bérard (ed) 2013 - martinique, terre amérindienne - ebook

7/22/2019 Brard (ed) 2013 - Martinique, terre Amrindienne - ebook

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tfrrf earngdnfggfugf epprbcof pkurndnscnpkngenrf

Aertngnquf,

Sbus ke dnrfctnbg df

@fgbt @rerd


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Sndfstbgf ZrfssE gfw mfgfretnbg bl Zu`knsongm

^bu erf rfedngm e lukk vfrsnbg bl tons `bbi, lbr lrff!

Tons `bbi ns pert bl tof Sndfstbgf f-kn`rery wofrf abst bl bur

pu`kncetnbgs erf lukky eccfssn`kf lbr lrff. Lbr eccfss tb abrf

lrff `bbis vnsnt8 www.sndfstbgf.cba/kn`rery

Dbwgkbed Lukk ZDL

\nsnt tof Sndfstbgf f-kn`rery tb `rbwsf bur f-`bbis. Lbr e angnaek

lff ybu ceg purcoesf e lukky lugctnbgek ZDL egd `y dbngm sb, ybu

ofkp tb iffp bur kn`rery ruggngm.

www.sndfstbgf.cba/kn`rery


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Sndfstbgf Zrfss

tfrrf earngdnfggf

Aertngnquf,


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tfrrf earngdnfggfugf epprbcof pkurndnscnpkngenrf

Aertngnquf,

Sbus ke dnrfctnbg df

@fgbt @rerd


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0:53 Ngdnvnduek eutobrs

Zu`knsofd `y Sndfstbgf Zrfss, Kfndfgwww.sndfstbgf.cba

NS@G >=?->:-??>:-56?-4

Zobtbmrepo cbvfr8 Pepoefk Coey | Drfeastnaf.cbaCbvfr dfsnmg8 I. ]fgtngi, Sndfstbgf ZrfssKey-but8 Z.C. veg ]bfrdfiba, Sndfstbgf Zrfss

Ke pu`kncetnbg df cft buvremf e t stgegcf mrcf eu sbutnfg du Angnstrfdf ke Cukturf, Dnrfctnbg df Eenrfs Cukturfkkfs df Aertngnquf


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Te`kf dfs aetnrfs

Zrlecf =

Kf Abt du Zrsndfgt df kEssbcnetnbg Buece`bu >

Kf Abt du Cbgsfrvetfur 55

NGTPBDVCTNBG 53

Corbgbkbmnf dfs bccupetnbgs prcbkba`nfggfs df ke Aertngnquf 56

Zer Hfeg-Znfrrf Mnreud

5rfZEPTNF 8 GBV\FKKFS DBGGFS SVP KE COPBGBKBMNFCVKTVPFKKF DF KBCCVZETNBG EAPNGDNFGGF DF KEAEPTNGNUVF

35

Ngtrbductnbg 33

Zer @fgbt @rerd

Kbccupetnbg sekedbdf cfdrbsegf egcnfggf df ke Aertngnquf (:-36: ep.H.-C.)

36

Zer @fgbt @rerd

Kf Dneaegt ft kbccupetnbg sekedbdf cfdrbsegf abyfggf-rcfgtf df keAertngnquf (36:-=:: ep. H.-C.)

65

Zer Emgs @frto ft @fgbt @rerd

Kbccupetnbg earngdnfggf du sntf df kEgsf Crbg. Gbuvfkkfs dbggfssur kf d`ut df ke poesf Trbuaessbdf fg Aertngnquf

3

Ngtrbductnbg >6

Zer @fgbt @rerd

Vgf tporbstretnmreponf fg Anknfu Ercobkbmnquf ke Aertngnquf >=Zer Mrerd \frgft, Muy Infllfr ft Hfeg-Zeuk Peygek


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Coessfs, Zcofs ft Cepturfs dfs leugfs vfrt`rfs ft crustecfs dfs bccu-petnbgs ctnrfs creanqufs rcfgtfs du sud df ke Aertngnquf (Sekedbdfrcfgt, \ snckf ep. H.-C. Suezbdf rcfgt, _\ ep. H. C.)

556

Zer Segdrngf Mrbuerd

Kfxpkbntetnbg dfs cbqunkkemfs per kfs pbpuketnbgs prcbkba`nfggfs dfke Aertngnquf

55

Zer Cornstneg Stbuvfgbt

3afZEPTNF 8 \FPS VGF \NSNBG EPCONZKNUVF 0:5

Ngtrbductnbg 0:3

Zer @fgbt @rerd

Keppbrt df aetnrfs kntonqufs fxbmgfs degs ke Aertngnquf prcbkba-

`nfggf ft kfur pkecf degs kfs rsfeux dcoegmfs prcbkba nfgs eu sfngdf ke Cere`f

0:6

Zer Sf`estneeg Ignppfg`frm

Kf sntf df ke merf aerntnaf df @essf-Tfrrf (Muedfkbupf) 003

Zer obaes Pbabg, Zescek @frtreg, Znfrrnci Lbur, AettonfuOnkdf`regd ft Getoeknf Sfrregd

Kbccupetnbg sekedbdf egcnfggf df ke Dbangnquf, vfrs ugf gbuvfkkfdlngntnbg dfs tfrrntbnrfs cukturfks prcbkba`nfgs

036

per @fgbt @rerd

CBGCKVSNBG 04=

Df kercobkbmnf prcbkba`nfggf eu petrnabngf egtnkkens 04>

Zer @fgbt @rerd

@n`knbmreponf 065

Zrsfgtetnbg dfs eutfurs 0=6


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=

ZPLECF

Zfgdegt dnx egs, kf Sfrvncf Pmnbgek df kErcobkbmnf df ke Dnrfctnbg Pmnbgekfdfs Ellenrfs Cukturfkkfs e sbutfgu lngegcnrfafgt ft pertncnp eu prbhft cbkkfctnl dfrfcofrcof kf Gbkntonquf df ke Aertngnquf degs sbg cbgtfxtf egtnkkens .

Cf prbmreaaf, dnrnm de`brd per Hfeg-Znfrrf Mnreud, ekbrs cbgsfrvetfur r-mnbgek df kercobkbmnf df ke Aertngnquf, puns per @fgbt @rerd, e ldr df 5>>6 0::6, kfgsfa`kf dfs cofrcofurs ft tudnegts trevenkkegt fg ercobkbmnf prcb-kba`nfggf fg Aertngnquf, pfrafttegt engsn df ressfa`kfr dfs abyfgs ouaengs,df auktnpknfr kfs bpretnbgs df tfrreng ft df cbglrbgtfr kfs rlkfxnbgs.

Kfs rsuktets scnfgtnlnqufs b`tfgus degs cf cedrf bgt dh dbgg knfu df gba-`rfusfs pu`kncetnbgs scnfgtnlnqufs df oeut gnvfeu. Nks bgt eussn pfrans dte`knrugf n`knbmreponf trs cbapktf df kercobkbmnf dfs Egtnkkfs qun fst dnspbgn`kf surNgtfrgft kedrfssf www.buece`bu.brm.

Kf prbhft cbkkfctnl df rfcofrcof e pfrans kf rfgbuvfkkfafgt dfs cbggenssegcfsft df gba`rfusfs evegcfs pbur cerectrnsfr pkus prcnsafgt kfs lecns crean-qufs prcbkba`nfgs qun sf sbgt succds sur kkf, prcnsfr ke corbgbkbmnf df kbc-cupetnbg earngdnfggf, anfux dlngnr kfs abdfs df vnf dfs egcnfgs earngdnfgs,sensnr kfur rfketnbg eux dnvfrs anknfux geturfks ngsukenrfs ft anfux cbaprfgdrfkngsfrtnbg df ke Aertngnquf earngdnfggf degs kerconpfk dfs Egtnkkfs. Cf sbgt cfsgbuvfeux ecquns df kercobkbmnf qun bgt t prsfgts kbccesnbg du sangenrf Aertngnquf, tfrrf earngdnfggf qun sfst tfgu Lbrt-df-Lregcf kfs ? ft > aen

0::= ft qun sbgt euhburdoun pu`kns degs kf prsfgt buvremf.Kf sbckf df cbggenssegcfs ecqunsfs eu cburs du prbhft cbkkfctnl fst ugf fxcfk-kfgtf esf pbur kf dvfkbppfafgt df gbuvfkkfs rfcofrcofs qun settecofgt tbuhburs ellngfr gbtrf cbaprofgsnbg dfs sbcnts prcbkba`nfggfs df ke Aertngnquf ftpkus kermfafgt dfs Zftntfs Egtnkkfs.

Ofgrn AercofsnCbgsfrvetfur rmnbgek df kercobkbmnf df ke Aertngnquf


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>

KFABTDVZPSNDFGTDFKESSBCNETNBG BVECE@BV

Kessbcnetnbg Buece`bu , ke lbns sbutnfg dfs cofrcofurs ft dnllusfur euprs dupu`knc dfs sevbnrs prbdunts per cfs dfrgnfrs, e t ofurfusf deccufnkknr kf pu`kncaertngnquens kfs ? ft > aen 0::= pbur dfux hburgfs cbgsecrfs eux prfanfrs bc-cupegts df gbtrf kf.

Kf sangenrf Aertngnquf 8 tfrrf earngdnfggf e cbgstntu ug dbu`kf rftbursur kf pess, `nfg fgtfgdu, ug rftbur sur kf pess earngdnfg df gbtrf kf ft pkuskermfafgt df kerconpfk egtnkkens, aens eussn ug rftbur sur konstbnrf dfs cbgcfptnbgsknfs ktudf df cf pess. Df ke aaf lebg, cft buvremf cbgstntuf ugf dbu`kfprbafssf devfgnr. Nk aerquf tbut de`brd ug gbuvfeu tfaps df ke rfcofrcof er-

cobkbmnquf cerectrns per kf dvfkbppfafgt dugf epprbcof pkurndnscnpkngenrf,qun sfukf pfut gbus pfrafttrf df rfgdrf cbaptf df ke cbapkfxnt dfs sbcnts ea-rngdnfggfs egtnkkensfs. Fgsuntf, cft buvremf vfut trf, per ke dnllusnbg ug kermfpu`knc dugf cbggenssegcf fg poesf evfc kfs dfrgnrfs evegcfs df ke rfcofrcof,kf pbngt df dpert dug rfgbuvfeu dfs knfgs qun dbnvfgt fxnstfr fgtrf kfs scnfgtn-lnqufs ft ke pbpuketnbg. Kf rfglbrcfafgt df cf knfg fst ug dfs kafgts qun gbuspfrafttrbgt dngtmrfr kf pess earngdnfg df gbs tfrrntbnrfs gbtrf petrnabngfcbaaug. Cfst pbur rpbgdrf cft b`hfctnl quf gbus evbgs dcnd df pu`knfr re-pndfafgt ug buvremf rfprfgegt kfgsfa`kf dfs cbaaugncetnbgs qun bgt t pr-sfgtfs eu cburs du sangenrf.

Fg cfke, cf vbkuaf gbus sfa`kfgt rpbgdrf ugf dfaegdf rfkkf aerquf perug ngtrt cbkkfctnl mregdnssegt. Vg ngtrt mregdnssegt vnsn`kf degs ke auktnpknce-tnbg, fg Aertngnquf, dfs prbhfts cbgcfrgegt kfs Earngdnfgs, ug ngtrt qubgt`nfg cbaprns gbs pertfgenrfs 8 kf Cbgsfnk Mgrek df ke Aertngnquf, kVgnvfrsntdfs Egtnkkfs ft df ke Muyegf ft ke DPEC Aertngnquf. Cfst eussn mrcf fux qufcft buvremf fxnstf, qunks fg sbnfgt rfafrcns.

Nk gf gbus rfstf pkus aengtfgegt qu fsprfr quf gbtrf trevenk cbrrfspbgdf vbs ettfgtfs.

@rerd @fgbnt

Zrsndfgt df kessbcnetnbg BVECE@BV


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55

KFABTDVCBGSFP\ETFVP

Kf ausf dercobkbmnf prcbkba`nfggf ft df pronstbnrf cbgsfrvf ft dnllusf df-puns kfs eggfs =:, kf petrnabngf kf pkus egcnfg df ke Aertngnquf. Cfst gbtrfonstbnrf earngdnfggf vnfnkkf dfgvnrbg 4::: egs qun fst prbpbsf eux vnsntfurs trevfrs fgvnrbg 0::: b`hfts. Kf ausf pbssdf engsn ke cbkkfctnbg ke pkus rncofft ke pkus dnvfrsnlnf dfs Zftntfs Egtnkkfs, gbteaafgt pbur ke prnbdf du Nfr eu\NN nafep. H.-C. Cfttf cbkkfctnbg ercobkbmnquf e t fgrnconf db`hfts ftogbmre-ponqufs df Dbangnquf ft df Muyegf ft dug fgsfa`kf dbrlvrfrnf pronstbrnqufdf Cbkba`nf. Cft eppbrt e t vbuku pbur anfux cfgtrfr kf ausf sur kobaafearngdnfg.

Cft b`hfctnl mundf ke gbuvfkkf qunpf du ausf dfpuns ugf qungzengf deggfsft keagf lenrf df sfs cbglrfgcfs ft sangenrfs kfs suppbrts dugf rlkfxnbg pku-rnfkkf sur gbtrf pfupkf prfanfr . Kf prbdunt df cfttf gbuvfkkf dygeanquf e t fg0::4 ke pu`kncetnbg dug buvremf df rlrfgcf8 Kfs Cnvnknsetnbgs Earngdnfggfsdfs Zftntfs Egtnkkfs rdnt fg 0::?.

Cfst cfttf epprbcof pkurndnscnpkngenrf quf gbus dvfkbppbgs dfpuns, per gbtrfanssnbg df adnetnsetnbg df cf abgdf earngdnfg (vnsntfs cbaafgtfs fxpbsn-tnbgs cbglrfgcfs hfux veknsf pdembmnquf pu`kncetnbgs ftc.).

Cfttf egekysf systanquf df kobaaf earngdnfg gbus e mund degs ke cbgcfp-tnbg ft ke rdectnbg df gbtrf Zrbhft Scnfgtnlnquf ft Cukturfk pbur ke cretnbg prb-coengf du Ausf dfs Cnvnknsetnbgs Earngdnfggfs dfs Zftntfs Egtnkkfs (AVCEZE).

Gbus evbgs t pbur cfke eccbapemg dug cbant scnfgtnlnquf pkurnfk 8 @fgbt@FPEPD (ercobkbmuf), Oknegf OEVSEG (onstbrnfggf, prblfssfur du sfr-vncf ducetnl), Zonknppf HBSFZO (`btegnstf), Bknvnfr IE^SFP (Ercobkbmuf),onfrry KFEGM (egtorbpbkbmuf), Hfeg-Znfrrf SENGBG (onstbrnfg) KfDnrfctfur Pmnbgek dfs Ellenrfs Cukturfkkfs.

Cfst dbgc, evfc fgtobusnesaf quf kqunpf du ausf e prns pert ke reknsetnbgdf cf sangenrf ngtfrgetnbgek Aertngnquf, tfrrf earngdnfggf, fg aen 0::=.

Gbus sbaafs trs ngtrfsss per kfs rsuktets dfs treveux dfs cofrcofurs qunprsfgtfgt kfs gbuvfkkfs dbggfs prbpbsfs per kercobkbmnf, tegt degs kf cedrfdf ke corbgbkbmnf cukturfkkf quf degs kf cedrf df kfgvnrbggfafgt, ft qun tfgtfgt,

per ktudf dfs coegmfs, df dbggfr ugf vnsnbg erconpknquf df gbtrf pfupkfprfanfr .Gbus sbuoentbgs quf cfs treveux euhburdoun, prbpbss eu pu`knc kf pkus

kermf, punssfgt cbgtrn`ufr ugf afnkkfurf cbggenssegcf df gbtrf pess ft dfgbus- aafs.

Ccnkf CfkaeCbgsfrvetfur fg cofl

Ausf dpertfafgtek dercobkbmnf prcbkba`nfggf, Aertngnquf


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Ngtrbductnbg


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56

COPBGBKBMNFDFSBCCVZETNBGSZPCBKBA@NFGGFSDFKEAEPTNGNUVF

Zer Hfeg-Znfrrf Mnreud

Kb`hfctnl du prbhft cbkkfctnl df rfcofrcof kf Gbkntonquf df ke Aertngnquf degs kfcbgtfxtf egtnkkens , cr fg 5>>6, tent df dbtfr ke Aertngnquf dug cedrf corbgb-kbmnquf, cukturfk ft fgvnrbggfafgtek pbur kfs cnvnknsetnbgs qun sf sbgt dvfkbppfssur sbg sbk evegt kfs prfanfrs cbgtects evfc kfs Furbpfgs. Eussn, kf prb`kaf df

ke detetnbg dfs sntfs prcbkba`nfgs ft df kfur dsnmgetnbg corbgb-cukturfkkf e tugf prbccupetnbg prnbrntenrf.

