in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan.Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (seee.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Tarphius azoricus Gillerfors, 1986

Species information


Taxonomy



This species belongs to the “azoricus+wollastoni+depressus” complexand is characterized by (Borges et al. 2017): anterior margin of clypeus straight or slightlyarcuate inwards; external row of the lateral margin of pronotum with 30-34 setae; pronotaland elytral setae short and obtuse (leaf shaped); elytral nodules well developed with apattern formula 3, 3, 2, 1; aedeagus as in Fig. 7 (in Gillerfors 1986b).


- Global

Fig. 26


Reviewers:

Editor:



Basis (narrative):



Range description:

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 45

Observed

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 6,300 km and the maximumarea of occupancy (AOO) is 72 km .

500

1000

Tarphius azoricus is an endemic species from S. Miguel and Floresislands (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010, Borges et al. 2017), known from NaturalForest Reserves of Atalhada and Pico da Vara (S. Miguel).

2

2

Figure 26.

Tarphius azoricus from Flores (Azores) (Credit: Erno-Endre Gergely). Scale 0.5 mm.

244 Borges P et al







http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/tarphius-azoricus-6835/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/tarphius-azoricus-6835/

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:



6,300

Decline (inferred)

The EOO continues in decline due to Cryptomeria japonica pulpplantations management, habitat loss and the expansion of invasive plant species (Borgeset al. 2017).

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

72

Decline (inferred)

The species occurs in native and exotic forests of S. Miguel andFlores islands. Possibly the AOO value is overestimated. The species continues in declinedue to Cryptomeria japonica pulp plantations management, habitat loss and the expansionof invasive plant species.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

5

The species occurs in a five patches of native andexotic forests of S. Miguel and Flores island.

Decline (inferred)

In the last 50 years major alterations were made in the territorywith impacts in native habitats. Five locations known that were highly impacted by invasiveplants in the last ten years.


Trend:


Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:





System:

Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is abundant in native and exotic forests of S. Miguelbut very rare in Flores island. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals isinferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoing habitat degradation due toinvasions of alien plants (namely Hedychium gardnerianum) and the Cryptomeria japonicaamanagement (Borges et al. 2017).


No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

5

Decline (inferred)

The species is abundant in native and exotic forests of S. Miguelbut subpopulations in Flores island are very rare. A continuing decline in the number ofsubpopulations is inferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoing habitatdegradation due to invasions of alien plants (namely Hedychium gardnerianum) and theCryptomeria japonicaa plantations management (Borges et al. 2017).

Unknown

Yes

Major land-use changes at middle and high elevationspromoted the creation of small patches of native forest. The species occurs in three naturalforest fragments in S. Miguel and two exotic forest patches in Flores that are isolated in asea of pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations and that were highly impacted byinvasive plants in the last ten years.

Habitat

Terrestrial

246 Borges P et al

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:




Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:

Yes

The species occurs under bark of several trees (subcortical), bothendemic and exotic. It also occurs in exotic forests dominated by Cryptomeria japonica(Borges et al. 2017).

Decline (observed)


Major Importance


Ecology

0.33 cm

1

No

This species has an altitudinal range between 500 and1000 m. It is a nocturnal fungivorous species. This is an univoltine species.

Threats

Ongoing



Future









Use type:


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently, the rapid advance andexpansion of invasive plants species is the major threat (Borges et al. 2017), particularlyHedychium gardnerianum that is changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing thecover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Themanagement of Cryptomeria japonica plantations could be also a problem for thesubpopulations living in this habitat. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will furtherdecline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitatshifting and alteration).

Conservation

In Place


Needed


The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Forest Reserves of Atalhada and Pico daVara in S. Miguel). Degraded habitats should be restored with the removal of invasivespecies. A strategy needs also to be developed to address the future threat by climatechange. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat inorder to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan isneeded and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Since this species is anicone of the relict native Azorean forests, it is suggested that some awareness measuresshould be put in practice.

Other

International

Less important

248 Borges P et al

Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Common names:

Taxonomic notes:




Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in more patches of native vegetation particularly inFlores and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is alsonecessary an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebratecommunity in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan.Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (seee.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Tarphius depressus Gillerfors, 1985

Species information


Taxonomy



This species belongs to the “azoricus+wollastoni+depressus” complexand is characterized by (Borges et al. 2017): lateral margins of pronotum straight and sub-parallel in the posterior half; elytral nodules well developed with a pattern formula 3, 3, 2, 1.


- Global

Fig. 27


Reviewers:

Editor:



Basis (narrative):



Range description:

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 46

Observed


200

500

Tarphius depressus is a single-island endemic species restricted toSanta Maria island (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010, Borges et al. 2017), known fromNatural Forest Reserve of Pico Alto (Santa Maria).

2

2

Figure 27.

Tarphius depressus from Pico Alto (Santa Maria, Azores) (Credit: Erno-Endre Gergely). Scale0.5 mm.

250 Borges P et al







http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/tarphius-depressus-6806/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/tarphius-depressus-6806/

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:



24

Decline (inferred)

The species occurs in native and exotic forests of Santa Mariaisland. The EOO is sligthly overestimated, given that includes habitats not occupied by thisspecies. The species continues in decline due to Cryptomeria japonica pulp plantationsmanagement, habitat loss and the expansion of invasive plant species (Borges et al. 2017).

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

24

Decline (inferred)

The species occurs in native and exotic forests of Santa Mariaisland. Possibly the AOO value is overestimated. The species continues in decline due toCryptomeria japonica pulp plantations management, habitat loss and the expansion ofinvasive plant species

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

6

The species occurs in six patches of native andexotic forests of Santa Maria island.

Decline (inferred)


Trend:


Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:





In the last 50 years major alterations were made in the territory with impacts in nativehabitats. Six locations that were highly impacted by invasive plants in the last ten years andsome of them may disappear due to Cryptomeria japonica cut.

Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is relatively abundant in native and exotic forests ofSta. Maria island. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred frommonitoring schemes and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alienplants (namely Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum) and the Cryptomeriajaponica pulp plantations management (Borges et al. 2017).


No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

2

Decline (inferred)

The species is abundant in native and exotic forests of Sta. Mariaisland, having two subpopulations. A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations isinferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoing habitat degradation due toinvasions of alien plants (namely Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum)and the Cryptomeria japonica pulp plantations management (Borges et al. 2017).

Unknown

Yes

Major land-use changes at all elevations in S. Mariaisland promoted the creation of small patches of native and exotic forest. The speciesoccurs in one natural and several small exotic forest fragments that are isolated in a sea ofpastures and that were highly impacted by invasive plants in the last ten years.

252 Borges P et al

System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:




Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

The species is relatively abundant. It occurs under the bark of severaltrees (subcortical), both endemic and exotic. It also occurs in exotic forests dominated byCryptomeria japonica (Borges et al. 2017). This species has an altitudinal range between200 and 500 m.

Decline (observed)


Major Importance


Ecology

0.32 cm

1

No

This is a nocturnal fungivorous species. This is anunivoltine species.

Threats

Ongoing



Future


Threats:








In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently, the rapid advance andexpansion of invasive plants species is the major threat (Borges et al. 2017), particularlyHedychium gardnerianum that is changing the habitat structure, namely decreasing thecover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of other plants. Themanagement of Cryptomeria plantations could be also a problem for the subpopulationsliving in this habitat. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as aconsequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting andalteration).

Conservation

In Place


Needed


The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Forest Reserve of Pico Alto in Santa Mariaisland). Degraded habitats should be restored with the removal of invasive species. Astrategy needs also to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It isnecessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order tocontribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed andanticipated to be developed during the coming years. Since this species is an icone of therelict native Azorean forests, it is suggested that some awareness measures should be putin practice.

254 Borges P et al

Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Common names:

Taxonomic notes:

Other

International

Less important



Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in more patches of exotic vegetation around PicoAlto and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessaryan area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community inthe habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoringevery ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gasparet al. 2011).

Tarphius floresensis Borges & Serrano, 2017

Species information


Taxonomy



The species belongs to the “tornvalli” complex and is characterized by(Borges et al. 2017): pronotal and elytral setae recumbent and slightly acuminate; externalrow of the lateral margin of pronotum with 27-28 setae.


