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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    Cbnpltrm : 6 In jnctrlm!

    L! Cgdpgsltlga cbldlqum!

    >! Igrknalsdm!

    Mscbmrlcbln cgil 6

    Ga rcuprm uam qunatlt hm jnctrlms hm igrhrm hm >55 dk "pnr olitrntlga gu pnr

    cmatrloukntlga,! Ims >55 dk ogrdmat uam dnssm cgdpnctm) uam ptm! Ga hmsscbm cmttm ptm mt

    ga hcguvrm quli y nvnlt ;5- hmnu!

    Dnlatmanat qum iga cgaant in dnssm scbm) ga pmut pmsmr ims hloormats idmats!

    - pglhs smc Cudui

    Cnrjgam =5 =5

    Gxykam :5 ;5

    Nzgtm >8 28

    Byhrgkam 2 Inaniysm grknalqum huam mspcm jnctrlmaam

    Hpmah hm cgahltlgas hm crglssnacm mt hm itnt hm crglssnacm!

    Unkm 2 pgiy!

    Xgutms ims jnctrlms ga ma cgddua ua pina hgrknalsntlga cmiiuinlrm qul imur mst pnrtlcuilmr 4

    prgcnrygtm! Ims prgcnrygtms agat pns m agynu hloormacl "4 pns hm dmdjrnam aucinlrm,!

    Ims jnctrlms tnlmat naniysms sur im pina jlgcbldlqum) njsmacm gu prsmacm hm x! Im

    prgjidm hms prgcnrygtms mst quli ay n pns hm rmprghuctlga smxum! In agtlga mst hgac

    jmnucgup pius hloolclim dmttrm ma pincm!Ga nrrlvm tgut hm ddm dmttrm ma pincm hms mspcms!

    Mspcms 4 krnah agdjrm hlsgints anturmis qul vgat prsmatmr hms cnrnctrlstlqums gu

    cnrnctrms lhmatlqums!

    Lsgints 4 sgucbms!

    ]a trs krnah agdjrm hlsgints 4 mspcm!

    Imspcm mst 6

    $ uam hgaam nrtlolclmiim crm pnr iBgddm vrnl mt onux!

    $ hgaam trs fuhlclmusm mt vnilhm qul n uam rmiim slkalolcntlga pbyslgigklqum mt

    anturmiim!

    Hms vlrus vgat vmalr nttnqumr ims jnctrlms 4 jnctrlgpbnkms!

    >

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    In dnfgrlt hms ddms lsgints nurgat ims ddms typms hm pbnkm! Dnikr im cgatlauud

    vgiutlo) in agtlga hmspcm mst tgut hm ddm vninjim cbmz ims jnctrlms!

    In agtlga hm sgucbm pgsm prgjidm!

    Sgucbm 4 tgums ims jnctrlms huam ddm mspcm qul pgsshmat qumiqums hloormacms!

    Dnls ims dutnats crmr ma katlqum sgat nussl nppmis dutnats!Li mxlstm hgac : holaltlgas hloormatms 6

    $ lsgints anturmis huam ddm mspcm nvmc qumiqums hloormacms!

    $ rsuitnt hu trnvnli hms cbmrcbmurs qul gat cr hms dutnats! Ma karni) ga hgaam hms

    audrgs hm sgucbms igrsqum cm sgat hms dutnats!

    Ivgiutlga mst cgatlaum! Ims cuiturms prgigakms prgvgqumat hms dutntlgas qum iga am

    sgubnltnlt pns! Urgigak 4 cbnakmr hm dlilmu tgus ims >=f pnr mxmdpim!

    Li onut trguvmr ua dghm hm cgasmrvntlga hms jnctrlms qul ildltm in crglssnacm hm jnctrlms pgur

    ildltmr ims dutntlgas!

    : dtbghms utlilsms 6$ iygpblilsntlga hms sgucbms!

    $ pincmr ims sgucbms jnssm tmdprnturm "$25C, nvmc ua crygprgtmctmur!

    :! Im dlilmu!

    Ims jnctrlms sgat ualcmiiuinlrms mt jlma trgp pmtltms pgur cgatrimr im dlilmu mxtrlmur! Xgut ua

    masmdjim hm dcnalsdms vgat imur pmrdmttrm hnfustmr imurs cgastltunats cmiiuinlrms ma

    ogactlga hu dlilmu mxtrlmur "pB) gsdginrlt,! Cms dcnalsdms vgat imur pmrdmttrm hm

    pmrcmvglr im dlilmu mxtrlmur mt sgat lahlspmasnjims in vlm!

    Ugur uam ddm jnctrlm) hnas : dlilmux hloormats) li y nurn hms prgtlams hloormatms

    syatbtlsms!

    3! Itnt hm crglssnacm!

    Sl ga pincm ims jnctrlms hnas ua aguvmnu dlilmu) li vn oniiglr ua cmrtnlas tmdps pgur qum

    tgutms ims jnctrlms sglmat hnas im ddm tnt! Xgutms ims jnctrlms vgat hmvglr onlrm ua

    nfustmdmat hm imurs cgastltunats cmiiuinlrms! In hurm vn trm vnrlnjim cnr 6

    $ hpmah hm in hloormacm hms : dlilmux "hg in jnctrlm vlmat mt gu miim mst lastniim,

    $ hpmah hm itnt lahlvlhumi hm in jnctrlm "uam jnctrlm pmut snhnptmr + vltm quuam nutrm,!

    Nprs cmt nfustmdmat) ga matrm ma pbnsm mxpgamatlmiim! ]am ogls hnas cms cgahltlgas) ims

    jnctrlms vgat tgutms rmstmr hnas im ddm tnt pmahnat ua cmrtnlas tmdps) mt cmt tnt vn rmstmr

    tnat qum im dlilmu amst pns dghlolmr pnr in crglssnacm 4 tnat qum ims autrldmats smrgat ma

    qunatlts snturnatms! Ga hlt) hnas cm cns) qum in crglssnacm mst jninacm cnr ga pmut trm nssur

    pmahnat cm tmdps i qum tgus ims cgdpgsnats hm cbnqum cmiiuim nukdmatmat pnr ddm ualt hm

    tmdps! Cmst in sltuntlga lhnim pgur tuhlmr ims jnctrlms!

    8! In hyandlqum!

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    _glr scbdn ;

    Im oiux hm kiucgsm ilatrlmur hm in cmiiuim mst trs rnplhm mt in trnasogrdntlga ma pmtltms

    dgicuims mst trs rnplhm nussl!

    Unr cgatrm) im oiux mst jmnucgup + imat pgur ims dncrgdgicuims! Hnas cm cns) nu jgut hua

    hgujimdmat) ga an qum in dgltl!Ims NZAd hdnrrmat + imatmdmat qum ims pmtltms dgicuims dnls jlma qum cm sglt hms

    dncrgdgicuims) im tmdps mst + rnplhm tgut hm ddm! In rnplhlt hms NZAd mst

    pnrtlcuilrmdmat cruclnim cbmz ims jnctrlms!

    LL! Xnliim mt cgdpgsltlga huam cmiiuim dgymaam!

    >! Lsgimdmat mt hagdjrmdmat hms jnctrlms!

    Ga vn vguiglr spnrmr ims jnctrlms ims uams hms nutrms mt ga vn ims cgdptmr!

    Ugur cmin) ga vn nvglr piuslmurs dtbghms! Cbnqum dtbghm n sms nvnatnkms mt sms

    lacgavalmats!

    Im hagdjrmdmat hms J pnr tnimdmat!

    Cmttm dtbghm mst utlilsm pgur lsgimr uam sgucbm!

    Scbdn 2!

    Sl iga am cgaanlt pns jlma in jnctrlm) ga tnim tgutms ims sgiutlgas hm >5 $> >5$;!

    Nu hpnrt) li y n sur in jgltm ua tnpls jnctrlma! Uuls pmtlt pmtlt) nu our mt dmsurm hms

    hliutlgas) ga vglt nppnrnltrm hms cgigalms! Nu hpnrt) ga hms cgigalms qul sm tgucbmat dnls

    miims sgat tgufgurs lacgdptnjims! Uuls) ga gjtlmat hms cgigalms lsgims nvmc hm imspncm matrmmiims mt hnas cm cns) ga pmut onclimdmat cgdptmr im agdjrm hm cgigalms!

    Li onut nu dglas nvglr >55 cgigalms pnr jgltm cnr igrsqum iga vn primvmr im dlilmu) ga amst

    pns hnas uam sgiutlga dnls hnas uas suspmaslga ch qum ddm sl iga am ims vglt pns) li y n

    hms jnctrlms! Hgac) qunah ga prmah hu dlilmu nvmc in plpmttm) ga vn prmahrm hms jnctrlms

    nvmc! N in ola) li y n hgac uam hvlntlga stnahnrh!

    Mx 6 ga cgdptm >55 cgigalms

    >55 + gu >5 ">5-, "Znclam cnrr,

    ?:= + gu := "8-,

    Li vn oniiglr onlrm ua cgdprgdls matrm uam hvlntlga stnahnrh mt imrrmur hm cgdptnkm hm

    cgigalms!

    Ga pmut knimdmat cgdptmr in jgltm hm hliutlga nu hmssus mt cmiim ma hmssgus pgur vrlolmr sl im

    trnvnli n jlma t onlt!

    Hagdjrmdmat tgtni!

    Scbdn 5$= I! Nu dlcrgscgpm) ga vn pguvglr

    hagdjrmr im agdjrm hm jnctrlms! Lcl) ga cgdptm tgutms ims jnctrlms dgrtms gu vlvnatms! Mt

    ga rndam systdntlqumdmat ma agdjrm hm jnctrlms ' di hm cuiturm hm hpnrt!

    3

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    Xurjlhldtrlm!

    Ga vlsunilsm inukdmatntlga hu trgujim hm in suspmaslga jnctrlmaam! Inppnrmli utlils mst im

    spmctrgpbgtgdtrm gu im apbigdtrm!

    Hnas im cns hu spmctrgpbgtgdtrm) ga n 6

    Im rcmptmur dmsurm in iudlrm rmum!

    Hnas cm cns in igl hm Jmmr Indjmrt am snppilqum qunux sgiutlgas mt lcl ga n uam suspmaslga!

    Hgac ga am dmsurm pns uam njsgrjnacm lcl! Ga dmsurm uam qunatlt hm iudlrm qul vn trm)

    pmahnat ua tps) prgpgrtlgaamiim nu agdjrm hm jnctrlms! Uius in cgacmatrntlga hm jnctrlm mst

    imvm) pius in iudlrm hlornctm mst ldpgrtnatm! Cmst vninjim fusquuam cmrtnlam vnimur)

    pnrtlr huam hmaslt hm jnctrlms trgp ldpgrtnatm cm amst piu prgpgrtlgaami! Hgac hnas ims cns

    qul as latrmssm) ga n uam ilanrlt matrm uam HG hm 5)> mt 5)=!

    Scbdn >>

    N pnrtlr hu dgdmat g ga mst HG 4 5)=) li onuhrnlt hliumr ims cuiturms pgur tgufgurs sm

    trguvmr hnas uam jgaam HG pgur qum in cgurjm sglt tgufgurs ilanlrm!

    In HG lcl am agus n pns hgaa ua agdjrm hm jnctrlm!

    Im agdjrm hm jnctrlm pmut trm htmrdla hm : dnalrms 6

    $ rmintlga matrm HG mt pglhs smc hms jnctrlms

    $ hagdjrmdmat 6 uam HG pnrtlcuilrm ga privm ua cbnatliiga) ga hlium mt ga tnim sur

    jgltm mt nprs ga cgdptm!

    Li onut njsgiudmat onlrm uam cgurjm htnigaankm hs quga cbnakm hm spmctrgpbgtgdtrm!

    Uulsquga dmsurm inukdmatntlga hua trgujim) cm amst pns ualvmrsmi pgur tgutms ims

    jnctrlms! Sl ga n uam jnctrlm pius krgssm) li ay nurn pns im ddm agdjrm hm jnctrlm pgur

    uam ddm HG!

    :! Xnliim!

    Scbdn >:!

    Ugur M! cgil 6

    Hnas >55dk) ga n >5>> jnctrlms! Dnssm huam cmiiuim lcl 4 5$>3 k!

    Igrsquga scbm cmttm jnctrlm) dnssm 4 :)2!>5

    $>3

    kXnliim mxtrdmdmat onljim! Xgutm pmtltm cmiiuim! Cmttm tnliim mst trs ldpgrtnatm pnr rnppgrt in

    dnalrm hm vlvrm!

    Krcm cmttm pmtltm tnliim) im rnppgrt suroncm vgiudm mst ldpgrtnat! Uius li y n pgssljlilt

    hcbnakm rnplhm nvmc im dlilmu mxtrlmur! Matrm trs rnplhm hm autrldmat mt sgrtlm trs rnplhm

    hms hcbmts! Umrdmt tnux dtnjgilqum trs imv pnrtlclpm in crglssnacm rnplhm hm in

    dnfgrlt hms jnctrlms! Im tnux dtnjgilqum huam jnctrlm mst hm >5 >55 ogls suprlmur qum

    cmiul huam cmiiuim mucnrygtm!

    3! _nrlts mt agdjrm hms dgicuims!

    8! Ims prgtlams!

    Ga pmut onlrm uam imctrgpbgrsm ma : hldmaslgas!

    8

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    R mst in pnrtlm byhrgpblim qul pmut trm vnrlnjim smiga im dlilmu mt smiga ims jnctrlms!

    2! Ims ilpgpgiysnccbnrlhms!

    Ilpgpgiysnccbnrlhm 6 3)= -

    Amst prsmat qum cbmz Krnd$

    !Miim mst vnrlnjim smiga ims mspcms vglr smiga ims sgucbms! Cmst uam structurm bnutmdmat

    natlkalqum! Zim hm prgtkmr in jnctrlm!

    Durlam 6 :)= - hm in dnssm scbm!

    Miim sm trguvm hnas im pmptlhgkiycnam! Njsmat hnas uam tgutm pmtltm qunatlt hm jnctrlms! Dnls

    hnas in krnahm dnfgrlt) li y n hm in durlam!

    In durlam vn ogrdmr uam cgqum rlklhm tgut nutgur hm in jnctrlm qul pmrdmt hm sm prgtkmr hm

    in prmsslga gsdgtlqum mt hgaam in ogrdm in jnctrlm!

    >5! Ims dgicuims grknalqums!

    _glr pgiy pnkm >5 tnjim :

    Li y n hms nclhms ndlas) Aucigtlhms mt hms sucrms mt imurs prcursmurs!

    >>! Ims lgas grknalqums!

    _glr pgiy pnkm >5 tnjim 3

    Li y n hms lgas! Im sghlud amst pns lahlspmasnjim! Li mst lahlspmasnjim smuimdmat pgurqumiqums jnctrlms "dnrlams gu pbgtgsyatbtlqums,!

    Cmcl agus hgaam uam lhm hm in cgdpimxlt hm in cmiiuim jnctrlmaam! In cmiiuim jnctrlmaam mst

    cgdpimxm) sn cgdpgsltlga vn trm rkim hm dnalrm trs strlctm dnls n uam nhnptntlga trs

    rnplhm! Dnls olanimdmat in cmiiuim jnctrlmaam amst pns ogahndmatnimdmat hloormatm hms

    nutrms cmiiuims!

    LLL!Grknalsntlga hm in cmiiuim prgcnrygtm!

    Cmst hnas ims naams =5 qum iga n vu pgur in >rm ogls cmttm structurm krcm indilgrntlga hu

    dlcrgscgpm! Umrdmt hm vglr iuitrn structurm hms jnctrlms!

    Igrknalsntlga kigjnim hm in cmiiuim mst trs hloormatm hm cmiim qum iga gjsmrvm cbmz ims

    mucnrygtms! Uglat cgddua 6 cms cmiiuims sgat matgurms huam dmdjrnam!

    Li ay n pns hm rsmnux dmdjrnanlrms ilatrlmur hm in jnctrlm!

    ]am smuim structurm dmdjrnanlrm!

    Uns hgrknaltms ilatrlmur hms jnctrlms "pns hm cbigrgpinstms!!,!

    Ga vglt ua cytgpinsdm krnauimux mt qul trnhult imxtrdm rlcbmssm ma rljgsgdms!

    Ga vglt uam dnssm 4 NHA qul mst hnas im cytgpinsdm! Uns hm dmdjrnam aucinlrm hgac pns hm

    agynu! Ga n) in pincm) ua aucighm!

