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1/19

?

Gostkr 4 Bkstia` pudfiquk

^ragatia` Kstjkr H[CFA, 4>?< - 4>?8

La`huitk hu ljo`bkgk`t f'IB@I`trahultia` hk gissia`s hk skrvilk pudfil brotuitks ouprs

h'obk`ts ljorbs hk vk`tks

Biffks DA@@KO[

Altadrk 4>?8

Gahufk < = \trotbik, BTJ kt arbo`isotia` pudfiquks

^racksskur rcrk`t = Tk`ouh Haro`hku

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2/19

4

^rogdufkM'oi pris gks ca`ltia`s f'I`stitut `otia`of hk f'i`cargotia` babropjiquk kt carkstirk (IB@) ou gais

hk hlkgdrk 4>>9 paur fks oljkvkr k` mui` 4>?8, priahk huro`t foqukffk kst i`tkrvk`uk fo

tro`scargotia` hu gahfk la`agiquk todfi hkpuis pfus hk quoro`tk o`s.

FIB@ ovoit hm la``u lkttk hotk hks rvafutia`s la`lkptukffks, `atoggk`t fars hu possobk ou

`ugriquk ho`s fks o``ks :>?.

Fo tro`scargotia` la`agiquk i`tkrvk`uk lks hkr`irks o``ks, kt k`lark i`oljkvk, kst fk cruit hk

`agdrkux coltkurs, k`lark hiccilifks htkrgi`kr.

If sobit ili hodarhkr u`k hks colkttks hk lk ljo`bkgk`t tkffk quk m'oi pu f'adskrvkr ho`s u` prkgikr

tkgps k` to`t quk spkltotkur, puis k` to`t qu'oltkur, lks rfks sullkssics g'oyo`t pkrgis h'opprlikr

fks hiccrk`ts k`mkux hk lkttk rvafutia` lufturkffk.

Oi`si, m'oi h'odarh ossist oux o``a`lks tk`ho`t ou ljo`bkgk`t hk porohibgk toricoirk, puis, k` to`t

quk ljkc hk gorlj wkd skrvilks4, oi pfki`kgk`t portilip fvafutia` hk fautif i`cargotiquk qui

s'k` kst suivik 5 lkfo g'o pkrgis hk hkvi`kr fks la`taurs kt fo partk hu pralkssus hk la`huitk hu

ljo`bkgk`t gis k` uvrk f'IB@, quk fk prsk`t roppart ljkrljk rkla`stitukr.

?Houtrks ljo`bkgk`ts gomkurs pkuvk`t trk lits, `atoggk`t =

- fks hports sullkssics hks faloux porisik s vkrs \oi`t-Go`h (igprigkrik, si bk sali of, dautiquk bro`h pudfil)

- fks sumkts hk`skib`kgk`t (hpfolkgk`t hk flafk hk \oi `t-Go`h Gor`k-fo-Sof fk, gutuof is otia` ovklhoutrks todfi sskgk`ts kt ckrgkturk hk lylfks hk cargotia`)

- fks souts hk tklj`afabik (sotkff itk& ovia` puis hra`k, tjahafitks puis B^\, popikr, ugriquk pui s i`tkr`kt)- fks ljo`bkgk ts hk hirkltkurs kt hi vkrsks rarbo`isotia`s i`tkr`ks4^astk ou ski` hu skrvilk gorekti`b hk fo hi rkltia` laggkrliofk

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3/19

, titrk sudsihioirk, laggkrliofiskr ouprs hu bro`h pudfil hks lortks

tapabropjiquks qui fui vofk`t so rk`aggk. Xautkcais, lkttk oltivit paur fk bro`h pudfil o fa`btkgps

la`lkr`k gai`s hk 4>% hk sks rklkttks praprks. K` kcckt, fo ggk fabiquk laggkrliofk soppfiquoit

paur fk`skgdfk hks prahuits prackssia``kfs hk fIB@. Oi`si, fks laffkltivits kt gi`istrks oljktoik`t

ouprs hk fIB@ hks dosks hk ha``ks kt hks prkstotia`s ou ggk titrk quu`k k`trkprisk privk. Fo

hatotia` ottriduk o``ukffkgk`t larrkspa`hoit u`iqukgk`t oux oltivits hk rkljkrljk kt

k`skib`kgk`t, kt qukfquks gissia`s spliciquks tkffks quk fk`trktik` hu rskou bahsiquk kt rskou

hk ivkf fkgk`t.