- Global



Reviewers:

Editor:



Basis (narrative):



Fig. 28

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 47

Observed

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 90 km and the maximum area ofoccupancy (AOO) is 72 km .

300

1000

2

2

Figure 28.

Tarphius floresensis from Pico Alto (Flores, Azores) (Credit: Erno-Endre Gergely). Scale 0.5mm.

256 Borges P et al







Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


Tarphius floresensis is a single-island endemic species restricted toFlores island (Azores, Portugal) Borges et al. 2010, Borges et al. 2017), known fromNatural Forest Reserves of Morro alto e Pico da Sé and Caldeiras Funda e Rasa.


90

Decline (inferred)

This species occurs in native forests included in the two NaturalForest Reserves of Flores island. It also occurs in exotic forest patches (mainly dominatedby Cryptomeria japonica and Acacia spp.). The Extent of Occurrence is sligthlyoverestimated, given that includes habitats not occupied by this species. The speciescontinues in decline due to native forest destruction, Cryptomeria japonica pulp plantationsmanagement and due to habitat degradation by the rapid advance of invasive plantspecies.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

72

Decline (inferred)

The species occurs in native forests included in the two NaturalForest Reserves of Flores island. Possibly the AOO value is slighly overestimated, beingthe AOO with native forest only around 20 km². The species continues in decline due tonative forest destruction, Cryptomeria japonica pulp plantations management and due tohabitat degradation by the rapid advance of invasive plant species.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown




Trend:


Trend:


Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:


Locations

10

The species occurs in several native forestpatches included in Natural Reserves and in exotic forest patches, in the Flores island.

Decline (inferred)

In the last 50 years major alterations were made in the territorywith impacts in native habitats. Ten locations that were highly impacted by invasive plantsin the last ten years and some of them may disappear soon due to Cryptomeria japonicaremoval.

Population

Decline (observed)

The species is abundant, particularly in the well preservedpatches of native forests of Flores island. A continuing decline in the number of matureindividuals is inferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoing habitat degradationdue to invasions of alien plants (Hedychium gardnerianum and Hydrangea macrophylla)(Borges et al. 2017).


No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

5

Decline (observed)

The species is abundant in all five subpopulations, particularly inthe two well preserved patches of native forests of Flores island. A continuing decline in thenumber of subpopulations is inferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoinghabitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (Hedychium gardnerianum and

258 Borges P et al




System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:




Hydrangea macrophylla) and the removal of Cryptomeria japonica plantations (Borges etal. 2017).

Unknown

Yes

Major land-use changes at all elevations in Flores islandpromoted the creation of small patches of native forest. The species occurs in two naturalforest fragments and three Cryptomeria japonica plantations that are isolated in a sea ofpastures and that were highly impacted by invasive plants in the last ten years.

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

The species is particularly abundant, namely this species lives in thesoil and occuring in some of the larger an well preserved patches of native forests of Floresisland. It also occurs under the bark of endemic and exotic trees (Borges et al. 2017). Thisspecies has an altitudinal range between 300 and 1000 m.

Decline (observed)


Major Importance


Ecology

0.27 cm

1

No

This is a nocturnal fungivorous species. Univoltinespecies.


Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:






Threats

Ongoing



Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently, the rapid advance andexpansion of invasive plants species is the major threat (Borges et al. 2017), particularlyHedychium gardnerianum and Hydrangea macrophylla since are changing the habitatstructure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promotingthe spread of other plants. The management of Cryptomeria japonica plantations could bealso a problem for the subpopulations living in this habitat. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number ofdroughts and habitat shifting and alteration).

Conservation

In Place


Needed


260 Borges P et al


Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Common names:

The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Forest Reserves of Morro alto e Pico daSé and Caldeiras Funda e Rasa, in Flores island). Degraded habitats should be restoredwith the removal of invasive species. A strategy needs also to be developed to address thefuture threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebratecommunity in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitatmanagement plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.Since this species is an icone of the relict native Azorean forests, it is suggested that someawareness measures should be put in practice.

Other

International

Less important



Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in more patches of native vegetationbut also atlower elevation modified exotic forests and obtain information on population size,distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-based management plan and amonitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute toperform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALAprotocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Tarphius furtadoi Borges & Serrano, 2017

Species information



Taxonomic notes:


Reviewers:

Editor:

Taxonomy



The species belongs to the “tornvalli” complex and is characterized by(Borges et al. 2017): setae acuminate with lateral sides slightly rounded and maximumwidth at middle; external row of the lateral margin of pronotum with 30 or more setae.


- Global

Fig. 29

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Figure 29.

Tarphius furtadoi from São Jorge (Azores) (Credit: Erno-Endre Gergely). Scale 0.5 mm.

262 Borges P et al









Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 48

Observed

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 890 km and the maximum areaof occupancy (AOO) is 48 km .

250

1000

Tarphius furtadoi is an endemic species occurring in S. Jorge, Picoand Faial islands (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010, Borges et al. 2017), known fromNatural Forest Reserves of Caveiro, Lagoa do Caiado and Mistério da Prainha (Picoisland); Pico Pinheiro and Topo (S. Jorge island) and Cabeço do Fogo and Caldeira doFaial (Faial island).


890

Decline (inferred)

The EOO includes large areas of unsuitable habitats. The speciescontinues in decline due to native forest destruction, Cryptomeria japonica and Acacia spp.plantations management and due to habitat degradation by the rapid advance of invasiveplant species.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

48

Decline (inferred)

The species occurs in native forests included in Natural ForestReserves of S. Jorge, Pico and Faial islands. Possibly the AOO value is overestimated.The species continues in decline due to native forest destruction, Cryptomeria japonica and

2

2


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:


Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


Acacia spp. plantations management and due to habitat degradation by the rapid advanceof invasive plant species.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

8

The species occurs in several native forestpatches included in Natural Forest Reserves and in exotic forest patches, in the S. Jorge,Pico and Faial islands.

Decline (inferred)

In the last 50 years major alterations were made in the territorywith impacts in native habitats. Eigth locations that were highly impacted by invasive plantsin the last ten years and some may disappear in near future due to removal of exotic forestpatches for pasture implementation.

Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is abundant, particularly in the well preservedpatches of native forests of S. Jorge, Pico and Faial islands. A continuing decline in thenumber of mature individuals is inferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoinghabitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (Borges et al. 2017).


No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

264 Borges P et al


Trend:





System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

8

Decline (inferred)

The species is abundant, particularly in the subpopulationsoccurring in the well preserved patches of native forests of S. Jorge, Pico and Faial islands.A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferred from monitoring schemesand from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (Borges et al.2017).

Unknown

Yes

Major land-use changes at middle and high elevationspromoted the creation of small patches of native forest. The species occurs in six naturalforest fragments and two exotic patches of exotic forestthat are isolated in a sea ofpastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations and that were highly impacted by invasiveplants in the last ten years.

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

The species is particularly abundant, namely this species lives in thesoil and occuring in some of the larger an well preserved patches of native forests of S.Jorge, Pico and Faial islands. It also occurs under the bark of dead wood of endemic andexotic trees (Borges et al. 2017). This species has an altitudinal range between 250 and1000 m.

Decline (observed)


Major Importance



Size:




Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:



Ecology

0.29 cm

1

No


Threats

Ongoing



Future

- 2.3. Agriculture & aquaculture - Livestock farming & ranching- 11.1. Climate change & severe weather - Habitat shifting & alteration- 11.2. Climate change & severe weather - Droughts

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently, the rapid advance andexpansion of invasive plants species is the major threat (Borges et al. 2017), particularlyHedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum since are changing the habitatstructure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promotingthe spread of other plants. The management of Cryptomeria japonica plantations could bealso a problem for the subpopulations living in this habitat. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number ofdroughts and habitat shifting and alteration). The removal of some patches with exoticvegetation for pasture implementation may also be a threat for some subpopulationsoccurring in this marginal habitat.

Conservation

In Place

266 Borges P et al





Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:



Needed


The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Forest Reserves of Mistério da Prainha,Caveiro and Caiado in Pico island; Pico Pinheiro and Topo in S. Jorge island and Cabeçodo Fogo and Caldeira do Faial in Faial island). Degraded habitats should be restored withthe removal of invasive species. A strategy needs also to be developed to address thefuture threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebratecommunity in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitatmanagement plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.Since this species is an icone of the relict native Azorean forests, it is suggested that someawareness measures should be put in practice.