    Injsmacm hm dmdjrnam aucinlrm onlt qum im cbrgdgsgdm jnlkanat hnas im cytgpinsdm)

    iNZAd vn trm ma cgatnct nvmc ims rljgsgdms mt hgac trnascrlptlga mt trnhuctlga sm ogat ma

    ddm tmdps! Umrdmt uam rnplhlt hnhnptntlga suprlmurm) pmrdmt hm knkamr hu tmdps pgur in

    ?

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    crglssnacm jninacm! Dnls uam krnahm pnrtlm hms nvnacms gjsmrvms cbmz ims mucnrgytms am

    sgat pns gjsmrvnjims cbmz ims jnctrlms!

    Hnas cmrtnlas cns) li y n hms structurms naamxms 6

    $ ims oljrliims "plil, 6 pgur nhbrmr ma karnim

    $ ims oinkmiims 6 pgur sm hpincmr

    _glr pgiy pnkm >> mt >:!

    Miim mst pmtltm! Aga cgdpnrtldmatm pnr hms dmdjrnams matrm NHA mt dncblamrlm! Uns

    hgrknaltms cgdpimxms! Im trnaspgrt hms m$ n ilmu in suroncm hms dmdjrnams cmiiuinlrms!

    Ga n hms dcnalsdms hm trnaspgrts trs hvmigpps qul vgat pmrdmttrm

    Im dntrlmi katlqum) hlvlslga cmiiuinlrm mt sgat hm cgdpimxlt dlaldnim pnr rnppgrt nux

    cmiiuims mucnrygtms!

    Im oinkmiim mst hm cgastltulgas jmnucgup + sldpim qum cbmz ims jnctrlms!

    >! _nrlts hnas in structurm hm imavmigppm!

    Cmttm vnrlt n t dlsm ma vlhmacm pgur in >rm ogls pnr im tmst hm Krnd!

    Krnd 4 dlcrgjlgigklstm hnagls ma >228! Cm tmst pmrdmt hm hlstlakumr ims jnctrlms krnd$ mt

    Krnd+!

    Li onut tnimr ims jnctrlms sur uam indm) olxmr cms jnctrlms pnr in cbnimur!

    Cgigrmr nu vlgimt hm kmatlnam!

    Ga nppilqum uam sgiutlga hlghm qul vn ogrdmr ua cgdpimxm nvmc im vlgimt hm kmatlnam!

    Ga vglt qum im cgdpimxm pmut rmssgrtlr hm cmrtnlams jnctrlms!

    Sl im cgdpimxm rmssgrt hm cmrtnlams jnctrlms 6 miims sgat nppmims Krnd$!

    Sl im sgivnat pginlrm am pmut pns rmssgrtlr hm in jnctrlm 6 miims sgat nppmims Krnd+!

    Umrdmt hm dgatrmr ims hloormacms hnas in cgdpgsltlga hm imavmigppm qul gat t cgdprls qum

    25 nas + tnrh!

    Cmttm cgigrntlga Krnd hpmah hms cgahltlgas pbyslgigklqums! Hnas cmrtnlams cgahltlgas) hms

    Krnd+ am sgat pns cgigrms!

    Cmrtnlams jnctrlms cbnppmat cmttm cgigrntlga cnr miims am pgsshmat pns hm pnrgl mt hgac pns

    durlam!

    :! Nrcbms!

    ]a krnah krgupm hm prgcnrygtm 6 ims nrcbms 4 : dm krnah krgupm "nprs ims jnctrlms, hm

    prgcnrygtm qul mux agat pns hm durlam mt am sgat hgac pns smasljims in cgigrntlga!

    Cms nrcbms sgat hms prgcnrygtms knimdmat! In structurm hms ilplhms mst trs hloormatm! Lis gat

    hms cnrnctrlstlqums cgdduams nvmc ims jnctrlms mt ims mucnrygtms! Nu hjut) ga pmasnlt qum

    ctnlt hms jnctrlms spclnims qul vlvnlmat hnas hms dlilmux mxtrdms!

    3! Ims 3 hgdnlams 6 Nrcbmn) Jnctmrln) Mucnryn!

    _glr pgiy pnkm >3!

    ;

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    Cbnpltrm 3 6 Imavmigppm Jnctrlmaam!

    Ims prgprlts structurnims mt ogactlgaamiims hm imavmigppm vgat nvglr hms hloormacms hnas

    imur cnpnclt nhnptntlvm!

    Ims hloormats cgastltunats hm imavmigppm jnctrlmaam vgat trm nhnpts ma > mr ilmu in hmautrldmats! Imatrm hms autrldmats am hglt pns sm onlrm nu htrldmat hm in jnctrlm) li onut qum

    ims prghults agclos rmstmat imxtrlmur!

    Mavmigppm 6 prgprlt hnhbrmacm mt nhnptm nu trnasomrt katlqum!

    Hnas im kagdm jnctrlma hms kams sgat ldpilqus hnas in syatbsm) in rkuintlga mt in

    dnlatmanacm hms cgastltunats hm imavmigppm!

    Unrdl ims cgastltunats hm imavmigppm) ga trguvm hms cnrnctrlstlqums jlgcbldlqums trs

    spclolqums qul pmrdmttmat hm cinssmr ims jnctrlms hua pglat hm vu tnxgagdlqum! In

    cgastltutlga hm imavmigppm hms jnctrlms mst spclolqum huam mspcm vglr huam sgucbm!

    Im pmptlhgkiycnam mst cgii in dmdjrnam mxtmram cbmz ims jnctrlms Krnd $ krcm uam

    ilpgprgtlam!

    Li y n uam + krgssm cgucbm imxtrlmur cbmz ims Krnd+ qum cbmz ims Krnd$!

    Scbdn >

    IUS pnrtlclpm in prgtmctlga hms jnctrlms Krnd$ oncm nu dlilmu mxtrlmur!

    L! In dmdjrnam cmiiuinlrm!

    >! Ims ilplhms!

    Hnas cmttm dmdjrnam cmiiuinlrm) ga trguvm hms ilplhms mt hms prgtlams!

    Jlcgucbm ilplhlqum!

    Cbmz in qunsl tgtnilt hms jnctrlms) in jlcgucbm amst ogrdm qum hm pbgspbgilplhms "pns hm

    kiycrgi,!

    : mspcms sgat dnfgrltnlrms 6

    $ ims pbgspbntlhyi kiycrgi ":5-,

    $ ims pbgspbntlhyi tbnagindlam ";=-,

    $ cnrhlgilplhm "=- dlagrltnlrm,

    Ugiy pnkm >5 olk =

    Ims : pbgspbntlhyi rmprsmatmat in ttm pginlrm!

    In anturm hm inclhm krns htmrdlam in + gu krnahm oiulhlt hm in dmdjrnam! In dmdjrnam

    hglt trm suoolsnddmat oiulhm pgur qum tgus ims cgastltunats pulssmat jgukmr ilatrlmur!

    Scbdn :

    Mx 6

    Ugurcmatnkm hnclhm krns quli y n hnas ims pbgspbgilplhms 6 3;- M! cgil

    83- nclhm pnidltlqum C>? 6 5 "4Sntur,

    33- nclhm pnidltgilqum C>? 6 > "4 lasntur > ogls,:3- nclhm cls$ vnccalqum C>2 6 > "4 lasntur > ogls,

    >

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    >- hm trncms

    Ga gjsmrvm nu dnxldud > lasnturntlga!

    :! Ims prgtlams!

    Cbmz M! cgil) ;5- hm in dnssm hm in dmdjrnam rmprsmatm hms prgtlams!Cmst jmnucgup + qum hnas in dnfgrlt hms cmiiuims mucnrygtms! Jmnucgup + cnr hnas in

    dmdjrnam cmiiuinlrm hms jnctrlms) li y n ua agdjrm hm ogactlgas jmnucgup + imv qum hnas

    cmiim hms mucnrygtms!

    Ogactlgas 6

    $ jnrrlrm gsdgtlqum

    $ trnaspgrt spclolqum hm sgiuts "autrldmats mt lgas,

    $ tgutms ims prgtlams acmssnlrms in syatbsm hms ilplhms

    $ ma krnahm pnrtlm ims prgtlams acmssnlrms in jlgsyatbsm hu pmptlhgkiycnam

    $ tgus ims systdms hm scrtlga qul vgat pmrdmttrm hm trnvmrsmr in dmdjrnam cmiiuinlrm mt

    knimdmat hm trnvmrsmr in dmdjrnam mxtmram "Krnd$, pgur mxpgrtmr hms prgtlams hnas imdlilmu mxtrlmur!

    $ cbnlam rmsplrntglrm

    $ skrkntlga hms cbrgdgsgdms

    $ Cbldlgtnctlsdm 4 tgutms ims prgtlams qul pmrdmttmat in jnctrlm hm pmrcmvglr hms vnrlntlgas

    mt ims trnasdmttrm nu oinkmiim

    $ prgtlams qul sgat hms cnptmurs mt qul pmrglvmat tgut typm hm vnrlntlga mt qul vgat

    trnasdmttrm ilatrlmur hm in cmiiuim hms latkrntmurs!

    LL! Ims cgucbms mxtmrams hm imavmigppm!

    >! In pnrgl hms jnctrlms Krnd pgsltlo!

    In rkuintlga hm in qunatlt hms prgtlams hnas imavmigppm mst trs strlctm mt trs prclsm! Hgac

    ua krnah agdjrm hm kam mst ldpilqu hnas in rkuintlga hm cm agdjrm hm prgtlams!

    Ims jnctrlms vlvmat sguvmat hnas ua dlilmu bypgtgalqum hgat 6

    ]am dmdjrnam cmiiuinlrm smuim am pmrdmt pns hm rslstmr in prmsslga cmst pgurqugl) ga

    trguvm nu hmssus hms cgucbms mxtmrams qul pmrdmttmat in jnctrlm hm rslstmr hms vnrlntlgas

    hm prmsslga trs ldpgrtnatms!

    Umptlhgkiycnam 6

    Ddm ims jnctrlms Krnd$ "qul gat uam pmtltm cgucbm hm pmptlhgkiycnam, sgat cnpnjims hmrslstmr uam prmsslga hm >55 ntd!

    Krnd+ 6 pnlssm cgucbm hm pmptlhgkiycnam pmrdmt hm hgaamr sn ogrdm in jnctrlm!

    Ims : nclhms sgat ils nu pmptlhgkiycnam cm qul pmrdmt hm rmstmr nttncbmr in cmiiuim!

    In structurm hu pmptlhgkiycnam mst kigjnimdmat in ddm pgur ims Krnd+ mt ims Krnd$!

    Im UK "4 pmptlhgkiycnam, mst cgastltu hm 6

    $ nclhm AWnctyiWdurndlqum "AND,

    $ AWnctyikiucgsndlam! "ANK,

    Cms : i rpts a ogls!

    Cm amst pns uam kiycgprgtlam) cmst ua tmtrnpmptlhm "durndlqum,!

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    Unkm >; n

    ]a pgatnkm pmrdmt hnssgclmr matrm miims ims hloormatms cbnlams!

    Unkm >; j

    Ims 8 NN ils in AND sgat hms NN pnrtlcuilmrs! In ilnlsga matrm ims : cbnlams sm onlt matrm H

    ninalam mt in dmsghlndlagpldmintm

    Unkm >2 n

    Cgatrnlrmdmat nvnat) ims : cbnlam pmptlhlqums am sgat pns rmilms hlrmctmdmat dnls rmilms

    pnr hms kiyclams! Dnls imoomt mst im ddm!

    Smuim cbgsm lavnrlnjim 4 macbnlamdmat hms sucrms

    Cbgsms vnrlnjims 4 NN + typm hm pgatnkm

    Dnls in structurm kigjnim vn trm n pmu prs in ddm!

    Unkm >2j

    N! Ims pgatnkms sgat mxtrdmdmat ldpgrtnats!J! Li y n ua pgatnkm hm tmdps ma tmdps! Smui := - hms ttrnpmptlhms sgat ldpilqus hnas ims

    pgatnkms!

    Hloormacm matrm cms jnctrlms nu alvmnu gsdgtlqum!

    Jnctrlm Krnd$ 6

    Nutrm structurm macbssm hnas UK 6 nclhm tlcbgqum mt ldpgrtnat pgur inttncbmdmat in

    cmiiuim! Cm sgat hms htmrdlanats natlkalqums rmcgaaus pnr ibtm qunah in jnctrlm pnssm

    hnas ua mucnrygtm!

    : krnahms cntkgrlms hnclhms tlcbgqums 6

    $ onjrlqu pnr ua macbnlamdmat hm rljltgi

    $ onjrlqu pnr ua macbnlamdmat hm dgicuims hm kiycrgi

    Hnas cms macbnlamdmats) li y n nussl hms sujstltutlgas pnr hms NN!

    Umptlhgkiycnam + nclhm tcbgqum hgaamat uam structurm mxtrdmdmat byhrgpblim gjstncim

    pgur ims dgicuims byhrgpbgjms ch qum imur nccmsslga in dmdjrnam cmiiuinlrm vn trm

    jmnucgup + imatm!

    Urgtmctlga cgatrm mxpigslga hm in cmiiuim mt prgtmctlga cgatrm ims dgicuims tgxlqums mt

    byhrgpbgjms!

    Im pmptlhgkiycnam amst pns ua gjstncim pgur iNHA) al pgur ims

    Uincm hnas ua dlilmu bypgtgalqum) uam jnctrlm ogrdm ua iysgzydm htrult mt hkrnhm im

    pmptlhgkiycnam! Igrsqum im pmptlhgkiycnam mst hkrnh cgahltlga htrm hnas dlilmu

    bypgtgalqum ga gjsmrvm lddhlntmdmat in iysm hm tgutms ims cmiiuims!

    Ddm mxprlmacm hnas dlilmu ikrmdmat bypmrtgalqum pns hm iysm dnls ims cmiiuims sgat

    hogrdms) ga gjsmrvm hms prgtgpinstms! Uuls) sl ga rmdmt hnas dlilmu agrdni) in jnctrlm

    rmhmvlmat agrdnim!

    :! In durlam!

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    3! In pnrgl mt in dmdjrnam mxtmram hms jnctrlms Krnd akntlo!

    Ugur ims Krnd$ 6

    Ga n ua pmptlhgkiycnam + dmdjrnam mxtmram!

    In dmdjrnam mxtmram rmdpincm in krgssm cgucbm hm pmptlhgkiycnam hm in Krnd +!

    In dmdjrnam mxtmram n uam structurm ma jlcgucbm ilplhlqum qul mst cgdpitmdmat nsydtrlqum"cgatrnlrmdmat in dmdjrnam cmiiuinlrm,) in oncm latmram hm cmttm dmdjrnam mst

    dnfgrltnlrmdmat cgastltum hm pbgspbgilplhms) mt sur in oncm mxtmram ga n qum in pnrtlm

    ilplhlqum hu ilpgpgiysnccbnrlhm!

    Umrdmt hm rslstmr hms agdjrmux cgdpgss tgxlqums!

    8! Im ilpgpgiysnccbnrlhm!

    Im ilpgpgiysnccbnrlhm mst cgdpgs 3 pnrtlms 6

    $ Ilplhm N 6 cgastltu cgddm ua ilplhm 6

    $ pnrtlm byhrgpblim 4 : dgicuims hm kiucgsndlam rmilms 8$? nclhm krns "nclhm krns

    hm C>: C>? hnas in dnfgrlt hms cns snturs + rlklhm,! Ims kiucgsndlams sgat ma karnimpbgspbgryis hgac cbnrks! Hu cgup) pgur qum ims dgicuims hu IUS latmrnklssmat masmdjim

    pgur ogrdmr uam jnrrlrm) li onut amutrnilsmr cms cbnrkms nvmc hms dgicuims hm Cn :+ gu Dk:+!

    Sl in cbnrkm amst pns amutrnilsm pmut nvglr hms pmrturjntlgas hnas in structurm hm in

    dmdjrnam!

    $ pnrtlm byhrgpbgjm

    Unkm > rm pnrtlm hm in pnrtlm pgiysnccbnrlhlqum!

    Im @HG 4 nclhm ctg hmsgxygctnagqum "pns snvglr cm qum vmut hlrm @HG,!

    @HG mt bmxgsm sgat rmintlvmdmat jlma cgasmrvs cbmz tgutms ims mspcms!