[`k igparto`tk rcargk pafitiquk o t gisk k` pfolk portir hk 4>?>. Fk`skgdfk hks lrhits

gi`istrikfs hhis foljot hk ha``ks babropjiquks a`t t rkbraups ou ski` hu prabroggk ?;8

hk fo fai hk ci`o`lk, prabroggk oyo`t paur skufk oltia` fo hatotia` hk ca`ltia``kgk`t hk fIB@. Lk

rkbraupkgk`t o t gis k` pfolk oci` quk fIB@ histriduk brotuitkgk`t u`k fistk hk p rahuits paur fks

dksai`s hu skrvilk pudfil.

If la`vik`t hs fars h'kxogi`kr qukfs oltkurs a`t t saffilits, hk qukffk coa` o t brk fo la`huitk

hu ljo`bkgk`t, kt qukffks la`squk`lks lkfo o i`huit.

Fk daufkvkrskgk`t

Ou cif hks o`s kt hks vafutia`s tklj`afabiquks, fIB@ o hvkfapp u`k boggk hk prahuits

babropjiquks pkrgktto`t u` usobk `ugriquk hks i`cargotia`s bafalofisks. Lkttk vafutia` skst

coitk prabrkssivkgk`t ou cur kt gksurk quk fks strulturks pudfiquks squipoik`t hu` porl

i`cargotiquk ohquot. \kfa` u` usobk o`lik`, fo hatotia` hk ca`ltia``kgk`t `k lauvro`t pos fks

lats hk prahultia`, fIB@ colturoit fks rofisotia`s oux usobkrs, quifs saik`t au `a` ljorbs hu`k

gissia` hk skrvilk pudfil.

Farsquk hks k`trkprisks privks a`t pu bofkgk`t prahuirk hks ha``ks babropjiquks `ugriquks,

fIB@ o h coirk k` sartk quk so hatotia` hk ca`ltia``kgk`t `k sudvk`tia``k pos fks oltivits k`tro`t

ho`s fk ljogp la`lurrk`tikf. Lkttk prallupotia` s'kst trohuitk por u`k lagptodifit o`ofytiqukpaussk kt u` rk`carlkgk`t hu skrvilk laggkrliof, pkrgktto`t hk rkgpartkr hks gorljs pudfils.

Lk hkr`ikr pai`t o `lkssit hk rklrutkr hks la`troltukfs qui if o coffu ha``kr u`k prigk i`hivihukffk

i`hkxk sur fks vk`tks. Ar fo rcargk hk 4>?> o praca`hgk`t gahici lkttk oppraljk.

Fk hci kt fks la`troi`tks duhbtoirks

Laggk`t coirk k` sartk hk posskr hu` porohibgk hk la`skifs kt vk`tks lkfui hk skufs la`skifs, paur

lkrtoi`s prahuits kt lkrtoi`s usobkrs, taut k` la`skrvo`t lkfui hk la`skifs kt vk`tks paur houtrks

prahuits au usobkrs 1

, fui -ggk jritikr hu \krvilk babropjiquk hks

orgks lr ou hdut hk fo traisi gk rpudfiquk 5 vair o``kxk

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8

La`slutivkgk`t lk ljo`bkgk`t hk porohibgk, fk vafugk bfadof hk vk`tks o higi`u

glo`iqukgk`t, oi`si quk fks prigks hk vk`tk qui k` toik`t fk laraffoirk. Ho`s lk la`tkxtk,

laggk`t sotiscoirk fks dksai`s plu`ioirks hks obk`ts 1

If la`vik`t hk prliskr quk fo rcargk hk f'IB@ kst i`tkrvk`uk ho`s u` la`tkxtk hk rkstriltia`

b`rofk, la`slutivkgk`t fo lrisk hk 4>>:.