Other

International

Less important



Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in additional native forest fragments and obtain


Common names:

Taxonomic notes:


information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-basedmanagement plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat inorder to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten yearsusing the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Tarphius gabrielae Borges & Serrano, 2017

Species information


Taxonomy



This species belongs to the “azoricus+wollastoni+depressus” complexand is characterized by (Borges et al. 2017): lateral margins of pronotum slightly arcuatebetween the anterior and the hind angles; pronotal setae obtuse, rigid and semi-erect;elytral nodules well developed with a pattern formula 3, 3, 2, 1.


- Global

Fig. 30

Figure 30.

Tarphius gabrielae from Lagoa do Caiado (Pico, Azores) (Credit: Erno-Endre Gergely). Scale0.5 mm.

268 Borges P et al







Reviewers:

Editor:



Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 49

Observed


700

850

Tarphius gabrielae is a single-island endemic species restricted toPico island (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2017), known from Natural Forest Reserve ofLagoa do Caiado.


8

Decline (inferred)

This is a very rare species that occurs in the native forest of Picoisland, with a reduced extent of occurrence. The species continues in decline due to habitatloss and the expansion of invasive plant species (Borges et al. 2017).

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

2

2


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Area of occupancy

8

Decline (inferred)

The species occurs in a small patch of native forest, included in aNatural Forest Reserve of Lagoa do Caiado Pico. The AOO is overestimated, being theAOO with native forest around only 1 km². The species continues in decline due to reducedarea of occupancy, habitat loss and the expansion of invasive plant species (Borges et al.2017).

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

1

A single fragment of native forest currently withless than 1 km and with a recent spread of invasive plants, namely Hedychium gardnerianum.

Decline (inferred)

One location with a size of 1 km² and invasive plants can drive thisspecies to extinction very fast.

Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is very rare and only occurs in a small patch of nativeforest in Pico island. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferredfrom monitoring schemes and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions ofalien plants (Hedychium gardnerianum) (Borges et al. 2017), that are changing thestructure of the forest and the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil decreasing thequality of the habitat with impacts on the species.

No

Yes

2

270 Borges P et al

Causes reversible?:



Trend:



System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:


Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

1

Decline (inferred)

The species is very rare with a single subpopulation that occurs ina small patch of native forest in Pico island. A continuing decline in the number ofsubpopulations is inferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoing habitatdegradation due to invasions of alien plants (Hedychium gardnerianum) (Borges et al.2017).

Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

The species is very rare, and only occurs in a small patch of nativeforest dominated by Juniperus brevifolia and Ilex perado subsp. azorica in Pico island(Borges et al. 2017). It has an altitudinal range between 700 and 850 m.

Decline (observed)

In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently the rapid advance ofinvasive plant species (Hedychium gardnerianum) are changing the structure of the forestand the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil decreasing the quality of the habitat withimpacts on the species (Borges et al. 2017).

Major Importance


Ecology

0.33 cm

1






Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:





Yes

Euphorbia stygiana

Critically Endangered (CR)

This is a nocturnal fungivorous species that lives in deadtrunks of endemic trees and also in dead twigs of Euphorbia stygiana. This is an univoltinespecies.

Threats

Ongoing



Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently, the rapid advance andexpansion of invasive plants species is the major threat (Borges et al. 2017), particularlyHedychium gardnerianum since this species is changing the habitat structure, namelydecreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of otherplants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence ofclimate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting and alteration).

Conservation

In Place

- 1. Land/water protection- 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection- 2. Land/water management- 2.2. Land/water management - Invasive/problematic species control

Needed

272 Borges P et al



Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:



The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Forest Reserve of Lagoa do Caiado in Picoisland). Degraded habitats should be restored with the removal of invasive species. Astrategy needs also to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It isnecessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order tocontribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed andanticipated to be developed during the coming years. Since this species is an icone of therelict native Azorean forests, it is suggested that some awareness measures should be putin practice.

Other

International

Less important



Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in additional areas of native forest in Pico (e.g.Mistério da Prainha and Caveiro) and obtain information on population size, distributionand trends. It is also necessary an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan forthe invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a speciespotential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will informabout habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).


Common names:

Taxonomic notes:


Reviewers:

Editor:

Tarphius pomboi Borges, 1991

Species information


Taxonomy



This species is characterized by (Borges et al. 2017): anterior margin ofclypeus arcuate inwards; humeral angle of elytron very protrude upwards resembling anodule or a gibbositie; elytral nodules fair developed with a pattern formula 1, 3, 3, 2, 0.


- Global

Fig. 31

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Figure 31.

Tarphius pomboi from Pico Alto (Santa Maria, Azores) (Credit: Erno-Endre Gergely). Scale 0.5mm.

274 Borges P et al









Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 50

Observed


200

500

Tarphius pomboi is a single-island endemic species restricted toSanta Maria island (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010, Borges et al. 2017), known fromNatural Forest Reserve of Pico Alto (Santa Maria).


20

Decline (inferred)

This species occurs in a small fragment of highly modified nativevegetation in Santa Maria Island and also in some exotic patches of vegetation. Thespecies continues in decline due to Cryptomeria japonica plantations management, habitatloss and the expansion of invasive plant species (Borges et al. 2017).

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

20

Decline (inferred)

2

2


http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/tarphius-pomboi-13391/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/tarphius-pomboi-13391/


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:


Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

The species occurs in native forests included in Natural ForestReserves of Santa Maria Island. Possibly the AOO value is overestimated, being the AOOwith native forest only around 0.09 km². The species continues in decline due to reducedarea of occupancy, Cryptomeria japonica plantations management, habitat loss and theexpansion of invasive plant species (Borges et al. 2017).

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

4

This species occurs in a small fragment of highlymodified native vegetation in Santa Maria Island and also in some exotic patches ofvegetation. The species is very rare and the Natural Forest Reserve (Pico Alto) has a verylow Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011).

Decline (inferred)

In the last 50 years major alterations were made in the territorywith impacts in native habitats. Four locations that were highly impacted by invasive plantsin the last ten years. Some of the exotic patches may disappear in near future for theimplementation of pastures.

Population

Decline (inferred)

This is a rare species that occurs in native forests in Santa Mariaisland (Borges et al. 2017). A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals isinferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoing habitat degradation due toinvasions of alien plants (namely Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum)and the Cryptomeria japonica management (Borges et al. 2017). Some of the exoticpatches may disappear in near future for the implementation of pastures with furtherimpacts on the population abundance.


No

276 Borges P et al

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:





System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

2

Decline (inferred)

This is a rare species that occurs in native forests in Santa Mariaisland (Borges et al. 2017). A continuing decline in the number of subpopulations is inferredfrom monitoring schemes and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions ofalien plants (namely Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum) and theCryptomeria japonica pulp plantation management (Borges et al. 2017). The remainingpatch on native vegetation located in a Natural Forest Reserve (Pico Alto) has a very lowIndex of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al. 2011).

Unknown

Yes

Major land-use changes at all elevations in S. Mariaisland promoted the creation of small patches of native and exotic forest. The speciesoccurs in one natural forest fragment and small patches of exotic forest that are isolated ina sea of pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations and that were highly impacted byinvasive plants in the last ten years.

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

This is a rare species that occurs in the native forests of Santa Mariaisland dominated by the endemic plants Morella faya, Picconia azorica and Erica azoricabut also the invasive Pittosporum undulatum (Borges et al. 2017). It has an altitudinal rangebetween 200 and 500 m.

Decline (observed)


Major Importance


Habitats:

Size:




Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:



Ecology

0.25 cm

1

No

This is a nocturnal fungivorous species that lives in thesoil. This is an univoltine species.

Threats

Ongoing



Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently, the rapid advance andexpansion of invasive plants species is the major threat (Borges et al. 2010), particularlyHedychium gardnerianum since this species is changing the habitat structure, namelydecreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spread of otherplants. Cryptomeria japonica wood & pulp plantations management can also be a problem.Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climatechange (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting and alteration). An additionalfuture threat will be the transformation of some of the exotic patches in pastures withfurther impacts on the population abundance.