5 Vgf ckessnlncetnbg tredntnbggfkkf

Dh, fg 5>>0, Lregbns Pbdrnmufz-Kbu`ft, degs ug ertnckf peru degs ke rfvufCern`fge5, e lent ugf tfgtetnvf pbur prbpbsfr ugf ckessnlncetnbg dfs cukturfs eg-tnkkensf spcnlnquf eu dbaengf ngsukenrf rfgbuvfkegt kfs epprbcofs tredntnbggfkkfsdfs cofrcofurs earncengs, tbut fg rfstegt kn eux ckessnlncetnbgs fg vnmufur dfkercobkbmnf dfs Earnqufs. Cfpfgdegt, cfttf gbuvfkkf gbafgcketurf, fg pertnfbrnmngekf, gf cbrrfspbgdegt pes eux pretnqufs df ke cbaaugeut dfs ercobkbmufsdf ke Cere`f, ge pes vrnte`kfafgt lent cbkf. E cf abafgt, pfrsnstent df lebgtrs prmgegtf, degs ke sbcnt cnvnkf , cfst--dnrf eussn `nfg degs kf kermf pu`kncquf cofz kfs rudnts bu kfs fgsfnmgegts fg onstbnrf ft mbmreponf, ugf gbafgcketu-rf tredntnbggfkkf, faprfngtf df cbgcfptnbgs trs tredntnbggfkkfs ft fg dnscbrdegcfevfc ke reknt ercobkbmnquf ft onstbrnquf tfkkf quf ke dcrnvent ke cbaaugeutercobkbmnquf ngtfrgetnbgekf. Ke ckessnlncetnbg tredntnbggfkkf dfs cukturfs prcb-kba`nfggfs trbuvf sbg brnmngf degs kfs crnts dfs pnbggnfrs df kercobkbmnf dfs

Egtnkkfs lregensf, prbmrfssnvfafgt lnxf fg Aertngnquf ke suntf dfs ertnckfs ftbuvremfs prbdunts fg 5>36 kbccesnbg df ke ck`retnbg du trbnsnaf cfgtfgenrfdf ke cbkbgnsetnbg.

Cfs ckessnlncetnbgs ft dgbangetnbgs rfpbsfgt kpbquf sur ug lbgd onstbrnb-mreponquf cbaaug ke Muedfkbupf ft ke Aertngnquf ft punsfgt kfurs sburcfsdegs kfs tfxtfs dfs corbgnqufurs. Fkkfs bgt t ke`brfs pertnr df kfur kfcturfettfgtnvf aens b tent e`sfgtf ugf vrnte`kf crntnquf onstbrnquf. Kfs prfanrfsdaercofs ercobkbmnqufs dbgt nk gfst pes kf knfu ncn df crntnqufr ke pfrtngfg-cf atobdbkbmnquf vbgt settecofr rettecofr tfk typf dbutnk bu df ab`nknfreux dnllrfgtfs vemufs df pfupkfafgt nglrfs df kngtfrprtetnbg dfs tfxtfs dfcorbgnqufurs.

5 Zbur ugf epprbcof spcnstquf df kercobkbmnf dfs Egtnkkfs, degs kf cedrf df ke zbgf cern-`fggf, Cern`fge, 0, 5>>0, p. 5:6-506.


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5< ,

Vg dfs espfcts kfs pkus surprfgegts degs ke daercof dfs onstbrnfgs ft dfs prf-anfrs ercobkbmufs fst kfur ea`ntnbg dngtfrprtfr konstbnrf mkbèkf ft ngtmrekf dupfupkfafgt pertnr df kmfgdfs lbgdetrncfs rfcufnkknfs per kfs corbgnqufurs euprsdfs ngdnmgfs, pkus df 56: egs eprs kf dùt df kfurs cbgtects evfc kfs pbpuketnbgsfurbpfggfs. Nks gf tnfggfgt pes cbaptf df ktet dessfrvnssfafgt ft deccuktu-

retnbg dh `nfg te`kn df cfs pbpuketnbgs vnctnafs dug strfss cukturfk dbgt bg edu aek pfrcfvbnr keapkfur. Ft aaf sn ke aabnrf dfs pfupkfs segs crnturf, ftdbgc segs onstbnrf , fst pkus kbgmuf quf cfkkf dfs pfupkfs df konstbnrf, nk tentquegd aaf nkkusbnrf deccbrdfr ugf crdn`nknt evfumkf sur ugf onstbnrf kbgmuf dfpkus df 0: snckfs bg kf cbgstetfre pkus terd, degs kfs eggfs 5>3=, Hfeg-@eptnstf Dfkewerdf pu`knent kf prfanfr, degs sbg tudf cbgse-crf eux sntfs df kEgsf @fkkfvnkkf, eu Zrcofur, ft du Aernmbt, ug fssen df corb-gbkbmnf. E pertnr df ke prsfgcf kEgsf @fkkfvnkkf df dfux typfs df pbtfrnfs dfqueknt ft epperfaafgt, dbrnmngf dnllrfgtf , nk dnstngmuent dfux cukturfs. Vg

dfs dfux typfs (cfkun dfs pkus `fkkfs pncfs df kEgsf @fkkfvnkkf ) trbuvent sbgqunvekfgt eu Aernmbt b nk tent dnllrfgcn df pbtfrnfs abngs lngfs essbcnfs ug aetrnfk kntonquf (oecofs eaymdekbdfs) rfkfvegt dug trbnsnaf fgsfa`kf. Nkpbuvent engsn cbgckurf kfxnstfgcf df trbns cukturfs dnllrfgtfs ke Aertngnquf. Fgsngspnregt du Aegufk dErcobkbmnf earncengf df Ofgrn @fucoet (5>50), sfukknvrf, kpbquf, rdnm fg lregens prsfgtfr ugf sygtosf dfs cbggenssegcfs surkfs pbpuketnbgs prcbkba`nfggfs ft e`brdegt kfs Egtnkkfs, nk kfs queknlnent engsn 8

de`brd ugf prfanrf pbpuketnbg dbrnmngf bu dnglkufgcf Mufterfs, pfupkfbrnmngenrf dEarnquf cfgtrekf pkus prcnsafgt du Cbste-Pnce dbgt kfstfcognqufs eurenfgt t epperfgts cfkkf du mrbupf ftognquf dfs Con`coes 9

kfur eurenfgt succd kfs Ereweis bu egbs, cbgquregts ft ... dfstructfursdugf cnvnknsetnbg suprnfurf ke kfur 9kfs Egtnkkfs eurenfgt, fglng, t fgveonfs per kfs Cere`fs dbgt ke cukturf tentfgcbrf pkus adnbcrf.

Cfs dfux pfupkfs sfrenfgt brnmngenrfs du èssng df kEaezbgf ft kfurs cbgqutfs suc-

cfssnvfs eurenfgt t ke ceusf dugf dcedfgcf crbnssegtf. Segs dbutf trbuvfrent-bg cofz kfs

Tegbs, surtbut degs kf trevenk df ke pnfrrf, ugf nantetnbg essfz oe`nkf, qubnquf gbg mekf,

dfs tfcognqufs df kfurs prdcfssfurs. Uuegt eux Cere`fs, nks eurenfgt ecofv kf rftbur

ke èrèrnf fg reafgegt tbut kfur gnvfeu .

Kf dnscburs df Hfeg-@eptnstf Dfkewerdf sngscrnt engsn degs ke tredntnbg dng-tfrprtetnbg dfs crnts dfs corbgnqufurs, lregens prngcnpekfafgt, qun voncukfgtug dnscburs dfs brnmngfs qun lbgt dfs pbpuketnbgs prsfgtfs degs kf sud dfkerconpfk egtnkkens, eu abafgt dfs cbgtects evfc kfs furbpfgs, dfs cere`fs qun vfgenfgt, degs ug tfaps onstbrnquf ngdlngnsse`kf df cbgqurnr kfs kfs. Nksy eurenfgt rfapkec ug pfupkfafgt prcdegt kfs Ereweis dbgt nks evenfgtknang ke pbpuketnbg akf tbut fg essfrvnssegt ke pbpuketnbg langngf. Cfstengsn quf sfxpknqufrent ke dnmkbssnf b`sfrvf per kfs prfanfrs corbgnqufurs qundnstngmufgt ug kegmemf dfs obaafs nssu df kfur kegmuf dbrnmngf, cbgtngfgtekfft epperfgtf eu mrbupf kngmunstnquf cere`f ft ug kegmemf dfs lfaafs ornt

dfs pbpuketnbgs prcdfgtfs, tregsans df arf fg lnkkfs, ft eppertfgegt eu mrbupf


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5=

dfs kegmufs erewei. Ke reknt kngmunstnquf sf rvkf ke kuanrf dfs tudfs kfs pkusrcfgtfs pkus cbapkfxf 8 kegekysf, ke kegmuf cere`f rfcufnkknf gbteaafgtper kf Zrf @rftbg degs sbg dnctnbggenrf Cere`f Lregens, peru fg 50, Mrerd Kefffur edbptf dh cfttf ngtfrprtetnbg (p.50-53).

Erewei Iern`

Sntf ercobkbmnquf

Mnsfafgt sntus mgrekfafgt sur ugpketfeu dbangegt ke afr. Uufkqufsrerfs cbqunkkemfs, heaens deaes

cbqunkknfrs

Mnsfafgts sntus eussn nfg degske pkengf quf sur ug pketfeu. Eaescbqunkknfrs gbrafs, seul fxcfptnbg

Creanqufs

Tfcognquf df le`rncetnbg Zer trbns pegs sbuds Zer cbkba`ngs

Lbraf dfs vesfs Trs vernf 9 heaens df trnpbdf. Lecturfsbnmgf

Essfz mrbssnrf degs kfgsfa`kf,aenssuhfttf dfs brnmngeknts ngettfgdufs.Uufkqufs trnpbdfs

Mrevurf Trs stgf ft rfketnvfafgt lrqufgtf.Uuegd fkkf fst fapkbyf sfukf degske dcbretnbg, fkkf fst ngcnsf kf pkussbuvfgt eprs scoemf

Mgrekfafgt essfz mrbssnrf.Zrfsquf tbuhburs ngcnsf evegt kfscoemf df ke pncf

Zfngturf Lecns Sengtf-Aernf(Aernmbt) 8 essfzcbaaugf, sbnmgf, tbuhburs aetfLecns \nv8 pkus lrqufgtf, espfctvfrgnssf

Essfz mrbssnrf ft rfketnvfafgt rerf

Abdfkemf Lrqufgt, trs sbnmg ft trs brnmngek.Lnmurngfs ouaengfs aesqufs.Egnaeux eu geturfk

@feucbup abngs lrqufgt ft pkusmrbssnfr. Lnmurngfs ouaengfs ftegnaekfs mgrekfafgt eu geturfk

B`hfts dnvfrs Lusebkfs Lusebkfs, dnsqufs, stetufttfs

B`hfts fg pnfrrf

Oecofs fg pnfrrf pbknf Lrustfs, ugnqufafgt eaymdekbdfs Trs sbbnmgfs, eaymdekbdfs bu mbrmf

Eutrfs butnks ckets df hespfs gbg rftbucos.Ofrangfttfs

ckets df hespfs gbg rftbucos 9ofrangfttfs, cessfs-ttf 9 pnkbgs 9pnfrrf fg dfan-kugf, trbns pbngtfs

B`hfts dbrgfafgtetnbg Fxcfptnbggfks Perfs pfgdfgtnls

Cupukfs ft rbcofs mrevfs Gegt Tbuhburs fg mrbupf, sbnmgfusfafgtcrfusfs ft pbknfs

B`hfts fg bs Fxcfptnbggfks Scukpturfs fxcfptnbggfkkfs. Perfs

pfgdfgtnls

B`hfts fg cbqunkkf

Butnks Gegt Oecofs trs cbaaugfs tenkkfs degsStrba`us mnmes. Cnsfeux rerfs tenkksdegs Cessns sp.

B`hfts dbrgfafgtetnbg Gegt Zfgdfgtnls ft pkequfs mrevs, tenkksprngcnpekfafgt degs Strba`us mnmes9pftnts cbqunkkemfs pfrcs

Te`kfeu 5 8 Te`kfeu rcepntuketnl dfs cerectrnstnqufs prbprfs eux cnvnknsetnbgs prcbkba`nfg-

gfs dfs Zftntfs Egtnkkfs deprs P. Zngcobg, 5>60.


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Bg e `nfg ellenrf ugf onstbnrf qun bppbsf Gb`kfs seuvemfs ft `rutfsvnbkfgtfs cbaaf kf rsuaf Seaufk ]. ]nksbg (Dfkpufco ft Oblaeg, 0::4,p. 0). E ke suntf df H.-@. Dfkewerdf, bg ngtfrprtfre dsbraens kfs fgsfa`kfscreanqufs kfs pkus lrustfs cbaaf eppertfgegt eux `rutekfs pbpuketnbgs ce-re`fs, rsfrvegt kfs sntfs cbapbsegtfs pkus ke`brfs ft dcbrfs eux enae`kfs

Ereweis.Degs se tosf df mbmreponf sur ke Aertngnquf, pu`knf fg 5>4>, Fumgf Pfvfrtcbgtfstf kfs dnstngctnbgs fllfctufs per Dfkewerdf ft cbgckut ugf tudf sbaaenrfdu aetrnfk df kEgsf @fkkfvnkkf (rfprnsf dfs treveux df Pfncokfg ft @errft, 5>4:)per cfs abts 8 ug pbngt sfa`kent ecquns. Nk event t napbssn`kf df dnscfrgfrevfc cfrtntudf dfs trecfs df cnvnknsetnbgs dnllrfgtfs. Gukkf pert nk gy event fu dfcbucofs ercobkbmnqufs dnstngctfs ft ctf ctf bu pkf-akf stenfgt rfgcbgtrsckets bu pkets df pnfrrf, oecofs, pbtfrnfs lngfs ft mrbssnrfs (p. 0:=). Df aaf,eprs evbnr cbaafgt dfs lbunkkfs lentfs Sengtf-Aernf, nk cbgckut 8 Cbaaf euZrcofur eucug brdrf epperfgt ge pu trf dnstngmu degs kfs b`hfts trbuvs. Nk e

t napbssn`kf ugf lbns df pkus dy rfcbggetrf kfs trecfs cfrtengfs df cnvnknsetnbgsdnllrfgtfs .Zbur rsbudrf ke cbgtrednctnbg fgtrf kfxnstfgcf df dfux cnvnknsetnbgs dnstngc-

tfs (erewei ft cere`f) reppbrtf per kfs corbgnqufurs ft cf aegquf df dnllrfgcfdegs kfs cbucofs, nk cbgsecrf ug peremrepof ke tregsanssnbg per kfs lfaafs deg-cnfggfs tredntnbgs 8 Nk fst kbnsn`kf dedafttrf quugf pertnf tbut eu abngs df kecnvnknsetnbg erewei e pu sf cbgsfrvfr per kngtfradnenrf df cfs lfaafs (ceptnvfsdfs cere`fs) 8 bg cbaprfgdrent du cbup ke rensbg pbur kequfkkf eucugf sbkutnbgdf cbgtngunt gf sf aerquf degs kf aetrnfk ercobkbmnquf (p. 05:).

Degs ke cbgtngunt df sfs prdcfssfurs, Pb`frt Zngcobg prbpbsf, degs sbg

buvremf df sygtosf df 5>60, eprs = egs df lbunkkfs fg Aertngnquf, ugf dnvnsnbgfg dfux cnvnknsetnbgs dnllrfgtfs ft cbrrfspbgdegt dugf lebg typnquf eux dfuxpfupkfafgts succfssnls erewei ft Iern` . Se pbsntnbg seppunf sur ke rfcbggens-segcf df dnllrfgcfs degs ke tfcogbkbmnf df le`rncetnbg dfs creanqufs (tfcognquf trbns pegs sbuds ft tfcognquf eu cbkba`ng), kfs typfs df dcbrs ft kfs cobnxdfapkecfafgts dfs oe`ntets. Cfttf pbsntnbg fst scoaetnsf degs ug te`kfeu rce-pntuketnl lngek (cl. e`kfeu 5).