\aggoirkFks coits vus por fk hirkltkur laggkrliof ........................................................................................ ;

O``k 4>?>, surprisk ................................................................................................................. 3

O``k 4>??, `baliotia` ........................................................................................................... 2

O``k 4>?4, la`lrtisotia`........................................................................................................ :

I`cfuk`lk hk f Kurapk 1 .............................................................................................................?>

Oppraljk tklj iquk hk fo la`huitk hu ljo`bkgk`t ...................................................................?>

\otiscoltia`s pkrsa``kffks hk G. \o`hri` ...................................................................................??

O`ofysks ......................................................................................................................................?4

vafutia` hks api ia`s hks hiccrk`ts oltkurs la`lkr`o`t fo brotuit ...........................................?4

Coltkurs hk russitk ..................................................................................................................?8

Coidfkssks hk fo tro`scargotia` .................................................................................................?;

La`lfusia` ...................................................................................................................................?3

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;

Fks coits vus por fk hirkltkur laggkrliof;

^otrilk ^oris, hirkltkur b`rof (HB) hk fIB@ hk 4>>: 4>?4 cut foltkur lf hk lkttk rcargk,

russik brlk sa` pkrckltia``isgk. If orrivk fIB@ k` goi 4>>:, sait six gais oprs Gorl \o`hri`,hirkltkur laggkrliof (HL) hk fIB@ hk 4>>2 4>?>; 4>>2 5 k` kcckt, lkttk priahk o vu lratrk

ropihkgk`t fk ljiccrk hoccoirk hk fIB@ so`s quk lkfo `k puissk trk u`iqukgk`t fi fopporitia` hk

`auvkoux prahuits. Lkfo h`atk u`k joussk hks prix protiqus kt hu vafugk hk vk`tk. K` kcckt, lkso``ks sa`t lkffks hk fquipkgk`t ropihk hks laffkltivits falofks k` autifs hi`cargotia`

babropjiquk, kt hu` dksai` por la`squk`t lraisso`t k` dosks hk ha``ks hk f IB@.

Oi`si, hk pfus k` pfus hk pkrsa``ks la`stotoik`t hks prix fkvs, musqu hkvk`ir u`k prallupotia`

gomkurk hks ossaliotia`s hk laffkltivits2. ^orofffkgk`t, hiccrk`ts skrvilks hk ftot gkttoik`t k`

pfolk fkur praprk strulturk hi`cargotia` babropjiquk, rkha`ho`ts ovkl fIB@:.

Fk mubkgk`t hu HB kst i`h`iodfkgk`t quu`k portik hks oltivits laggkrliofkssa`t la`troirks ou

skrvilk pudfil. Hs hlkgdrk 4>>:, fk HL kstigk quk fo brotuit hk lkrtoi`s prahuits paurroit trk

portikffkgk`t ci`o`lk por u` boi` hk prahultivit. Fk HB pracitk hu` lohrobk pafitiquk igprlis, kt

pruhkggk`t kssoyk hk `k pos occkltkr fks vk`tks k` laurs por hks o``a`lks. Fo``k 4>>9 kst

fo``k hk goturotia` hu pramkt, kt fo``k 4>?> vait sauvrir fks `baliotia`s ovkl fks gi`istrks hk

tutkffk paur u` la`trot hAdmkltic hk ^krcargo`lk 4>?>-4>??? vait `otrk fo

prkgirk brotuit figitk fk`skib`kgk`t kt fo rkljkrljk 5 hk `agdrkusks hislussia`s sk`suivk`t

ou ski` hk fo hirkltia` laggkrliofk.

Duhbkts o``ukfs?>

;I`tkrvikw hu hirkltkur laggkrlio f gk`k k` gors 4>?8, lagpftk por f i`tkrvikw hu ljkc hu skrvilk

gorekti`b k` ovrif 4>?83Lkttk pasiti a` cut hck`huk colk fo vobuk Apk` Hoto, praguk por fohgi`i strotia` hk Dorole Adogo