278 Borges P et al






Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:

Conservation

In Place

- 1. Land/water protection- 1.1. Land/water protection - Site/area protection- 5. Law & policy- 5.1. Law & policy - Legislation- 5.2. Law & policy - Policies and regulations

Needed


The species is protected by regional law (RAA2012). Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Forest Reserve of Pico Alto inSta Maria island). Degraded habitats should be restored with the removal of invasivespecies. A strategy needs also to be developed to address the future threat by climatechange. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat inorder to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan isneeded and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Since this species is anicone of the relict native Azorean forests, it is suggested that some awareness measuresshould be put in practice.

Other

International

Less important


- 1.2. Research - Population size, distribution & trends- 1.3. Research - Life history & ecology- 2.2. Conservation Planning - Area-based Management Plan



Common names:

Taxonomic notes:


Reviewers:

Editor:

- 3.1. Monitoring - Population trends- 3.4. Monitoring - Habitat trends

Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find additional extant specimens in the Pico Alto surrounded areas ofexotic forest and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is alsonecessary an area-based management pland and a monitoring plan for the invertebratecommunity in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan.Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (seee.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Tarphius relictus Borges & Serrano, 2017

Species information


Taxonomy



The species belongs to the “tornvalli” complex and is characterized by(Borges et al. 2017): lateral margins of pronotum slightly arcuate and sub-parallel in theposterior half; setae less needle shaped; elytral nodules well developed with a patternformula 2, 3, 2, 1.


- Global

Fig. 32

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

280 Borges P et al



Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 51

Observed


200

300

Tarphius relictus is a single-island endemic species restricted toTerceira island (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2017), known in only one locality (Biscitodas Fontinhas), being a very rare species.


8

Decline (inferred)

This species occurs in a very small patch of exotic forest(dominated by Acacia spp.), located in Fontinhas (Terceira island). This is a very rarespecies with a reduced extent of occurrence. The species continues in decline due to

2

2

Figure 32.

Tarphius relictus from Biscoito das Fontinhas (Terceira, Azores) (Credit: Erno-Endre Gergely).Scale 0.5 mm.








Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


habitat loss and invasive plant species, being the most endangered Tarphius species in theAzores (Borges et al. 2017).

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

8

Decline (inferred)

The species occurs in a small, disturbed site covered by exotictrees in Terceira island. The AOO is clearly overestimated, being the AOO with exotic forestaround only 0.09 km². The species continues in decline due to reduced area of occupancyand the existence of invasive plant species, being the most endangered Tarphius speciesin the Azores (Borges et al. 2017).

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

1

The species occurs in one single patch of exoticforest in Terceira island very disturbed.

Decline (inferred)

One location with a area of 0.09 km² and invasive plants can drivethis species to extinction very fast.

Population

282 Borges P et al

Trend:


Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:



System:

Habitat specialist:




Decline (inferred)

The species is very rare and only occurs in a small patch of exoticforest (Acacia spp.) in Terceira island. This is the most endangered Tarphius species in theAzores, due to restricted area of distribution and the existence of invasive plant species(Borges et al. 2017).


No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

1

Decline (inferred)

The species is known from a single subpopulation and is very rareonly occuring in a small patch of exotic forest (Acacia spp.) in Terceira island. This is themost endangered Tarphius species in the Azores. The subpopulation may disappear ifdramatich changes occur, namely the spread of invasive plants changing the structure ofthe current habitat

Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

The species is very rare, and only occurs in a small, disturbed sitecovered by exotic trees (dominated by Acacia spp.) at low altitude, in Terceira island(Borges et al. 2017). It has an altitudinal range between 200 and 300 m.

Decline (observed)



Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:




Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:


Major Importance

- 16. Introduced vegetation

Ecology

0.31 cm

1

No

This is a nocturnal fungivorous species that lives in thesoil and in dead wood. This is an univoltine species.

Threats

Ongoing

- 2.1.2. Agriculture & aquaculture - Annual & perennial non-timber crops - Small-holderfarming


Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently, the rapid advance andexpansion of invasive plants species is the major threat (Borges et al. 2017), particularlyHedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum since are changing the habitatstructure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promotingthe spread of other plants. The management of the Acacia spp. patches could be also aproblem for the unique surviving subpopulation. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitatwill further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number of droughtsand habitat shifting and alteration).

Conservation

284 Borges P et al





In Place


Needed


Justification for conservation actions

The species is not protected by regional law. Its habitat is now included in the Natural Parkof Terceira (IUCN Type V level of protection). Degraded habitats should be restored and astrategy needs to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It isnecessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order tocontribute to the conservation of this species. We suggest as a possible additionalmeasure of conservation the translocation of individuals for the pristine patches of forest inthe high altitude sites of Terceira Island (i.e. ex.situ conservation). Since this species is anicone of the relict native Azorean forests, it is suggested that some awareness measuresshould be put in practice using for instance images from extreme macro (e.g. Fig. 33)

Figure 33.

Extreme macro image of Tarphius relictus from Biscoito das Fontinhas (Terceira, Azores)(Credit: Javier Torrent).








Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Common names:

Taxonomic notes:


Other

International

Less important



Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find additional extant specimens in some meddle elevation forestpatches in Terceira island and obtain information on population size, distribution andtrends. It is also necessary an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for theinvertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potentialrecovery plan.

Tarphius rufonodulosus Israelson, 1984

Species information


Taxonomy



This species is characterized by (Borges et al. 2017): body surfacesparingly covered with setae; external row of lateral margin of pronotum with about 30 shortand leaf shaped setae; elytrae with pale pattern enclosing nodules; elytral nodulesdeveloped with a pattern formula 1, 2/3, 2, 2, 1.


- Global

286 Borges P et al

Reviewers:

Editor:



Basis (narrative):



Fig. 34

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 52

Observed


200

500

2

2

Figure 34.

Tarphius rufonodulosus from Pico Alto (Santa Maria, Azores) (Credit: Erno-Endre Gergely).Scale 0.5 mm.








Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


Tarphius rufonodulosus is a single-island endemic species restrictedto Santa Maria island (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010, Borges et al. 2017), knownfrom Natural Forest Reserve of Pico Alto (Santa Maria).


28

Decline (inferred)

This species is particularly widespread, occurring in a small nativepatch of forest and in several exotic forests. The species continues in decline due to nativeforest destruction, Cryptomeria japonica pulp plantations management and due to habitatdegradation by the rapid advance of invasive plant species that are changing the habitat(Borges et al. 2017).

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

28

Decline (inferred)

The species occurs in native and exotic forests, included in aNatural Forest Reserve of S. Maria (Borges et al. 2017). The AOO is sligthy overestimated,being the AOO with native forest around 0.09 km². The species continues in decline due tonative forest destruction, Cryptomeria japonica pulp plantations management and due tohabitat degradation by the rapid advance of invasive plant speciesthat are changing thehabitat (Borges et al. 2017).

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

288 Borges P et al

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/tarphius-rufonodulosus-7696/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/tarphius-rufonodulosus-7696/



Trend:


Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:


Locations

4

The species occurs in several native forestpatches included in a Natural Forest Reserve and in exotic forest patches, in the SantaMaria island.

Decline (inferred)

In the last 50 years major alterations were made in the territorywith impacts in native habitats. Four locations that were highly impacted by invasive plantsin the last ten years and some of them may disappear as a consequence of transformationof patches of exotic forest into pastureland.

Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is abundant, particularly in the canopy of severalendemic trees in a patch of native forest of Santa Maria Island. A continuing decline in thenumber of mature individuals is inferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoinghabitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (namely Pittosporum undulatum) andthe Cryptomeria japonica pulp plantations management (Borges et al. 2017). Some of thepatches with exotic plants may disappear in near future for the implementation of pastureswith further impacts on the population abundance.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

4

Decline (inferred)

The species is abundant, particularly in the canopy of severalendemic trees in a patch of native forest of S. Maria Island. A continuing decline in thenumber of subpopulations is inferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoinghabitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (namely Pittosporum undulatum) andthe Cryptomeria japonica pulp plantations management (Borges et al. 2017). Some of the





System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:




subpopulations occurring in exotic forest may disappear in near future for theimplementation of pastures.