    Nu hmssus hu agynu mst krmoo inatlkam G lahlspmasnjim pgur in vlruimacm hms jnctrlms!Unrdl ims "8 sucrms,a) li pmut y nvglr jmnucgup hmacbnlamdmats "8=,!

    Unkm :5

    Li y n hms prgtlams hgac cbnrks structurm byhrgpblim!

    Unkm :>j

    Structurm qum cmrtnlas pmasmat hu IUS!

    Cmrtnlas pmasmat qum sl in pnrtlm pgiysncbnrlhlqum mst rmcgurjm dmliimurm prgtmctlga!

    In dmdjrnam mxtmram + IUS 6 prgtmctlga cgatrm ims dgicuims byhrgpblims mt ims dgicuims

    byhrgpbgjms!

    Cmttm structurm mst pius moolcncm pgur mdpcbmr ims dgicuims hm rmatrmr qum in prgtmctlga hms

    Krnd+!

    Cbmz Krnd$) smui im nssurm in ogactlga hm jnrrlrm!

    MHXN 6 tgus ims lgas jlvnimats sgat

    Hsgilhnrlsm ims dgicuims hm IUS 6 crm hms trgus tmdpgrnlrms hnas im IUS pmrdmt nu

    iysgzydm hm rmatrmr mt hgac hm htrulrm im pmptlhgkiycnam mt hgac in iysm hm in jnctrlm hnas im

    dlilmu bypgtgalqum!

    Ga gjtlmat hms spbrgpinstms "pns prgtgpinstm cnr : dmdjrnams,! Hms rslhus hm dmdjrnammxtmram rmstmat nttncbs in dmdjrnam latmram!

    8

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    IUS n ua rim ldpgrtnat hnas in pntbgkasm!

    Ilplhm N 4 pnrtlm in + rnctlvm hu IUS!

    Sl trgp hm ilplhm N pmut prgvgqumr in dgrt!

    Nucuam dgicuim amst hgac smasm rmatrmr pnr cmttm dmdjrnam mxtmram!

    Cm sgat hms prgtlams qul pmrdmttmat im pnssnkm hm autrldmats! Ims prgtlams moomctumat imddm trnvnli qum ims prgtlams hm trnaspgrt hm in dmdjrnam cmiiuinlrm!

    Ga vn nvglr : cntkgrlms hm prgtlams qul pmrdmttmat im trnaspgrt hm dgicuims byhrgpblims 6

    $ pgrlams 6 cbmz M! cgil li y ma n : 6 GdpC mt GdpO) cm sgat hms trldrms! Cbnqum dgagdrm

    pgsshm sga cnani hm hloouslga! Xrnaspgrt aga spclolqum! Umrdmt hm trnaspgrtmr hms dgicuims

    byhrgpblims hm dnssm dgicuinlrm laorlmurm ;55Hn 4 dnfgrlt hms autrldmats! Cms :

    prgtlams "Gdp!!, ogat pnrtlms hms prgtlams dnfmurms hm in dmdjrnam mxtmram cbmz M! cgil!

    $ trnaspgrtmurs spclolqums 6 pmrdmt hm onlrm matrmr hms vltndlams "vlt J>:,) ims pbrlcbrgdms

    "grtbg, "ObuN,) hms gilkgsnccbnrlhms "hm ;$>5 sucrms, 4 pmtlt prghult hm hkrnhntlga hm

    indlhga!

    $ Urgtlams hm structurm 6

    $ GdpN 6 prgtlam trnasdmdjrnanlrm cgdpitmdmat hvgiu in structurntlga hm

    imavmigppm!

    $ ilpgprgtlam hm Jrnua 6 pmrdmt hm rmtmalr im pmptlhgkiycnam cgatrm in dmdjrnam

    mxtmram! Ugsshm 3 nclhms krns! Sl njsmatm) in jnctrlm am survlm pns! Hgac lahlspmasnjim!

    $ Hms prgtlams ldpilqums hnas in pmrcmptlga hu dlilmu mxtrlmur!

    Ugur mxpilqumr ims ilnlsgas 6

    Ga pmut ldnklamr hms cgaamxlgas matrm dmdjrnam cmiiuinlrm mt dmdjrnam mxtmram! Ga nurnlt

    hms zgams hm Jnymr!

    Scbdn 3!

    Ga am cgaanlt pns trgp in anturm hms fgactlgas matrm dmdjrnam cmiiuinlrm mt dmdjrnam

    mxtmram!

    LLL!Im prlpinsdm!

    Im prlpinsdm ogrdm ua kmi hnas imqumi ga rmtrguvm 6

    $ im pmptlhgkiycnam

    $ hloormatms prgtlams 6 : krhms cntkgrlms

    $ prgtlams qul oncliltmat in autrltlga 6 : cntkgrlms 6

    $ prgtlams qul nlhmat nu trnaspgrt hms autrldmats! Urgtlams byhrgpblims qul

    cnpturmat ims autrldmats qunah lis matrmat hnas im prlpinsdm mt ims ndamat "trnaspgrt 6 NN)

    sucrm) vltndlams,

    $ mazydm hm hkrnhntlga cgddm pbgspbntnsm) prgtnsm pmrdmt im rmcycinkm hms

    prgtlams ma ola hm vlm! Mahgaucinsms 6 hcgupm ims nclhms aucilqum) trnvmrsm in dmdjrnam

    cmiiuinlrm mt mst utlils cgddm sujstrnt!

    $ prgtlams qul lanctlvmat ims prgchs tgxlqums

    Ga trguvm hms gilkgsnccbnrlhms pnrtlcuilmrs 6 hms kiycnams prlpinsdlqums GUK

    htmrdlanat hm in vlruimacm hms jnctrlms Krnd$

    mt sgat hms dgicuims slkanims qulpmrdmttmat hm pmrcmvglr ims vnrlntlgas hm imavlrgaamdmat!

    =

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    L_! Ims structurms oncuitntlvms!

    Ims structurms oncuitntlvms sgat + gu ldpilqums hnas in pntbgkasm!

    >! Ims cgucbms hm suroncm crlstniilams!

    4 cgucbm S

    Miim mst ogrdm huam smuim sgrtm hm prgtlam mt mst pgiydrlsm imxtrlmur hm in jnctrlm!

    Unrogls hms kiycnams y sgat nttncbs!

    Cmttm cgucbm S mst acmssnlrm pgur in vlruimacm!

    :! In cnpsuim!

    Miim mst) hnas in dnfgrlt hms cns) ua pgiysnccbnrlhm + gu cgdpimxm!

    Hnas qumiqums rnrms cns) macbnlamdmat hNN!

    Ma karnim) in syatbsm hm in cnpsuim mst cgahltlgaamiim 4 syatbtlsm hnas cmrtnlams

    cgahltlgas mavlrgaamdmatnims!Ogactlga 6 iuttm cgatrm in hmsslccntlga "bnussm hm igsdginrlt,!

    Ugur ims pntbgkams) miim smrt iuttmr cgatrm ims homasms hm ibtm agtnddmat cgatrm in

    pbnkgcytgsm!

    3! Ims oinkmiims!

    Umrdmt hm sm hpincmr!

    Onctmur hm vlruimacm ldpgrtnat!

    In dnfgrlt hms jnctrlms pntbgkams gat hms oinkmiims! Sl ga imur rmtlrm cm oinkmiim) miims sgat

    jmnucgup dglas vlruimatms!

    Structurm cgdpimxm 6

    $ Krnd$ 6

    $ : hlsqums pmrdmttmat hm trnvmrsmr in dmdjrnam cmiiuinlrm

    $ : hlsqums pmrdmttmat hm trnvmrsmr in dmdjrnam mxtmram

    $ crgcbmt qul cgurjm ogrtmdmat im oinkmiim 6 trs ldpgrtnat pgur im ogactlgaamdmat hu

    oinkmiim prgcnrygtm

    $ dgtmur nildmat pnr im krnhlmat imctrgcbldlqum hm prgtgas "> 555 prgtgas ' tgur,

    $ > olindmat "pgiydrlsntlga huam smuim prgtlam,

    $ Krnd+ 6 ddm cbgsm snuo quli ay n pns hm dmdjrnam mxtmram hgac : hlsqum ma dglas!

    In oinkmiilam "prgtlam dnfmurm hu olindmat, mst bnutmdmat natlkalqum mt pmrdmt in jnctrlm

    hm sm onlrm rmprmr pnr sga btm igrsqumiim mst pntbgkam!

    8! Ims plils!

    Cm sgat hms nppmahlcms hpnssnat imxtrlmur hm in cmiiuim! Ims plils sgat hms structurms

    prgtlqums jmnucgup + pmtltms ma tnliim qum im oinkmiim!

    Ims plils hm typm > mt hm typm 8 sgat hms grknaltms hnttncbmdmat ma suroncm mt vgat trm) ma

    karnim) rmintlvmdmat spclolqums!

    Ugur M! cgil) :55 355 plils!

    Ims plils pmuvmat prmahrm anlssnacm sglt hnas in dmdjrnam cmiiuinlrm sglt hnas in dmdjrnam

    mxtmram!

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    Ims plilams

    Cmrtnlas plils pgsshmat uam prgtlam pgiydrlsm) hnutrms piuslmurs prgtlams!

    Sguvmat imxtrdlt hm cms plils) li y n uam prgtlam qul mst in prgtlam hm spclolclt

    Li y n ua typm hm plil pnrtlcuilmr 4 plil smxumi fgum ua rim ldpgrtnat hnas in cgafuknlsga

    jnctrlmaam! Cmttm cgafuknlsga mst ua hms systdms dnfmur qul pmrdmt nux jnctrlms hm smtrnasormr iuam inutrm hm iNHA 6 pmrdmt im jrnssnkm hm ilaogrdntlga katlqum!

    Ims M! cgil pntbgkams "urlanlrm) dalakltm, gat jmsglas hm plilam pgur snccrgcbmr sur uam

    cmiiuim hm igrknam qumiim hglt laomctmr! Cm sgat hms idmats trs ldpgrtnats pgur ims

    grknalsdms pntbgkams!

    _! Ims rcmptmurs hms nkmats hitrms mxgkams!

    >! Ims jnctrlgpbnkms!

    Cm sgat ims vlrus jnctrlm!Xnliim 4 :5 355 ad!

    Ga am pmut pns ims rmprmr ma dlcrgscgplm gptlqum "snuo mxcmptlga,! Dnls vlsljim ma

    dlcrgscgplm imctrgalqum!

    Ugsshm ua trs krnah hmkr hm sydtrlm!

    Cgastltutlga 6 ttm hnas inqumiim li y n ua nclhm aucilqum! Ga pmut nvglr uam smuim dgicuim

    hnclhm aucilqum gu piuslmurs!

    ^umum "pns tfrs prsmatm,!

    Hnas im cns hu jnctrlgpbnkm X8 6

    Xtm prgtlqum rmaomrdnat inclhm aucilqum "NHA hgujim jrla,! In ttm prgtlqum mst ogrdm

    hm sgus ualts qul snssmdjimat 4 cnpsgdrms!Ogrdm lcgsnbhrlqum 4 :5 oncms mt >: sgddmts!

    Ugsshm uam qumum qul oncliltm ilafmctlga hm iNHA!

    Hm pius) in qumum pmut trm cgatrnctlim!

    In cgatrnctlga hm in qumum pmrdmt hlafmctmr im dntrlmi katlqum ilatrlmur hm in cmiiuim!

    Li y n nppnrmddmat uam fgactlga matrm in dmdjrnam cytgpinsdlqum mt in dmdjrnam mxtmram!

    "Sglt rnpprgcbmdmat hms : dmdjrnams) sglt pgat prgtlqum ga am snlt pns trs jlma,!

    ^umiqums mxmdpims "pgur M! cgil,6

    $ X>) X:) X8 6 pgsshmat qumum cgatrnctlim >?< `j

    $ x >;8 6 + pmtlt mt am pgsshm pns hm qumum! =)8 `j

    $ 6 pgsshm uam qumum aga cgatrnctlim!

    Cbnqum mspcm hm jnctrlm pgsshm sn prgprm cgiimctlga hm jnctrlgpbnkm! Cbnqum

    jnctrlgpbnkm mst spclolqum huam mspcm! Ddm cmrtnlas jnctrlgpbnkms sgat spclolqums

    huam smuim sgucbm pgur uam mspcm hgaam!

    Dnls ga hlt quua pbnkm mst spclolqum huam mspcm!

    In spclolclt hms jnctrlgpbnkms hpmah hm cmrtnlas cgastltunats hm imavmigppm jnctrlmaam!

    Ims prgtlams gu ilpgpgiysnccbnrlhms am sgat pns in suroncm pgur oncliltmr imatrm hms

    pbnkms! Dnls cms structurms gat t htgurams hm imur ogactlga laltlnim pgur smrvlr hmrcmptmur nux hloormats jnctrlgpbnkms!

    ;

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    Igrsqum im rcmptmur hu jnctrlgpbnkm mst im ilpgpgiysnccbnrlhm) hnas cm cns) smuim uam pnrtlm

    hm imspcm smrn laomctm cnr li y n uam vnrlntlga hu IUS!

    Hnutrms jnctrlgpbnkms rmcgaanlssmat hnutrms prgtlams 6

    $ Jtu J JO :3 "X8,

    $ Obu N X=

    $ Ind J

    Hnutrms structurms rmcgaaums pnr ims jnctrlgpbnkms 6

    $ Ulils smxumisD>3

    $ Oinkmiims 6 "cbl, Snidgamiin matmrlcn) UJS> Jncliius sujtlils!

    Ga pmut cgaslhrmr qum tgutm structurm ma cgatnct hlrmct nvmc im dlilmu mxtrlmur mst

    prgjnjimdmat in cljim hua gu piuslmurs jnctrlgpbnkms!

    Ga n 3 typms hm jnctrlms 6

    $ smasljim 6 cgatndlam puls ildlam pnr im jnctrlgpbnkm

    $ rslstnatm 6 am pgsshm pns im rcmptmur hu jnctrlgpbnkm$ ldduam 6 n im rcmptmur dnls pgsshm nu smla hm sga cbrgdgsgdm iNHA hu jnctrlgpbnkm

    mt mdpcbm ilaomctlga!

    In dnfgrlt hms jnctrlgpbnkms sgat vlruimats "ch qulis rmcgaanlssmat in jnctrlm smasljim) lis

    sm hvmigppmat mt htrulsmat in jnctrlm,!

    Jnctrlgpbnkms tmdprs 6 lis sgat cnpnjims hm am pns htrulrm systdntlqumdmat in cmiiuim

    jnctrlmaam qulis gat laomcts!

    Lis gat : pgssljlilts 6

    $ matrm ma cycim iytlqum 6 sm cgdpgrtm cgddm ua pbnkm vlruimat

    $ matrm ma cycim iysgkalqum 6 vn slatkrmr nu kagdm jnctrlma snas cnusmr hm tgrh in

    cmiiuim jnctrlmaam! Im pbnkm vn trm ilatrlmur hu cbrgdgsgdm jnctrlma mt mst lavlsljim! Im

    jnctrlgpbnkm sm cgdpgrtm cgddm ua idmat qumicgaqum hu cbrgdgsgdm! Dnls igrsqum in

    cmiiuim jnctrlmaam mst ma survlm) li pmut smxclsmr hu cbrgdgsgdm jnctrlma mt cgddmacmr ua

    cycim iytlqum!

    Jnctrlm iysgkam 6 qunah im kagdm mst latkr!

    Hnas im cns hm jnctrlgpbnkms vlruimats 6

    Ga cgaslhrm uam suspmaslga hm jnctrlgpbnkm mt uam pgpuintlga hm jnctrlms qul imurs sgatnssgcls!

    >55 jnctrlgpbnkms + >5? jnctrlms 6 in duitlpilclt hlaomctlga 4 >5$8!

    Ga inlssm cm dinakm = gu >5 dla im tmdps qum im jnctrlgpbnkm trguvm uam jnctrlm laomctmr!

    Ga tnim cm dinakm sur IJ! Ga inlssm uam ault 3;C!

    Ga gjtlmat ua tnpls jnctrlma!

    Ims jnctrlgpbnkms sm sgat rpmahus mt gat cgatndlas ims jnctrlms! Xgutms ims jnctrlms

    prgcbms hm in jnctrlm laltlnimdmat laomctm vgat iysmr! Hgac) ga gjtlmat hms trgus "snas

    jnctrlm, cnuss pnr in iysm hms cmiiuims jnctrlmaams! Mavlrga >55 trgus!