0 Ke rupturf 8 Nrvngm Pbusf

Cfttf corbgbkbmnf sfre lbrtfafgt cbgtfstf eu 5fr Cbgmrs ngtfrgetnbgek dfs er-cobkbmufs df ke Cere`f qun sf tnfgt Lbrt-df-Lregcf fg 5>3: degs kf cedrf df se tosf surOetn pu`knf fg 5>3>. Nk e cbgstrunt, evfc Hbs Cruxfgt, ugf srnetnbg dfs cukturfsprcbkba`nfggfs df kenrf cere`f, eppuyf sur kfs ckessnlncetnbgs ft corbgbkbmnfs

fg vnmufur fg Earnquf du Sud ft Cfgtrekf, dbgt cfpfgdegt nk sf daerquf pburkfs edeptfr ke corbgbkbmnf reccburcnf dfs Egtnkkfs ft sfs spcnlncnts (e`kfeu


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0). Cfttf ckessnlncetnbg fst onrerconsf. Eu gnvfeu kf pkus kermf, nk dlngnt quetrf mfs (kntonquf, ercoequf, creanquf ft onstbrnquf) qun cbuvrfgt ke tbteknt dfkercobkbmnf egtnkkensf dfs brnmngfs kpbquf cbgtfapbrengf. Ke dlngntnbg df cfsmfs rfpbsf ugnqufafgt sur dfs ermuafgts tfcogbkbmnqufs. Nk e fg fllft rfgbgc cbgsndrfr qunk y event ugf cbrrketnbg tfraf tfraf fgtrf kfs stedfs rfcbggus degs

kvbkutnbg df ke tfcogbkbmnf ft cfkkf dfs abdfs df su`snstegcf bu df kcbgbanfcbaaf per fxfapkf fgtrf kepperntnbg df kutnknsetnbg df ke creanquf ft cfkkf df

Te`kfeu08Corbgbkbmnfdfscukturfsdu\gzufkeftdfsEgtnkkfsdeprsCru

xfgtftPbusf5>6?/5>6>.


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kemrncukturf bu df kobrtncukturf. Nk sf ofurtent eux aafs dnllncukts quf kfs er-cobkbmufs df kEgcnfg Abgdf degs ke dlngntnbg dfs crntrfs qun aerqufgt kep-perntnbg du Gbkntonquf 8 eussn `nfg degs kfs enrfs asb-earncengf quf cfgtrf-egdngf fg Earnquf du sud, ke dbafstncetnbg dfs pkegtfs bu dfs egnaeux, tbutcbaaf ke sdfgternsetnbg prcdfgt ke dnllusnbg df ke creanquf. Kfs cukturfs qun,

fg Eaezbgnf `rsnknfggf, sbgt kfs lbyfrs kfs pkus egcnfgs dngvfgtnbg df ke crean-quf, ke lng du \Naf ankkgenrf evegt gbtrf rf, bgt dfs cbgbanfs df prdetnbgs(Kevekkf, 0::6).

Kmf kntonquf fst cerectrns per kutnknsetnbg dbutnks df pnfrrf tenkkf ft ugfcbgbanf df coessf ft df cufnkkfttf. Nk gfst prsfgt quf degs se poesf tfrangekfdegs kfs Mregdfs Egtnkkfs, engsn quf pfut-trf, degs kkf df Kbgm Nskegd eu kermfdEgtnmue. Cfttf rpertntnbg vbquf ug pfupkfafgt dnrfct dfs Mregdfs Egtnkkfs pertnr pfut-trf df kEarnquf Cfgtrekf, aens pkus prbè`kfafgt df ke rmnbg gbrdcere`f du cbgtngfgt sud-earnceng. Vg pfupkfafgt trevfrs kfs Zftntfs Egtnkkfsfst husqu prsfgt cbgsndr cbaaf naprbè`kf. Cft mf secovf evfc keppern-

tnbg df ke pnfrrf pbknf qun cerectrnsf, pertbut fg Earnquf, kmf ercoequf.Cfttf mf ercoequf fst ettfst degs kfs Mregdfs Egtnkkfs ft ke pertnf gbrd dfsZftntfs Egtnkkfs, husquf, eu sud, eu abngs ke Muedfkbupf. Se prsfgcf rfstf oypb-totnquf fg Aertngnquf evfc kfs sntf df @but`bns ft du Mbudngbt eu Cer`ft. Nk fste`sfgt degs tbus kf sud df kerconpfk dfs Zftntfs Egtnkkfs. Kfs oypbtosfs df pfu-pkfafgt sbgt fgcbrf dnscutfs. Vg dvfkbppfafgt pertnr dfs Mregdfs Egtnkkfsfst pbssn`kf 8 bg b`sfrvf degs ktet ectufk df gbs cbggenssegcfs dfs detfs pkusrcfgtfs lur ft afsurf quf kbg skbnmgf dfs Mregdfs Egtnkkfs fg prbmrfssegtvfrs kf sud. Cfpfgdegt, ug pfupkfafgt ercoequf pertnr df rngnded b cfscukturfs sbgt `nfg ettfstfs gfst pes fxckurf. Sfukfs dfs tudfs sur kfs ab`nknfrs

kntonqufs bu sur cbqunkkfs cbgcfrgegt eussn `nfg ke tfcogbkbmnf quf, pbur kf knton-quf, kbrnmngf dfs aetrneux pfrafttrbgt df dtfrangfr kbrnmngf df cfs cukturfsercoequfs.

Kmf creanquf cerectrns per kepperntnbg dfs pbtfrnfs aerquf ke prfanrfbccupetnbg essurf df tbut kf sud dfs Zftntfs Egtnkkfs, df rngnded ke Dbangnquf.Nk prfgd lng evfc kepperntnbg dfs b`hfts furbpfgs eu dùt df kmf onstbrnquf.

E kngtrnfur du cedrf df cfs mfs , dbgt kfs `brgfs, fg corbgbkbmnf e`sbkuf,sbgt dnllrfgtfs sunvegt kfs enrfs mbmreponqufs, Nrvngm Pbusf rfmrbupf fg cba-pkfxfs tfraf faprugt kercobkbmnf Zekb-ngdnfggf kfs sntfs ercobkbmn-qufs deprs kfs essfa`kemfs kntonqufs bu kfs stykfs dfs ab`nknfrs creanqufs. Nk

utnknsf de`brd kf cbgcfpt df abdfs dlngns cbaaf dfs fgsfa`kfs dettrnùtsellfctegt kfs ertlects pkutt quf cbaaf dfs fgsfa`kfs dertlects. Coequf stykfbu cbapkfxf fst engsn dlngn per dfs essfa`kemfs rfmrbupegt ug fgsfa`kf det-trnùts cerectrnsegt kf ab`nknfr creanquf (lbrafs, dcbrs, tfcognquf). Nk dbggf cfs cbapkfxfs bu cukturfs kf gba dug sntf typnquf, pbgyaf, rfcfvegtkf sullnxf -eg. Ke lbrtf prbxnant ft ke ansf fg squfgcf df pkusnfurs df cfs cba-pkfxfs, dbgt bg rfcbgget kbrnmngf cbaaugf, d`bucofgt sur kfur rfmrbupfafgtfg srnfs 3. Kfs cbapkfxfs sfrbgt fg cbgsqufgcf uktrnfurfafgt, pertnr df

3 Cfs srnfs pbrtfgt kf gba dug dfs cbapkfxfs qun kfs cbgstntufgt dbt du suffixf -bdf.


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5>>0 queknlns df sbus-sfrnfs4, dlngns cbaaf ugf (su`)dnvnsnbg dugf srnf,cbgsnstegt fg ugnts mbmreponqufs, corbgbkbmnquf ft cukturfkkfs pkus pftntfs qunpertemfgt ug egctrf cbaaug .

Fg Aertngnquf, Nrvngm Pbusf dnstngmuf sfukfafgt dfux mregds fgsfa`kfs, kfprfanfr rfmrbupegt kfs mnsfafgts du typf df cfkun df Ke Sekkf, sf rettecoegt euxsrnfs Sekedbdfs, ft kfs mnsfafgts du typf df Zequfaer (cl. e`kfeu 3).

Eu aaf abafgt Aernb Aettnbgn, cbgsfrvetfur du Ausf ercobkbmnqufdf Lbrt df Lregcf ft prfanfr dnrfctfur dfs Egtnqunt df Aertngnquf ft Pnpkfy Z.@ukkfg, cofrcofur eu Lkbrnde Ausfua bl Geturek Onstbry, prbpbsfgt degs kfs ec-tfs du 3af cbgmrs ngtfrgetnbgek dtudfs dfs cnvnknsetnbgs prcbkba`nfggfs dfspftntfs Egtnkkfs ug te`kfeu corbgbkbmnquf pbur kfs Zftntfs Egtnkkfs b nks ngtrbdun-

4 Fg egmkens su`-sfrnfs . Cfttf texbgbanf e t ngtrbduntf degs kfs Cere`fs degs kfseggfs 5>?: per kercobkbmuf earnceng Mery S. \fscfknus.

Te`kfeu 3 8 Corbgbkbmnf rfketnvfs dfs Egtnkkfs deprs Cruxfgt ft Pbusf 5>6?/5>6>.

Zrnbdf Sntf Plrfgcf Sntf Aertngnquens Detf

Cere`fs (2) Suezfy (Mrfgedf) Zequfaer 50::-5=:).


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sfgt kf tfraf df Sekedbdf utnkns per Nrvngm Pbusf ft Hbs Cruxfgt pbur dlngnr kfscukturfs du \fgfzufke.

Degs kf te`kfeu corbgbkbmnquf fst ngsr ug cfrteng gba`rf df lbrafs bu dfdcbrs cerectrnstnqufs df coecugf dfs prnbdfs (cl. e`kfeu 4 ft lnmurf 5).

3 Kedeptetnbg du abdkf ke AertngnqufNk eppertnfgt Kbuns Ekkenrf, cofrcofur cegednfg dnscnpkf df Nrvngm Pbusf kugn-vfrsnt df êkf, dfllfctufr kngdnspfgse`kf trevenk dngtmretnbg dfs srnfs aertngn-quensf ke corbgbkbmnf dNrvngm Pbusf. Degs sbg buvremf lbgdetfur \frs ugfpronstbnrf dfs Zftntfs Egtnkkfs peru fg 5>=3, nk prbpbsf ugf corbgbkbmnf cba-pbrtegt 4 prnbdfs dlngnfs sur kfs esfs dfs dnllrfgcfs styknstnqufs df ke creanqufft sur dfs detetnbgs eu cer`bgf 54 qun sbgt ekbrs dfvfgufs pkus gba`rfusfs. Cfsfgsfa`kfs corbgbkbmnqufs sbgt dlngns cbaaf dfs prnbdfs te`knfs deprs dfsatobdfs df detetnbgs rfmrbupegt degs kf tfaps dfs pertncukernts pfrcfptn`kfs eugnvfeu dfs fgsfa`kfs mbmreponqufs ft cukturfks (p. >) (cl. e`kfeu 6 ft lnmurf 0).Degs se tosf sbutfguf fg 5>==, nk fxpkncntf ke knensbg df lnknetnbg fgtrf kfs cuktu-rfs sekedbdf ft pbst-sekedbdf, lnxegt ke corbgbkbmnf ft ke typbkbmnf dfs fgsfa`kfstrbuaessbdf ft suezbdf. Cfst kun qun certf koypbtosf df kndfgtnlncetnbg df kecukturf suezbdf ft dfs pbpuketnbgs cere`fs, gf knsegt eucug ngdncf dngvesnbgèrèrf degs kfs srnfs ndfgtnlnfs fg Aertngnquf.

Zbursunvegt kfurs rfcofrcofs, fg 5>?6, Nrvngm Pbusf, Kbuns Ekkenrf ft Ernf@bbafrt rvnsfgt qufkquf pfu kfur corbgbkbmnf elng df anfux sngtmrfr degs kfsscoaes rmnbgeux ke`brs per Nrvngm Pbusf. Ke prnbdf creanquf fst dnvnsf fg3 8 prnbdf egcnfggf, abyfggf ft rcfgtf.

Ke prnbdf egcnfggf bu prnbdf sekedbdf pfut trf su`dnvnsf fg dfux 8 ugfprnbdf egcnfggf queknlnf sbuvfgt df sekedbdf df typf Cdrbs6bu cdrbsegsekedbdf (5fr snckf evegt H.C.-36: eprs H.C.) evfc cbaaf mnsfafgt df rl-rfgcf fg Aertngnquf ke cbucof nglrnfurf df \nv ft ugf prnbdf sekedbdf nglkufgcf èrregcbdf (36:-6:-50:: eprs H.C.

Suezfy Aece`bu NN 50::-56:: eprs H.C.

NNN Sekedbdf Zequfaer 6: eprs H.C.

NN Sekedbdf Dneaegt 36:-=3).


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Te`kfeu68CorbgbkbmnfdfsZftntfsEgtnkkfsdeprsEkkenrf5>=3.


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Te`kfeu?6.


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Ke prnbdf abyfggf evfc dfs srnfs queknlnfs df rbuaessbdfs fst rfprsfg-tf fg Aertngnquf per dfs mnsfafgts cbaaf kFspregcf ft Zequfaer (6:/5::: eprs H.C.)


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Degs kfs te`kfeux qunks prsfgtfgt ft degs ke te`kf dfs aetnrfs, nks afttfgt fgperekkkf pkusnfurs ckessnlncetnbgs abgtregt ke lbns kfur edosnbg ke ckessnlncetnbgdfs cukturfs ansf fg pkecf per kfs ercobkbmufs dfs Earnqufs ft kfur cobnx dugsystaf pkus prbcof dfs cbgcfptnbgs tredntnbggfkkfs 8

E kfur suntf, degs Ercobkbmnf Aertngnquf , buvremf rdnm per ke cbgsfrve-tnbg du Ausf dpertfafgtek dercobkbmnf df 5>>5 ft prlec per Kbuns Azng,bg dnstngmuf quetrf mregdfs prnbdfs.

Ke prnbdf prcreanquf qun vbnt dfs mrbupfs df coessfurs-cufnkkfurs prsfgtssur kkf vfrs 4::: evegt gbtrf rf=.

Eprs ke anmretnbg sekedbdf kf sntf df rlrfgcf fst cfkun df Cfdrbs (vfrs

5>: ev. H.C.) d`utf ke prnbdf Sekedbdf ngsukenrf bu prfanrf prnb-df Erewei qun sf dvfkbppf kbcekfafgt husqueux fgvnrbgs df 3:: df gbtrfrf.\frs 4:: eprs H.C., bg cbgstetf quugf napbrtegtf abdnlncetnbg sf prbduntdegs kf dcbr dfs creanqufs df ke Aertngnquf 8 ke cukturf sekedbdf ettfngtugf gbuvfkkf tepf df sbg dvfkbppfafgt quf kbg gbaaf sekedbdf abdn-ln bu dfuxnaf prnbdf erewei .

\frs >0, Lregbns Pbdrnmufz-Kbu`ft pu`knf ug ertnckf degs kfqufk nk cbgtfstfkutnknsetnbg dfs eppfkketnbgs cukturfkkfs ckessnqufs lensegt rlrfgcfs dfs gbas dfsntfs. Nk prcbgnsf kutnknsetnbg du tfraf Lbraetnl (rlrfgcf napkncntf eu vbce`u-kenrf utnkns fg Earnquf Cfgtrekf ft kEarnquf du Sud Egdngf) pbur kobrnzbgb sf cbgstntufgt kfs prfanrfs cukturfs gbkntonqufs egtnkkensfs (5:: evegt H.C.-

= Cfttf detetnbg rfstf cbghfcturekf df kevfu aaf dfs eutfurs 8 Cfrtengs ngdncfs ercob-

kbmnqufs pkus quf dfs detetnbgs df vfstnmfs lbgt rfabgtfr ke pess prcbkba`nfg df keAertngnquf eux fgvnrbg du trbnsnaf ankkgenrf ev. H.C. .

Kntonquf Ercoequf Structurek Ckessnquf Zbst-ckessnquf

Zekb-ngdnfg Asb-ngdnfg Gb-ngdnfg

Zrcreanquf Creanquf

N NN NNN

5rfprnbdf erewei 0afprnbdf erewei Zrnbdf cere`f

Dneaegt Dneaegt

Zequfaer

Lbgd @rk

\nv \nv

Lnmurf 4 8 Te`kfeu corbgbkbmnquf df Aenbgn ft Gncbkes (5>=0).


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3:: eprs H.C). Nk summrf fgsuntf kf tfraf df Cern`fg pbur kf pkfng dvfkbppf-afgt du gbkntonquf egtnkkens evfc trbns poesf 8 Cern`fg Egcnfg, 3::-=:: eprs

H.C.9 Cern`fg Abyfg, =::->:: eprs H.C.9 Cern`fg Lngek, >::-56:: eprs H.C.(cl. e`kfeu =). Coecugf dfs poesfs cbrrfspbgdrent dfs stedfs df dvfkbppfafgt cbgbanquf ft sbcnb-cukturfk dnllrfgt.