Unknown

Yes

Major land-use changes at all elevations in S. Mariaisland promoted the creation of small patches of native and exotic forest. The speciesoccurs in one natural forest fragment and small patches of exotic forest that are isolated ina sea of pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations that were highly impacted byinvasive plants in the last ten years.

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

The species is particularly abundant in the canopies of native trees(e.g. Picconia azorica) and under-bark of dead trees both in native and exotic forests(dominated by Acacia spp. and Cryptomeria japonica). This species has an altitudinalrange between 200 and 500 m.

Decline (observed)


Major Importance


Ecology

0.23 cm

1

No


290 Borges P et al

Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:






Threats

Ongoing



Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently, the rapid advance andexpansion of invasive plants species is the major threat (Borges et al. 2017), particularlyPittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum that ar changing the habitatstructure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promotingthe spread of other plants. The management of Cryptomeria plantations could be also aproblem for the subpopulations living in this habitat. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 thehabitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number ofdroughts and habitat shifting and alteration). An additional future threat will be thetransformation of some of the exotic patches in pastures with further impacts on thepopulation abundance.

Conservation

In Place


Needed




Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Common names:


The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Forest Reserve of Pico Alto in Sta Mariaisland). Degraded habitats should be restored with the removal of invasive species. Astrategy needs also to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It isnecessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order tocontribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed andanticipated to be developed during the coming years. Since this species is an icone of therelict native Azorean forests, it is suggested that some awareness measures should be putin practice.

Other

International

Less important



Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find additional extant specimens in more forest areas in S. Maria andobtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary amonitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order to contribute toperform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years using the BALAprotocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Tarphius serranoi Borges, 1991

Species information


292 Borges P et al

Taxonomic notes:


Reviewers:

Editor:

Taxonomy



This species is characterized by (Borges et al. 2017): body surfacecovered with more dense setae; external row of lateral margin of pronotum with 15-16almost leaf shaped setae; elytral nodules evanescent with a pattern formula 3/2, 3, 2, 0/1.


- Global

Fig. 35

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Figure 35.

Tarphius serranoi from Pico Alto (Santa Maria, Azores) (Credit: Erno-Endre Gergely). Scale0.5 mm.










Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 53

Observed


400

50

Tarphius serranoi is a single-island endemic species restricted toSanta Maria island (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2010, Borges et al. 2017), known fromNatural Forest Reserve of Pico Alto (S. Maria).


8

Decline (inferred)

This species occurs in a small patch of native forest (dominated byErica azorica and Picconia azorica) included in a Natural forest Reserve of Santa Mariaisland. This is a very rare species with a reduced extent of occurrence. The speciescontinues in decline due to habitat loss and the expansion of invasive plant species(Borges et al. 2017).

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

8

Decline (inferred)

The species occurs in a small patch of native forest, included in aNatural Forest Reserve of Santa Maria. The AOO is overestimated, since the area of itsremaining native habitat is now only around 0.09 km². The species continues in decline due

2

2

294 Borges P et al

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/tarphius-serranoi-12416/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/tarphius-serranoi-12416/

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:


Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


to reduced area of occupancy, habitat loss and the expansion of invasive plant species(Borges et al. 2017).

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

1

The species occurs in a single native forest patchincluded in the Natural Forest Reserve of Pico Alto, that has a very low Index of BioticIntegrity (Gaspar et al. 2011).

Decline (inferred)

One location that has a very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gasparet al. 2011) with a size of 0.09 km² and invasive plants can drive this species to extinctionvery fast.

Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is very rare and only occurs in a small patch of nativeforest in Santa Maria island. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals isinferred from monitoring protocols and from the ongoing habitat degradation due toinvasions of alien plants (namely Pittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum)and the Cryptomeria japonica management (Borges et al. 2017).


No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations



Trend:



System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:




1

Decline (inferred)

The species is very rare and only occurs in a small patch of nativeforest in Santa Maria island. A continuing decline in the habitat is inferred from monitoringschemes and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions of alien plants (namelyPittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum) and the Cryptomeria japonicamanagement (Borges et al. 2017). The remaining patch on native vegetation located in aNatural Forest Reserve (Pico Alto) has a very low Index of Biotic Integrity (Gaspar et al.2011). As a consequence the subpopulation may become extinct in short to mediumperiod.

Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

The species is very rare, and only occurs in a small patch of nativeforest, dominated by the native plantas Erica azorica, Morella faya and Picconia azoricaand the invasive Pittosporum undulatum in Santa Maria island (Borges et al. 2017). It hasan altitudinal range between 400 and 500 m.

Decline (observed)


Major Importance


Ecology

0.23 cm

1

No

This is a nocturnal fungivorous species that livesassociated with lichens in tree canopies, but also in the soil. This is an univoltine species.

296 Borges P et al

Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:







Threats

Ongoing



Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently, the rapid advance andexpansion of invasive plants species is the major threat (Borges et al. 2017), particularlyPittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum that are changing the habitatstructure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promotingthe spread of other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as aconsequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting andalteration).

Conservation

In Place


Needed


The species is protected by regional law (RAA2012). Its habitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Forest Reserve of Pico Alto inSta Maria island). Degraded habitats should be restored with the removal of invasive


Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Common names:

species. A strategy needs also to be developed to address the future threat by climatechange. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat inorder to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan isneeded and anticipated to be developed during the coming years. Since this species is anicone of the relict native Azorean forests, it is suggested that some awareness measuresshould be put in practice.

Other

International

Less important



Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find additional extant specimens in areas od exotic plantations aroundPico Alto (S. Maria) and obtain information on population size, distribution and trends. It isalso necessary an area-based management plan and a monitoring plan for the invertebratecommunity in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan.Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (seee.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Tarphius tornvalli Gillerfors, 1986

Species information


Taxonomy



298 Borges P et al

Taxonomic notes:


Reviewers:

Editor:

The species belongs to the “tornvalli” complex and is characterized by(Borges et al. 2017): lateral margins of pronotum arcuate since the anterior angles to theposterior ones, slightly sinuate before the hind angles; setae strongly needle-like; elytralnodules well developed with a pattern formula 2, 3, 2, 1.


- Global

Fig. 36

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Figure 36.

Tarphius tornvalli from Tronqueira (S. Miguel, Azores) (Credit: Erno-Endre Gergely). Scale 0.5mm.










Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Suppl. material 54

Observed

The extent of occurrence (EOO) is ca. 380 km and the maximum areaof occupancy (AOO) is 52 km .

500

1000

Tarphius tornvalli is a single-island endemic species restricted to SãoMiguel island (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2017), known from Natural Forest Reservesof Pico da Vara, Graminhais and Atalhada.


380

Decline (inferred)

This species occurs in native forests included in several NaturalForest Reserves of S. Miguel island. It also occurs in exotic forests (mainly dominated byCryptomeria japonica plantations). The Extent of Occurrence includes habitats notoccupied by this species. The species continues in decline due to native forest destruction,Cryptomeria japonica plantations management and due to habitat degradation by the rapidadvance of invasive plant species.

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

52

Decline (inferred)

The species occurs in native forests included in Natural ForestReserves of S. Miguel island. Possibly the AOO value is overestimated. The speciescontinues in decline due to native forest destruction, Cryptomeria japonica plantationsmanagement and due to habitat degradation by the rapid advance of invasive plantspecies.

No

2

2

300 Borges P et al

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/tarphius-tornvalli-6805/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/tarphius-tornvalli-6805/

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Trend:


Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

7

The species occurs in several native forestpatches included in Natural Forest Reserves and in Cryptomeria plantations, in the S.Miguel island.

Decline (inferred)

In the last 50 years major alterations were made in the territorywith impacts in native habitats. Seven locations that were highly impacted by invasiveplants in the last ten years. These invasive plants are changing the structure of the forestand the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil decreasing the quality of the habitat withimpacts on the species.

Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is abundant, particularly in the well preservedpatches of native forests of S. Miguel island. A continuing decline in the number of matureindividuals is inferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoing habitat degradationdue to invasions of alien plants (Hedychium gardnerianum) (Borges et al. 2017).