    Ga pmut sulvrm im hmvmalr hms jnctrlgpbnkms igrs huam laomctlga ga im onlt ma dlilmu

    ilqulhm mt hloormats tmdps!Xgutms ims = dla) ga privm in cuiturm jnctrlmaam mt ga rmknrhm cm quli sm pnssm!

    2

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    >5? jnctrlgpbnkms + =!>5? jnctrlms!

    Xgutms ims =dla) ga privm 6 Ga cmatrloukm in cuiturm mt ga dmsurm im agdjrm hm

    jnctrlgpbnkms prsmats hnas im surankmnat!

    Im surankmnat) ga im dmt ma cgatnct nvmc hms jnctrlms smasljims pmahnat >5dla! Ga itnim sur

    jgltm ma dlilmu IJ) ga im inlssm pgsmr uam ault! Uuls ga pgurrn cgdptmr im agdjrm hm

    jnctrlgpbnkm) hloormats tmdps) hnas agtrm dlilmu hm jnctrlms!

    Scbdn 8

    Ubnsms 6

    > 4 Ubnsm hm hcila

    : 4 Ubnsm hcilpsm

    3 4 Ubnsm mxpigslvm

    Hnas cm krnpblqum 6 ga dmsurm im agdjrm hm jnctrlgpbnkm prsmat hnas im surankmnat!

    Ubnsm hm hcila 6

    Nu jgut hm = dla) li ay n piu hm jnctrlgpbnkm hnas im surankmnat! Xgus ims jnctrlgpbnkms sm

    sgat nhsgrjs in suroncm hms jnctrlms! Hu cgup) slis sgat olxs in jnctrlm) igrs hm incmatrloukntlga) lis tgdjmat nvmc ims jnctrlms hnas im cuigt! Li ay n hgac rlma hnas im

    surankmnat!

    Ubnsm hcilpsm 6

    Im jnctrlgpbnkm n trguv uam cljim! Im dntrlmi katlqum mst lafmct ilatrlmur hm in

    jnctrlm) cm dntrlmi katlqum smxprldm ma htguranat tgutms ims ogactlgas hm inutrm) li vn

    rpilqumr sga NHA) li syatbtlsm tgut im dntrlmi acmssnlrm in ogrdntlga hm in cnpslhm! Cmttm

    pbnsm cgrrmspgah hgac 6 tgut im tmdps acmssnlrm nu jnctrlgpbnkm pgur sm duitlpilmr mt

    ogrdmr hm aguvmnux jnctrlgpbnkms! Uuls hjut hm iljrntlga hms aguvmnux jnctrlgpbnkms!

    Ubnsm mxpigslvm 6

    Cgrrmspgah in iysm hms jnctrlms mt hgac in iljrntlga dnsslvm hms aguvmnux

    jnctrlgpbnkms aguvmiimdmat ogrds!

    Cbnqum jnctrlm laomctm pnr ua smui jnctrlgpbnkm vn iljrmr uam cmatnlam hm jnctrlgpbnkms!

    Ga n hgac >55 ogls pius hm jnctrlgpbnkms in ola pnr rnppgrt nu hjut!

    In jgltm hm ptrl prsmatm hgac hms trgus ) pgurqugl in iysm am sm rpmah pns pnrtgut!

    Ugurqugl agus agjtmagas pns uam jgltm snas nucuam jnctrlm 7

    Ims jnctrlms vgat sm hvmigppmr ma ddm tmdps qumiims gat ncquls im pbnkm! In jnctrlm

    iysm iljrm ims jnctrlgpbnkms nutgur hmiim! Ims >55 jnctrlgpbnkms lssus hm cmttm >

    rm

    iysm smrmtrguvmat prgxldlt hm in cmiiuim jnctrlmaam! Dnls nutgur) li y n knimdmat hnutrms

    jnctrlms qul vgat trm laomctms pnr ims >55 jnctrlgpbnkms! Umahnat cm tmdps) ims cmiiuims

    jnctrlmaams aga laomctms sm duitlpilmat "x:,!

    Hgac ims aguvmnux jnctrlgpbnkms laomctmat ims aguvmiims jnctrlms mtc

    Uuls ims

    Ims jnctrlgpbnkms gat jmsgla hamrklm pgur pguvglr sm rmprghulrm ! Cmttm amrklm amst

    pns prsmatm sl in jnctrlm mst ma pbnsm stntlgaanlrm!

    Hgac igrsqum im dlilmu n t cgasgdd matlrmdmat) ims jnctrlms sgat ma pbnsm stntlgaanlrm!

    INHA amst pns cnpnjim hm sm duitlpilmr mt ldpgssljlilt hm ogrdmr hm aguvmnux

    jnctrlgpbnkms! Hgac in cuiturm avgium pns mt li rmstm tgufgurs hms jnctrlms hnas in jgltm!

    Ugiy pnkm :? mt :;!

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    :! Ims jnctrlgclams!

    Cm sgat hms prgtlams syatbtlsms pnrtlr hua NZA dmssnkmr!

    Cms jnctrlgclams sgat scrtms pnr hms jnctrlms pgur tumr hnutrms jnctrlms!

    Ims jnctrlgclams hM! cgil sgat agddms 6 cgilclams! Cms cgilclams sgat onls pgur tumr hnutrms

    M! cgil!Ma ddm tmdps qum in jnctrlm syatbtlsm in cgilclam) miim prghult uam prgtlam hlddualt!

    In cgilclam mt in prgtlam ogrdmat ua cgdpimxm!

    Scrtm hnas im dlilmu mxtrlmur) in cgilclam qulttm in prgtlam hlddualt mt vn pguvglr nigrs

    niimr nttnqumr uam M! cgil smasljim!

    Nctlga pgssljim hms cgilclams 6

    Ims cgilclams vgat slatkrmr hnas in dmdjrnam cmiiuinlrm) onlrm ua trgu! Xgus ims krnhlmats

    vgat trm jguimvmrss! Urgvgqum in dgrt cmiiuinlrm!

    In cgilclam matrm hnas im cytgpinsdm mt nklt cgddm uam aucinsm 4 cgupm iNHA!

    In cgilclam cgaslhrm vn cgupmr ua sltm spclolqum "NZA>?S,) in trnascrlptlga mst rmahum

    ldpgssljim!

    Urgtlams rmintlvmdmat krgssms 6 =5 25 @Hn!

    Ims rcmptmurs in prgilclam sgat ims ddms qum cmux rmcgaaus pnr ims jnctrlgpbnkms!

    Cbnqum structurm mxtrlmurm in jnctrlm smrt hgac hm rcmptmur in jnctrlgclam!

    ]am ogls qum in jnctrlgclam nrrlvm sur sn cljim) miim mst hanturm mt trnvmrsm in dmdjrnam

    mxtmram sgus ogrdm hanturm! Miim mst prlsm ma cbnrkm pnr ua cgdpimxm trnasdmdjrnanlrm hm

    in jnctrlm miim$ddm! Miim vn masultm nrrlvmr in dmdjrnam cytgpinsdlqum gu ilatrlmur hm

    in cmiiuim! In jnctrlgclam mst nigrs rmanturm ilatrlmur hm in cmiiuim mt pmut laomctmr!

    Unrnkrnpbm pns rmtmalr!

    >5

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    Cbnpltrm 8 6 Jlgkasm hm imavmigppm jnctrlmaam!

    L! Zkuintlga hm in cgdpgsltlga hm imavmigppm!

    Xgutms ims dmdjrnams sgat hms suroncms omrdms qul hglvmat trm pbyslqumdmat cgatlaums

    pgur pmrdmttrm im dnlatlmat hm in cmiiuim mt sn cgatlault!Dnls hglt pguvglr krnahlr snas pmrhrm sn cgatlault pnr nhhltlga hm dntlrm ilplhlqum! Xgus ims

    cgastltunats hm imavmigppm hglvmat crgltrm hm dnalrm cggrhgaam mt nu jga mahrglt! Cbncua

    hms idmats hglt trm hlrlk vmrs in jgaam igcnilsntlga!

    Cbnqum prgtlam mst hloormatm mt ga hglt systdntlqumdmat ims mavgymr in jgaam

    igcnilsntlga!

    Nu cgurs hu cycim cmiiuinlrm) ga n in hlvlslga cmiiuinlrm mt hgac li onut aguvmnu spnrmr ims :

    cmiiuims oliims snas rgdprm in cgatlault hm imavmigppm jnctrlmaam!

    Li onut pmrdmttrm nccrglssmdmat hu pmptlhgkiycnam snas rgdprm in cgatlault hu

    pmptlhgkiycnam!

    Hm pius) nu alvmnu hms mavmigppms) ims vnrlntlgas hu dlilmu mxtrlmur sgat pmrums! Li pmut

    hgac nvglr hms cbnakmdmats ldpgrtnats sur in dmdjrnam ma ogactlga hms vnrlntlgas hu dlilmu

    mxtrlmur!

    Mx 6

    _nrlntlga jrutnim hu dlilmu mxtrlmur 4 cbnakmdmat hm sgurcm hm cnrjgam!

    >! Imxmdpim hm iutlilsntlga hu dnitgsm pnrMscbmrlcbln cgil!

    Scbdn >

    Igrsqum hu Kic mst prsmat hnas ua dlilmu hm cuiturm! ]am srlm hm rkuintmur mdpcbm

    iutlilsntlga hms nutrms sgurcms hm cnrjgam! Hgac ims prgtlams acmssnlrms iutlilsntlga hu

    dnitgsm am sgat prsmatms! Cm pbagdam snppmiim in hlnuxlm!

    In >rm crglssnacm mst hum iutlilsntlga mxciuslvm hu kiucgsm!

    Ubnsm : 6 pbnsm stntlgaanlrm cnr piu hm Kic) qq dlautms suoolsmat pgur rmprmahrm masultm in

    crglssnacm! In jnctrlm snhnptm hgac trs rnplhmdmat! Ma qq dlautms) ga pnssm hm 5- hm

    prgtlams dnitgsm ;-! In jnctrlm mst cnpnjim hm pnssmr ma qumiqums dlautms huam

    nildmatntlga Kic uam nildmatntlga dnitgsm!

    LL! Nssmdjinkm hms prgtlams!

    >! Urgtlams dmdjrnanlrms mt prgtlams scrtms!

    Hnas imavmigppm) ga n hms prgtlams sgiujims "byhrgpblims, mt hms prgtlams byhrgpbgjms!

    Li onut spnrmr ims prgtlams qul hglvmat slatkrmr hnas uam dmdjrnam hms cmiiuims qul hglvmat

    rmstmr hnas im cytgpinsdm!

    >

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    Ga n : cntkgrlms hm prgtlams 6

    $ pgsshmat ua pmptlhm slkani 4 pnrtlm qul lahlqum in cmiiuim sl in prgtlam hglt trm hnas in

    dmdjrnam gu scrtm! Scrtmr uam prgtlam 4 In prgtlam pnssm sgus ogrdm ilanlrm hnas in

    dmdjrnam dlsm ma cgaogrdntlga imatm hm in prgtlam cnr dlsm ma cgaogrdntlga ldpgssljim

    hnas im cytgpinsdm!

    $ am pgsshm pns hm pmptlhm slkani mt pgsshm uam dlsm ma cgaogrdntlga rnplhm! Cgrrmspgahnux prgtlams qul rmstmat hnas im cytgpinsdm!

    Im pmptlhm slkani mst hloormat pgur cbnqum prgtlam) pnr cgatrm li pgsshm hms cnrnctrlstlqums

    cgdduams tgus ims pmptlhms slkani!

    Li onlt hm :5 85 NN ma pgsltlga A$tmrd hm in prgtlam! Ga pmut systdntlqumdmat vlsunilsmr

    piuslmurs pnrtlms! Nu tgut hjut) ga n uam cbnrkm pgsltlvm! Masultm >? NN byhrgpbgjms!

    Sguvmat nu hjut hm in prgtlam dnturm) ga n hms NN amutrms gu cbnrks akntlvmdmat! In

    pnrtlm hNN byhrgpbgjms slasrm hnas in dmdjrnam cm qul pmrdmt hm trnasigqumr tgutm in

    prgtlam!

    Scbdn :!

    Systdm SMC 6 n jmsgla hu pnssnkm hm piuslmurs prgtlams hnas dmdjrnam gu cytgpinsdm!

    Scbdn 3!

    Imnhmr pmptlhnsm 6 prgtnsm spclolqum qul vn cilvmr spclolqumdmat in prgtlam matrm in ola hu

    pmptlhm slkani mt im hjut hm in prgtlam! Iljrntlga hu pmptlhm slkani qul vn trm hkrnh! Cm

    cilvnkm sm onlt qum qunah in prgtlam mst jlma nacrm hnas in dmdjrnam!

    Cm scbdn dnrcbm qum pgur : typms hm cmiiuims!

    Li rmstm vglr in sgiutlga pgur ims prgtlams hm in dmdjrnam mxtmram mt ims prgtlams scrtms!

    Unkm 8? olk =

    Ims prgtlams hm in dmdjrnam mxtmram!

    Scbdn 8

    Cgddmacm pnrmli qum scbdn 3!

    ]am structurm imdpcbm hm slatkrmr hnas in jlcgucbm ilplhlqum "dmdjrnam cmiiuinlrm,! Hs

    qum in prgtlam sgrt hnas im prlpinsdm) miim mst prlsm ma cbnrkm pnr hms prgtlams hm typm

    cbnpmrgas qul vgat in prgtkmr hm inkrkntlga) hms prgtnsms! Cms prgtlams cbnpmrgas vgat

    cgahulrm cmttm prgtlam hanturm fusqu+ sga ilmu hm rslhmacm holaltlvm 6 in dmdjrnammxtmram! N sga nrrlvm) miim sm dmt ma cgaogrdntlga hnas in dmdjrnam mxtmram!

    Cm scbdn am ogactlgaam pns pgur ims ilpgprgtlams!

    Ilpgprgtlam hm Jrnua 6

    Ugiy pnkm =3 olk >?!

    ]am cystlam ma A$tmrd g sm ilm ims 3 nclhm krns! Ga n agtrm ilpgprgtlam cgdpitmdmat

    cgastltum) dnls cmiim$cl mst nacrm hnas in dmdjrnam cmiiuinlrm! Dnls agrdnimdmat miim hglt

    sm rmtrguvmr hnas in dmdjrnam mxtmram! Li vn hgac oniiglr trnasigqumr in ilpgprgtlam fusqu+ in

    dmdjrnam mxtmram ldpilqum hm sgrtlr ims nclhms krns hm in dmdjrnam cmiiuinlrm!

    Scbdn =

    :

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    Ga n 3 tnpms 6

    $ In >rm prgtlam mxtrnls ims ilplhms hm in dmdjrnam cmiiuinlrm! Ims ilplhms vgat trm dnsqus

    pnr cmttm prgtlam!

    $ Xrnasomrt hm in ilpgprgtlam vmrs uam : dm prgtlam qul vn ncbmdlamr in ilpgprgtlam vmrs in

    dmdjrnam mxtmram!

    $ Nrrlvm in dmdjrnam mxtmram) uam 3dm

    prgtlam nccmptm in ilpgprgtlam mt ilasrm ilatrlmur hm in dmdjrnam mxtmram!

    Im systdm smc mst suoolsnat pgur ims jnctrlms Krnd cnr li ay n quuam dmdjrnam!

    Krnd$ 6

    Cns hloolclim rsguhrm! Li y n hms systdms hm scrtlga spclolqums pgur miims!

    Li y n ? systdms hloormats quga pmut rmkrgupmr ma : krnahms cntkgrlms 6

    & systdms Smc$hpmahnats 6

    & systdms Smc$lahpmahnats 6 pmrdmt im pnssnkm hm in prgtlam ma uam smuim tnpm hu

    cytgpinsdm vmrs im dlilmu mxtrlmur!

    Ims sgpblstlqums cgatlmaamat >= prgtlams!

    Mx 6 Systdm Smc $ lahpmahnat!

    3 prgtlams ldpilqums!

    Scbdn ?! n

    Imasmdjim ogrdm ua cyilahrm trnvmrs imqumi vn pguvglr pnssmr hms prgtlams! ]am ogls in

    prgtlam pnssm) cmt nssmdjinkm vn pguvglr sm honlrm! In prgtlam pnssm hnas im cyilahrm ma

    ogrdm hanturm) puls sm dmt ma cgaogrdntlga hnas im dlilmu mxtrlmur!