2Hks laggu`ks, hks hportkgk`ts, hks rbia`s

:Fo la`lurrk`lk ho`s f k skltkur pri v pkut pkrgkttrk u`k soi `k gufotia` 5 k` rkvo`ljk ho`s f k skltkur pudf il,

ggk fks gouvoi sks ihks pkuvk t rkstkr sudvk`tia``ks pkrtk. [`k la`lk`trotia` hk fo prahultia` pkut

pkrgkttrk hks boi`s hljkffk.9jttp=//www.ib`.cr/pudfi lotia`s -hk-f-i b`/I`stitut/^udfilotia`s/LA /LA^4>?>Q4>?Kxtroit hu roppart holtivit 4>:, jttp=//www.ib`.cr/i`stitut/ropparts-holtivitk-fi b`

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3

O``k 4>?>, surprisk

^orofffkgk`t fo rcfkxia` sur fo valotia` hu` skrvilk pudfil tkf quk fIB@, a`t fiku higparto`tks

`baliotia`s. Hu`k port, ovkl fk`trkprisk Baabfk paur u`k vk`tk bfadofk hks ha``ks IB@??, houtrk

port, ovkl fks skrvilks tklj`iquks hk fIB@ paur fo gisk k` pfolk hu` `auvkou Bapartoif ?4

fjariza` 4>?45 lks hkux sumkts allupk`t u`k port igparto`tk hu tkgps hu HL. Fo `baliotia` ovkl fkgi`istrk hk tutkffk laggk`lk sur fo pistk hu`k brotuit hks lortks (prahuits \LO@??> paur fks lagptks pudf ils.

?4Fi`crostrulturk k` laurs hkvk`o`t vikiffisso`tk, kt fo la`lfusia` h'u` gorlj pudfil prk`o`t hkux o`s , if kst

opporu lksso irk o`tilipkr.???, kt k` kxlfuo`t 4>?> lousk

hu la`trot kxlkptia``kf la`lfu ovkl Baabfk, ou gagk`t a fo cuturk brotuit sdruitk kt coit

higi`ukr fks vk`tks k` ci` ho``k4;.

k`suitk, vio u`k rarbo`isotia` hk fIB@ k` ci` ho``k 4>?4, hk `oturk k`tro`kr fo

higi`utia` hu `agdrk hk pkrsa``ks d`cilio`t hk fo prigk 43 , kt pkrgktto`t k`

la`squk`lk hk goi`tk`ir u` `ivkou stodfk 5 u` vafugk gai`hrk to`t hsargois bofkgk`t

portob k`trk gai`s hk pkrsa``ks.

_uosigk`t oulu`k appasitia` `k sk go`ickstkro pfus oprs fk sgi`oirk haltadrk 4>??. Lkfo kst

gomaritoirkgk`t h u` daufkvkrskgk`t hks obk`lks falofks, k`bk`hr por fo cusia` hk fIB@ ovkl

fIC@, lkffk-li oyo`t to``a`lk torhivkgk`t paur fo``k 4>?4.

Igobk issuk hu sitk hk fo LBX hks auvrikrs htot hk f IB@42

^k`ho`t fo``k 4>??, fks obk`ts a`t ku houtrks sumkts hk

prallupotia`, ili hdot sur fks maurs hk lork`lk

O``k 4>?4, la`lrtisotia`

Dik` quk fo prkssk spliofisk oit vaqu fihk hivkrsks rkprisks ou hkr`ikr trigkstrk 4>??,

fi`lrhufitla`ti`uk hk rb`kr hdut 4>?4 colk u` tkf ljo`bkgk`t hk pafitiquk toricoirk. Lkrtoi`s

lfik`ts pudfils `k pkuvk`t sk rsauhrk y lrairk. Hoiffkurs fk pralkssus rktk`u oci` hk d`cilikr hk

lkttk brotuit kst osskz lagpfkxk4:. K` kcckt, fo `atia` hislrigi`o`tk kst lkffk hk gissia`s hk skrvilk