No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

7

Decline (inferred)






System:

Habitat specialist:




Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:



The species is abundant, particularly in the well preservedpatches of native forests of S. Miguel island. A continuing decline in the number ofsubpopulations is inferred from monitoring schemes and from the ongoing habitatdegradation due to invasions of alien plants (Hedychium gardnerianum) (Borges et al.2017).

Unknown

Yes

Major land-use changes at all elevations in S. Miguelisland promoted the creation of small patches of native and exotic forest. The speciesoccurs in three natural forest fragment and small patches of exotic forest that are isolated ina sea of pastures and Cryptomeria japonica plantations that were highly impacted byinvasive plants in the last ten years.

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

The species is particularly abundant, namely this species lives in thesoil litter and occuring in some of the larger and well preserved patches of native forests ofS. Miguel island. It also occurs under the bark of dead endemic and exotic trees (Borges etal. 2017). This species has an altitudinal range between 500 and 1000 m.

Decline (observed)


Major Importance


Ecology

0.27 cm

1

No

302 Borges P et al


Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:







Threats

Ongoing



Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently, the rapid advance andexpansion of invasive plants species is the major threat (Borges et al. 2017), particularlyHedychium gardnerianum and Pittosporum undulatum that are changing the habitatstructure, namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promotingthe spread of other plants. The management of Cryptomeria japonica plantations can bealso a problem for the subpopulations living in this habitat. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016the habitat will further decline as a consequence of climate change (increasing number ofdroughts and habitat shifting and alteration).

Conservation

In Place


Needed




Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:


Common names:


The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in regionally protected areas (Natural Forest Reserves of Pico da Vara,Graminhais and Atalhada, in S. Miguel island). Degraded habitats should be restored withthe removal of invasive species. A strategy needs also to be developed to address thefuture threat by climate change. It is necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebratecommunity in the habitat in order to contribute to the conservation of this species. A habitatmanagement plan is needed and anticipated to be developed during the coming years.Since this species is an icone of the relict native Azorean forests, it is suggested that someawareness measures should be put in practice.

Other

International

Less important



Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in additional areas in S. Miiguel namely in Lagoado Fogo and Lagoa das Sete Cidades and obtain information on population size,distribution and trends. It is also necessary a monitoring plan for the invertebratecommunity in the habitat in order to contribute to perform a species potential recovery plan.Monitoring every ten years using the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (seee.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Tarphius wollastoni Crotch, 1867

Species information


304 Borges P et al

Taxonomic notes:

Reviewers:

Editor:



Basis (narrative):



Range description:

EOO (km2):

Taxonomy



This was the first species of Tarphius described for the Azores. Thisspecies belongs to the “azoricus+wollastoni+depressus” complex and is characterized by(Borges et al. 2017): lateral margins of pronotum arcuate between the anterior and the hindangles; pronotal setae obtuse, rigid and decumbent elytral nodules well developed with apattern formula 3, 3, 2, 1.


- Global

Anja Danielczak

Axel Hochkirch

Geographic range


- Palearctic

Countries:

- Portugal

Suppl. material 55

Observed


800

1000

Tarphius wollastoni is a single-island endemic species restricted toFaial island (Azores, Portugal) (Borges et al. 2017), known from Natural Forest Reserve ofCaldeira do Faial.


8

2

2


http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/tarphius-wollastoni-7695/

http://azoresbioportal.uac.pt/azores-species/tarphius-wollastoni-7695/

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:


AOO (km2):

Trend:


Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:




Trend:


Decline (inferred)

This species is very rare, occurring in the native forest of Faialisland, with a reduced extent of occurrence. The species continues in decline due to habitatloss and the expansion of invasive plant species, namely Rubus ulmifolius and Hedychium gardnerianum (Borges et al. 2017).

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Area of occupancy

8

Decline (inferred)

The species occurs in a small patch of native forest, included in aNatural Forest Reserve of Faial. The AOO is overestimated, being the AOO with nativeforest only around 2 km². The species continues in decline due to reduced area ofoccupancy, habitat loss and the expansion of invasive plant species, namely Rubus ulmifolius and Hedychium gardnerianum (Borges et al. 2017).

No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Locations

1

A single fragment of native forest currently withless than 2 km .

Decline (inferred)

The expansion of invasive plants inside Caldeira do Faial ischanging the habitat structure decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil withimpacts on the species.

2

306 Borges P et al

Trend:


Basis for decline:

Causes ceased?:

Causes understood?:

Causes reversible?:



Trend:



System:

Habitat specialist:




Population

Decline (inferred)

The species is very rare and only occurs in a small patch of nativeforest in Faial island. A continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferredfrom monitoring schemes and from the ongoing habitat degradation due to invasions ofalien plants (namely Rubus ulmifolius and Hedychium gardnerianum) (Borges et al. 2017).


No

Yes

Unknown

Unknown

Subpopulations

1

Decline (inferred)

The species is very rare and only occurs in a small patch of nativeforest in Faial island. The expansion of invasive plants may lead to the extinction of thesingle subpopulation.

Unknown

Habitat

Terrestrial

Yes

The species is very rare, and only occurs in a small patch of nativeforest in Faial island, Caldeira do Faial (Borges et al. 2017). The species can also occurassociated with Cryptomeria japonica in a small patch near Caldeira do Faial. It has analtitudinal range between 800 and 1000 m.

Decline (observed)


Habitat importance:

Habitats:

Size:




Threat type:

Threats:

Threat type:

Threats:


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due to changes in habitat size andquality (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently the rapid advance of invasive plant species aredecreasing the quality of the habitat (Borges et al. 2017).

Major Importance


Ecology

0.31 cm

1

No

This is a nocturnal fungivorous species that lives in thesoil and under bark of endemic trees. This is an univoltine species.

Threats

Ongoing



Future


In the past, the species has probably strongly declined due tochanges in habitat size and quality (Triantis et al. 2010). Currently, the rapid advance andexpansion of invasive plants species is the major threat (Borges et al. 2017), particularlyHedychium gardnerianum and Rubus ulmifolius that are changing the habitat structure,namely decreasing the cover of bryophytes and ferns in the soil and promoting the spreadof other plants. Based on Ferreira et al. 2016 the habitat will further decline as aconsequence of climate change (increasing number of droughts and habitat shifting andalteration).

308 Borges P et al






Use type:


Ecosystem services:

Research needed:

Conservation

In Place


Needed


The species is not protected by regional law. Itshabitat is in a regionally protected area (Natural Reserve of Caldeira do Faial in Faialisland). Degraded habitats should be restored with the removal of invasive species. Astrategy needs also to be developed to address the future threat by climate change. It isnecessary a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order tocontribute to the conservation of this species. A habitat management plan is needed andanticipated to be developed during the coming years. Since this species is an icone of therelict native Azorean forests, it is suggested that some awareness measures should be putin practice.

Other

International

Less important




Justification for research needed: Further research is needed into its ecology and lifehistory in order to find extant specimens in additional areas with native forest aroundCaldeira do Faial (namely some small patches in water streams) and obtain information onpopulation size, distribution and trends. It is also necessary an area-based managementplan and a monitoring plan for the invertebrate community in the habitat in order tocontribute to perform a species potential recovery plan. Monitoring every ten years usingthe BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011).

Discussion

Most species assessed are single-island endemics with a very restricted distribution (66%occur in only one island) and having very small extent of occurrence (EOO) and area ofoccupancy (AOO). The grid cell used by IUCN will always overestimate the AOO in smallisland territories (Martín 2009, Cardoso et al. 2011). The real area of native forest patchesin which most of the Azorean beetles still persist is very small, i.e, in 14 out of the 20fragments the area is less than the 4 km corresponding to the IUCN grid cells. Therefore,the minimum AOO value as calculated by IUCN criteria in GeoCAT is already anoverestimate of the real area of occupancy for most species and we did not use speciesdistribution modelling as proposed by Cardoso et al. 2011. In fact, all the species restrictedto the unique patch of native forest from S. Maria island (Pico Alto) occupy an area of only0.09 km , which with the addition of high levels of habitat destruction by invasive plantsmakes this small forest patch a road to extinction (Triantis et al. 2010, Terzopoulou et al.2015).