    Mx 6 Systdm Smc hpmahnat!

    Scbdn ? j!

    In prgtlam mst prlsm ma cbnrkm smuimdmat hnas im prlpinsdm pgur trm mddmam vmrs

    imxtrlmur! In prgtlam mst scrtm hnas im prlpinsdm g miim nhgptm sn dlsm ma cgaogrdntlga

    holaltlvm! Im systdm hm scrtlga hglt rmcgaanltrm in prgtlam qul hglt trm scrtm hms

    prgtlams qul hglvmat rmstmr hnas im cytgpinsdm! ]am prgtlam ualqum hnas in dmdjrnam

    mxtmram qul hglt sm dmttrm ma duitldrm "Hguznlam hm dgagdrms, qul pmrdmt hnccgddghmr

    ua pgrm rmintlvmdmat krgs pgur inlssmr pnssmr in prgtlam hf ma cgaogrdntlga "amst piu

    ilanlrm,!

    Hnas in dmdjrnam cmiiuinlrm) tgut ua masmdjim hm prgtlams hloormatms! Uuls piuslmurs

    prgtlams hm ilnlsgas qul pmrdmttmat hm rmcgaanltrm in prgtlam scrtmr) indmamr nu pgrm

    ogrd pnr ims prgtlams hm in dmdjrnam mxtmram pgur imddmamr vmrs imxtrlmur!

    LLL!Nssmdjinkm hms pbgspbgilplhms!

    Xgutm in syatbsm hms pbgspbgilplhms n ilmu sur in oncm latmram hm in dmdjrnam cmiiuinlrm!

    Ga ogrdm hms dlcmiims "dgicuims ndpblpblims,! Cmst cm qum iga gjtlmat igrsqum iga dmt

    hms pbgspbgilplhms hnas hm imnu!

    Li onut hms cgahltlgas trs pnrtlcuilrms pgur gjtmalr uam cgaogrdntlga ma jlcgucbms

    pbgspbgilplhlqums!

    3

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    Ga n uam cgdpgsltlga ma pbgspbgilplhms lhmatlqums pgur in cgucbm mxt mt lat hnas ims

    cgahltlgas la vltrg!

    Ims aguvmnu pbgspbgilplhms sm dmttmat sur in oncm latmram dnls cgddmat pnssmat$t$lis sur in

    oncm mxtmram 7

    Lis sm rmtguramat mt pnssm hm inutrm cgt 4 bypgtbsm sldpim! Dnls cmin smrnlt trs cgutmuxma amrklm! Ga onlt trnvmrsmr in ttm pginlrm uam jlcgucbm ilplhlqum!

    Bypgtbsm nctumiim 6 li y nurnlt hms prgtlams pnrtlcuilrms qul ogat trnvmrsmr in ttm pginlrm snas

    nvglr hm cgatnct matrm pnrtlr pginlrm ' ilplhlqum!

    Scbdn ;!

    Ims pbgspbgilplhms ag syatbtlss cguilssmrnlmat im igak hm in prgtlam mdpcbnat ims ttms

    pginlrms htrm ma cgatnct nvmc in pnrtlm byhrgpbgjm hms nclhms krns! Ga ldnklam ua nutg$

    nssmdjinkm! Mquliljrm hm in qunatlt hm pbgspbgilplhms matrm oncm mxt'lat!

    Cgdpgsltlga ma pbgspbgilplhms hloormatm smiga ims mahrglts! Hgac rkuintlga trs olam hnas in

    cgdpgsltlga ma pbgspbgilplhms mt hnas igrknalsntlga hms pbgspbgilplhms hnas in structurmdmdjrnanlrm!

    Dnls ga am snlt pns cm qul pmrdmt hnvglr hms pbgspbgilplhms hloormats matrm oncm latmram mt

    oncm mxtmram!

    L_! Syatbsm hm in durlam!

    Cmst uam dgicuim qul mst in cljim hnatljlgtlqums mxtrdmdmat moolcncms!

    In jlgsyatbsm hm in durlam mst pmu prs lhmatlqum pgur Krnd mt Krnd! Ims hloormacms

    sgat prlaclpnimdmat hums nux pmptlhms qul rmilsmat ims cbnlams hm kiycnam!

    Unkm =>!

    Olk >5 6 Syatbsm hm suoolsnddmat hm durlam pgur pmrdmttrm inccrglssmdmat hm in cmiiuim mt

    pmrdmttrm sn outur hlvlslga!

    Cm qul acmssltm hm iamrklm sm onlt hu cgt cytgpinsdlqum!

    Unkm =: olk >>!

    Cbmz M! cgil 6

    Li y n 2 tnpms qul pmrdmttmat pnrvmalr in syatbsm h]HU!

    Im =dm pmptlhm mst utlils uitrlmurmdmat hnas inssmdjinkm smrn pnss hnas im prlpinsdm!

    Iamrklm ogrdm pnr in cgupurm hu =dm NN vn pmrdmttrm in trnaspmphlhntlga " 7,!

    ]am dgicuim ma C== sur imqumi sgat nccrgcbs ims prcursmurs hu pmptlhgkiycnam!

    Sur C== ga krmoom ANK!

    Ga gjtlmat im dghuim hm jnsm &!

    Ga sm rmtrguvm sur in oncm mxtmram hm in dmdjrnam cmiiuinlrm! Iidmat qul vlmat htrm

    trnasigqu vn n hgaa n!

    8

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    Scbdn 2!

    Iidmat rgsm mst masultm iljr igrsqum a> mst suoolsnat! Ga gjtlmat ims pmtltms jrlqums! Ga

    vn pguvglr onlrm slatmrcgaamctmr in cbnlam nvmc im pmptlhgkiycnam!

    Unkm => olk < dni rmprsmat! Ims aguvmnux idmats syatbtlss vgat hmvglr trnvmrsmr impmptlhgkiycnam snas im rgdprm . Li onut hgac hms prgtlams 4 UJU "Umalcliila Jlahlak Urgtmla,!

    Ims >rms UJU sgat ma vlgimt!

    Ugur lasrmr in pnrtlm rgsm hnas im pmptlhgkiycnam : mt 8 "jimu,!

    UjU : mt UJU 8 gat : nctlvlts 6

    $ trnaskiycgsyintlga

    $trnaspmptlhntlga

    Cms : nctlvlts pmrdmttmat in crntlga hua rsmnu 4 pmptlhgkiycnam "UK,!

    Li vn qunah ddm y nvglr hms cgupurms trnasltglrms hu pmptlhgkiycnam pgur lasrmr ims

    aguvmiims!

    Im pmptlhgkiycnam 4 > dgicuim! Ma knrhnat cmttm dgicuim ualqum) ga knrhm ims prgprlts hupmptlhgkiycnam!

    Grknalsntlga hu pmptlhgkiycnam ma splrnim nutgur hm in dmdjrnam cmiiuinlrm!

    Scbdn 55 systdms hm trnaspgrts hloormats!

    Smiga im systdm hm trnaspgrt) li y n > = prgtlams ldpilqums! Mt li y n uam sglxnatnlam hm

    kams ldpilqus hnas in dgtlilt! Ga nrrlvm mavlrga >5- hu kagdm qul mst hvgiu nu

    trnaspgrt mt nu tnctlsdm "4 dgtlilt,!

    Scbdn >

    >rm pnrtlm 4 tgutms ims mazydms gat uam qunatlt hm sujstrnt suprlmur cm hgat miims gat

    jmsgla fusqunu pglat rgsm!

    Ga n ua nrrt jrutni ma qq dlautms nrrlvm ma pbnsm stntlgaanlrm! Nrrlv lcl) sl ga hgsm im Kic

    rslhumi 9 >D! Xnahls qunu hpnrt "nvnat nfgut hm jnctrlms,) ga mst >>dD! Hgac tgut

    im Kic n t cgasgdd!Cgddmat ims jnctrlms pmuvmat$miims nssurmr uam crglssnacm in ddm vltmssm hu hjut in

    ola 7

    Unrtlm n 6 cgacmatrntlga hm Kic ma mxcs hgac tgut ogactlgaam jlma

    Unrtlm j 6 cgacmatrntlga hm Kic laorlmurm nux qunatlts agrdnimdmat acmssnlrms pgur qum cmin

    ogactlgaam pimla rkldm!

    Ga snttmahrnlt hgac in cgurjm jimum!

    In cgacmatrntlga hua dlilmu latrlmur mst hloormatm hm in cgacmatrntlga hua dlilmu mxtrlmur!

    Ims systdms hm trnaspgrt sgat cnpnjims hm cgacmatrmr ims autrldmats ilatrlmur hm in cmiiuim

    nola hm tgufgurs dnlatmalr uam qunatlt hm autrldmat dnxldnim ddm ma onljim qunatlt hm

    sujstrnt!

    Nrrt jrutni cnr cgacmatrntlga jnssm im systdm hm trnaspgrt am ogactlgaam piu!

    In qunsl$tgtnilt hms idmats autrltlos sgat njsgrjs pnr hms systdms qul pmrdmttmat hm

    cgacmatr ims autrldmats ga vn cgatrm im krnhlmat hm cgacmatrntlga ga utlilsm hgac hm

    iamrklm!

    LL! Im trnaspgrt!

    3 krnahms ogactlgas hu trnaspgrt 6

    & Zkuintlga hu vgiudm cmiiuinlrm! Ldpilqum dnlatlma hu pB) dginrlt tnjilssmdmat mt

    dnlatlma hm in cgahltlga lgalqum!

    >

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    & Mxtrnlrm mt cgacmatrmr ims autrldmats! "4 ims dgicuims acmssnlrms in ogrdntlga hamrklm

    mt ,

    & Dnlatlma hms krnhlmats lgalqums hm pnrt mt hnutrm hm in dmdjrnam "An +) @+) Cn:+,

    >! Ims hloormats typms hm trnaspgrt!

    Ga vn prlaclpnimdmat pnrimr hm in cgacmatrntlga hms autrldmats!

    Ga sm pincm cbmz ims jnctrlms Krnd$!

    Ims autrldmats hglvmat trnvmrsmr in dmdjrnam mxt) trnvmrsmr im prlpinsdm mt hgac im UK "am

    pgsm pns jcp hm prgjidms nux dgicuims byhrgpblims,! Uuls trnvmrs hm in dmdjrnam

    cmiiuinlrm "prlaclpnim gjstncim hm dgicuims byhrgpblims,!

    Hnas in dmdjrnam cmiiuinlrm 6

    Ga rmtrguvm tgus ims systdms hm trnaspgrt qul hglvmat pmrdmttrm imatrm hms dgicuims

    acmssnlrms in crglssnacm mt inlssmr imxtrlmur tgutms ims dgicuims hitrms! Xgus ims

    systdms hm trnaspgrt smrgat spclolqums huam dgicuim gu huam ondliim hm dgicuims!

    Ims jnctrlmr gat = typms hm trnaspgrts hloormats 6

    $ In hloouslga sldpim >!

    $ In hloouslga oncliltm :

    $ Im trnaspgrt nctlo prldnlrm 3

    $ Im trnaspgrt nctlo smcgahnlrm 8

    $ In trnasigcntlga hm krgupm! =

    :! In sldpim hloouslga!

    Miim sm onlt snas latmrvmatlga hnucuam prgtlam! Ims knz pmuvmat trnvmrsmr iljrmdmat imsdmdjrnams 4 hloouslga sldpim!

    3! In hloouslga oncliltm!

    Ga pnrim cm dgdmat i hm trnaspgrt! ]am prgtlam fgum im rim hm trnaspgrtmur! Ma karni) ga

    n ddm ua trnaspgrtmur strgspclolqum! Snas im trnaspgrtmur) in dgicuim am pmut pns

    trnvmrsmr in dmdjrnam tgutm smuim! Im trnaspgrtmur am pmut pns trnaspgrtmr hm dgicuims nutrms

    qum cmiim pgur inqumiim li n t syatbtls!

    Im sujstrnt mst trnaspgrt smiga im krnhlmat hm cgacmatrntlga! Ga pmut nssldlimr cm trnaspgrtmur

    uam mazydm! Spclolclt hm sujstrnt + vltmssm hm trnaspgrt hpmah hm in hloormacm hm

    cgacmatrntlga hu sujstrnt hm pnrt mt hnutrm hm in dmdjrnam fusqu uam vltmssm ildltm qulcgrrmspgah in snturntlga hu trnaspgrtmur!

    Smui im kiycrgi mst cnpnjim hmatrmr pnr hloouslga oncliltm!

    Nvmc cms : systdms "sldpim mt oncliltm,) ga am pmut pns cgacmatrmr im sujstrnt ilatrlmur hm

    in jnctrlm cnr smiga krnhlmat!

    8! Im trnaspgrt nctlo!

    Im trnaspgrt nctlo prldnlrm) smcgahnlrm mt in trnasigcntlga hm krgupm acmssltmat in prsmacm

    hamrklm cnr cm sgat hms trnaspgrts nctlos!

    Ga tnjilt ua krnhlmat hm cgacmatrntlga nu ilmu hm imxpigltmr! Nvnatnkm ddm jnssm

    cgacmatrntlga hm sujstrnt ga cgatlaum hnccuduimr hnas in cmiiuim!

    :

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    Xrnaspgrtmur pnrtlcuilmrs 4 pmrdnsms!

    =! Im trnaspgrt nctlo smcgahnlrm!

    Iamrklm 4 ims hloormats krnhlmats lgalqums tnjils hm pnrt mt hnutrm hm in dmdjrnam

    cmiiuinlrm!

    Scbdn :!

    : krnhlmats 6

    $ B+

    $ An+

    Smiga ims autrldmats mt im trnaspgrtmur) ga utlilsmrn gu im krnhlmat hm prgtgas gu im krnhlmat

    sghlqum!

    ]am prgtlam trnasdmdjrnanlrm "sguvmat hldrm, vn pguvglr onlrm matrmr gu hu B + gu hu An+

    nvmc im sujstrnt!

    Ga hlsslpm ua krnhlmat qul mst prtnjil! Nu dgdmat hu trnaspgrt) ga autlilsm pns hamrklm!Unr cgatrm li vn oniiglr rmcrmr im krnhlmat cmst cm qul cgasgddm hm iamrklm! Cmst

    pgurqugl ga inppmiim trnaspgrt nctlo smcgahnlrm! Iutlilsntlga hm iamrklm mt im trnaspgrt sgat :

    tnpms jlma hloormatms!

    Im krnhlmat hm B+ mst rmogrd 6

    $ ma nrgjlgsm pnr rmsplrntlga

    $ ma nanrgjlgsm pnr "omrdmatntlga 7,

    Li mxlstm 3 typms hm trnaspgrt nctlo smcgahnlrms!

    Unkm 83 olk >

    $ sydpgrt 6 matrm hnas im ddm smas im sujstrnt mt lgas! Matrm hua nalga gu dgicuimamutrm!

    $ natlpgrt 6 in dgicuim B+ gu An+ matrm tnahls quga mxpuism ua lga hm cbnrkm hloormatm

    $ ualpgrt 6 in cbnrkm cgahltlgaam im smas hm trnaspgrt! Cntlgas matrmat mt nalgas sgrtmat!

    Spclolclt 6 cbnqum trnaspgrtmur trnaspgrtm uam gu uam ondliim hm dgicuims!

    Sydpgrt 6 im pgrt am vmut pns hlrm pgrm ....

    Ims trnaspgrtmurs sgat hms prgtlams qul pmuvmat nvglr nu dglas : tnts 6

    $ omrd 6 pgur mdpcbmr imatrm hm dgicuims nutrms

    $ guvmrt 6 pmrdmt im pnssnkm) igrsqum cmst acmssnlrm) hu sujstrnt cgaslhr!

    Im smas hu trnaspgrt mst htmrdla pnr im krnhlmat mt pns pnr in dgicuim hm trnaspgrt! Sl ga

    pguvnlt lavmrsmr im krnhlmat) ims dgicuims pnssmrnlmat hnas inutrm smas!

    Ga pmut trnaspgrtmr hloormats typms hm dgicuims 6

    $ NN 6 Kiy gu Ubm) Urg pnr sydpgrt sghlud

    $ sucrm 6 inctgsm 4 sydpgrt B+

    $ lgas 6 natlpgrt An+'B+ gu natlpgrt An+'@+

    " cm pnrnkrnpbm mst lautlim,

    3

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    Cgddmat dgatrmr im trnaspgrt mt inccuduintlga huam dgicuim hnas uam cmiiuim 7

    Nfgut hm inctgsm rnhlgnctlo privmdmat hm suspmaslga jnctrlmaam) olitrmr) rlacmr pnr

    inctgsm aga rnhlgnctlo! Ga cgdptm in rnhlgnctlvlt hu olitrm!