Fg 5>>4, Ccnkf Cfkae, cbgsfrvetrncf du Ausf dpertfafgtek dercobkb-mnf ft df pronstbnrf df ke Aertngnquf, gf rftnfgdre quf ke dnstngctnbgs fgtrf kfsEreweis ft kfs Cere`fs degs kfs tfxtfs df prsfgtetnbg df kfxpbsntnbg kf \mtekdegs ke vnf dfs Earngdnfgs .

Duregt kfs eggfs 5>>:, Nrvngm Pbusf cbgtnguf cbglbrtfr sbg systaf corb-gbkbmnquf fg ngtrbdunsegt, pbur kfs Mregdfs Egtnkkfs ft kfs kfs \nfrmfs, kemflbraetnl pbur queknlnfr ke cukturf Conceg Bstnbgbndf, prcursfur dfs egbs

Te`kfeu = 8 Te`kfeu corbgbkbmnquf dfs Egtnkkfs df Pbdrnmufz-Kbu`ft 5>>0.


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Ckessnqufs b sf dvfkbppfgt ugf sbcnt onrerconsf pkus ke`brf quf degs kfrfstf dfs Cere`fs. (Pbusf, 5>>0). E ke lng df cfttf dcfggnf, kf systaf corbgbkb-mnquf sfa`kf `nfg te`kn. Kfgsfa`kf dfs ercobkbmufs seccbrdfgt sur ke pertntnbgfg quetrf mfs (Kntonquf, Ercoequf, Creanquf ft Onstbrnquf Kntonc, Ercoenc,Cfreanc egd Onstbrnc emfs) aaf sn cfrtengs prnvnkmnfgt kfs eppfkketnbgs Zekb-ng-

dnfg, Asb-Ngdnfg ft Gb-ngdnfg pbur kfs trbns prfanfrs mfs. Kfs sntfs df kmf er-coequf sbgt eppfks per cfrtengs eutfurs pr-creanqufs (prfcfreanc sntfs). Zburkf sud df kerc egtnkkens, dfux mregdfs srnfs sbgt rfcbggufs kngtrnfur df kmfcreanquf (Cfreanc pfrnbd bu Cfreanc tnafs) 8 ke srnf sekedbdf (cbaprfgegt kfssbus-srnfs Ouceg ft Cdrbseg?) ft ke srnf rbuaessbdf qun ressfa`kf kfs cba-pkfxfs trbuaesseg ft suezeg rbuaessbdfs cfttf srnf fst perlbns snapkfafgtdgbaaf pbst-Sekdbdf. E kngtrnfur du cfdrbseg Sekedbdf, bg dnstngmuf ugcfdrbseg Sekedbdf egcnfg (Ferky Cfdrbseg Sekedbnd) ft ug cfdrbseg Sekedbdfrcfgt (Ketf Cfdrbseg Sekdbd) dbgt kf ab`nknfr creanquf e rfu dfs nglkufgcfsdf ke cukturf @erregcbdf rfcbgguf eu \fgfzufke.

Cfst cfttf ckessnlncetnbg qun fst per fxfapkf fapkbyf per Egdr Dfkpufcodegs sbg buvremf Muedfkbupf earngdnfggf, mundf ercobkbmnquf ke Lregcf ft degs kfs treveux ugnvfrsntenrfs rcfaafgt sbutfgus df @fgbt @rerd, SblneAerquft, Segdrngf Mrbuerd ft Getoeknf Sfrregd, Dbangnquf @bggnssfgt (lnmurf6).

Cfst fkkf qun dsbraens dfvrent trf utnknsf pbur tbutf dfscrnptnbg dfs cukturfsercobkbmnqufs egtrnfurfs ke prnbdf onstbrnquf>. Cfttf ckessnlncetnbg corbgb-kbmnquf geppbrtf pes df sbkutnbg ke dsnmgetnbg dfs pfupkfs earngdnfgs pr-cdegt ke dcbuvfrtf dfs Egtnkkfs per Cornstbpof Cbkba`. but eu pkus pfut-bg

? Vg d`et pertemf ke cbaaugeut ercobkbmnquf sur keppertfgegcf dfs mrbupfs pbrtfursdf ke cukturf Ouceg sekedbdf (bu Oucbdf) prsfgts df ke Muedfkbupf Zbrtb-Pncb

ke srnf Sekdbdf.> Vg fxfapkf pfut trf trbuv degs kbuvremf df Hfeg-Znfrrf Sengtbg, te`kfeu 4, p.


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ellnrafr quf cfs pbpuketnbgs bgt ugf kegmuf qun eppertnfgt eu mrbupf dfs kegmufsereweis. Kfs queknlncetnls ereweis ft cere`fs gf dfvrenfgt pkus trf fapkbys pburkfs dsnmgfr fg rensbg dfs cbglusnbgs qunks ngtrbdunsfgt. Fg cf qun cbgcfrgf kedsnmgetnbg dfs pbpuketnbgs earngdnfggfs pbstrnfurfs eu cbgtect evfc kfs furb-pfgs, prsfgtfs degs kfs Zftntfs Egtnkkfs, ug cbgsfgsus sf lent hbur pbur prnvnk-

mnfr kfs tfrafs Ieknges vbnr Iek(k)ngembs tfrafs qunks utnknsenfgt pbur sf dsn-mgfr fux-aafs, sfkbg @rftbg, prlre`kfs kfurs sygbgyafs df Nskegd cern`fs buCere`fs ngsukenrfs, pbur kfvfr kea`nmut du tfraf per reppbrt eux pbpuketnbgscbgtngfgtekfs df kegmufs cere`fs5:. Nk leut fglng sf rsbudrf rfcbggetrf, cbaafke crnt Nrvngm Pbusf fg 5>>0 (p. 53


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Gbuvfkkfs dbggfs sur ke corbgbkbmnfcukturfkkf df kbccupetnbg

earngdnfggf df ke Aertngnquf


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NGTPBDVCTNBG

Zer @fgbt @rerd

Kercobkbmnf prcbkba`nfggf degs kfs Egtnkkfs fst ugf scnfgcf hfugf. Gbus vf-gbgs df kf vbnr (cl. coepntrf prcdfgt) ke corbgbkbmnf cukturfkkf df kbccupetnbgearngdnfggf df kerconpfk fst kb`hft df rfcofrcofs cbgstegtfs ft df rvnsnbgs r-muknrfs. Fg Aertngnquf, fkkf sertncukf fg snx prnbdfs rfmrbupfs fg trbns emfs(e`kfeu 5). KEmf Ercoequf (prcreanquf) `nfg dbcuafgt degs kf gbrd dfsZftntfs Egtnkkfs, gfst aerqu fg Aertngnquf quf per kfs sntfs df @but`bns ft du

Mbdngbt (Cer`ft) dbgt kettrn`utnbg corbgbkbmnquf rfstf dbutfusf. \nfgt fgsuntfkEmf Creanquf qun pfut trf dnvns fg quetrf prnbdfs (kf Creanquf egcnfg, kfCreanquf abyfg, kf Creanquf rcfgt, ft kf Creanquf lngek). Fg Aertngnquf, fk-kfs cbrrfspbgdfgt rfspfctnvfafgt eux cukturfs ercobkbmnqufs eppfkfs 8 Sekedbdfcfdrbseg egcnfg, Sekedbdf cfdrbseg abyfg/rcfgt, rbuaessbdf trbuaesseg ftrbuaessbdf suezeg bu Suezbdf. Fglng, kEmf onstbrnquf, cbrrfspbgdegt ke p-rnbdf df cbgtect fgtrf kfs pbpuketnbgs earngdnfggfs, furbpfggfs ft elrncengfs,ckt cf dcbupemf corbgbkbmnquf. Eucug sntf ercobkbmnquf earngdnfg detegt dfcfttf prnbdf ge pbur kngstegt t ndfgtnln fg Aertngnquf.

Gbus ekkbgs aengtfgegt vbus prsfgtfr dfs treveux reknss fg Aertngnquf

eu cburs df cfs dfrgnrfs eggfs cbgcfrgegt kfs quetrf prnbdfs creanqufs ft keprnbdf df cbgtect. Ke geturf df cfs treveux ft gbtrf df dfmr df cbggenssegcfcbgcfrgegt coecugf df cfs prnbdfs sbgt trs verne`kfs.

Kf Creanquf egcnfg cbrrfspbgdegt ke cukturf sekedbdf cfdrbsegf egcnfg-gf fst segs dbutf ke prnbdf ke anfux cbgguf degs kkf du lent dfs napbrtegtfslbunkkfs cbgduntfs per A. Aettnbgn degs kfs eggfs


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Getoeknf Sfrregd cbgcfrgegt kf sntf df kEgsf Crbg (Zrcofur) gbus abgtrf kfcerectrf prbmrfssnl df cfttf tregsntnbg cf qun dabgtrf ckenrfafgt qunk semnt dugpogbagf fgdbmgf.

Kbuns Ekkenrf e cbgdunt dnapbrtegtfs rfcofrcofs sur kbccupetnbg prcbkba-`nfggf terdnvf df ke Aertngnquf degs kfs eggfs =: ft ?:. Degs sbg ertnckf, nk gbus

prbpbsf ugf rlkfxnbg mgrekf sur ke prnbdf creanquf lngekf ft ke tregsntnbg fg-trf cfkkf-cn ft ke prnbdf df cbgtect.Fglng, kngcrbye`kf onstbnrf df Lregcnscb Cbgmb prsfgtf ncn per onfrry

kFtegm fst ug fxfapkf pertncuknrfafgt ckenregt dfs ngtfrectnbgs qun bgt pu fxns-tfr fgtrf kfs pbpuketnbgs earngdnfggfs, furbpfggfs ft elrncengfs eu d`ut df keprnbdf cbkbgnekf ekbrs quf kfs knmgfs df daercetnbgs gf sbgt pes fgcbrf ckenrf-afgt te`knfs. Cfst df cf crfusft quf sbgt nssus kfs lbgdfafgts dfs sbcnts crbkfscbgtfapbrengfs dfs Egtnkkfs.

Detetnbgs Emfs Zrnbdfs Cukturfs

_\Naf-_\NNNaf snckfs ONSTBPNUVF Cbgtect Ceyb

5:::-cbgtect 2 CFPEAN

UVF

Creanquf stgek Trbuaessbdf suezeg bu Suezbdf

=::-5::: ep. H.-C. Creanquf rcfgt Trbuaessbdf trbuaesseg

36:-=:: ep. H.-C. Creanquf abyfg Sekedbdf cfdrbseg abyfg/rcfgt

:-36: ep. H.-C. Creanquf egcnfg Sekedbdf cfdrbseg egcnfg

2 EPCOEUVF 2 2

Te`kfeu 5 8 Corbgbkbmnf cukturfkkf df kbccupetnbg earngdnfggf df ke Aertngnquf.


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KBCCVZETNBGSEKEDBDFCFDPBSEGFEGCNFGGFDFKEAEPTNGNUVF(:-36: EZ.H.-C.)

Zer @fgbt @rerd

Kerrnvf dfs cukturfs emrb-creanstfs degs kfs Egtnkkfs fst knf ke anmretnbg degskerconpfk df pbpuketnbgs brnmngenrfs du `essng df kBrgbquf (\fgfzufke). Cfttfanmretnbg sfllfctuf duregt ke dfuxnaf abntn du prfanfr ankkgenrf evegt gb-

trf rf. Cfs prfanrfs bccupetnbgs emrb-creanstfs egtnkkensfs (Creanquf eg-cnfg) sbgt rfmrbupfs per kfs ercobkbmufs eu sfng df dfux fgsfa`kfs cukturfks, kfSekedbdf cfdrbseg egcnfg ft kf Sekedbdf oufceg. Fg Aertngnquf, kfgsfa`kf dfssntfs creanqufs egcnfgs sbgt rettecofs eu Sekedbdf cfdrbseg egcnfg. Cfst ug`nkeg dfs cbggenssegcfs sf reppbrtegt cft fgsfa`kf quf gbus gbus prbpbsbgs dfprsfgtfr ncn. Zbur cfke gbus gbus esfrbgs sur ug fgsfa`kf df dbggfs egcnfggfs,prngcnpekfafgt knfs eux napbrtegtfs lbunkkfs cbgduntfs per A. Aettnbgn sur kfssntfs df Lbgd-@rk ft \nv degs kfs eggfs >< ft 0::5, per H.-Z. Mnreud puns per keutfur ft dfs sbgdemfs quf gbus evbgsreknss degs kfs sntfs df Abukng kFtegm ft df Lbgd-@rk fg 5>>>. Cfs treveux bgtlent kb`hft fg 0::4 dugf pu`kncetnbg abgbmreponquf (@rerd, 0::4), cf coepn-trf pfut trf cbgsndr cbaaf ugf sygtosf df cft buvremf qun tent dfstng ugpu`knc df spcneknstfs.

5 Vgf brnmngf cbgtngfgtekf egcnfggf

Kfs ercobkbmufs bgt pu rftrecfr sur prs df 0::: egs kfs mregdfs knmgfs df kons-tbnrf cbgtngfgtekf dfs mrbupfs sekedbdfs. Engsn, ke cukturf sekedbdf epperet surkf cbgtngfgt, eu gnvfeu du cburs abyfg df kBrgbquf (Lnmurf 5) vfrs 0::: evegt

gbtrf rf (Pbbsfvfkt, 5>?5 9 Pbusf, 5>>0). Kf sntf cerectrnstnquf df cfttf prnbdffst kf sntf df Pbgqung (\fgfzufke) db keppfkketnbg Sekedbdf rbgqungeg utnkn-sf pbur gbaafr cfttf pertnf cbgtngfgtekf df ke cukturf sekedbdf. Kfs vnkkemfssekedbdfs rbgqungegs sbgt sntus dnrfctfafgt sur kfs rnvfs du lkfuvf Brgbquf,perlbns aaf sur dfs tfrrfs dfvfgegt dfs kfs eu anknfu du lkfuvf duregt ke sensbgouandf. Kf abdf su`snstegcf df cfs mrbupfs fst cerectrns per ke pretnquf dfkemrncukturf ntngregtf sur `rkns. Kfur eknafgtetnbg fst dbangf per ke cbgsba-aetnbg du aegnbc qun fst ettfstf per ke prsfgcf degs kfs sntfs ercobkbmnqufs dfgba`rfusfs pketngfs dfstngfs, fgtrf eutrfs, ke cunssbg df ke cessevf engsn quf perdf gba`rfux pftnts ckets df pnfrrf tenkkf qun bgt sfrvn df dfgts df mremfs (rpfs

aegnbc) (\ermes, 5>?5). Bg trbuvf eussn vrensfa`ke`kfafgt degs kfurs herdngs


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dfs tu`frcukfs (petetfs dbucfs, cbuco-cbuco), du pnafgt ft df lebg eggfxf duaes (@bbafrt, 0::: 9 \ermes, 5>?5). Kfur rmnaf eknafgtenrf fst cbapkt mrcf kfxpkbntetnbg df ke lbrt, tegt pbur ke cufnkkfttf quf pbur ke coessf, engsn quf perkf prbdunt df ke pcof. Fglng, cfs mrbupfs pbssdfgt ug sfuk egnaek dbafstnquf,kf confg.

Zbngtf--Zntrf

@essf-Tfrrf

Lbrt-df-Lregcf

Sengt Mfbrmfs

SegHueg

Cereces

Zbrtb Pncb

Nkfs \nfrmfs

Egmunkke

St-Aertng

Abgtsfrret

Muedfkbupf

Dbangnquf

Aertngnquf

Trngnded

ft

Tbèmb

Sengtf Kucnf

@erèdf

Sengt \ngcfgtft kfs

Mrfgedngfs

\fgfzufke

Mrfgedf

Sengt-Intts egd

Gfvns

Egtnmue ft @erùde

St-@ertokay\nfqufs

Sengt-Crbnx

@erùde

Egtnmue

St-\ngcfgt

Nkf Aermernte

@kegqunkkeBrconke

Nkf df ke Tbrtuf

Kbs Pbqufs

Nskes kesEvfs

Trngnded

Tbèmb

K f f w er d

Ns

k

egd

s

]

n

g

d

w

e

r

d

N

s

k

e

g

d

s

Muyege

Brgbquf

@erna

er

Lnmurf 5 8 Certf df kenrf sekedbdf.