Most of the species are now restricted to the Azorean network of protected areas (RAA2012), but also common to some of the species is the fragmentation of theirsubpopulations, a continuing decline in EOO, AOO, habitat quality, number of locations andsubpopulations caused by the ongoing threats from pasture intensification, forestry (Cryptomeria japonica pulp plantations management), invasive species (particularlyPittosporum undulatum and Hedychium gardnerianum) and future climatic changes(Ferreira et al. 2016). Therefore, we suggest as future measures of conservation: (1) along-term monitoring plan for the species; (2) control of invasive species; (3) species-specific conservation action plans for the most highly threatened species.

The Azorean 18 Natural Forest Reserves were monitored on 2000 and 2010 (see Borgeset al. 2016) and are expected to be monitored again in 2020. Monitoring every ten yearsusing the BALA protocol will inform about habitat quality (see e.g. Gaspar et al. 2011) andallow a better understand on the future trends in EOO, AOO, habitat quality, number oflocations and subpopulations for the Azorean endemic beetles.

2

2

310 Borges P et al

http://geocat.kew.org/

Acknowledgements

Many thanks to Pedro Cardoso that in role of Editor of the journal suggested manychanges that greatly improved the quality of the manuscript.

This study was conducted within the work of the IUCN-SSC Mid-Atlantic IslandInvertebrates Specialist Group (2015-2020). We are grateful for the financial support givenby the TOYOTA FUND for the IUCN assessments that inspired and were the basis for thecurrent work.

Data on species distribution and abundance come from databases gathered during theprojects: BALA project funded by Direcção Regional dos Recursos Florestais (Project17.01-080203) (1999-2004); FCT - PTDC/BIA-BEC/104571/2008 – “What can theMacaronesian islands teach us about speciation? A case study of Tarphius beetles andHipparchia butterflies” (2010-2012); FCT- PTDC/BIA-BEC/100182/2008 – “Predictingextinctions on islands: a multi-scale assessment” (2010-2013); DRCT- M2.1.2/I/027/2011 -Mapping coastal and marine biodiversity of the Azores - ATLANTIS-MAR (2012-2014);NETBIOME/0003/2011 - ISLAND-BIODIV: Understanding biodiversity dynamics in tropicaland subtropical islands as an aid to science based conservation action (2012-2015); LIFE-Project (Life12 bio7pt/000110). Restauro Ecológico e Conservação da Infra-EstruturaVerde Húmida Costeira da Praia da Vitória (LIFE-CWR) (2013-2018); FCT-PTDC/BIABIC/0054/2014– MACDIV “Macaronesian Islands as a testing ground to assessbiodiversity drivers at multiple scales” (2016-2019); EU Eurodyssee Project and EU -ERASMUS Training “Long Term Ecological Study of the Impacts of Climate Change in thenatural forest of Azores”; ERASMUS program in collaboration with El Escorial (Madrid,Spain).

This manuscript was also partly financed by Portuguese National Funds, through FCT –Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, within the project UID/BIA/00329/2013.

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• Martín J (2009) Are the IUCN standard home-range thresholds for species a goodindicator to prioritise conservation urgency in small islands? A case study in the CanaryIslands (Spain). Journal for Nature Conservation 17 (2): 87‑98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2008.10.001

• Meijer S, Whittaker R, Borges P (2011) The effects of land-use change on arthropodrichness and abundance on Santa Maria Island (Azores): unmanaged plantationsfavour endemic beetles. Journal of Insect Conservation 15: 505‑522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-010-9330-2

• Nardi G, Mico Balaguer E (2010) Crotchiella brachyptera. The IUCN Red List ofThreatened Species e.T157511A5085118 https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-1.RLTS.T157511A5085118.en.

• Nardi G, Mico E (2010) Alestrus dolosus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species2010 e.T157633A5113198 https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-1.RLTS.T157633A5113198.en

• Platia G, Borges PAV (2002) Description of a new species of Athous and record of thefemale of a A. azoricus Platia & Gudenzi from the Azores (Coleoptera: Elateridae).Elytron 16: 90‑94. URL: http://repositorio.uac.pt/bitstream/10400.3/1858/1/8_Platia%26Borges.pdf

• RAA (2012) Regime jurídico da conservação da natureza e da proteção dabiodiversidade - Decreto Legislativo Regional n.º 15/2012/A de 2 de Abril. RegiãoAutónoma dos Açores URL: https://dre.tretas.org/dre/290449/decreto-legislativo-regional-15-2012-A-de-2-de-abril

• Serrano AR, Borges PAV (1986) A new Calathus Bonelli from the Azores (Coleoptera,Carabidae). Boletim da Sociedade Portuguesa de Entomologia 3 (78): 1‑6. URL: http://repositorio.uac.pt/bitstream/10400.3/1901/1/1_Serrano_Borges_Calathus.pdf

• Stüben P (2004) Die Cryptorhynchinae der Azoren (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).Snudebiller 5: 34‑59. [In German].

• Terzopoulou S, Rigal F, Whittaker RJ, Borges PAV, Triantis KA (2015) Drivers ofextinction: the case of Azorean beetles. Biology Letters 11 (6): 20150273. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0273

• Triantis KA, Borges PAV, Ladle RJ, Hortal J, Cardoso P, Gaspar C, Dinis F, MendonçaE, Silveira LMA, Gabriel R, Melo C, Santos AMC, Amorim IR, Ribeiro SP, Serrano ARM,Quartau JA, Whittaker RJ (2010) Extinction debt on oceanic islands. Ecography 33:285‑294. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06203.x

314 Borges P et al

https://doi.org/10.3989/graellsia.2009.v65.i1.133

https://doi.org/10.3989/graellsia.2009.v65.i1.133

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2008.10.001

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2008.10.001

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-010-9330-2

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-010-9330-2

https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-1.RLTS.T157511A5085118.en.

https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-1.RLTS.T157511A5085118.en.

https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-1.RLTS.T157633A5113198.en

https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-1.RLTS.T157633A5113198.en

http://repositorio.uac.pt/bitstream/10400.3/1858/1/8_Platia%26Borges.pdf

http://repositorio.uac.pt/bitstream/10400.3/1858/1/8_Platia%26Borges.pdf

https://dre.tretas.org/dre/290449/decreto-legislativo-regional-15-2012-A-de-2-de-abril

https://dre.tretas.org/dre/290449/decreto-legislativo-regional-15-2012-A-de-2-de-abril

http://repositorio.uac.pt/bitstream/10400.3/1901/1/1_Serrano_Borges_Calathus.pdf

http://repositorio.uac.pt/bitstream/10400.3/1901/1/1_Serrano_Borges_Calathus.pdf

https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0273

https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0273

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06203.x

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Supplementary materials

Suppl. material 1: Species raw dat

Authors: Borges, P. A. V. & Lamelas-Lopez, L.Data type: Occurrences

Raw data on the species island distribution, AOO, EOO, altitudinal range andnumber of localities.

Filename: IUCN Data_Azores Forest Beetles.xlsx - Download file (14.76 kb)

Suppl. material 2: Bembidion derelictus map

Authors: Anja DanielczakData type: Map Google Earth

Distribution of Bembidion derelictusFilename: Bembidion_derelictus.kmz - Download file (8.54 kb)

Suppl. material 3: Bradycellus chavesi map


Distribution of Bradycellus chavesiFilename: Bradycellus_chavesi.kmz - Download file (6.44 kb)

Suppl. material 4: Calathus carvalhoi map


Distribution of Calathus carvalhoiFilename: Calathus_carvalhoi.kmz - Download file (10.01 kb)

Suppl. material 5: Calathus extensicollis map


Distribution of Calathus extensicollisFilename: Calathus_extensicollis.kmz - Download file (4.35 kb)

Suppl. material 6: Calathus lundbladi map


Distribution of Calathus lundbladiFilename: Calathus_lundbladi.kmz - Download file (17.78 kb)


https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e14557.suppl1



https://arpha.pensoft.net/getfile.php?filename=oo_140085.xlsx




https://arpha.pensoft.net/getfile.php?filename=oo_137790.kmz

















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Suppl. material 7: Calathus vicenteorum map


Distribution of Calathus vicenteorumFilename: Calathus_vicenteorum.kmz - Download file (6.18 kb)