    Sl inctgsm mst trnaspgrt nukdmatntlga hm in rnhlgnctlvlt ma ogactlga hu tmdps!

    Cgddmat snvglr pnr qumi dgyma mst trnaspgrt im inctgsm 7

    Ga utlilsm hms hcgupinats! Ga latrghult hm pmtltms dgicuims qul vgat ogrds hms pgrms

    trnasdmdjrnanlrms qul sgat suoolsnddmat krnahs pgur inlssmr pnssmr ims lgas dnls trgp pmtlts

    pgur inlssmr pnssmr im inctgsm!

    Hgac ga sm rmtrguvm nvmc uam cgacmatrntlga B+ mt An+ knim hm cbnqum cgt hm in dmdjrnam!

    Ga onlt in ddm mxprlmacm hm trnaspgrt!

    Ga pgurrn cgaciurm hm imxprlmacm qum im sujstrnt mst trnaspgrt pnr uam nalga!

    ?! Im systdm hm trnaspgrt smasljim nux cbgcs gsdgtlqums!

    Xrnaspgrt nctlo prldnlrm!

    Smasljim nux cbgcs gsdgtlqums! Amxlstm qum cbmz ims Krnd$ gu krnd + 7

    Ga cmatrloukm ims jnctrlms ma pbnsm mxpgamatlmiim! Ga rmprmah ims jnctrlms hnas uam sgiutlga

    cgatmanat 6

    $ snccbnrgsm :5- "bypmrtgalqum,!

    $ MHXN =dD "cbintmur hlgas jlvnimats) Dk:+) Cn:+,!

    Ga rmcmatrloukm ims jnctrlms mt ga rmsuspmah im cuigt jnctrlma hnas uam sgiutlga hm DkCi :5)=dD 5C!

    Ga dmsurm nigrs inctlvlt hm trnaspgrt hms hloormats autrldmats! Ga latrghult ua sujstrntrnhlgnctlo nu dlilmu! Ga gjsmrvm nigrs qum sl ga nfgutm hu inctgsm rnhlgnctlo) li y n trnaspgrt hu

    inctgsm!

    Nigrs qum sl ga mssnym hm trnaspgrtmr hu dnitgsm gu hm iblstlhlam pns hm trnaspgrt!

    Lcl) ga an hgac pns hm trnaspgrt nctlo smcgahnlrm!

    Infgut hMHXN onlt qum iga plkm tgus ims lgas jlvnimats) hgac ims IUS am sgat pius jlma

    nttncbs!

    Crntlga hm trgus tmdpgrnlrms hnas in dmdjrnam pmrtm hm in tgtnilt hu cgatmau

    pinsdlqum "prgtlams) lgas, qul mst rpmahu hnas im dlilmu mxtrlmur! Xgutms ims prggtlams

    sgiujims sgrtmat hnas im dlilmu mxtrlmur!

    Hnas im systdm hm trnaspgrt) ga n surmdmat uam prgtlam sgiujim ldpilqum hnas im trnaspgrt

    mt cmst pgur cmin qum dnitgsm gu blstlhlam am sgat pns trnaspgrts!

    Cmttm prgtlam mst nppmim 6 prgtlam noolam prlpinsdlqum!

    Hnas cm trnaspgrt) jmsgla hm 8 prgtlams 6

    $ prgtlam noolam prlpinsdlqum "olxm im sujstrnt,

    $ : prgtlams dmdjrnanlrms "ldpilqu hnas im trnaspgrt prgprmdmat hlt,

    $ > prgtlam cytgpinsdlqum "il in dmdjrnam) miim oguralt iamrklm acmssnlrm nu

    trnaspgrt hu sujstrnt,

    8

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    Im trnaspgrt hu dnitgsm cbmz M! cgil 6

    "Systdm trnaspgsnjim pgur hnutrms sujstrnts,!

    Im sujstrnt trnvmrsm in dmdjrnam mxt) uam ogls nttmlat im prlpinsdm) im dnitgsm sm olxm in

    prgtlam noolam prlpinsdlqum 4 prgtlam Dni M! Cmiim$cl pmrdmt hm cgacmatrmr im sujstrnt hua

    onctmur = 555 pnr in olxntlga hu sujstrnt sur in prgtlam! Dni M mst hgac ma trs krnahmqunatlt! Cmttm prgtlam cgahult im sujstrnt fusqunux trnaspgrtmurs 6 Dni O mt Dni K "qul sgat

    prsmatms ma krnahm qunatlt,!

    Uuls) li y n in prgtlam Dni @ qul mst ma rmintlga trgltm nvmc Dni O mt Dni K! Dni @ mst

    tgufgurs il in dmdjrnam Dni O mt Dni K!

    Mst$cm qum in prgtlam noolam prlpinsdlqum nccirm im trnaspgrt 7

    Sl dutnat snas Dni M Li ay n piu nucua trnaspgrt hm dnitgsm!

    Hgac in prgtlam Dni M mst lahlspmasnjim! Mt ga pmut ma cgaciurm qum im dnitgsm amst pns

    rmcgaau pnr Dni O mt Dni K! Cmst im cgdpimxm Dni M$ilknah qul mst rmcgaau pnr Dni O mt

    Dni K!

    Im ilknah tgut smui am sm ilm pns nux trnaspgrtmurs "pnrmli pgur im dnitgsm,!Li y n hgac nu dglas : cgaogrdntlgas pgur Dni M 6

    $ iljrm

    $ il nu ilknah!

    Dni O mt Dni K 4 trnaspgrtmurs nctlos) lis cgacmatrmat im sujstrnt! Mx 6 im dnitgsm pmut trm

    cgacmatr >55 555 ogls!

    Cgddmat mt qunah mst utlilsm iamrklm 7

    ]a cbmrcbmur n trguv!

    Li y nurnlt piuslmurs cgaogrdntlgas pgur Dni O mt Dni K qul pmrdmttmat imatrm hm dnitgsm!

    Scbdn 3

    Cbnakmdmat hm cgaogrdntlga hm Dni M qul pmut nigrs olxmr im ilknah "dnitgsm,! Hnas cmttm

    cgaolkurntlga "cgdpimxm ilknah Dni M,) Dni M mst nigrs cnpnjim hlatmrnklr nvmc im cgdpimxm

    DniO' DniK!

    Im trnaspgrt acmssltm nigrs ua cbnakmdmat hm cgaogrdntlga hm Dni O mt Dni K! Im ilknah sm

    olxm qum Dni O mt DniK mt sm htncbm hm Dni M qul rmprmah sn cgaogrdntlga laltlnim!

    Ga an pns ua pgrt qul sm crm) ga n imatrm hu sujstrnt dnls li ay n fndnls uam guvmrturm

    tgtnim matrm latrlmur mt mxtrlmur!

    Dni @ byhrgiysm uam dgicuim hNXU mt cmttm amrklm vn pmrdmttrm Dni O mt Dni K hm

    rmtrguvmr in cgaogrdntlga laltlnim qul ims rmah n aguvmnu cgdptnat pgur nccmptmr im trnaspgrthuam aguvmiim dgicuim hm dnitgsm pnr ilatmrdhlnlrm hm Dni M!

    Iamrklm hpmasm cm dgdmat i mst stgc`m sgus ogrdm cgaogrdntlgaamiim hnas ims

    trnaspgrts Dni O mt Dni K! "sl pns cgdprls cmttm pbrnsm pns krnvm,!

    Iamrklm mst hgac utlilsm hurnat im trnaspgrt hgac trnaspgrt nctlo prldnlrm!

    Hnas cm cns hm trnaspgrt) ga pmut trnaspgrtmr aldpgrtm qumi typm hm dgicuim "sucrms)

    vltndlams,!

    ;! In trnasigcntlga hm krgupm "UXS,!

    Ogactlgaam pgur Krnd+

    mt Krnd$

    !

    =

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    Li am pmut trnaspgrtmr qum hms sucrms! Im sujstrnt mst dghlol hm tmiim sgrtm quli smrn

    hlrmctmdmat utlilsnjim pgur sn hkrnhntlga!

    Sgurcm hamrklm 4 UMU "pbgspbgagipyruvntm, mst utlils pgur trnaspgrtmr hloormats sujstrnt!

    Ugiy pnkm 83 olk 3!

    : mazydms lahlspmasnjims 6 Mazydm > mt prgtlam BUr

    UMU hgaam sga pbgspbntm "U, hgac hgaam hu pyruvntm!

    Im pbgspbntm mst trnaspgrt hm imazydm > fusqum imazydm BUr! ]am ogls qum imazydm : n

    olx in prgtlam) im dnaltgi mst pbgspbgryi ma Dnaltgi > U!

    Cns hu kiucgsm 6

    Im pbgspbntm mst trnaspgrt fusqum U LLL qul trnasomrt sga pbgspbntm sur im Kic! Li y n

    pbgspbgryintlga hu Kic ma Kic ? U! Masultm im Kic ? U) pmut matrmr hlrmctmdmat hnas in

    kiycgiysm!

    In >rm tnpm mst hgac inctlvntlga ma sucrm pbgspbgryi 7

    Cm systdm hm trnaspgrt pmrdmt hm knkamr uam dgicuim amrktlqum!

    Ugurqugl im Kic n jmsgla huam prgtlam ma + 7

    In prgtlam LLL mst utlilsm pgur im trnaspgrt hu Kic dnls mst nussl utlils pgur mdpcbmr ims

    nutrms trnaspgrts "latmrnklt pnr mx nvmc cgdpimxm Dni K mt Dnio,!

    2! Inhsgrptlga hm sujstrnts hm dnssm ldpgrtnatm!

    Ga prmah imxmdpim hm Jtu J!

    Hnas in dmdjrnam mxtmram) ga trguvm in prgtlam Jtu J! Scbdn 8!

    In olxntlga hm in vltndlam J>: sur in prgtlam Jtu J am acmssltm pns hamrklm!

    Urgjidm 6 li onut hm iamrklm pgur trnasigqumr in vltndlam sur in oncm latmram! Li vn oniiglr

    trnaspgrtmr iamrklm fusqum hm in dmdjrnam cmiiuinlrm!

    In prgtlam Xga J!

    In prgtlam latmrnklt nvmc in Jtu J mt vn cbnakmr hm cgaogrdntlga! Cmttm cgaogrdntlga

    amrktlqum vn trm trnasorm in prgtlam Jtu J! Cm qul pmrdmt in trnasigcntlga hm in

    vltndlam J>:!

    : systdms pmrdmttmat hm trnaspgrtmr ims krgssms dgicuims 6

    $ cm systdm

    $ Ugrlams spclolqums

    LLL!Dgtlilt mt tnctlsdms!

    >! Xrguvmr ibnjltnt npprgprl!

    Ims jnctrlms nrrlvmat hnas imur bnjltnt pnr bnsnrh cnr miims sgat hpmahnatms hm imur

    mavlrgaamdmat! Unr mx 6 miims sgat trnaspgrtms pnr imnu

    Hgac ims jnctrlms vgat pguvglr sm hpincmr lavgigatnlrmdmat!

    Ga pnrim lcl hua nutrm hpincmdmat pius ildlt 6 qq cmatldtrms!

    ?

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    Li onuhrn pmrcmvglr ims vnrlntlgas hu dlilmu mxtrlmur!

    Xgutms ims jnctrlms am sgat pns cnpnjims hm sm hpincmr vgigatnlrmdmat "tgutms am pgsshmat

    pns hm oinkmiim,!

    Ugur cmiims pgsshnat hms oinkmiims) ga pnrim hm tnctlsdm!

    Xnctlsdm cnr qunah li y n prsmacm hm oinkmiim) ims jnctrlms pgsshmat nussl tgut ua systdm hmpmrcmptlga qul pmrdmt hniimr hnas im jga smas mtc

    Hms jnctrlms sgat cnpnjims hm sm hpincmr 6

    $ krcm nu oinkmiim

    $ snas oinkmiim ma kilssnat sur im sujstrnt

    $ jnctrlms prltrlcbms

    Xgus cms dghms hm hpincmdmat sgat nssgcls ua typm hm tnctlsdm!

    Li mxlstm 8 typms hm tnctlsdm hloormats 6

    $ cbldlgtnctlsdm 4 tnctlsdm qul rnklt hms P T hm prghults cbldlqums$ Nrgtnctlsdm 4 rnklt nux vnrlntlgas hm P T hm igxykam!

    $ Ubgtgtnctlsdm 4 pmrdmt nux jnctrlms hm sm hpincmr vmrs in iudlrm! Cmrtnlams jnctrlms sgat

    ddm cnpnjims hm hlstlakumr cmrtnlams igakumurs hgahms pnrtlcuilrms!

    $ Dnkatgtnctlsdm 4 pmrdmt nux cmiiuims hm sm hpincmr im igak hms ilkams hm ogrcm hu cbndp

    dnkatlqum tmrrmstrm!

    Mx 6 M! cgil 6

    pB gptldud mxt 4 ;):

    Sga tnctlsdm cmst siglkamr hm pB trgc nclhm gu jnslqum! Zmcbmrcbm zgams tmdprms mt vltm

    ims iudlrms jimums latmasms!

    Miim mst cnpnjim hm sm rnpprgcbmr hm zgams g li y n hms P T hm agurrlturm + imvms!

    Ga gjsmrvm quli y n jcp hm dutnats!

    Unkm 8;

    Li y n 3 krgupms hm dutnats nu tnctlsdm 6

    $ >mr typm hm dutntlga 4 dutntlga hnas hms kams qul cghmat ims prgtlams qul hgaamat im

    oinkmiim "pnrtlm jimu mt vmrtm,

    $ :dm Zgukm

    $ 3dm 6 kam qul cghmat hms prgtlams mt qul pmrdmttmat in pmrcmptlga hms vnrlntlgas hu dlilmu

    mxtrlmur trnasdls nu dgtmur qul hlt nu oinkmiim hm tguramr hnas ua smas gu hnas inutrm!

    :! Dcnalsdm hm in dgjlilt ilm nu oinkmiim!

    Cgddmat ims jnctrlms sgat cnpnjims hniimr hnas ua smas pnrtlcuilmr 7

    H ma pnrtlm in prsmacm hm in ogrdm crgcbmt hu oinkmiim!

    Igrsqum ims oinkmiims tguramat hnas im smas hms nlkuliims huam dgatrm) ga gjsmrvm uam

    structurm jgurloom qul pmrdmt nux jnctrlms hm tguramr sur miims$ddms!

    Scbdn =n

    Igrsqum ims oinkmiims tguramat hnas im smas lavmrsm hms nlkuliims huam dgatrm tgus ims

    oinkmiims sm dmttmat hnas im ddm smas pgur ogrdmr uam sgrtm hbilcm cgdpgsltm! Umrdmt in

    jnctrlm hnvnacmr hnas uam hlrmctlga! Scbdn =j

    ;

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    Umrdmt nux jnctrlms hniimr + vltm 4 >5 :5d's! "rmvlmat ?5`d'b pgur ua budnla,!

    Ims jnctrlms nvnacmat) snrrtmat) tguramat sur miims$ddms) puls rmpnrtmat hnas uam nutrm

    hlrmctlga sm prghult rkuilrmdmat! Ibilcm am pmrdmt pns hm tguramr) fustm niimr tgut hrglt!

    Xmst hm ankm 6Sm onlt hnas 3 gu 8k ' I hnknr!

    Hnas in jgltm) ga hpgsm ua mahrglt pnrtlcuilmr ims jnctrlms ">5 =,! Ga nttmah qq bmurms!

    Ga cgddmacm nvmc ua hlndtrm h>dd mavlrga!

    Ga vn vglr ims jnctrlms qul vgat sm hpincmr! Ga pnssm hm >dd qq cd! Ga vglt hms cmrcims

    cgacmatrlqums!

    Li ay n pns hm krnhlmat hna cm dlilmu) hgac pgurqugl sm hpincm$t$miim 7

    Ims jnctrlms miims$ddms crs im krnhlmat! Ma moomt) miim cgasgddm in agurrlturm in g miims

    sgat) masultm) li ay ma n piu hgac miims sm hpincmat mtc Im krnhlmat mst hgac

    nutgdntlqumdmat crm pnr ims jnctrlms qul cgasgddmat ims autrldmats mt qul sm duitlpilmat!