48@a` rkspklt k 4>?< brlk fo cusi a` k trk fIB@ kt f IC@

4;Fkssk`tikf hks vk`tks hk fIB@ sk coit k` ci` ho``k pri`lipofkgk`t, priahk a fks lfik`ts ci`issk`t hk

la`saggkr fks duhbkts43

Fks pkrsa``ks occkltks houtrks gissia`s oura`t u` goi`tik` hk rgu`rotia` prisk sur u` outrk duhbkt

quk fo prigk42jttp=//lbtbka.warhprks s.lag

4:Jars prapas i li , sk rcrkr ou sitk jttp=//prackss ia``kfs .ib`.cr

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9

pudfil so`s loroltrk i`hustrikf `i laggkrliof 5 ar hk `agdrkux K^LI au sy`hilots faloux a`t hks

oltivits gixtks. Fk hirkltkur laggkrliof ohmai`t ossist hk fo gissia` murihiquk hait hlihkr ou los

por los, taut k` saffilito`t fks obk`ts laggkrlioux. Lkux-li, dik` quk` la`cfit hi`trt - fkur admkltic

to`t o priari hkxlfurk u` goxigug hk d`cilioirks hk brotuit - , mauk`t fkur rfk hi`cargotia`

so`s ljkrljkr goi`tk`ir fkur partkckuiffk lfik`tfk. [` sk`tigk`t hk hivkrsia` por fo cusia` IB@-IC@

kccfkurk u` pku fks ksprits.

Fo ribukur hottridutia` hks brotuits skxpfiquk bofkgk`t por u`k pkur hu la`tk`tikux ou saggkt

hk fIB@. Hkux saurlks hk la`tkstotia` sa`t vitkr, hu`k port lkffk hk patk`tikfs arbo`isgks

fibidfks fo brotuit, gois surtaut lkffk go`o`t houtrks prahultkurs hk ha``ks babropjiquks

paur histarsia` hk fo la`lurrk`lk, `atoggk`t taus fks prahultkurs higobk s artja-rklticiks ha`t fk

gorlj skcca`hrk suditkgk`t. Lkttk saurlk kxtkr`k happasitia` ou ljo`bkgk`t toricoirk hk fIB@

kst ropihkgk`t `kutrofisk por fo``a`lk oux tkrgks hk foqukffk, hsargois, fIB@ prahuiroit u`k

portik hks artja-igobks 4>lg k` saus-troito`lk49.

Hs gors 4>?4, fk hirkltkur b`rof hk fIB@ kst rkgpfol por fk hirkltkur hk lodi`kt hk fo Gi`istrkhk flafabik, ha u`k la`ti`uit hk strotbik k`trk fks hkux go`hoturks. ^orofffkgk`t, fIB@

gahkr`isk sa` autif i`cargotiquk hk hiccusia` hk ha``ks por u`k `auvkffk vkrsia` hu Bapartoif fk

?> mui ffkt 4>?4.

K` ci` ho``k 4>?4, fk difo` hk fo brotuit `auvkffk hrkssk fk la`stot hu`k doissk pfus igparto`tk

quk prvuk hks vk`tks hks ha``ks hk gayk``k ljkffk kt hks ha``ks lortabropjiquks . FIB@

la`skrvk u`k strotbik hk vofarisotia` hks ha``ks prlisks kt spliciquksk` romusto`t sks vk`tks

vkrs fk priv kt k` ohopto`t sa` accrk.

Lk hkr ikr pai`t possk por trais oxks = auvkoux prahuits (artja 4>lg, pfo` IB@), laupfobk ha``ks/fabilikfs.

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?>

I`cfuk`lk hk fKurapk1

Fo hirkltivk I@\^ITK ha`t fks trovoux a`t laggk`l k` 4>>8, kt ohaptk k` 4>>2, o t tro`spask

k` hrait cro`ois k` altadrk 4>?>. Lkttk hirkltivk visk colifitkr folls oux ha``ks babropjiquks

k`trk ohgi`istrotia`s pudfiquks ou ski` hk f[`ia`. Lkfo possk k`trk outrks por fo lrotia` hu lohrk

gissia`s hk skrvilk pudfil so`s loroltrk i`hustrikf `i laggkrliof . Xautkcais, fk hirkltkur

laggkrliof kstigk quk lk lohrk `k larrkspa`h pos u`k hkgo`hk hks lfik`ts pudfils hk fIB@ 5 lkttk

pasitia` kst rkfotivkgk`t larradark por fk coidfk usobk hks wkd skrvilks k` 4>?4 qui sa`t

paurto`t fassoturk hk fo hirkltivk. If kstigk quk fo brotuit larrkspa`h u`k hgorljk k`tirkgk`t

pafitiquk so`s i`cfuk`lk kxtkr`k gomkurk.

