benthos report

8/7/2019 Benthos Report

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Introduction:

Benthos is the community of organisms which live on, in, or near the seabed, also known as

the benthic zone.This community lives in or near marine sedimentary environments, from tidal pools

along the foreshore, out to the continental shelf, and then down to the abyssal depths.

Benthos examples:

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Echinodermata

Subphylum: Echinozoa

Class: Echinoidea

Sea urchins or urchins are small, spiny, globular animals which, with their close kin,

such as sand dollars, constitute the class Echinoidea of the echinoderm phylum. They inhabitall oceans. Their shell, or "test", is round and spiny, typically from 3 to 10 centimetres (1.2 to

3.9 in) across. Common colours include black and dull shades of green, olive, brown, purple,and red. They move slowly, feeding mostly on algae. Sea otters, wolf eels, triggerfish, and

other predators feed on them. Humans harvest them and serve their role as a delicacy. The

name urchin is an old name for the round spiny hedgehogs that sea urchins resemble.


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Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Gastropoda

Superfamily: Cypraeoidea

Family: Cypraeidae

Genus: Cypraea

Cowry, also sometimes spelled cowrie, plural cowries, is the common name for a group of

small to large sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries. The word

cowry is also often used to refer only to the shells of these snails, which overall are often shaped

more or less like an egg, except that they are rather flat on the underside.


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PHYLUM:MOLLUSCA

FAMILY: PESTINEDAE

EXAMPLE:ASIAN MOON SCALLOP

GENUS:CHLAMYS

Asian moon scallop is bottom-dwelling saltwater bivalve. Almost round, flat shells, the top

being distinctively smooth with concentric circular bands of brownie reds, darker towards the

outside edge. The meat averages 13g and the shell can grow to 14cm in length, though generally

around 8cm.Found in open salt water.


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Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Gastropoda

Family:Tonnidae

Subfamily:Cassinae

Genus: Phalium

Species: P. Bandatum

Phalium bandatum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family

Tonnidae.


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Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Crustacea

Class:Malacostraca

Order: Decapoda

Infraorder: Anomura

Superfamily: Paguroidea

Hermit crabs are decapod crustaceans of the superfamily Paguroidea.[1] Most of the 1100

species possess an asymmetrical abdomen which is concealed in an empty gastropod shell that is

carried around by the hermit crab.


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Kingdom: Animalia

Subkingdom: Parazoa

Phylum: Porifera

Spongesare animals of the phylumPorifera. Their bodies consist of jelly-like mesohyl

sandwiched between two thin layers of cells. While all animals have unspecialized cells that can

transform into specialized cells, sponges are unique in having some specialized cells that can

transform into other types, often migrating between the main cell layers and the mesohyl in the

process. Sponges do not have nervous, digestive or circulatory systems. Instead, most rely on

maintaining a constant water flow through their bodies to obtain food and oxygen and to remove

wastes, and the shapes of their bodies are adapted to maximize the efficiency of the water flow.


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Kingdom: Animalia

Superphylum: Lophotrochozoa

Phylum: Annelida

The annelids(also called ringed worms) are a large phylum of segmented worms, with over

17,000 modern species including ragworms, earthworms and leeches. They are found in marine

environments from tidal zones to hydrothermal vents, in freshwater, and in moist terrestrial

environments.


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Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Pteriomorpha

Order: Arcoida

Family: Glycymerididae

Glycymerididae, previously known as Glycymeridae, common namesdog cockles or

bittersweets, is a worldwide family of marinebivalvemollusks, related to the ark clams. In this family

the shell is generally round in outline, is slightly longer than it is wide, and the external ligament

lacks transverse striations. The shell in some genera is smooth and in others is ribbed. This family

contains 45 species in four genera.


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Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Bivalvia

Subclass: Pteriomorpha

Order: Arcoida

Family: Arcidae

Genus: Anadara

Anadarais a genus of ark clams, in the familyArcidae.


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Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum:Crustacea

Class: Malacostraca

Order: Decapoda

Infraorder: Brachyura

Family: Grapsidae

Subfamily: Grapsinae

Genus: Grapsus

Grapsus is a genus of lightfoot crabs, comprising the following species.


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Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Gastropoda

Superfamily: Pterotracheoidea

The Pterotracheoidea is, according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi,

2005), a taxonomicsuperfamily ofsea snails or sea slugs, marinegastropodmolluscs in the clade

Littorinimorpha. They are commonly called heteropods or sea elephants.


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Kingdom: Animalia


Subphylum: Crinozoa

Class: Crinoidea

Crinoids are marine animals that make up the class Crinoidea of the echinoderms (phylum

Echinodermata). Crinoidea comes from the Greek wordkrinon, "a lily", and eidos, "form". They live

both in shallow water and in depths as great as 6,000 meters. Sea lilies refer to the crinoids which, in

their adult form, are attached to the sea bottom by a stalk.Feather stars or comatulids refer to the

unstalked forms.


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Kingdom: Animalia


Subphylum: Asterozoa

Class: Ophiuroidea

Brittle stars, or ophiuroids, are echinoderms, closely related to starfish. They crawl across

the seafloor using their flexible arms for locomotion. The ophiuroids generally have five long slender,

whip-like arms which may reach up to 60 centimetres (24 in) in length on the largest specimens.

They are also known as serpent stars.


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Kingdom: Animalia


Class: Echinoidea

Subclass: Euechinoidea

Superorder: Gnathostomata

Order: Clypeasteroida

Sand dollar, or Sand-dollar is a name used for many species of extremely flattened,

burrowing sea urchins belonging to the orderClypeasteroida. Other species within the orderare not quite as flat, and are sometimes called "sea cookies" or "sea biscuits".

All members ofClypeasteroida have a rigid skeleton known as a test. This is the

typical remains found washed up on beaches. The living animals have a skin of motile spines

covering the test, which consists of calcium carbonate plates. Movement is accomplished by

the coordinated action of the spines. Like other sea urchins, sand dollars have five paired

rows of pores. The pores are arranged in a petal-like pattern. These pores are perforations in

the endoskeleton through which the podia, used in gas exchange, project from the body.Echinarachniusparma, also known as the Common Sand Dollar, is widespread in oceanwaters of the Northern Hemisphere, from the intertidal zone to considerable depths. It can be

found in temperate and tropical zones.


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Kingdom: Animalia


Class: Echinoidea

Superorder: Atelostomata

Order: Spatangoida

The heart urchins or Spatangoida are an order of sea urchins.Their body is a

somewhat elongated oval in form, and is distinguished by the mouth being placed towards

one end of the animal, and the anus towards the other. As a result, heart urchins, unlike mostother sea urchins, are bilaterally symmetrical, and have a distinct anterior surface. The

presence and position of the mouth and anus typically give members of this group the distinct

"heart" shape from which they get their name.Heart urchins have no feeding lantern, and

often have petaloids sunk into grooves. They are a relatively diverse order, with a number of

varying species.


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Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Actinopterygii

Order: Pleuronectiformes

The flatfish are an order (Pleuronectiformes) of ray-finned fish, also called theHeterosomata, sometimes classified as a suborder of Perciformes. The name means "side-

swimmers" in Greek. In many species, both eyes lie on one side of the head, one or the othermigrating through and around the head during development. Some species face their left side

upward, some face their right side upward, and others face either side upward.Many

important food fish are in this order, including the flounders, soles, turbot, plaice, and halibut.There are more than 400 species of this order. Some flatfish can camouflage themselves on

the ocean floor.

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