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Ke prbductnbg creanquf sekedbdf rbgqungegf fst de`brd cerectrnsf per sequeknt tfcognquf, fkkf fst lngf ft `nfg cuntf. Kf dmrenssegt fst cbgstntu df se`kf(Cruxfgt ft Pbusf, 5>6?/6> 9 \ermes, 5>?5). Kfs rcnpnfgts sbgt abgts sfkbg ketfcognquf du cbkba`ng. Fg pkus dfs pketngfs, kfs lbrafs kfs pkus lrqufgtfs sbgtkfs lbrafs buvfrtfs df `bks ft df aerantfs. Kf pkus sbuvfgt cergs, cfs vesfs

bgt ug prblnk df ckbcof rfgvfrsf. Bg rfgcbgtrf eussn qufkqufs lbrafs lfrafs,prngcnpekfafgt dfs `butfnkkfs ft dfs urgfs. Cfttf creanquf fst cerectrnsf perke`bgdegcf dfs dcbrs (5?5). Kfs dcbrs kfs pkus lrqufgts sbgt kfs `egdfs bukfs abtnls pfngts. Kfs cbukfurs utnknsfs sbgt per brdrf df lrqufgcf 8 kf rbumf, kf`kegc ft kf gbnr. Kfs kafgts pbkycorbafs kfs pkus cerectrnstnqufs sbgt dfs abtnlspfngts fg `kegc sur rbumf. Kfs dcbrs abdfks sbgt pfu gba`rfux ft cbrrfspbg-dfgt fssfgtnfkkfafgt dfs `butbgs. Kfs dcbrs abdfks ft ngcnss sbgt fux pkusdvfkbpps. Nks cbrrfspbgdfgt dfs abtnls df `butbgs pbgctus (pepukfs) ft euxedbrgbs (nk semnt dkafgts df profgsnbg `nbabrpofs). Fglng, kfs abtnls ngcnss

kfs pkus cerectrnstnqufs sbgt kfs abtnls zbgs-ngcnss, pbngtnkks ft zbgs-pbngtnkks.Cfst cfttf prbductnbg creanquf sn cerectrnstnquf qun e pfrans eux ercobkbmufsdf sunvrf lecnkfafgt ke cukturf sekedbdf dfpuns kf cburs abyfg df kBrgbquf

husquf degs kfs Egtnkkfs.Ke prfanrf tepf ve cbgsnstfr vfrs 5::: evegt gbtrf rf fg ke dnllusnbg df cfttf

cukturf dfpuns kf cburs abyfg df kBrgbquf husqu ke zbgf knttbrekf b fkkf ve bc-cupfr ugf `egdf ekkegt du gbrd du pketfeu dfs Muyegfs kkf df Aermernte fg ng-ckuegt rngnded (Pbusf ft ek., 5>?6). Kfgvnrbggfafgt df cfs mrbupfs gtegt pkuslbrfstnfr ft lkuvnek aens ctnfr ft aerntnaf, kfur abdf df vnf fst dnllrfgt df cfkundfs Sekedbdfs rbgqungeg. Zbur cfttf rensbg, nks sbgt dgbaas Sekedbdfs cfdrb-

segs per kfs ercobkbmufs. Cf sbgt cfs mrbupfs sekedbdfs cfdrbsegs qun vbgt pertnreu cburs df ke dfuxnaf abntn du prfanfr ankkgenrf evegt gbtrf rf ke cbgqutfdfs Egtnkkfs (ft dbgc df ke Aertngnquf). Degs ug prfanfr tfaps, nks stfgdrbgt surug fspecf ekkegt du cbgtngfgt husqu Zbrtb Pncb. Nks vbgt y ngtrbdunrf kfur abdfvnf 8 emrncbkf, creanstf ft sdfgtenrf, engsn quug cfrteng gba`rf dfspcfs egnae-kfs (bpbssua, embutn, confg, ) ft vmtekfs brnmngenrfs du cbgtngfgt.

0 Zekb-mbmreponf df kbccupetnbg sekedbdf cfdrbsegfegcnfggf df ke Aertngnquf

0.5 Ke rpertntnbg dfs sntfs degs k kf

Ekbrs quf kfs anmregts bgt ugf kf pfu prs vnfrmf df tbut bccupegt kfur dnspb-sntnbg, kfs sntfs sekedbdfs cfdrbsegs egcnfgs aertngnquens sbgt rpertns sur qufk-qufs inkbatrfs, eu pnfd df ke Abgtemgf Zfkf, kf kbgm df ke ctf gbrd-fst df kkf(Lnmurf 0). Gbus evbgs dbgc tfgt df dtfrangfr kfs rensbgs qun bgt prsnd eucobnx df cfs knfux dnapkegtetnbg. Zbur cfke gbus evbgs egekys kfs cerectrnstnqufs`nb-mbmreponqufs df cfs dnllrfgts sntfs. Cf qun sf dmemf df cfttf egekysf cfstugf lbrtf naprfssnbg dobabmgnt.


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Vg prfanfr fgsfa`kf df cerectrfs dlngnssegt cfs knfux dnapkegtetnbg fstcfrtfs kn kfur prbxnant mbmreponquf (geturf dfs sbks, geturf du cbuvfrt vm-tek, cbgdntnbgs deccs eux rfssburcfs kntonqufs, cbgdntnbgs deccs ke aegmrbvf).Deutrfs kafgts vnfggfgt cfpfgdegt rfglbrcfr knaprfssnbg df snankntudf qunsf dmemf df kb`sfrvetnbg df cft fgsfa`kf (dnstegcf kfeu dbucf, dnstegcf ke

afr).Cfttf cbgstetetnbg tabnmgf df ke prcnsnbg du cbgcfpt dfspecf geturfk db-afstnquf cofz cfs mrbupfs pnbggnfrs emrb-creanstfs. Vg fspecf qun fst cerectrnsper df `bggfs tfrrfs emrncbkfs dbgt knrrnmetnbg fst essurf per ugf lbrtf pkuvnba-trnf knf ke prbxnant dfs oeutfurs, per ug cbuvfrt vmtek asbponkf ft ke prbxn-ant df ke mregdf lbrt ouandf ft fglng per ke prbxnant df ke afr ft dug cbursdfeu prfggf. Cfst degs cft fspecf quf vbgt trf ngtrbduntfs kfs fspcfs vmtekfsft egnaekfs brnmngenrfs du cbgtngfgt qun eccbapemgfgt kfs pnbggnfrs. Cf sbngpertncuknfr dfs mrbupfs sekedbdfs cfdrbsegs egcnfgs kbrs du cobnx df kfurs knfuxdngstekketnbg dbnt vrensfa`ke`kfafgt trf ans fg rfketnbg evfc kf lent quf cfrtengfs

kfs df kerconpfk (pbur ke pkupert dfs kfs `essfs ft scofs) gf sfrbgt pes cbkbgnsfsduregt ke prnbdf creanquf egcnfggf.

Lnmurf 0 8 Ppertntnbg dfs sntfs sekedbdfs cfdrbsegs egcnfgs fg Aertngnquf.


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0.0 Kbrmegnsetnbg ngtfrgf dfs vnk kemfs

Kfs nglbraetnbgs cbgcfrgegt kbrmegnsetnbg dfs vnkkemfs ngstekks degs cfs knfuxsbgt fgcbrf kecugenrfs (Lnmurf 3). Gbus pbuvbgs hustf gbtfr qufkkfs gf sbgt pesfg cbgtrednctnbg evfc kf abdkf du cbgcfgtrnc cnrcuker vnkkemf dvfkbpp degskfs Egtnkkfs pertnr df ktudf df sntfs cbgtfapbrengs (Ofcifg`frmfr ft Zftfrsfg,

5>>?). Df aaf gbus gf pbssdbgs pes dnglbraetnbgs cbgcfrgegt kf pkeg dfsoe`ntetnbgs duregt cfttf prnbdf.

Cfs vnkkemfs perenssfgt evbnr t kf cur du systaf df mfstnbg df kfspecf ng-sukenrf ans fg pkecf per kfs mrbupfs sekedbdfs cfdrbsegs egcnfgs. Fg fllft, eucugsntf spcnekns ge pu, pbur kngstegt, kfur trf essbcn. Cfttf naprfssnbg dugf lbrtfcfgtreknsetnbg dfs ectnvnts fst cbglnraf per kf abdf dngtrbductnbg dfs aetnrfsprfanrfs kntonqufs qun errnvfgt `rutfs df d`ntemf aekmr kfur brnmngf perlbnskbngtengf. Engsn, sn cfs pbpuketnbgs bgt fxpkbnt ke dnvfrsnt dfs rfssburcfs dnspbgn-`kfs degs kkf, ke pkus mregdf pertnf dfs coegfs bpretbnrfs df tregslbraetnbg ft dfcbgsbaaetnbg sfa`kf strf drbukf degs kfgcfngtf aaf dfs vnkkemfs.

+ df 6: tfssbgs/a0

+ df 5:: tfssbgs/a0

+ df 0:: tfssbgs/a0 (dpbtbnrs 2)

Lbyfrs

Spukturfs

Trbu df pbtfeu

: 06 a

Sd3

Sd4

Sd6

Sd

Sd50

Sd05

Sd00

Xbgf 5

G

Xbgf Aettnbgn

C

Lnmurf 3 8 Zkeg egekytnquf du sfctfur bufst du sntf df \nv.


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0.3 Kf systaf demrncukturf ntngregtf sur `rkns

Kfs sntfs creanqufs egcnfgs quf gbus evbgs lbunkks (fg pertncuknfr cfkun df \nv)sbgt dfs sntfs bccupetnbgs auktnpkfs cbgstntus per ke supfrpbsntnbg df pkusnfursvnkkemfs kmrfafgt dceks degs kf tfaps ft kfspecf. Cfttf reknt pburrent trf kecbgsqufgcf df ke pretnquf df kemrncukturf ntngregtf sur `rkns. Kemrncukturf ntn-

gregtf sur `rkns fst kf abdf df cukturf tredntnbggfk dfs Earngdnfgs df ke zbgfeaezbgnfggf ft ke pretnquf du `rkns e t b`sfrvf degs kfs Zftntfs Egtnkkfs per kfscorbgnqufurs furbpfgs kbrs df kfur errnvf (Du frtrf, 5== deprs erdy, 5>>? 9 erdy,

5>>?). Cfke napknquf ke reknsetnbg sfkbg ug rytoaf eggufk df gbuvfeux eèttnsft df gbuvfeux rkns. Dfs fspcfs abngs fxnmfegtfs (aes, kmuangfusfs) pfuvfgttrf cuktnvfs pfgdegt ug eg bu dfux sur ke percfkkf eyegt dh dbgg du aegnbc.Cfpfgdegt, ugf prnbdf df hecorf fst gcfssenrf evegt quf punssf trf reknsf ugfgbuvfkkf pkegtetnbg df aegnbc degs cfttf aaf percfkkf. Cfttf hecorf pfraft kerfcbgstntutnbg dug cbuvfrt vmtek dbgt ke cbaùstnbg bllrnre kfgmrens gcfssenrf cfttf gbuvfkkf pkegtetnbg. Zbur qunk y ent ugf rfcbgstntutnbg cbapktf bu quesncbapktf du cbuvfrt vmtek, ke durf df ke hecorf dbnt trf cbaprnsf fgtrf 4: (Z.Mrfgegt, 5>=>) ft 6: egs (Aezbyfr ft Pbudert, 5>>=). Knapbrtegcf df ke surlecfgcfssenrf ke ansf fg pkecf dug cyckf kbgm df hecorf prbvbquf dbgc ug kbnmgf-

afgt prbmrfssnl dfs coeaps du vnkkemf. Nk fst ekbrs perlbns prlre`kf df dpkecfr kfsoe`ntetnbgs prs dfs gbuvfeux eèttns. Df aaf, ke pretnquf dugf hecorf cburtf,df 4 < egs (Mfky, 5>?4 deprs erdy, 5>>?), gf pfrafttegt pes ugf rfcbgstntu-tnbg setnslensegtf du cbuvfrt vmtek prbvbquf ug punsfafgt prbmrfssnl dfs sbks,gcfssntegt tfraf kf dpkecfafgt du vnkkemf vfrs ugf gbuvfkkf zbgf lbrfstnrf.

Eprs ug cfrteng tfaps, kfapkecfafgt du vnkkemf ngntnek fst sbuvfgt rbccup. Fgfllft, nk pbssdf tbuhburs kfs queknts qun evenfgt levbrns ke prfanrf ngstekketnbgft cfrtengfs fspcfs vmtekfs (er`rfs lruntnfrs) pkegtfs kbrs df cfkkf-cn sbgt fgcbrfprsfgtfs.

Nk gbus sfa`kf quf kfs bccupetnbgs auktnpkfs du sntf df \nv pburrenfgt trfke cbgsqufgcf df cf typf demrncukturf lbrfstnrf. Vgf dfs cbgsqufgcfs df cfttfpretnquf fst df rfgdrf dnllncnkf kvekuetnbg df kngtfgsnt df kbccupetnbg ea-rngdnfggf df ke Aertngnquf duregt cfttf poesf. Fg fllft, ug gba`rf trs knantdf cbaaugeuts vnkkemfbnsfs pfut trf kbrnmngf df ke tbteknt dfs bccupetnbgscbggufs cf hbur.

3 Kfs pretnqufs eknafgtenrfs

Du lent dnapbrtegts prb`kafs df cbgsfrvetnbg (lbrtf ecndnt dfs sdnafgts vbk-cegnqufs), kfs sntfs sekedbdfs cfdrbsegs egcnfgs aertngnquens sf prtfgt pertncukn-

rfafgt aek ktudf dfs pretnqufs ek nafgtenrfs. Zbur cf qun fst dfs vmteux, sfukf


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ke cbgsbaaetnbg du aegnbc fst ettfstf per dfs ngdncfs ngdnrfcts (prsfgcf dfspketngfs, d`ntemf df dfgts df mremfs aegnbc). Kfs rfstfs bssfux ft cbgcoyknfgseyegt prfsquf tbtekfafgt dnsperus, gbus gf pbuvbgs quf gbus tburgfr vfrs dfstudfs fxtre-aertngnquensfs. Dfux treveux sbgt pertncuknrfafgt ckenregts degscf dbaengf (Mrbuerd, 0::5 9 Sfrregd, 0::0). Nks nkkustrfgt ckenrfafgt ke dnvfr-

snt dfs rfssburcfs egnaekfs fxpkbntfs per cfs pbpuketnbgs (pbnssbgs, cbqunkkemfs,crustecs, aeaanlrfs, rfptnkfs, bnsfeux), ugf dnvfrsnt qun dabgtrf ke mregdfcbggenssegcf quf pbssdfgt dh cfs prfanfrs mrbupfs pnbggnfrs du anknfu ngsu-kenrf egtnkkens. Df pkus, nks bgt, gbus kevbgs dh dnt, fgrncon cft cbsystaf perkngtrbductnbg dfspcfs vmtekfs ft egnaekfs dbrnmngf cbgtngfgtekf.

4 Ke pfgsf atepoysnquf

Fg pertnf fg rensbg dfs aafs prb`kafs tepobgbanqufs cnts pkus oeut, kfs sn-tfs aertngnquens gf sbgt pes df `bgs nglbraetfurs cbgcfrgegt kfs prbccupetnbgsatepoysnqufs df cfs earngdnfgs. Fg fllft, kfs pretnqufs lugrenrfs cbgstntufgtpbur kfs ercobkbmufs ugf dfs prngcnpekfs sburcfs dnglbraetnbgs degs cf dbaen-gf. Br, sfukfs cngq spukturfs, pertncuknrfafgt aek cbgsfrvfs, bgt t dcbu-vfrtfs \nv per A. Aettnbgn (Aettnbgn, 5>=0e, 5>=0`, 5>==>). Nk leuty ehbutfr ug crgf nsbk dcbuvfrt sur kf gnvfeu dbccupetnbg. Deprs keutfur, nksemnrent df trbns spukturfs prnaenrfs ft df dfux spukturfs sfcbgdenrfs. Zbur kfsngouaetnbgs prnaenrfs, dfux ngdnvndus sbgt cbucos sur kf ct drbnt fg pbsntnbglkconf ft kf dfrgnfr fst ekkbgm sur kf dbs kf vnsemf tburg vfrs ke meucof. Degs keprfanrf spukturf sfcbgdenrf, kfs bs bgt t rfmrbups degs ugf lbssf cnrcukenrfdf 4: ca df dneatrf. Kfs ctfs df kngdnvndu bgt t rfmrbupfs kngtrnfur dfke `btf crgnfggf. Degs ke sfcbgdf, kf cbrps sfa`kf trf fg pbsntnbg tfgduf surkf dbs. Kf aexnkkenrf nglrnfur eurent t rftnr ft dpbs fgtrf kfs hea`fs df kngdn-vndu evfc 6 pfrkfs fg eatoystfs. Df pkus, ug cbkknfr df pfrkfs e t dcbuvfrt eugnvfeu du aexnkkenrf suprnfur. Fglng, eu-dfssus df quetrf df cfs tba`fs ug lfu et fgtrftfgu pfgdegt ug cfrteng tfaps prbvbquegt ke ru`lectnbg du sdnafgt.A. Aettnbgn e repprbco cfttf cbgstetetnbg df dnllrfgtfs dfscrnptnbgs cbgcfrgegtkfs Cere`fs dfs Zftntfs Egtnkkfs (Cofvnkkerd, 5>=3). Cfpfgdegt, df lebg mgrekf,ke`sfgcf dug egtorbpbkbmuf poysnquf kbrs df ke lbunkkf, essbcnf ke trs aeuven-sf queknt df cbgsfrvetnbg dfs rfstfs qun e rfgdu kfur dmemfafgt pertncuknrfafgtdnllncnkf, gbus ngcntfgt cbgsndrfr evfc ke pkus mregdf prudfgcf kfs ngtfrprte-

tnbgs quf gbus dbggf A. Aettnbgn df cfs spukturfs.Kfs creanqufs gbus eppbrtfgt eussn qufkqufs nglbraetnbgs cbgcfrgegt cfsqufstnbgs. Fg pkus dfs ngtfrprtetnbgs rfknmnfusfs pbssn`kfs df ke rncof ncbgbmreponfqufkkfs pbrtfgt (O. Zftnthfeg Pbmft, 5>=6), gbus evbgs pu eu sfng df ke prbduc-tnbg creanquf fllfctufr ug rfmrbupfafgt cerectrf sya`bknquf. Kfs rcnpnfgtseppertfgegt cft fgsfa`kf, cerectrnss per dfs dcbrs pbkycorbafs cbuvregts ftpbrtegt dfs trecfs dutnknsetnbg cerectrnstnqufs, pburrenfgt evbnr t utnknss degskf cedrf df ltfs df `bnssbg.