Oppraljk tklj`iquk hk fo la`huitk hu ljo`bkgk`t

Hk qukffk go`irk fIB@ kst-if porvk`u odsardkr u`k trs igparto`tk oubgk`totia` hu `agdrk hk

saffilitotia`s, so`s surljorbkr paur outo`t fks o`lik`s obk`ts laggkrlioux 1

[`k la`hitia` `lkssoirk fo russitk hk fo hiccusia` brotuitk hk lkrtoi`s prahuits paur u` pudfil

prlis la`sistk k` fohoptotia` hk fautif i`cargotiquk hk hiccusia` hks ha``ks. K` kcckt, fks

kstigotia`s

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??

\otiscoltia`s pkrsa``kffks hk G. \o`hri`

vafutia` hk fo hirkltia` laggkrliofk vkrs u`k hirkltia` hk fo vofarisotia` kt hk fo

hiccusia`

Ci` hk fo hiljatagik k`trk hirkltia` laggkrliofk (HL) kt fo hirkltia` hk fo gotriskhauvrobk hfbuk hu skrvilk pudfil(HGA\^)

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?4

O`ofysks

vafutia` hks api`ia`s hks hiccrk`ts oltkurs la`lkr`o`t fo brotuit

Briffk hk fklturk hu bropjiquk

Fk gi`istrk hks ci`o`lks (Dkrly) kst p oss hu`k appasitia` fo gisk k` pfolk hk brotuits k` 4>>9

u`k pasitia` i`hiccrk`tk k` 4>?>, puis fbrkgk`t covarodfk k` 4>?4.

4>>9, ou ski` hk fIB@

Fk hirkltkur laggkrliof (HL) kt fk hirkltkur hk fo gotrisk hauvrobk hfbuk hu skrvilk pudfil

(HGA\^) a`t k` 4>>9 hks visia`s fbrkgk`t o`toba`istks quo`t oux gissia`s hk fIB@, ha u`k

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?, k`trk oltkurs i`stitutia``kfs

Fk gi`istrk hk flafabik (GKHHK) kt fk la`skif hohgi`istrotia` (LO) ohjrk`t prabrkssivkgk`t ou

pramkt, to`t quk lkfui-li `k psk pos sur fks ci`o`lks. Fk gi`istrk hks ci`o`lks (Dkrly) hkgkurk o

priari slkptiquk taut ljo`bkgk`t hk gahfk kt hautk hk f odsk lk hk rpkrlussia s ci`o`lirks.

Fars hk fo rcfkxia` ogarlk k` altadrk 4>?>, fks sy`hilots la`vkrbk`t prabrkssivkgk`t k`trk kux

vkrs u`k pasitia` hk sautik` vibifo`t fo strotbik hk fo hirkltia`. Fks obk`ts IB@ `a` igpolts

por fo prigk laggkrliofk sa`t o priari covarodfks lkttk strotbik arik`tk skrvilk pudfil. Fks obk`ts

hk fo hirkltia` laggkrliofk vaik`t surtaut fo higi`utia` hk fkur rkvk`u o``ukf (hk : ???, hgi`obk ou ski` hk fo hirkltia` laggkrliofk

Ou prkgikr skgkstrk, fk ljkc hu skrvilk hks vk`tks rossurk sks obk`ts vk`hkurs 5 fks obk`ts hks

outrks skrvilks hk fo hirkltia` laggkrliofk sk sovk`t gai`hrkgk`t igpolts.

Fo rkvofarisotia` trik``ofk hks sofoirks hk fo gomarit hks obk`ts la`troltukfs kst kssk`tikffkgk`t fik

oux vk`tks. Fi`trahultia` hk gissia`s hk skrvilk pudfil sur fkur tkgps ouporovo`t hhi fo vk`tk kt

fo rhultia` hk fkur ljogp hk ljofo`hisk sa`t gof pkruks. _ukfquks boro`tiks sa`t ha``ks so`s

prlisia` la`lrtk quo`t fkur gahofit hoppfilotia`. Lks i`lkrtituhks i`litk`t fks obk`ts la`lkr`s

rkhaudfkr horhkur fo vk`tk5 si fo prigk vk`oit trk prk``isk outo`t qukffk sait igparto`tk.