Suppl. material 8: Cedrorum azoricus azoricus and Cedrorum azoricus caveirensismap


Distribution of Cedrorum azoricus azoricus and Cedrorum azoricus caveirensisFilename: Cedrorum_azoricus.kmz - Download file (42.48 kb)

Suppl. material 9: Olisthopus inclavatus map


Distribution of Olisthopus inclavatusFilename: Olisthopus_inclavatus.kmz - Download file (23.79 kb)

Suppl. material 10: Pseudanchomenus aptinoides map


Distribution of Pseudanchomenus aptinoidesFilename: Pseudanchomenus_aptinoides.kmz - Download file (23.09 kb)

Suppl. material 11: Trechus terrabravensis map


Distribution of Trechus terrabravensisFilename: Trechus_terrabravensis.kmz - Download file (21.21 kb)

Suppl. material 12: Trechus torretassoi map


Distribution of Trechus torretassoiFilename: Trechus_torretassoi.kmz - Download file (11.10 kb)

Suppl. material 13: Mniophilosoma obscurum map


Distribution of Mniophilosoma obscurumFilename: Mniophilosoma_obscurum.kmz - Download file (5.98 kb)

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Suppl. material 14: Atlantocis gillerforsi map


Distribution of Atlantocis gillerforsiFilename: Atlantocis_gillerforsi.kmz - Download file (56.67 kb)

Suppl. material 15: Calacalles azoricus map


Distribution of Calacalles azoricusFilename: Calacalles_azoricus.kmz - Download file (4.88 kb)

Suppl. material 16: Calacalles droueti map


Distribution of Calacalles drouetiFilename: Calacalles_droueti.kmz - Download file (24.56 kb)

Suppl. material 17: Calacalles subcarinatus map


Distribution of Calacalles subcarinatusFilename: Calacalles_subcarinatus.kmz - Download file (24.60 kb)

Suppl. material 18: Caulotrupis parvus map


Distribution of Caulotrupis parvusFilename: Caulotrupis_parvus.kmz - Download file (8.87 kb)

Suppl. material 19: Donus multifidus map


Distribution of Donus multifidusFilename: Donus_multifidus.kmz - Download file (6.52 kb)

Suppl. material 20: Drouetius azoricus map


Distribution of Drouetius azoricusFilename: Drouetius_azoricus.kmz - Download file (32.52 kb)






























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Suppl. material 21: Drouetius borgesi map


Distribution of Drouetius borgesiFilename: Drouetius_borgesi.kmz - Download file (60.76 kb)

Suppl. material 22: Drouetius oceanicus map


Distribution of Drouetius oceanicusFilename: Drouetius_oceanicus.kmz - Download file (16.93 kb)

Suppl. material 23: Neocnemis occidentalis map


Distribution of Neocnemis occidentalisFilename: Neocnemis_occidentalis.kmz - Download file (3.14 kb)

Suppl. material 24: Phloeosinus gillerforsi map


Distribution of Phloeosinus gillerforsiFilename: Phloeosinus_gillerforsi.kmz - Download file (49.30 kb)

Suppl. material 25: Pseudechinosoma nodosum map


Distribution of Pseudechinosoma nodosumFilename: Pseudechinosoma_nodosum.kmz - Download file (79.12 kb)

Suppl. material 26: Sphaericus velhocabrali map


Distribution of Sphaericus velhocabraliFilename: Sphaericus_velhocabrali.kmz - Download file (7.90 kb)

Suppl. material 27: Athous azoricus map


Distribution of Athous azoricusFilename: Athous_azoricus.kmz - Download file (32.87 kb)

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Suppl. material 28: Athous pomboi map


Distribution of Athous pomboiFilename: Athous_pomboi.kmz - Download file (19.35 kb)

Suppl. material 29: Heteroderes azoricus map


Distribution of Heteroderes azoricusFilename: Heteroderes_azoricus.kmz - Download file (42.36 kb)

Suppl. material 30: Cryptolestes azoricus map


Distribution of Cryptolestes azoricusFilename: Cryptolestes_azoricus.kmz - Download file (19.65 kb)

Suppl. material 31: Metophthalmus occidentalis map


Distribution of Metophthalmus occidentalisFilename: Metophthalmus_occidentalis.kmz - Download file (33.73 kb)

Suppl. material 32: Catops velhocabrali map


Distribution of Catops velhocabraliFilename: Aleochara_freyi.kmz - Download file (5.53 kb)

Suppl. material 33: Aleochara freyi map


Distribution of Aleochara freyiFilename: Aleochara_freyi.kmz - Download file (5.53 kb)

Suppl. material 34: Atheta azorica map


Distribution of Atheta azoricaFilename: Atheta_azorica.kmz - Download file (24.60 kb)






























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Suppl. material 35: Atheta caprariensis map


Distribution of Atheta caprariensisFilename: Atheta_caprariensis.kmz - Download file (14.91 kb)

Suppl. material 36: Atheta dryochares map


Distribution of Atheta dryocharesFilename: Atheta_dryochares.kmz - Download file (56.34 kb)

Suppl. material 37: Atheta floresensis map


Distribution of Atheta floresensisFilename: Atheta_floresensis.kmz - Download file (5.17 kb)

Suppl. material 38: Euconnus azoricus map


Distribution of Euconnus azoricusFilename: Euconnus_azoricus.kmz - Download file (6.50 kb)

Suppl. material 39: Geostiba melanocephala map


Distribution of Geostiba melanocephalaFilename: Geostiba_melanocephala.kmz - Download file (6.47 kb)

Suppl. material 40: Medon varamontis map


Distribution of Medon varamontisFilename: Medon_varamontis.kmz - Download file (5.53 kb)

Suppl. material 41: Phloeostiba azorica map


Distribution of Phloeostiba azoricaFilename: Phloeostiba_azorica.kmz - Download file (38.31 kb)

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Suppl. material 42: Phytosus schatzmayri map


Distribution of Phytosus schatzmayriFilename: Phytosus_schatzmayri.kmz - Download file (6.31 kb)

Suppl. material 43: Nesotes azoricus map


Distribution of Nesotes azoricusFilename: Nesotes_azoricus.kmz - Download file (10.73 kb)

Suppl. material 44: Tarphius acuminatus map


Distribution of Tarphius acuminatusFilename: Tarphius_acuminatus.kmz - Download file (8.10 kb)

Suppl. material 45: Tarphius azoricus map


Distribution of Tarphius azoricusFilename: Tarphius_azoricus.kmz - Download file (32.47 kb)

Suppl. material 46: Tarphius depressus map


Distribution of Tarphius depressusFilename: Tarphius_depressus.kmz - Download file (15.95 kb)

Suppl. material 47: Tarphius floresensis map


Distribution of Tarphius floresensisFilename: Tarphius_floresensis.kmz - Download file (34.95 kb)

Suppl. material 48: Tarphius furtadoi map


Distribution ofTarphius furtadoiFilename: Tarphius_furtadoi.kmz - Download file (32.46 kb)






























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Suppl. material 49: Tarphius gabrielae map


Distribution of Tarphius gabrielaeFilename: Tarphius_gabrielae.kmz - Download file (5.23 kb)

Suppl. material 50: Tarphius pomboi map


Distribution of Tarphius pomboiFilename: Tarphius_pomboi.kmz - Download file (12.79 kb)

Suppl. material 51: Tarphius relictus map


Distribution of Tarphius relictusFilename: Tarphius_relictus.kmz - Download file (7.10 kb)

Suppl. material 52: Tarphius rufonodulosus map


Distribution of Tarphius rufonodulosusFilename: Tarphius_rufonodulosus.kmz - Download file (22.81 kb)

Suppl. material 53: Tarphius serranoi map


Distribution of Tarphius serranoiFilename: Tarphius_serranoi.kmz - Download file (6.92 kb)

Suppl. material 54: Tarphius tornvalli map


Distribution of Tarphius tornvalliFilename: Tarphius_tornvalli.kmz - Download file (37.50 kb)

Suppl. material 55: Tarphius wollastoni map


Distribution of Tarphius wollastoniFilename: Tarphius_wollastoni.kmz - Download file (9.26 kb)

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conservation status of the forest beetles (insecta ...conservation status of the forest beetles...

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