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6 Kfs pretnqufs ertnsegekfs

Kfs rfstfs ertnsegeux (dcofts ft prbdunts) cbgsfrvs degs kfs mnsfafgts quf gbusevbgs tudns tabnmgfgt du trevenk df dfux typfs df aetnrfs prfanrfs, ke cre-anquf ft ke pnfrrf.

6.5 Ke prbductnbg creanqufKe prbductnbg creanquf sekedbdf cfdrbsegf egcnfggf fst dugf mregdf queknttfcognquf ft abgtrf ugf mregdf dnvfrsnt, tegt eu gnvfeu dfs dcbrs queu gnvfeudfs lbrafs. Cfttf dnvfrsnt gfst pes ke cbgsqufgcf dugf kn`frt kenssf kertnsegaens eu cbgtrenrf kf rsuktet df kutnknsetnbg rnmburfusf per cfkun-cn dug systafcbapkfxf ft prcns. Cfttf rnmufur degs kfxprfssnbg dfs stegderds cukturfks fst vnsn-`kf degs kbrmegnsetnbg ngtfrgf dfs dcbrs, degs ke rfketnbg trbntf qun ugnt lbrafsft dcbrs ft degs kf dfmr df prcnsnbg df ke dlngntnbg df cfrtengs typfs df vesfs.Fkkf fst ke aerquf du lbrt ngvfstnssfafgt cukturfk ft sbcnek df cfs mrbupfs degs cft-tf ectnvnt. Cfst ke cbaprofgsnbg df cf systaf quf gbus evbgs fssey dettfng-drf trevfrs ktudf df pkus df ?6:: tfssbgs ft df 350 lbrafs ercobkbmnqufafgtcbapktfs prbvfgegt dfs sntfs df \nv, Lbgd-@rk, Abukng kFtegm ft Kesekkf.

6.5.5 Kfs rfstfs lremafgtenrfs

Gbus evbgs tbut de`brd pu dmemfr ug cfrteng gba`rf df cerectrnstnqufs dfkegekysf dfs rfstfs lremafgtenrfs. Ke `esf dfs creanqufs fst kf pkus sbuvfgtcbgstntuf per ug lbgd pket. Abngs df 0: % dfs kafgts cbrrfspbgdfgt dfspnfds oeuts df typf pndfstek. Fglng, kusemf df suppbrts fxcfgtrs fst trs fxcfp-tnbggfk (sfukfafgt 3 pncfs pbur kfgsfa`kf dfs 3 srnfs). Kfs pbtnfrs sekedbdfs

cfdrbsegs egcnfgs ngstekkenfgt kf pkus sbuvfgt sur kfurs rcnpnfgts dfs kafgtsdf profgsnbg df typf egsf fg D (fgvnrbg 6: % dfs ces). Kfs brfnkkfs, fkkfs eussnlrqufaafgt utnknsfs, sbgt abngs gba`rfusfs (ug pfu pkus df 3: % dfs ces).Fglng, kfs tfgbgs, pkus rerfs, cbgstntufgt abngs df 0: % df kcoegtnkkbg. Degs kfsdnllrfgtfs srnfs quf gbus evbgs egekysfs, kfs lrqufgcfs dfs lremafgts df pke-tngfs ft df cykngdrfs sbgt trs cbapere`kfs. Engsn, fgtrf ? % ft 50 % dfs vfstnmfscreanqufs cbrrfspbgdfgt dfs kafgts df pketngfs aegnbc. Kfs kafgts dfcykngdrfs sbgt feucbup abngs gba`rfux. Nks rfprsfgtfgt fgtrf 5 % ft 5,6 % dfsvfstnmfs creanqufs.

Kf teux df dcbretnbg df ke creanquf sekedbdf egcnfggf fst pertncuknrfafgt

kfv, prs df 4: % dfs rfstfs sbgt dcbrs. rbns tfcognqufs dcbretnvfs bgt tprngcnpekfafgt utnknsfs per kfs pbtnfrs 8 ke pfngturf, kngcnsnbg ft kf abdfkemf. Kemrevurf gngtfrvnfgt quf degs ke reknsetnbg dfs abtnls zbgs-ngcnss. Ke tfcognqufke pkus lrqufaafgt utnknsf fst ke pfngturf. Fkkf fgtrf degs ke cbapbsntnbg dfsdcbrs df pkus df =6 % dfs pncfs brgfs. Kngcnsnbg ngtfrvnfgt fg sfcbgd, fkkf et utnknsf sur fgvnrbg 4: % dfs pncfs dcbrfs. Fglng, kf abdfkemf gfst utnknsquf degs ug pfu pkus df 5: % dfs ces. Vgf obabmgnt cfrtengf e t b`sfrvffgtrf kfs dnllrfgtfs srnfs cbgcfrgegt cf ckessfafgt dfs tfcognqufs dcbretnvfs fgtfrafs df lrqufgcf. Cfpfgdegt, nk gbus fst epperu quf kfs prngcnpfs qun rmnssfgtkbrmegnsetnbg dfs dcbrs pbrts per kfs creanqufs sekedbdfs cfdrbsegfs egcnfg-

gfs ekkenfgt `nfg eu-dfk df cfttf prfanrf cbgstetetnbg.


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rbns cbukfurs sbgt utnknsfs per kfs pbtnfrs 8 kf rbumf, kf `kegc ft kf gbnr. Kfurutnknsetnbg fst knf ugf rmkf strnctf. Kfs dcbrs abgbcorbafs (fgtrf 6: % ft


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tnbggfkkfafgt brgfs, kfs cykngdrfs kf sbgt prfsquf systaetnqufafgt per ug dcbressbcnegt pfngturf ft ngcnsnbg. Cfttf dnllrfgcf dbnt vrensfa`ke`kfafgt trf ansffg rfketnbg evfc ke lbgctnbg df cfs b`hfts. Ke pketngf fst ug rcnpnfgt kn ke cunssbgdfs eknafgts ekbrs quugf lbgctnbg rntufkkf e sbuvfgt t vbquf cbgcfrgegt kfscykngdrfs (Oemm, 5>


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Nk gbus e, df pkus, peru perlbns gcfssenrf df dnvnsfr cfrtengs df cfs typfs abr-pobkbmnqufs fg lbgctnbg df cerectrfs dcbretnls. Gbus evbgs engsn e`butn kedlngntnbg df 3> typfs abrpob-dcbretnls qun rfprsfgtfgt ke dnvfrsnt df ke prb-ductnbg creanquf sekedbdf cfdrbsegf egcnfggf (e`kfeu 0).

Gbus evbgs fgsuntf tfgt df dtfrangfr qufkkf pbuvent trf ke lbgctnbg df cfsdnllrfgts rcnpnfgts. Zbur cfke gbus evbgs prns fg cbaptf, kfs trecfs aecrbscbpn-qufs dutnknsetnbg prsfgtfs sur kfs vesfs engsn quf kfurs cerectrnstnqufs abrpobkb-mnqufs (lbraf, vbkuaf, buvfrturf, ftc) ft dcbretnvfs. Gbus evbgs engsn rpertncfs vesfs fg snx cetmbrnfs 8 kfs vesfs df tregspbrt ft df stbciemf, kfs vesfs kns ketregslbraetnbg lrbnd dfs eknafgts, kfs vesfs df cunssbg, kfs vesfs df prsfgtetnbg,kfs rcnpnfgts dcbrs pbkycorbaf cbuvregt ft fglng kfs ngdtfrangs (e`kfeu3).

LBPAFS LFPAFS LBPAFS BV\FPTFS

Te`kfeu 0 8 Typbkbmnf abrpob-dcbretnvf df ke creanquf sekedbdf cfdrbsegf egcnfggf.


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Cf trevenk df cerectrnsetnbg df ke creanquf sekedbdf cfdrbsegf egcnfggf df

Aertngnquf sfre prbcoengfafgt cbapkt per ugf egekysf df ke structurf ncbgb-mreponquf df ke rncof dcbretnbg prsfgtf sur cfs pncfs.

6.0 Kf trevenk df ke pnfrrf

6.0.5 Kfs butnks fg pnfrrf

Fg ke`sfgcf df atek, ke pnfrrf e t utnknsf per kfs mrbupfs creanqufs egcnfgspbur reknsfr dfs butnks df pfrcussnbg (pfrcutfurs, aertfkfurs, pfrcutfurs/aertf-kfurs, fgckuafs), dfs kafgts df rbyemf ft df pbknssemf (pbknssbnrs ketreux, afu-kfs/pbknssbnrs) bu dfs butnks tregcoegts (keafs df oecofs ft dofrangfttfs, ckets

tregcoegts, dfgts df mremfs aegnbc). Cfs butnks bgt perlbns t utnknss `ruts buperlbns eagems per d`ntemf, `bucoerdemf ft/bu pbknssemf. Cbgcfrgegt kf d`n-temf dfs rbcofs snkncfusfs kkafgt kf pkus cerectrnstnquf sfa`kf evbnr t kutnkn-setnbg df ke pfrcussnbg sur fgckuaf.

Df lebg mgrekf, ke reknsetnbg ft kutnknsetnbg dfs butnks fg pnfrrf sfa`kfgtevbnr lent kb`hft dug `nfg abngdrf ngvfstnssfafgt tfcognquf ft sya`bknquf qufke prbductnbg creanquf. Engsn, kfs coegfs bpretbnrfs df d`ntemf, vbufs keprbductnbg dbutnks tregcoegts pbkyvekfgts ft df dfgts df mremfs aegnbc, sbgtfssfgtnfkkfafgt aerqufs per ke snapkncnt ft kfllncecnt. Df aaf, kbutnkkemfgbg d`nt gfst pes pbrtfur dugf lbrtf ndfgtnt cukturfkkf. Fg dfobrs pfut-trfdfs keafs df oecofs pbknfs df sfctnbg pkegb-cbgvfxf, tbutfs kfs pncfs quf gbus

E

@

C

D

F

L

Te`kfeu 3 8 Ckessfafgt dfs vesfs sfkbg kfur lbgctnbg suppbsf. E. Tregspbrt ft stbciemf, @.

Tregslbraetnbg lrbnd, C. Cunssbg, D. Zrsfgtetnbg, F. \esfs pbkycorbafs, L. Ngdtfrangs.


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evbgs pu egekysfr eppertnfggfgt ug lbgds cbaaug egtnkkb-eaezbgnfg (\ecofr,Hranf ft @rnegd (dnr.), 5>>?).

6.0.0 Kfs kafgts df perurf

Kfs sntfs sekedbdfs cfdrbsegs egcnfgs sbgt cerectrnss per ke`bgdegcf dfs k-

afgts df perurf (Germegfs Stbrdfs, 5>>? 9 ]ettfrs ft Scemknbg, 5>>4). Nks sbgtfssfgtnfkkfafgt reknss fg pnfrrf ft cbqunkkemf. buhburs du lent df kecndnt dusdnafgt sfuks kfs kafgts fg pnfrrf bgt t cbgsfrvs degs kfs sntfs aertngnquens.Nks sbgt cerectrnss per ke dnvfrsnt dfs aetnrfs prfanrfs utnknsfs. Engsn, dbuzftypfs df aetnrfs prfanrfs bgt pu trf dnstngmufs ft cfrtengs kafgts rfstfgtngdtfrangs.

Deutrf pert gbus evbgs pu rfmrbupfr cfs pncfs eu sfng df snx typfs abr-pobkbmnqufs (pfrkfs `ncbgnqufs, ke`rfts, pfrkfs cykngdrnqufs, pfrkfs bknvenrfs, pfr-kfs dnscbdfs ft pfgdfgtnls zbbabrpofs) (Lnmurf 4). Vgf pertnf df cfs pfrkfs e tprbduntf sur pkecf cbaaf kf prbuvf ke prsfgcf degs kfs sntfs ercobkbmnqufs df

dcofts df le`rncetnbg. Zer cbgtrf, ugf mregdf pertnf dfs aetnrfs prfanrfs qufgbus evbgs pu dtfrangfr fst fxbmgf. Cbaaf gbus kf vfrrbgs cn-dfssbus fkkf t-abnmgf df kfxnstfgcf cofz cfs mrbupfs df rsfeux dcoegmfs kbgmuf dnstegcf.

Fg cbgckusnbg, kfs kafgts df perurf sfa`kfgt dfvbnr trf repprbcos df keprbductnbg creanquf pbur ke rnmufur dfs prngcnpfs qun rmnssfgt kfur ke`bretnbg.Vgf rnmufur vnsn`kf degs ke rcurrfgcf dfs toafs ncbgbmreponqufs, degs kfgcoe-gfafgt dfs tepfs df kfur le`rncetnbg ft fglng degs ktrbntf rfketnbg qun ugnt kelbraf dfs pfrkfs kfur aetnrf prfanrf.

Lnmurf 4 8 Kfs dnrfgts typfs abrpobkbmnqufs dkafgts df perurf.

e. pfrkf `ncbgnquf, `. ke`rft, c. pfrkf cykngdrnquf, d. pfrkf bknvenrf, f.pfrkf dnscbdf, l. pfrkf zbbabrpof.

6 ca


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< Kfs rfketnbgs ngtfr-ngsukenrfs

Kbrnmngf dfs aetnrfs prfanrfs utnknsfs pbur ke reknsetnbg dfs kafgts df pe-rurf fst ug dfs ngdncetfurs df kfxnstfgcf dnapbrtegts rsfeux dcoegmfs eu sfngdf kfspecf sekedbdf ft evfc deutrfs sporfs cukturfkkfs (Lnmurf 6). Cfs coegmfsrmuknfrs essurfgt ke cbosnbg ft kobabmgnt cukturfkkf df kfgsfa`kf dfs mrbu-

pfs sekedbdfs cfdrbsegs egcnfgs rpertns degs kfs Egtnkkfs. Vgf lbrtf obabmgntcukturfkkf dbgt gbus evbgs cru dcfkfr kfs snmgfs pertbut b gbus evbgs pbrt gbtrfrfmerd. Engsn, sn kfs rlrfgcfs dnspbgn`kfs sbgt pfu gba`rfusfs cfrtengs cerectrfssfa`kfgt cbaaugs tbus kfs knfux dnapkegtetnbg df vnkkemfs (prbxnant df oeu-

Lnmurf 6 8 Certf dfs coegmfs fg dnrfctnbg df ke Aertngnquf duregt kf Sekedbdf cfdrbseg

egcnfg.


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tfurs, queknt dfs tfrrfs emrncbkfs, prbxnant naadnetf dug cburs dfeu). Nk fg fstdf aaf pbur kf abdf dbrmegnsetnbg dfs vnkkemfs, pbur ke prbductnbg creanquf,kf d`ntemf dfs rbcofs snkncfusfs ft ke le`rncetnbg dfs kafgts df perurf.