Ou skla`h skgkstrk, u` sumkt prallupk dkoulaup fks obk`ts hks vk`tks k` obk`lk rbia`ofk.

4>?4, fks lfik`ts

Fks obk`ts IB@ rossurs por fk rsuftot hk fo cusia` ovkl fIC@ sautik``k`t fo gisk k` pfolk hk fo

brotuit. Lkfo `lkssitk porofffkgk`t hk `agdrkusks kxpfilotia`s ouprs hks lfik`ts pudfils

d`cilio`t hk fo brotuit, qui k` sa`t rovis.

K` rkvo`ljk, hks strulturks poropudfiquks trauvk`t fks lritrks hopprliotia` cfaus kt sappask`tlkttk brotuit sfkltivk farsquifs hlauvrk`t quifs `k` sa`t pos d`cilioirks. Fks k`trkprisks

privks, oyo`t lroi`t hk suppartkr u` surlat k` roisa` hk fo brotuit ollarhk lkrtoi`s

d`cilioirks, la`stotk`t ovkl pfoisir quk fks prix `k prabrkssk`t pos, vairk quifs higi`uk`t

portikffkgk`t.

gi`utks) 5 fks obk ts hk fIC@ a`t sudi fks pfus brassks gahicilotia`s

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?8

K` cvrikr, fk `auvkou hirkltkur b`rof, issu hu lodi`kt hu gi`istrk hu GKHHK, oyo`t sautk`u fk

pramkt ou ski` hk lk lodi`kt, goi`tik`t fo strotbik hk rklk`trobk hk fIB@ ho`s fo spjrk hu skrvilk

pudfil. If fo`lk u` vostk ljo`tikr hk rcfkxia` kt hk rarbo`isotia`. , Hkvo`t fks i`lkrtituhks quk lkfo

k`bk`hrk, pkrsa` k k la`tkstk fo brotuit i `k fo rkvk`hiquk trap.

Fks `auvkoux gi`istrks (GKHHK, GOOC, ci`o`lks) ollkptk`t fo situotia` tkffk qukffk sk prsk`tk,taut k` go`icksto`t u`k fbrk hcio`lk quo`t fo prk``it ci`o`lirk hu hispasitic8?, kt hkgo`hk`t

houbgk`tkr fk toux hk rkvk`us praprks.

84

Coltkurs hk russitk

Fo``k 4>?>, huro`t foqukffk fk GKHHK, saus kxpkrtisk ci`o`lirk hu gi`istrk hks ci`o`lks,o ollkpt fk ljo`bkgk`t hk pafitiquk laggkrliofk, kst succisoggk`t fai` hk fo lrisk hk 4>>:

kt hks fkltia`s hk 4>?4.

Fks la`trk-pramkts hk lrotia` hk strulturk hi`cargotia`s babropjiquks (ou ski` hk

gi`istrks kt ho`s lkrtoi`ks rbia`s) a`t rk`hu lkssoirk u` rkpasitia` kgk t hk f IB@.

a Lks pramkts a`t pkrgis fo la`vkrbk`lk hk pkrlkptia` hu rfk hk fIB@ k`trk fo HGA\^

kt fo HL.

Fks quipks falofks hk fIB@ a`t sautk`u fk ljo`bkgk`t to`t quk fo rarbo`isotia` ovkl fIC@

goi`tk`oit fkurs kgpfais (fks la`troltukfs lroib`o`t fo pkrspkltivk hu ljgobk).

a Hivkrsia` por roppart ou sumkt hk tro`scargotia` hk gissia`s kt pkrtks hk

rgu`rotia`

8?

Fo boro`tik hk hatotia` fIB@ hisporoit ovkl fo cusia` (Fkx -duhbkt IB@ o fo boro`tik gois pos fk duhbkt kx-IC@, fo port larrkspa`ho`t hkr`ikr hlrait cartkgk`t).84

Kxtroit hu roppart holtivit 4>??