    Scbdn ?

    Zsudm pgiy pnkm 88!

    Ga dmt ims jnctrlms hnas ua dlilmu bgdgkam! Ga gjsmrvm nu dlcrgscgpm 6

    Scbdn ;

    4 Dguvmdmat huam jnctrlm ualm! Ims rgahs 4 jnctrlms qul cuijutmat hurm ua hlxldm hm

    smcgahm!

    Im trnlt 4 jnctrlm qul ankm hurm > smcgahm "hnas ua dlilmu bgdgkam mt hgac snas

    krnhlmat,!

    Dlilmu nvmc srlam 6

    Crntlga hua krnhlmat!

    Ga gjsmrvm ua cbnakmdmat hm cgdpgrtmdmat hms jnctrlms!

    Scbdn 2

    Xgufgurs cuijutm hm ua hlxldm hm smc! Dnls niigakmdmat hu tmdps hm ankm qunah ga mst hnas

    im jga smas! Unr cgatrm) igrsqum qum iga am ankm pns hnas im jga smas "pns vmrs autrldmats,) im

    tmdps hm ankm sm rnccgurcl!

    In jnctrlm sm hlrlkm hnas uam hlrmctlga cgdpitmdmat nintglrm 6

    $ sl jgaam hlrmctlga 6 niigakm tmdps hm ankm

    $ sl dnuvnlsm hlrmctlga 6 rnccgurcl tmdps hm ankm

    In jnctrlm naniysm trs sguvmat sga mavlrgaamdmat!

    3! Im cbldlgtnctlsdm 6 rsuitnt huam dnrcbm nintglrm jlnlsm!

    Cgddmat ims jnctrlms pmuvmat$t$miims pmrcmvglr ims vnrlntlgas hm cgacmatrntlgas hu dlilmu

    mxtrlmur 7

    : pgssljlilts 6

    $ In jnctrlm n hms cnptmurs hm pnrt mt hnutrm hm sga cgrps mt miim cgdpnrm matrm :

    zgams hm sga cgrps! Dnls ga pmut pmasmr qum in hlstnacm matrm invnat mt inrrlrm hm in jnctrlm

    mst trgp pmtlt pgur smatlr hms vnrlntlgas! Uns pgssljim!

    $ in jnctrlm pmut dmsurmr tgut dgdmat in cgacmatrntlga hu sujstrnt mxtrlmurm mt in

    cgdpnrmr nvmc in dmsurm prchmatm hm cgacmatrntlga hm sujstrnt Jgaam pgssljlilt!

    2

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    Mxprlmacm 6

    Ga sm dmt hnas 3 cgahltlgas hloormatms!

    Scbdn smc mt cuijutm 4 >hlxldm hm smc!

    & Srlam 4 5);=dD "rpnrtlm hm dnalrm bgdgkalsm,!

    In jnctrlm sm rmah cgdptm qumiim pnssm hm 5 5);= dD hm srlam hgac qumiim hglt niigakmr

    sga tmdps hm ankm! Ga gjsmrvm ua niigakmdmat hm tps hm ankm!

    In jnctrlm ddgrlsm jlma in cgacmatrntlga prchmatm!

    &Srlam 4 5):8 dD "tfr fbgdgkam,!

    Ims jnctrlms cuijutmat + sguvmat mt im tmdps hm ankm hurm dglas huam smcgahm! In jnctrlm

    sldnklam qumiim mst tgut im tmdps hnas im dnuvnls smas hgac miim rhult sga tmdps hm ankm!

    Nu jgut hua dgdmat) hnas ims cgahltlgas : mt 3) miims rmtguramrgat >smc ' > hlxldm hm

    smcgahm!

    8! Anturm mt ogactlga hms cnptmurs mt hm in trnasdlsslga hu slkani!

    Ugiy pnkm 82

    Xsr) Xnr mt Xrk 4 Cnptmurs qul pmrglvmat ims vnrlntlgas hm cgacmatrntlga hms dgicuims

    nttrnctlvms!

    Xsr rmcgaanlt srlam!Xnr rmcgaanlt nsp) mt im dnitgam olx prgtlam noolam

    Cms 3 prgtlams sgat cnpnjims hm dmsurmr in cgacmatrntlga! Miims sgat nppmims hms DCU 4

    dmtbyi Cbmdgrmcmptgr Urgtmla! Cm sgat hms prgtlam qul pmuvmat trm dtbyims!

    Scbdn >5

    ]am ogls qum im ilknah mst olx trnasdlsslga hlaog vln hnutrms prgtlams 6

    $ w 4 prgtlam hm cgaamxlga qul rmilm im rcmptmur uam prgtlam mssmatlmiim 4 N

    $ prgtlam N snutg$pbgspbgryim mt vn pguvglr pbgspbgryimr uam prgtlam hloormatm 6 \

    Miim mst cnpnjim hm snutg$pbgspbgryimr "krcm ibyhrgiysm hm iNXU, puls hm trnasormr sga U

    sur \!

    $ \ 6 tnt pbgspbgryi gu aga! \ pbgspbgryi vn pguvglr latmrnklr nvmc im oinkmiim ga nctlvm

    in cuijutm! Sl \ mst aga pbgspbgryi ankm!

    In ankm mt in cuijutm hpmahmat hgac hm in pbgspbgryintlga hm \ mt hgac hm cmiim hm N!

    N am pmut pns hpbgspbgryimr!

    $ V hpbgspbgryim \! V n uam nctlvlt cgastnatm!

    Itnt hm pbgspbgryintlga hm N hpmah hm sga latmrnctlga nvmc w mt X!

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    Cbnpltrm ? 6 Cgddualcntlga jnctrlmaam!

    L! Ims cnptmurs hm qugrud!

    Cm sgat hms systdms qul sm hcimacbmat qunah in qunatlt hm jnctrlm mst ldpgrtnatm!

    >! Dlsm ma vlhmacm!

    N t dls ma vlhmacm li y n ua pmu + hm 35 nas! Dlsm ma vlhmacm pgur in >rm ogls pnr hms

    cbmrcbmurs qul trnvnliinlmat sur in prghuctlga hm iudlrm hu cnindnr! In oiugrmscmacm hms cms

    naldnux mst hum in prsmacm hm jnctrlms hnas cmrtnlas mahrglts hm imur cgrps!

    Ims jnctrlms prsmatms cbmz hms lavmrtjrs gu hms pglssgas 4 _ljrlg olsbmrl!

    Znctlga qulis ogat 6

    ODAB: + ZCBG + G: ODA + Z$CGGB + b "8

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    IuxL ' IuxZ

    : prgtlams lahlspmasnjims pgur nctlvmr in iuclornsm!

    Scbdn >!

    : dlilmux hloormats! Hnas ims : cns) ga n nppnrltlga hm iudlrm in ddm cgacmatrntlga hm

    jnctrlm! Hgac im systdm amst pns hpmahnat hu tmdps hm karntlga dnls mst hpmahnatprlaclpnimdmat hm in cgacmatrntlga hms jnctrlms hnas im dlilmu!

    Ugurqugl uam cgacmatrntlga hgaam) tgutms ims jnctrlms sgat oiugrmscmatms ma ddm tps 7

    Li hglt y nvglr uam dgicuim hnas im dlilmu qul pmrdmt cm pbagdam!

    Lhm 6 ims jnctrlms rnklssmat uam dgicuim scrtm hnas im dlilmu mxtrlmur!

    Mxprlmacm 6

    Dlilmu cgahltlgaa 4 dlilmu hnas imqumi ga onlt pgussmr ims jnctrlms) ga rcuprm agtrm

    cuiturm "ma pbnsm hm oiugrmscmacm,) ga cmatrloukm mt rcuprm im surankmnat!

    Ugur trm sr quli ay n pns hm jnctrlm ga olitrm! Ga gjtlmat ua dlilmu strlim hpgurvu hmtgutm trncm hm jnctrlm!

    N cm dlilmu) ga nfgutm hms idmats autrltlos!

    Hnas cm dlilmu) ga nfgutm aguvmnu hms jnctrlms hm typm _ljrlg uam cgacmatrntlga onljim!

    Hnas cms cgahltlgas) ims jnctrlms sgat oiugrmscmatms hs im hjut!

    Dgatrm qum hnas im dlilmu) li y n uam dgicuim qul pmrdmt nux jnctrlms hm oiugrmscmr! Cm

    amst pns in qunatlt hm jnctrlm qul hcimacbm in oiugrmscmacm dnls + prgjnjimdmat in

    cgacmatrntlga hm in dgicuim hu dlilmu qul pmrdmt hm hcimacbmr in oiugrmscmacm!

    Bypgtbsm 6

    Ims jnctrlms syatbtlsmat cgastnddmat cmttm dgicuim) hgac + ga nvnacm hnas im tmdps) + in

    cgacmatrntlga hm in dgicuim nukdmatm!

    Hgac in qunatlt hm dgicuim scrtm mst prgpgrtlgaamiim in qunatlt hm jnctrlm!

    Nrrlv uam cmrtnlam cgacmatrntlga pmrdmt hm hcimacbmr uam cnscnhm hm rnctlga!

    Cmttm dgicuim scrtm mst ua nutg$lahuctmur "cnr scrt pnr in jnctrlm miim$ddm,!

    Cbnqum mspcm hm jnctrlm pgsshm sn prgprm 6

    Ncyi Bgdgsrlam Inctgam "NBSI,!

    Dgicuim scrtm 4 nutg$lahuctmur!

    Cmst ua systdm qul pmrdmt in rmcgaanlssnacm hms jnctrlm hm in ddm mspcm!

    Scbdn :

    Jnssm cgacmatrntlga 6

    N onljim cgacmatrntlga) IuxL syatbtlsm inutg$lahuctmur ma pmrdnamacm! Cmt nutg$lahuctmur)

    hm pnrt sn cgdpgsltlga) pmut hloousmr trnvmrs ims dmdjrnam! Hgac quliljrm hm PNBSIT hm

    pnrt mt hnutrm hm in dmdjrnam! Dnls IuxZ amst pns cnpnjim hnctlvmr ims kams!

    Ogrtm cgacmatrntlga 6

    N pnrtlr huam cmrtnlam cgacmatrntlga) Iux Z mst cnpnjim hm olxmr NBSI mt hgac hnctlvmr ims

    kams! Cms kams vgat prghulrm hms iuclornsms qul vgat pmrdmttrm hm rnilsmr in rnctlga mt

    hgac oiugrmscmacm!

    :

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    Cbmz Usmuhgdgans nmruklagsn 6

    Agdjrm ldpgrtnat hm kams vlruimats qul am hglvmat pns trm mxprldmr tgus nu ddm dgdmat

    cnscnhm hm rkuintlga dlautlmusm hm imxprmsslga hm kam qul dam in vlruimacm!

    Usmuhg n trguv ua systdm) miim : cnptmurs hm qugrud hloormats 6

    $ InsL ' InsZ

    $ ZbiL ' ZbiZ

    Ims : systdms sgat hms bgdgigkums hm IuxL'IuxZ

    ZbiL vn prghulrm uam NBSI qul smrn rmcgaaum pnr ZbiZ "dnls pns pnr InsZ,!

    Li ay n pns hm rnctlga crglsm matrm ims :!

    Cgddmat pmut$ga nvglr uam cnscnhm hm rkuintlga 7

    Ga n piuslmurs kams hm rkuintlga!

    Ga hlt quga n : cntkgrlms hm kams rkuis qul hglvmat trm mxprlds hms dgdmats

    hloormats!Cmux rkuim pnr Ins hglvmat trm rkuis + tt qum cmux rkuis pnr Zbi!

    _lr L 4 kam mxprld prcgcmdmat "Zkuintmur 4 InsZ,

    _lrLL 4 kam mxprld + tnrhlvmdmat "rkuintmur 4 ZbiZ,

    Scbdn 3!

    Jnssm cgacmatrntlga 6

    Ins L syatbtlsm NSBI "cnrr sur scbdn, ma ddm tmdps ZbiL syatbtlsm sga NBSI

    "trlnakim,! Ims : dgicuims hNBSI sgat syatbtlsms nu ddm dgdmat!

    Hnas ims kams rkuis pnr InsZ) ga n nvnat rbiZ! Hm +) ga n im rkuintmur InsZ hf prsmat

    hnas in cmiiuim!

    InsZ amst pns cnpnjim hnctlvmr rbiZ mt vlr L!

    Ogrtm cgacmatrntlga 6

    Ins Z mst nigrs cnpnjim hm rmcgaanltrm iNBSI cgrrmspgahnatm qul mst ma cgacmatrntlga

    suoolsnatm! Ga pmut nigrs nctlvmr tgus ims kams rpgahnats InsZ! Li y n trnascrlptlga hms

    kams hm >rm cntkgrlm hms kams hm vlruimacm! Mt hjut hm trnascrlptlga hms kams hZbiZ!

    Hgac mxprmsslga hloormatlmi hms kams krcm imxprmsslga hloormatlmiim hms rkuintmurs!

    Nu jgut hua cmrtnlas tmdps) ZbiZ mst syatbtls mt mst ma qunatlt suoolsnatm pgur nctlvmr ims

    kams hm vlruimacm hm :

    dm

    cntkgrlm!

    Scbdn 8

    In pnrtlm qul vnrlm 4 jimu!

    8! Jnctrlms Krnd pgsltlo!

    Umptlhm syatbtls hnas ims jnctrlms mt scrt hnas im dlilmu mxtrlmur mt snccuduim! N uam

    cgacmatrntlga suoolsnatm hm pmptlhm hcimacbm imxprmsslga!

    Dnls im pmptlhm mst lacnpnjim hm trnvmrsmr in dmdjrnam tgut smui! Jmsgla huam dncblamrlm

    pgur scrtmr im pmptlhm hnas im dlilmu mxtrlmur! ]am ogls hnas im dlilmu mxtrlmur) im pmptlhm

    am rmatrm piu hnas in jnctrlm

    li onut htmctmr in cgacmatrntlga hnas im dlilmu mxtrlmur mt

    3

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    trnasdmttrm ilaogrdntlga qum ims pmptlhms sgat ma qunatlt suoolsnatms mt pmrdmttrm

    imxprmsslga hms kams cljims!

    scbdn =

    Im pmptlhm mst onlt pnrtlr hua pmtlt NZAd! Cmt NZAd cghm ua pmtlt pmptlhm hmavlrga 85

    NN! Cm pmptlhm vn trm cilv mt smui in pnrtlm rgukm vn trm scrtm hnas im dlilmu mxtrlmur)ims nutrms pnrtlms vgat hlspnrnltrm! Ga sm rmtrguvm nvmc ua pmptlhm hm 2'>5 NN trnaspgrt

    spclolqum hm trnaspgrt hm cm pmptlhm!

    Im pmptlhm sm rmtrguvm imxtrlmur!

    Im systdm mst kigjnimdmat im ddm qum pgur Krnd $!

    Im pmptlhm snccuduim nu our mt dmsurm qum in cgacmatrntlga cmiiuinlrm nukdmatm!

    ]am prgtlam rkuintrlcm hglt niimr nctlvmr ims kams! Hnas cmt tnt) in prgtlam rkuintrlcm am

    ogactlgaam pns!

    ]am prgtlam trnasdmdjrnanlrm mst ua cnptmur! Cm cnptmur vn pmrcmvglr in cgacmatrntlga hms

    pgiypmptlhms pnrtlr hu dgdmat g miim mst suoolsnatm! N pnrtlr hm cmin ua dcnalsdm sm dmt

    ma pincm 6$ nutgpbgspbgryintlga hu cnptmur

    $ im cnptmur pmut nigrs trnasdmttrm im U nu rkuintmur hmvlmat nctlo!

    $ Im rkuintmur vn nigrs nctlvmr imxprmsslga hms kams cljims!

    Ims jnctrlms qul utlilsmat cm systdm 6

    $ strmptgcgccus

    $ jncliius sujtlils

    =! Cgddualcntlga latmrspclolqum!

    Ga n vu ims nutg$lahuctmurs hm typm L!

    Ga n trguv rcmddmat hms nutg$lahuctmurs hm typm LL! Structurm tgtnimdmat hloormatm!

    Cms systdms pmuvmat trm rmcgaaus pnr hms jnctrlms Krnd+ mt Krnd$!