Cbgckusnbg

Cf tbur dobrnzbg dfs nglbraetnbgs dnspbgn`kfs sur kfs mrbupfs sekedbdfs cfdrb-segs egcnfgs gbus cbgdunt ke cbgckusnbg sunvegtf. Nk semnt df pbpuketnbgs pbss-degt ugf ndfgtnt cukturfkkf lbrtf qun ve perlentfafgt rsnstfr ke dnspfrsnbg mb-mreponquf rsuktegt df kfur bccupetnbg dfs Egtnkkfs. Vgf bccupetnbg qun seppunfsur ugf bggf aetrnsf du anknfu aerng ft sur keppkncetnbg df dnllrfgts prngcnpfspfrafttegt ke rugnbg df cbgdntnbgs df su`snstegcf levbre`kfs (ngtrbductnbg dfs-pcfs cbgtngfgtekfs, skfctnbg rnmburfusf dfs knfux dnapkegtetnbg dfs vnkkemfs). Zerenkkfurs, cfs mrbupfs sbgt cerectrnss per kgfrmnf ft ke rnmufur qunks afttfgt degskellnraetnbg df kfurs stegderds cukturfks (ndfgtnt ftognquf, cbgcfptnbgs spnrntufk-kfs) eu trevfrs df kfurs prbductnbgs ertnsegekfs. Bg pfut sf dfaegdfr sn ke ansf fgpkecf dugf stretmnf df su`snstegcf prcnsf ft kfxnstfgcf dugf ndfgtnt cukturfkkflbrtf dbgt ke vnsn`nknt pfraegfgtf fst essurf per kfs b`hfts df ke vnf qubtndnfggfgf cbgstntufgt pes kf cedrf ft kfs cbgdntnbgs gcfssenrfs eu dvfkbppfafgt ft kerussntf dug prbhft pnbggnfr. Engsn, kfs prb`kafs dbrdrf aetrnfk sfrenfgt r-sbkus per ug systaf cbgbanquf prdtfrang, sbrtf df int cbgstntu dugfcbgcfptnbg trs prcnsf dfs queknts gcfssenrfs ug knfux dngstekketnbg ft dugcfrteng gba`rf df pkegtfs ft degnaeux. Kfs cbgdntnbgs gcfssenrfs ke genssegcfdugf vbkbgt dfxpegsnbg ft ke mfstnbg dfs ngquntudfs dbrdrf spnrntufk knfs se reknsetnbg gf pburrenfgt, fkkfs, trf rugnfs segs kfxnstfgcf dug abdkf sbcnekft cukturfk lbrt.

Cfttf reknt dfs prfanrfs bccupetnbgs lbraetnvfs df kerc egtnkkens sfa`kfevbnr ug cfrteng cob degs deutrfs pogbagfs pnbggnfrs gbkntonqufs. Engsn,ke rptntnbg kndfgtnquf du abdkf df ke aensbg degu`nfggf degs ugf mregdfpertnf df kFurbpf du Gbrd sfa`kf setnslenrf cfs dfux fxnmfgcfs (ansf fg pkecf dfcbgdntnbgs df su`snstegcf levbre`kfs ft ellnraetnbg dugf ndfgtnt cukturfkkf). Dfaaf, ke dnllusnbg df ke cukturf Kepnte fg Bcegnf, eu sfng dug fspecf segs cba-augf afsurf evfc kfs Egtnkkfs bu kFurbpf du Gbrd, pburrent eussn abgtrfr qufk-qufs snankntudfs. Nk semnt k dugf pnstf df rfcofrcof ngtrfssegtf pbuvegt e`butnreu dvfkbppfafgt dug abdkf cbgcfrgegt kfs cbgdntnbgs df dvfkbppfafgt ft df

russntf dug pogbagf pnbggnfr emrb-creanstf. Cf trevenk gf pburre trf reknsquf per ke cbghbgctnbg dfs fllbrts df spcneknstfs dbrnmngfs dnvfrsfs.


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KFDNEAEGTFTKBCCVZETNBGSEKEDBDFCFDPBSEGFAB^FGGF-PCFGTFDFKEAEPTNGNUVF(36:-=:: EZ. H.-C.)5

Zer Emgs @frto ft @fgbt @rerd

Ngtrbductnbg

Dnllrfgts vgfafgts sf drbukegts ke lng du N\

ft eu dùt du \

snckf dfgbtrf rf bgt ngcnt kfs ercobkbmufs fllfctufr ugf cbupurf eu sfng du Sekedbdfcfdrbseg. Cfttf cbupurf aerquf kf pessemf df ke poesf egcnfggf ke poesf abyfg-gf/rcfgtf df cfttf cukturf. Fkkf cbrrfspbgd df cf lent ke tregsntnbg fgtrf, kfCreanquf egcnfg ft kf Creanquf abyfg (cl. ngtrbductnbg). Uufks sbgt dbgc kfskafgts qun hustnlnfgt cfttf cbupurf 2

Zrfanrfafgt, ugf gbuvfkkf tredntnbg cukturfkkf epperet degs kfs Egtnkkfs 8 kf@erregcbdf brnmngenrf du dfkte df kBrgbquf, fkkf sf dvfkbppf rngnded ft dflebg pkus knantf bèmb. Degs ktet ectufk dfs cbggenssegcfs, nk fst dnllncnkf dfdnrf sn cf pogbagf fst kn ugf anmretnbg df pbpuketnbgs bu snapkfafgt ugf

dnllusnbg df ke cukturf èrregcbdf eu sfng df pbpuketnbgs dh fg pkecf ft rette-cofs prcdfaafgt kfgsfa`kf sekedbdf cfdrbseg.Fgsuntf, bg b`sfrvf ug cfrteng gba`rf df coegmfafgts napbrtegts degs ke

cukturf df mrbupfs sekedbdfs cfdrbsegs. Nks cbgcfrgfgt fg pertnf kf dbaengf sya-`bknquf. Fg fllft, cfst vfrs kf dùt du \ snckf quf kbg vbnt epperetrf pbur keprfanrf lbns dfs pnfrrfs trbns pbngtfs degs kfs sntfs egtnkkens. Df pkus, cfrtengsngdncfs, qun dfaegdfgt trf cbglnras, kenssfgt pfgsfr quf cfst duregt kfCreanquf abyfg queurent t reknsf ugf pertnf dfs ptrbmkypofs dfs Zftntfs

Egtnkkfs. Zer enkkfurs, bg b`sfrvf deutrfs coegmfafgts qun cbgcfrgfgt eussn `nfgkcbgbanf df cfs mrbupfs, kfur abdf mfstnbg df kfspecf quf kfurs tredntnbgs er-

tnsegekfs cbaaf gbus ekkbgs aengtfgegt kf vbnr. Zbur cfke gbus gbus etterdfrbgstbut pertncuknrfafgt sur kf sntf df Dnzec eu Dneaegt.

5 Kbceknsetnbg dfs sntfs sekedbdfs cfdrbsegs abyfgs/rcfgtsfg Aertngnquf

Vgf tudf reknsf fg 0::5 per @. @rerd ft G. \ndek (@rerd ft \ndek, 0::5)e pfrans df afttrf fg vndfgcf kfs dnllrfgcfs qun fxnstfgt fgtrf ke kbceknsetnbgfg Aertngnquf dfs sntfs sekedbdfs cfdrbsegs egcnfgs ft cfkkf dfs sntfs sekedbdfs

5 Cft ertnckf seppunf fg pertnf sur dfs dbggfs ngdntfs enae`kfafgt lburgnfs per Getoeknf\ndek qufkkf fg sbnt ncn rfafrcnf.


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abyfgs/rcfgts. Engsn, ekbrs quf duregt kf Creanquf egcnfg kfs sntfs earng-dnfgs tenfgt kbceknss degs ugf zbgf trs knantfs ft prsfgtenfgt dfs cerectrnstn-qufs nbmbmreponqufs cbapere`kfs (cl. coepntrf prcdfgt), duregt kf Creanqufabyfg kfs sntfs sbgt rpertns degs kfgsfa`kf df kkf (Lnmurf 5). Cfttf kermf rpertn-tnbg mbmreponquf fst ke cbgsqufgcf df dnllrfgts pogbagfs. but de`brd, bg

b`sfrvf ugf eumafgtetnbg napbrtegtf du gba`rf df sntfs per reppbrt ke prnbdfprcdfgtf ekbrs quf ke durf dfs dfux prnbdfs fst rfketnvfafgt cbapere`kf (eum-afgtetnbg dabmreponquf dfs pbpuketnbgs earngdnfggfs degs kkf 2). Fgsuntf,bg vbnt epperetrf cfttf prnbdf dfs mnsfafgts ercobkbmnqufs gf cbrrfspbgdegtpes dfs sntfs doe`ntet. Bg e engsn pu ndfgtnlnfr dfs sntfs sur dfs kfts (Mrbs Nkft,Nkft Stf-Aernf) bu dfs sntfs vbcetnbg sya`bknquf (Ztrbmkypofs df Abgtrevenk).Fglng, kfs sntfs doe`ntet prsfgtfgt dfs cerectrnstnqufs `nbmbmreponqufs `feu-cbup pkus vernfs quf duregt kf Creanquf egcnfg. Cfs dfux dfrgnfrs kafgtstabnmgfgt dug coegmfafgt gft du abdf df mfstnbg df kfspecf ngsukenrf aertn-gnquens per kfs pbpuketnbgs earngdnfggfs.

Lnmurf 5 8 Certf df rpertntnbg dfs sntfs creanqufs abyfgs df Aertngnquf.

: 5: ia

AEPTNGNUVF

Mregd'Pnvnrf

\nvLbgds-@rk

Mregdf Egsf

K'Edbretnbg

Puf Fumgf Emrncbkf

Zftntf Pnvnrf Sekf

G

Egsf Cbukfuvrf

Egsf CrbgOe`ntetnbg Crbg

Dfaeng

St. Znfrrf-Lbrt

St. Znfrrf-Abunkkemf

Kf Cbng

Lbgd Cepbt \frrnfr

Lbgd Kenkkft

Mrbs NkftEgsf Anteg

Dnzec

Otfk Zkfng CnfkCbrps df Merdf

Zessf dfs LbusEgsf Lnmunfr

Sekngfs

Cep Cofveknfr

Zbngtf Leuke


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Cfs dnllrfgts kafgts ndfgtnlns fg Aertngnquf sfa`kfgt sf cbglnrafr eu gn-vfeu df kerconpfk b kbg b`sfrvf ugf eumafgtetnbg mgrekf du gba`rf dfs sntfs(@redlbrd, 0::5 9 Curft, 0::6), ke cbkbgnsetnbg dug cfrteng gba`rf dkfs `essfsdkenssfs per kfs mrbupfs sekedbdfs cfdrbsegs egcnfg (Egmunkke, @er`edf), kf d-vfkbppfafgt dfs sntfs spcneknss ft ke dnllusnbg df ke cukturf sekedbdf degs kkf

dOnspegnbke.

0 Kf sntf df Dnzec, Dneaegt

Kf sntf df Dnzec fst kbcekns degs kf sud-bufst df kkf. Nk sf trbuvf sbus cf qun cbgstn-tuf ectufkkfafgt ke pkemf df Dnzec degs ke cbaaugf du Dneaegt (Lnmurf 0). Nk et dcbuvfrt fg 5>=4 9 Aettnbgn, 5>


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Dnapbrtegtfs cbkkfctnbgs creanqufs, kntonqufs ft leugnqufs bgt engsn pu trf

rfcufnkknfs. Cfttf dnvfrsnt dfs sburcfs dnglbraetnbgs fxpkbnte`kfs fst ugnquf fgAertngnquf pbur kf Sekedbdf cfdrbseg. Cfs dbggfs bgt, per enkkfurs, t cbapk-tfs per dfs prkvfafgts dfstngs ke reknsetnbg dtudf pekb-fgvnrbggfafgte-kfs. Fglng, kfgsfa`kf df cfs kafgts `glncnf dug fxcfkkfgt cekemf corbgbkbmn-quf mrcf ugf srnf df cngq detfs rednbcer`bgfs (\ndek, 0::0). Kf sntf df Dnzecpfraft engsn db`sfrvfr ke tbteknt df ke poesf sekedbdf cfdrbsegf abyfggf/r-cfgtf engsn quf kf d`ut df ke tregsntnbg evfc ke poesf trbuaessbdf trbuaessegf.

Kfgsfa`kf df cfs dbggfs sbgt fg cburs dfxpkbntetnbg fg vuf df ke reknse-tnbg dugf pu`kncetnbg abgbmreponquf pkurndnscnpkngenrf per kqunpf df ZrbhftCbkkfctnl df Pfcofrcof Kf gbkntonquf df ke Aertngnquf degs sbg cbgtfxtf eg-

tnkkens. Zbur ke suntf df cf coepntrf, gbus ekkbgs gbus cbgcfgtrfr sur ktudf dfsrfstfs creanqufs dcbuvfrts eu cburs df cfs rfcofrcofs.

3 Zrfanrf epprbcof df ke creanquf df Dnzec

Ktudf df ke creanquf du sntf df Dnzec quf gbus prsfgtbgs ncn seppunf sur keatobdf fapkbyf per @. @rerd pbur ktudf df ke creanquf du Sekedbdf eg-cnfg, fg pertncuknfr pbur cfkkf du sntf df \nv eu Kbrreng (@rerd, 0::4). Cf cobnxe t lent elng df pbuvbnr cbaperfr kfs rsuktets du cbaptemf df cfs dfux srnfs ftengsn cerectrnsfr kf lecns creanquf df kbccupetnbg eu Sekedbdf abyfg/rcfgt.

Uuegtnt df sbgdemfs Surlecf lbunkkf \bkuafs lbunkks Uuegtnt df

aetrnfk rcbkt

A. Aettnbgn 5: sbgdemfsrpertns fg 85/ 6 df 4x4 atrfs0/ 6 df 5x4 atrfs

5/ 6x5 atrfs3/gbg afgtnbgg

5/ 0?a0

0/ 6?:.


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3.5 Atobdbkbmnf

Cfttf tudf gf sngtrfssf queu cbaptemf du aetrnfk lremafgtenrf. Ktudf dfslbrafs fgtnrfs gf dfvrent ngtfrvfgnr quf degs ug sfcbgd tfaps. Kfs rsuktets b`-tfgus per cfttf tudf dfvrenfgt pfrafttrf deknafgtfr kf dèt sur kvbkutnbg dfkbccupetnbg sekedbdf fg Aertngnquf.

Kfs tfssbgs bgt t b`sfrvs elng df dlngnr ke geturf du dmrenssegt, kfs tfco-gnqufs df abgtemf dfs pbtfrnfs ft kfs tfcognqufs fapkbyfs pbur ke dcbretnbg.Degs kf sbucn df dnspbsfr dug aaf ngstruafgt df trevenk pbur cbaperfr dnll-rfgtfs srnfs du Sekedbdf, kf aetrnfk creanquf e t dnvns fg ugnts abrpob-kbmnqufs. Cfst--dnrf quug tfssbg e t ckess sfkbg se pbsntnbg sur ke pbtfrnf,aaf sn cf dfrgnfr cbapbrtent pkusnfurs ugnts abrpobkbmnqufs. Engsn, ug tfssbgqun cbapbrtf ugf egsf brfnkkf, ug `brd ft ugf pegsf dbggf trbns ugnts abrpob-kbmnqufs. Cfs ugnts sbgt rfmrbupfs fg 4 mregdfs cetmbrnfs pbur kfs rcnpnfgts dflbraf ngdtfrangf 8 kfs brds, kfs pegsfs, kfs èsfs ft lbgds ft kfs egsfs. E cfkkfs-cnsehbutfgt dfux eutrfs mregdfs cetmbrnfs qun eppertnfggfgt dfs typfs cbggus tfks

quf kfs cykngdrfs ft kfs pketngfs. Cfs mregdfs cetmbrnfs bgt t su`dnvnsfs quegdcfke sevrent gcfssenrf, per fxfapkf, dnllrfgts typfs df lbgds bu df èsfs bgt trfgcbgtrfs. Kfs egsfs fg D , egsfs brfnkkfs ft egsfs tfgbgs bgt t ndfgtnlnfs.Kfs prfanrfs sbgt 8 sbnt df sfctnbg rbgdf, sbnt fg ruèg, sbnt vfrtncekfs, sbnt ob-rnzbgtekfs. Gn cfttf dnstngctnbg, gn kfur pbsntnbg sur ke pbtfrnf gf sfre prsfgtfdegs cfttf prfanrf epprbcof. Kfs `brds quegt fux gbgt pes lent kb`hft dugftypbkbmnf. Nks bgt t regms sperafgt elng dtrf trents pkus terd, kbrs df ktudfdfs lbrafs fgtnrfs. Evfc cfttf atobdf df cbaptemf, ke cbkkfctnbg creanqufsegekysf sunvegt kf gba`rf rfk df tfssbgs (G.P.) ft kf gba`rf tobrnquf dugntsabrpobkbmnqufs. Vgf lbns quf ke pkecf df coequf tfssbg e t dtfrangf sur ke

pbtfrnf, kf dcbr fst ndfgtnln pbur coecugf dfs ugnts. Cfke pfraft df cbggetrfke pkecf dfs dcbrs sur kfs pbtfrnfs earngdnfggfs df cfttf prnbdf. Cfst prngcn-pekfafgt sur cfs dfrgnfrs quf seppunf cfttf prfanrf egekysf df ke creanquf dfDnzec.