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?;

Coidfkssks hk fo tro`scargotia`

Kquifidrk ci`o`likrprloirk hk fIB@

a Kquifidrk goi`tk u por u` la`trot ovkl fk gi`istrk hk fo Hck`sk8?4, pos hk rkvofarisotia` hu pai`t

hi`hilk hks ca`ltia``oirks

a \uitk fo rarbo`isotia`, dkoulaup hobk`ts a`t soisi f allosia` hk quittkr fkur pastk

titrk hiffustrotia`, if la`vik`t hk `atkr quk fk skrvilk gorekti`b hk fIB@ o

u` tikrs hk sks pastks a` paurvus

Hks pramkts poropudfils la`lurrk ts

a Fk pramkt hA\G88sautk`u por Ktofod8;

a [` `agdrk igparto`t hk laffkltivits `k portobk`t pos fkurs ha``ks ovkl fIB@,

hkux o`s oprs fo gisk k` pfolk hk fo brotuit83

Fo guftipfilit hks outrks tro`scargotia`s hk fIB@ k` laurs bork`t fks obk`ts82kt fks

lfik`ts8:.

8?< -4>?3 kst trs ogditikux, vair

jttp=//www.ib`.cr/i`stitut/pudfilotia`s/la`trot-hadmkltics-pkrcargo`lk8:Dkoulaup hk lfi k`ts pudf ils prcrk`t poykr paur hks prahuits IB@ pfutt quk ljo `bkr fkurs jodituhks hk

trovoif k` posso`t oux prahuits brotuits.

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?3

La`lfusia`

Fo cusia` hk f'IB@ kt hk f'IC@, kt fo rarbo`isotia` hk lkttk `auvkffk strulturk o pkrgis h'ogai`hrir fks

hdots outaur hu ljo`bkgk`t hk porohibgk igpass oux obk`ts. Fkssk`tikf hu trovoif hktro`scargotia` kst harhrk i`stitutia``kf (ollarh hks hivkrs gi`istrks kt hu la`skif hohgi`istrotia`,

pralhurk hi`cargotia` hks rkprsk to`ts sy`hiloux).

Fks obk`ts sk sa`t ovrs kxtrgkgk`t cfkxidfks colk oux gahicilotia`s oppartks. Fk ljo`bkgk`t

holtivit skst coit `oturkffkgk`t hs qu'ifs a`t pu adtk`ir hks rpa`sks fkurs ottk`tks kt lroi`tks

i`hivihukffks, tk`o`t pri`lipofkgk`t ou goi`tik` hk fkur lohrk hk vik kt u` gai`hrk borh fkur

rgu`rotia`, f'kxlfusia` hk tautk lroi`tk la`lkr`o`t fo tk`kur hk fkurs gissia`s.

Xautkcais, lkttk rsifik`lk opporot hk laurtk hurk, kt u` gla`tk`tkgk`t bro`hisso`t sk coit sk`tir,

sk trohuiso`t k` portik por hks hports hk f'I`stitut. A` pkut ihk`ticikr trais saurlks hk

gla`tk`tkgk`t quk sa`t fks rgu`rotia`s, fo pkrtk hk rkprk (qukffk strotbik paur fIB@ 1) kt fk

lohrk hk trovoif (f iku higpfo`totia` hks durkoux kt saus-kcckltics).

Oi`si, ofars quk fo la`ma`lturk sk hurlit, f'IB@ sk trauvk oi`si la`cra`tk hk `auvkoux hcis, kt hait

k`lark coirk prkuvk h'i``avotia` kt hohoptotia` oci` h'y coirk colk.

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?2

O``kxk ? = rarbo`isotia`Arbo`ibroggk 4>>;

Laggkrlk kt skrvilkpudfil spors k` hkuxhirkltia`s

a HGA\^ kt HL

Arbo`ibroggk 4>?4

Fo HGA\^ pkrt hksoltivits ou pracit hk foHL

Fk hirkltkur hk foHGA\^ kst issu hk fIC@

a HGA\^ kstrk`aggk

H^\^ kt carkts Fo HL kst rk`aggkHHS

Arbo`ibroggk 4>?