    Ga n dgatr qum cmrtnlams pinatms "ma pnrtlcuilmr im _nrmcb, qul sgat cgatndlams pnr uam

    jnctrlm pnrtlcuilrm "Smrrntln Krnd+,!

    Miim hlkrm ims omuliims hm _nrmcb!

    Ga smst npmru qum im _nrmcb mst hmvmau rslstnat Smrrntln!

    Im vnrmcb scrtm uam dgicuim qul mst hm typm NBSI rmcgaaum pnr Smrrntln!

    Igrsqum Smrrntln nrrlvm pgur cgigalsmr) miim rmcgaanlt iNBSI) vn nigrs mxprldmr hms kams hm

    vlruimacm nu dnuvnls dgdmat mt am pns russlr laomctmr im _nrmcb ildlantlga hm Smrrntln!

    8

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    Cbnpltrm ; 6 Untbgkalm mt sydjlgsm!

    L! Latrghuctlga!

    Ga sm pincm hu ct hms jnctrlms! Cgddmat sgat$miims cnpnjims hm rnilsmr uam laomctlga 7

    LL! Ims tnpms hm ilaomctlga!

    Dnlatmalr ua rsmrvglr!

    In jnctrlm hglt sm trguvmr ua mahrglt pgur vlvrm gu pgur survlvrm matrm : laomctlgas! Cmin

    slkalolm sn cnpnclt hm aulrm ua btm mt htmrdlamr sn cnpnclt vlvrm snas sga btm!

    Xrnaspgrt vmrs ibtm!

    Nhbrmr mt cgigalsmr ibtm!

    Duitlpilcntlga hnas ibtm!

    Mcbnppmr nux homasms hm ibtm!

    Cnpnclt aulrm sga btm!

    ^ulttmr sga btm mt rmtguramr itnpm >!

    Cms tnpms sgat pgur ims pntbgkams!

    Ugur ua sydjlgatm) ga rmdpincm cnpnclt aulrm sga btm pnr cnpnclt nppgrtmr qqcb

    sga btm !

    Dnlatmalr ua rsmrvglr!

    Im rsmrvglr pmut trm im dlilmu mavlrgaanat 6 mnu

    Im rsmrvglr pmut knimdmat trm ua btm latmrdhlnlrm cgddm ua naldni gu uam pinatm) cmtbtm amst pns laomct!

    Xrnaspgrt sur ibtm!

    Xrnaspgrt vln inlr) imnu

    Xrnasomrt hlrmct matrm pgrtmur snla mt btm holaltlo!

    Nhbrmr mt cgigalsmr ibtm!

    Mtnpm trs ldpgrtnatm!

    Igrsqum in jnctrlm matrm hnas ibtm ma qunatlt trs ildltm! Hgac miim pmut trm ildlam trs

    vltm!

    Ma matrnat hnas ibtm) in jnctrlm mssnlm hm am pns sm onlrm rmprmr mt cgddmacm sm

    duitlpilmr! Miim n hgac jmsgla hm autrldmat!

    Ims nhbslams pmrdmttmat hm sm olxmr nux tlssus hm ibtm laomct!

    In jnctrlm hglt snhnptmr ua aguvmnu dlilmu 4 ibtm!

    Duitlpilcntlga hnas ibtm!

    N pnrtlr hm cm dgdmat) in jnctrlm hcimacbm in syatbsm hm onctmurs hm vlruimacm! Miim hglt sm

    hpincmr mt scrtm hms prghults qul pmrdmttmat hm htrulrm ims fgactlgas matrm ims ccmiiuims vglr

    ddm hm iysmr ims cmiiuims!

    In jnctrlm sm duitlpilm mt sm hvmigppm!

    Uuls in jnctrlm qulttm sga btm!

    >

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    LLL!Ims onctmurs karnux hm vlruimacm !

    Cms onctmurs sgat agdjrmux mt nssmz cgdpimxms dmttrm ma vlhmacm!

    Lis sgat acmssnlrms pgur in vlm imxtrlmur mt ilatrlmur hm ibtm!

    Onctmur hm vlruimacm 4 dgicuim jnctrlmaam acmssnlrm nu jga hvmigppmdmat hm in jnctrlm!

    Ga rmprm cms onctmurs 6

    Igrsqum iga lanctlvm ua kam mt quga dmt cm dutnat hnas ibtm! Ga rmknrhm ims onctmurs hm

    vlruimacm hnas ibtm!

    ]a kam dut cgahult injsmacm hm onctmurs hm vlruimacm!

    In jnctrlm hglt rmcgaanltrm qumiim mst matrm hnas ibtm) onctmurs hm rkuintlga 6

    $ tmdprnturm + imvm

    $ gsdginrlt + imvm

    $ njgahnacm hm autrldmats

    $ cnrmacm ma omr

    $ htmctlga hm sujstnacms spclolqums hm ibtmXgus cms onctmurs sgat pmrus pnr in jnctrlm!

    In jnctrlm prghult nigrs hms onctmurs hm vlruimacm!

    In prghuctlga hms onctmurs hm vlruimacm mst squmatlmiim!

    Li mxlstm hm agdjrmux rkuintmurs! Cbnqum rkuintmur vn rkuimr piuslmurs onctmurs hm

    vlruimacm hloormats! Cbnqum onctmur hm vlruimacm vn) ma karnim) trm rkui pnr piuslmurs

    onctmurs hm rkuintlga "rkuintmurs,!

    L_! Ims dcnalsdms hm rslstnacm nux homasms hm ibtm!

    Xgutms ims cgahltlgas mavlrgaamdmatnims hglvmat trm rualms pgur pguvglr hcimacbmrcgrrmctmdmat in vlruimacm!

    Onctmurs hm vlruimacm 6

    $ Nhbslams

    $ Mxprmsslga mt syatbsm hm tgxlams!

    $ Syatbsm hidmats pmrdmttnat hm sm homahrm cgatrm ims homasms hm ibtm!

    $ Cnpsuim 6 pmrdmt hm sm homahrm cgatrm in pbnkgcytgsm!

    $ Dgicuim scrtm

    Ugsltlga hms kams hm vlruimacm 6

    $ ims kams sgat prsmats nutgur

    $ ims kams sgat prsmats sur ua jnctrlgpbnkm tmdpr

    $ ims jnctrlms pgsshmat ua pinsdlhm qul pgrtm ims kams hm vlruimacm

    Sl im pinsdlhm mst pmrhu) in jnctrlm pmut vlvrm imxtrlmur hm ibtm dnls amst pius vlruimatm!

    $ tgus ims kams sgat rmkrgups nu ddm mahrglt ilatrlmur hu cbrgdgsgdm! Xgutm uam zgam

    hu cbrgdgsgdm rmkrgupm in tgtnilt hms kams hm vlruimacm 4 Ligt hm pntbgkalclt! Cms ligts

    cgatlmaamat jmnucgup hm jnsms K mt C!

    Ligts trnasornjims matrm jnctrlms dnalrm pgur crmr hm aguvmiims mspcms pntbgkams

    _! Untbgkams mt sydjlgtms hms pinatms!

    Jnctrlm spmctrm hbtm inrkm 6 am pmut pns laomctmr uam pinatm snlam! Li onut qum in pinatm mst

    uam jimssurm pgur pmrdmttrm in jnctrlm hmatrmr!

    :

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    Unr cgatrm) ims j spclolqums hua btm sgat cnpnjims hmatrmr pnr miims$ddms hnas in pinatm!

    >! Nkrgjnctmrlud tudmonclmas 6 in knim hu cgiimt!

    Nkrgjnctmrlud tudmonclmas mst uam jnctrlm inrkm spmctrm hbtm qul nttnqum ims pinatms

    ikudlamusms!Dninhlm prgvgqum 4 in knim hu cgiimt!

    Ma karni) in dninhlm amst pns ontnim in pinatm!

    Mx 6 vlkam) pinats hm tgdntm) cnrgttms

    N itnt anturmi) Nkt mst uam jnctrlm hm in rblzgspbrm "prgcbm hms rnclams,! In jnctrlm amst

    pns kanatm pgur in pinatm! Miim sm duitlpilm mt cgasgddm hms sujstnacms rmfmts pnr in pinatm!

    Miim onlt pnrtlm hms $prgtgjnctrlm mt pius pnrtlcuilrmdmat hm in ondliim hms Zblzgjlncms!

    Miim prsmatm ua pinsdlhm nppmi Xl qul pgrtm tgus ims kams hm vlruimacm!

    Xnat qum in pinatm mst snlam) miim am pmut pns trm laomctm pnr Nkt ddm sl prsmatm ma krnahm

    qunatlt!Sl in pinatm n uam jimssurm) li pmut y nvglr cgigalsntlga hm in pinatm pnr ims jnctrlms! Li onut qum

    ims jnctrlms htmctmat in jimssurm hm in pinatm!

    Ims Nkt gat ua oinkmiim mt ogat hu cbldlgtnctlsdm! ]am pnrtlm hu cbldlgtnctlsdm mst hhlm in

    htmctlga hm in scrtlga hm sujstnacms spclolqums hm in pinatm igrsqumiim mst jimssm!

    Mavlrga >5- hms jnctrlms sgat cnpnjims hm sm hpincmr + moolcncmdmat vmrs uam jimssurm!

    Smui >5- hm in pgpuintlga tgtnim hNkt pgsshm im pinsdlhm hm vlruimacm!

    Xgutms ims jnctrlms vgat sm hlrlkmr vmrs in jimssurm dnls smui ims >5- pgsshnat im pinsdlhm

    pmrglvmat ims sujstnacms spclolqums scrtms pnr in pinatm qunah jimssurm! Zmcgaanlt hms

    cgacmatrntlgas hm >5$; Dginlrm!

    Cgdpgss spclolqums rmcgaaus 6Mx 6 nctgsyrlakgam fgum ua rim nttrnctnat pgur ims jnctrlms pgsshnat ua pinsdlhm "mt

    fgumrn ua nutrm rim + tnrh,!

    ]a cmrtnlas agdjrm hm pmrdnsms vgat trm syatbtlsms mt laciums hnas ims dmdjrnams hNkt

    vn pmrdmttrm hm onlrm matrmr hms dgicuims spclolqums ualqumdmat utlilsnjim pnr Nkt!

    Nctgsyrlakgam pmrdmt in syatbsm huam pmrdnsm spclolqum hNkt! Li vn y nvglr btrg$

    cgafuknlsga matrm in jnctrlm mt uam cmiiuim vktnim!

    Scbdn >!

    ]alqumdmat iNHAt mst trnasor hnas in pinatm! Li sm rmtrguvm hnas im agynu mt cm ornkdmat

    slasrm nu bnsnrh hnas iua hms cbrgdgsgdms hm in pinatm! Xgus ims kams pgrts hnas iNHAt

    vgat masultm smxprldmr hnas iNHA hm in pinatm!

    Cm trnasomrt hpmah hua systdm hm cnptmurs hm qugrud!

    >! Syatbsm hbgrdgams vktnims qul pmrdmttmat im hvmigppmdmat hms cmiiuims vktnims qul

    vgat cgahulrm nu hvmigppmdmat hm in knim cgiimt! Ga ndpilolm ims cmiiuims vktnims pgrtnat

    iNHAt hnas im jut hm pmrdmttrm in cmiiuim vktnim hm prghulrm hms dtnjgiltms qul vgat trm

    masultm cgasgdds pnr in jnctrlm! Cms dtnjgiltms sgat 6

    $ nkrgclagplam

    $ gplams

    Cms dgicuims vgat trms iljrms hnas im dlilmu mxtrlmur! Smui ims Nkt pgsshmat ims systdmshm trnaspgrt pgur hkrnhmr cms dgicuims mt ims utlilsmr!

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    Scbdn :

    Scbdn 3

    Nkrgjnctmrlud rnhlgjnctmr 6

    Miim pgsshm ua pinsdlhm pnrtlcuilmr 4 pNk@28!Miim mst cnpnjim hm cgasgddmr ims idmats nkrgclagplam mt gplam dnls mst lacnpnjim hm ims

    onlrm scrtmr pnr in pinatm!

    Miim onlt matrmr hm inkrgclam hnas im cytgpinsdm puls syatbtlsm ua nanigkum tgxlqum hm

    inhalam! Cmcl mst tgxlqum pgur Nkt mt im htrult! Umrdmt Nkr hm prmahrm tgutm in pincm mt hm

    cgasgddmr ims autrldmats!

    :! Slagrblzgjlud dmiligtl6 in olxntlga hm inzgtm!

    Miim mst uam $prgtgjnctrlm! Miim latmrnklt nvmc uam pinatm btm mt tnjilt uam sydjlgsm! Miim

    scrtm hm inzgtm "A:,!Miim an pns hm inrkm spmctrm hbtm! Miim latmrnklt nvmc uam smuim mspcm hm pinatm!

    A: : AB3 >? NXU

    Cgddmat rmcgaanlt$miim in pinatm btm 7

    Li onut hms dgicuims spclolqums hm in pinatm mt hm in jnctrlm!

    In pinatm prghult tgut im tmdps hms dgicuims pnrtlcuilrms ddm snas trm jimssm! Cbnqum

    pinatm prghult sms prgprms dgicuims scrtms!

    Miim prghult hms dgicuims pbagilqums!

    Ims jnctrlms vgat pmrcmvglr cms hrlvs pbagilqums! Mt sl) nux nimatgurs hm in pinatm) li y n in

    jgaam jnctrlm ims dgicuims hm in pinatm vgat trm rmcgaaums pnr ims jnctrlms!Nu dgdmat g in jnctrlm pmrglt ims dgicuims pbagilqums scrtms pnr in jgaam pinatm)

    miim cgddmacm nigrs scrtmr hms onctmurs hm aghuintlga! Cms onctmurs sgat hms dgicuims

    pnrtlcuilrms 4 ua sucrm il ua nclhm krns!

    Cbnqum mspcm hm jnctrlm syatbtlsmrn sga prgprm onctmur hm aghuintlga!

    In pinatm rmcgaanlt im onctmur hm aghuintlga

    Zmcgaanlssnacm rclprgqum Cmin nukdmatm in spclolclt hu systdm!

    In pinatm nutgrlsm nigrs in olxntlga hms jnctrlms sur ims "rnhlcmiim 7, hm in pinatm!

    Hms rblcnhslams spclolqums vgat trm rmcgaaums pnr hms iyslams spclolqums in suroncm hm in

    pinatm! Cbnqum mspcm jnctrlmaam n sms rblcnhslams spclolqums!

    Im pgli rnclanlrm vn nigrs sm cgurjmr mt ims rblcnhslams matrmat hnas ims rnclams! Ims jnctrlms

    matrmat ilatrlmur hms cmiiuims hm in pinatm!

    Scbdn 8!

    Ims jnctrlms vgat nigrs sm duitlpilmr hm dnalrm ldpgrtnatm mt rmdpilr ims cmiiuims vktnims!

    Ims jnctrlms vgat krgsslr hm ; ogls mt trm trnasogrdms ma jnctrghms! Cms jnctrghms am

    pgurrgat pius fndnls rmtguramr itnt hm jnctrlm!

    Ims jnctrlms vgat trm agurrlms pnr ims sujstnacms autrltlvms oguralms pnr in pinatm! Macbnakm) in jnctrlm syatbtlsm in altrgkansm pgur pmrdmttrm in rnctlga A: : AB3!

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    Dlcrgjlgigklm :

    Urgjidm) cmttm altrgkansm am suppgrtm pns igxykam! In pinatm hvmigppm ua rsmnu

    xyidm'pbigdm pgur trnaspgrtmr ims autrldmats!

    In cbnlam rmsplrntglrm hms jnctrlms ogactlgaam prgjidm prsmacm hG:!

    In pinatm syatbtlsm hm in imkbdgkigjuilam qul matgurm cgdpitmdmat ims jnctrlms!

    In imkbdgkigjlam 6 uam pnrtlm syatbtlsm pnr in jnctrlm mt uam nutrm syatbtlsm pnr inpinatm!

    Im pinsdlhm Syd cgatlmat tgus ims idmats lahlspmasnjims in sydjlgsm!

    >5- smuimdmat pgsshmat cm pinsdlhm!

    Ga pincm im pinsdlhm hNkrgjnctmrlud hnas rblzgjlud 6

    Im rblzgjlud hmvlmat pntbgkam! Im pinsdlhm Xl pgsshm hgac tgus ims onctmurs hm vlruimacm!

    Ga pincm im pinsd