3.5.5 Kfs afsurfs

Kpenssfur

Kfs afsurfs dug coegtnkkbg df 50% fgvnrbg dfs tfssbgs bgt t prnsfs elng dfcbggetrf kpenssfur abyfggf df cfux-cn. Zbur cfke, ug a0e t cobnsn eu oeserd

per dcepemf ft tbus kfs tfssbgs df cfkun-cn bgt t afsurs. Kpenssfur e t prnsftbuhburs eu aaf fgdrbnt, ft cfst ke pertnf ke pkus penssf df kugnt abrpobkbmn-quf qun e t rftfguf.

Kf pbnds

Kfgsfa`kf dfs tfssbgs, df tbus kfs dcepemfs tudns, e t pfs. Sn ug tfssbg df-vent cbgtfgnr dfux ugnts abrpobkbmnqufs tfkkfs quf ug brd ft ugf pegsf, kf pbndse t prns pbur kfgsfa`kf, puns fstna coecugf dfs ugnts df lbraf.


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3.5.0 Dlngntnbg dfs tfcognqufs df dcbr

Kfs tfcognqufs df dcbr bgt t rfkfvfs fg lbgctnbg df kfur prsfgcf/e`sfgcf.Cfst kf mfstf tfcognquf qun e t ndfgtnln, ft gbg kbrmegnsetnbg du dcbr 9 perfxfapkf, kf dcbr `kegc sur rbumf e t cbapt fg tegt quf tfssbg pfngt, `ncb-kbrf 9 rbumf ft `kegc .

Kfs quetrf mregdfs leankkfs df tfcognqufs dcbretnvfs prsfgtfs eu Sekedbdfcfdrbseg egcnfg cbgtngufgt df ktrf eu Sekedbdf cfdrbseg abyfg/rcfgt. Nk semntdf ke pfngturf, eddntnbg dugf cbukfur dnllrfgtf df ke cbukfur df ke ptf, eppkn-quf kbcekfafgt bu df lebg cbuvregtf sur ke pbtfrnf 9 df kngcnsnbg, tfcognquf d-cbretnvf reknsf kendf dug butnk degs ke ptf abkkf, cfst--dnrf evegt kf scoemf(kfs ugnts pfrcfs (abngs df 6aa df dneatrf) ft kfs trbufs (dneatrf 6aa)sbgt ngckusfs degs cfttf cetmbrnf) 9 ke mrevurf, cbapere`kf kngcnsnbg aens rekn-sf sur ptf scof ft fglng kf abdfkemf. Cf dfrgnfr cbrrfspbgd dfux tfcognqufs,perlbns du pestnkkemf, cfst--dnrf df ke aetnrf ehbutf, bu nfg kf trevenk df kermnkfdegs ke aessf pbur kun dbggfr ugf lbraf pertncuknrf (edbrgbs). Zkusnfurs tfcogn-

qufs pfuvfgt trf prsfgtfs sur ugf aaf ugnt abrpobkbmnquf aens heaens pkusdf trbns fgsfa`kfs.

3.5.3 Dlngntnbg dfs cbukfurs rpfrtbrnfs

Cngq cbukfurs bgt t ndfgtnlnfs. Kf rbumf, kf kegc, kf gbnr, kf brdfeux ft kbreg-mf. Cfs dfux dfrgnrfs gbgt t cbaptfs qufg prsfgcf, sur kf tfssbg, du rbumf.Kfs vernetnbgs du rbumf sbgt trs eketbnrfs ft pfuvfgt trf kf rsuktet df gba`rfuxlectfurs cbaaf kf abdf df cunssbg, ke geturf du su`stret degs kfqufk kf tfssbg fstrfst, ftc... Kbrmegnsetnbg du dcbr gtegt pes prnsf fg cbaptf degs cfttf tudf, kecbukfur df ke ptf vbkbgtenrfafgt kenssf cruf ge pes t rftfguf cbaaf dcbr.

3.0 Zrsfgtetnbg du cbrpus

Kfs tfssbgs bgt t cbapts per a0ft per dcepemf elng df rfspfctfr ke lngfssf dfke atobdf df lbunkkf ft per ke suntf, df rfstntufr dfs dbggfs spetnekfs. Cfpfgdegt,kfs tfssbgs sbgt prns fg cbgsndretnbg degs kfur fgsfa`kf, tbus pereatrfs spe-tneux ft corbgbkbmnqufs cbglbgdus pbur ke prsfgtf tudf. Kfs dbggfs mgrekfsrfcufnkknfs per cfttf tudf pfrafttrbgt df cbggetrf kfs cerectrnstnqufs aehfurfspfrafttegt df dlngnr ke creanquf df cf sntf.

Kf aetrnfk e t ans eu hbur df 5>?> 5>>0 per Getoeknf \ndek ft sbg qunpf.

Kenrf df lbunkkf tent df 6:a0

. Dnx-ount dcepemfs bgt t reknss, evfc perlbnspkusnfurs rfkfvs pbur ug aaf dcepemf. Kf aerquemf dfs tfssbgs pbrtf kfurscbbrdbggfs spetnekfs trndnafgsnbggfkkfs.

Ke prsfgtf tudf cbgcfrgf kf aetrnfk prbvfgegt dfs 56 prfanfrs dcepemfsengsn quf cfkun rcbkt degs kfs cbupfs stretnmreponqufs. Gn kf dcepemf g53 (ng-cbapkft eu abafgt df ktudf), gn kfs trbns dfrgnfrs dcepemfs gbgt pu trf ngckusdegs cfttf tudf leutf df tfaps.

Du lent dfs pfrtur`etnbgs napbrtegtfs knfs ke geturf se`kfusf du sdnafgt,dfs tfssbgs dets df ke prnbdf onstbrnquf bgt t rftrbuvs husqueu


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Ke creanquf du sntf df Dnzec fst `nfg cuntf. Kfs tfssbgs lrne`kfs sbgt pfu lr-qufgts. Ke cbukfur df ke ptf fst aehbrntenrfafgt aerrbg-bregm, ekkegt husqueumrns pbur kfs ces df cunssbg rductrncf. Ke tfxturf df ke ptf fst obabmgf fxcfptpbur kfs pketngfs ft kfs cykngdrfs pbur kfsqufks kfs pbtnfrs bgt utnkns ug dmrenssegtfst ug pfu pkus mrbssnfr. Kpenssfur dfs tfssbgs vernf pfu. Kfs rcnpnfgts eyegt ugf

penssfur df pegsf nglrnfurf bu mekf 6 aa sbgt rerfs. Kfs pbtfrnfs perenssfgtrbùstfs.Df gba`rfusfs trecfs ettfstfgt dugf cbglfctnbg dfs rcnpnfgts evfc ke tfcogn-

quf df abgtemf dntf eu cbkba`ng (faprfngtfs dnmntfs, cessurfs ke hbgctnbgdfs cbkba`ngs, ftc.). Kutnknsetnbg df ke tfcognquf df ke pkequf bu du abukemf gfstpes fxckuf, eu abngs pbur cfrtengs typfs df pbtfrnfs cbaaf kfs pketngfs, aens rfstf dabgtrfr degs kf cedrf dugf rfkkf tudf tfcogbkbmnquf df ke srnf.

3.3 Egekysf du cbrpus

Kf Gba`rf Pfk (G.P.) df tfssbgs cbapts fst df =3 lremafgts df pketngf (sbnt 4,?4% dnvnss fg 5> lbgds), fg 54< lremafgts df cykngdrfs (sbnt 5,>=% dnvnss fg ?3 fxtrantsft 3,5>% df kfgsfa`kf, dnvnss fg 5056 kafgts df brds, 60?= pegsfs, 00? lbgdsft èsfs ft 5?< profgsnbgs0.

Kfs lbgds ft èsfs sf rpertnssfgt cbaaf sunt, ,3% df lbgds pkets (56? pn-cfs), 5


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3.3.0 Egekysf dfs dcbrs

Kfs kafgts dcbrs rfprsfgtfgt 3?,:5% df ke srnf, sbnt 0?05 pncfs.

Ke pfngturf (Te`kfeu 3)

Ke pfngturf fst utnknsf sfukf bu essbcnf deutrfs tfcognqufs dcbretnvfs sur 04?>pncfs sbnt ??,03% du tbtek dfs kafgts dcbrs. Fkkf fst utnknsf cbaaf sfukftfcognquf dcbretnvf pbur % (4= ugnts).Kf rbumf fst abgbcorbaf degs ?6,5%), ft fg dcbrs trncorbafs (05 pncfs, sbnt %).

Kf rbumf fst `ncorbaf degs 53,4=% dfs ces sbnt 30: ugnts. Kf `kegc fst ae-hbrntenrfafgt `ncorbaf (degs ==,5>% dfs ces sbnt 00: ugnts) 9 Cbaaf kf gbnr(,:405>55

Sbus tbtek 54< 5.>?3> 03=< 0?6 >4 63 4=% dfs cbukfurs 5:: >6.4< 55.46 3.=? 0.53 5.?>

Te`kfeu 3 8 Lrqufgcf dfs dnrfgtfs cbukfurs (abgbcorbafs ft pbkycorbafs).


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df cbukfurs sbgt, pbur ke `ncorbanf, kf rbumf ft `kegc (%), kf rbumf ft

gbnr (56,3%), kf rbumf-`kegc-`brdfeux (5 ugnt), kf rbumf-`kegc-gbnr (5 ugnt) ft kf rbumf-`brdfeux-gbnr (0 ugnts sbnt :,6?%).

Kf rbumf fst ke cbukfur prpbgdregtf. Fkkf epperet sur ke quesn-tbteknt ducbrpus pfngt fxcfptfs 553 ugnts (4,64%) qun cbrrfspbgdfgt eux eutrfs cbukfursabgbcorbafs (5:> pncfs) ft dfux essbcnetnbgs 8 gbnr ft `kegc (3 pncfs) ft gbnr-`brdfeux (5 pncf).

KngcnsnbgKngcnsnbg fst utnknsf sfukf bu essbcnf deutrfs tfcognqufs dcbretnvfs sur 5:06pncfs sbnt 36,6%) ftfg ngcnsnbg + dfux tfcognqufs (33 pncfs sbnt 4,6% dfs essbcnetnbgs).

Kfs essbcnetnbgs df tfcognqufs sbgt degs kf ces ngcnsnbg + ugf tfcognquf 8

ngcnsnbg ft pfngturf (


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6,


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=< per O. Zftnthfeg Pbmft(5>=>4, per Z. Dfkoeyf df kEssbcnetnbg pbur kfs Lbunkkfs Ercobkbmnqufs Getnbgekfs(ELEG 9 Dfkoeyf 5>>6). Fkkf lensent suntf ke dcbuvfrtf, per A. AerreudDfsmrbttfs, df tfssbgs earngdnfgs kbrs df keagemfafgt df ke pbrtnbg gbrd perkBllncf Getnbgek dfs Lbrts. Sfpt rfkfvs df cbupfs reknss degs kf tekus df ke d-pertfafgtekf 5: bgt knvr df ke creanquf ft dfs ckets df mekfts ft df hespf ettrn-`us eu sekedbdf abdnln fgtrf kfs \ ft \NNN snckfs ED (Dfkoeyf 5>>6 8 54:). Z. Dfkoeyf dcrnt (5>>6 85


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>4

0::5

0::0

0::>4,0::5, 0::0 ft 0::


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==).

Fglng, fg 5>>6, ke tfaptf Aerykngf event rvk, degs kfs `frmfs df ke rnvnrf,ugf structurf fg crfux eu `brd df ke percfkkf sbgdf fg 0::0. Dfvegt kf degmfrdf dfstructnbg, kf prbprntenrf, A. Aerreud Dfsmrbttfs, fg event fxtrent ugf pertnfdu aetrnfk, surtbut creanquf, fgtrf 5>>= ft 0::5, tbut fg nglbraegt kf SPE.Cf aetrnfk, fgtrfpbs sur kOe`ntetnbg, e t tudn pertnr df 0::5 per AerhbrnfOfrv degs kf cedrf df sbg Aestfr ugnvfrsntenrf (Ofrv 0::


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:0 (VS0) 9 ug gnvfeu onstbrnquf `rug sntu fg-

trf kfs _\NNN ft _N\ s., eu ab`nknfr pfu e`bgdegt (VS3) 9 kf gnvfeu df pbgcfsdu _N\ s. ep. H.-C. (VS4) 9 ft kf prfanfr gnvfeu earngdnfg, `rug aerrbg evfcdfs ngckusnbgs df pbgcf ft ug aetrnfk frretnquf, df pftntf tenkkf (VS6). Sbus cfgnvfeu, pkusnfurs ugnts stretnmreponqufs akegt ermnkf, mreguket, se`kfs ft pbgcfslbraenfgt dfs knantfs lkbufs dbuvfrturf df ke structurf crfusf degs kfs knts dfpbgcf fgcenssegts.

Ke lbunkkf du rfapknssemf df ke structurf e cbaafgc pertnr du gnvfeu df lfr-afturf kf pkus gft (VS?) qun e rvk ugf faprnsf rduntf dfux pbcofs sperfsper ug rftbur df pbgcf. Df gba`rfux gnvfeux bgt fgsuntf t dmems (Lnmurf 0),pbur ke pkupert, kns dfs pnsbdfs geturfks df cba`kfafgt rsuktegt df kcbu-

kfafgt dfs sdnafgts df perbns ft df `brds 8 pbgcfs, se`kfs df rnvnrf, mreguket,pbcofs dermnkf. Sfuks dfux gnvfeux gfts df rfapknssemf earngdnfg sbgt eppe-rus (VS56/5

5550

6

p nf rr fs tf ssb gs c re an qu fs

L

ermnkf knabgfu sf `rugf

ermnkf ngckusnbgs cfgdrfusfs ft pbgcfs

`.

c.

'

5 a

G

G

G


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, kenssf fg pkecf prcdfaafgt cerfkkf gf sfa`kent pes eppertfgnr ke lbssf, e t rfprnsf. Fkkf e rvk ugf lbssf df ce-kemf df pbtfeu (VS5>) ft kf gmetnl du pbtfeu cer`bgns sur pkecf (Lnmurf 0). Sfukcf dfrgnfr e lburgn du aetrnfk evfc 5> tfssbgs. Ke lbssf df cekemf e ug dneatrfdf 5,3 atrf 9 sbg lbgd ge pu trf ettfngt eu-dfk df 5,0 atrf. Kf pbtfeu e ug

dneatrf df 3: ca sur kfs dfux prfanfrs tnfrs puns sf rdunt 9 nk fst kmrfafgt d-cfgtr ft b`knquf. Dfs `kbcs df tenkkfs verne`kfs cbgstntuenfgt dfs pnfrrfs df cekemfsur kfs pburtburs. Kf pbtfeu e rk fg pkecf ft e knvr df gba`rfux coer`bgs dbgtug e t prkfv pbur detetnbg vne kf prbmreaaf Ertfans ft kf S.P.E.

Ke lbunkkf df 0::< gfst dbgc aekofurfusfafgt ngtfrvfguf quf sur ugf nglnafpbrtnbg df ke lbssf ngntnekf, sevbnr kfs pegdegmfs df pfgtf df `brds. Kfssfgtnfkdu aetrnfk event dbgc dh t fxtrent df cf qun dfvent fg trf kf cur. Aens kelbunkkf e rvk ke succfssnbg ngtrfssegtf du trbu df pbtfeu puns df ke lbssf.

Kf ab`nknfr fxtrent fg 0::< cbaprfgd


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0::< us 54) 0::< F`bukns (3>)

0::< lbssf us6 (5


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gf sbgt prcnsfs quf pbur ug quert (05,=,4%) 9 kfskafgts df leugf sbgt rerfs ft aek cbgsfrvs obrans qufkqufs pncfs df tbrtuf ftdf pbnssbg.

Kf aetrnfk kntonquf (Lnmurf 3) cbaprfgd surtbut dfs rbcofs vbkcegnqufs ft dfsmekfts df rnvnrf dbrnmngfs vernfs (>0,6%) 9 kf hespf fst rerf, kf snkfx e`sfgt. Kfs

kafgts df d`ntemf dbangfgt (6 e t tudn degs kf cedrf dug Aestfr fg

Ercobkbmnf. Pekns per A. Ofrv, sbg prngcnpek `ut tent kndfgtnlncetnbg cuktu-rfkkf ft corbgbkbmnquf df ke cbkkfctnbg creanquf. Zbur pekknfr eu aegquf df dbg-

gfs df tfrreng, ke creanquf e t dcrntf df ke lebg ke pkus prcnsf pbssn`kf fgcbgstntuegt ug cetekbmuf d

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