unité de recherche génie des procédés frigorifiques an overview on the cold application...

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An overview on the Cold application

throughout the world

Jacques Guilpart

Head of the Refrigeration processes engineering research unit, Cemagref, FranceFrench delegate to the International Institute of refrigeration

jacques.guilpart@cemagref.fr

+ 33 1 40 96 60 26

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How would the world look like without artificial cold ?

or : the cold, a forgotten need … an evidence

For cooling … ?Just push on the

button !

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The cold : an evident application on food …

The food cold chain … from the first ages to the 1800’ths

Preservation (quality, safety, … Cf L. Bog Sorensen)

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The cold : an evident application on food …

The food cold chain … in 1900’th

Thermodynamics discovery

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CFC discovery in the 1930’th

The cold : an evident application on food …

The food cold chain … in 1950’th

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The cold : an evident application on food …

The food cold chain … today

Cf V. Silvera, M. Debord, G. Chuzel, L. de Camargo, N. Filho

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The cold : some less evident applications on food

Texturation and formulationButter and fatChocolateDairy products and other semiliquid foodsIce creams…

LyophilisationBaby foodPrepared meats

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The cold : some less evident applications on food

CryoconcentrationCryoseparationJuices and other liquid foodsTartric acid (wine)

Control of fermentationWineBeerChampaign

And some other application (Cf J. Evans & R. Masheroni)

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The cold : an evident application on food …

One can estimate that approx 60% of the food we eat in developed countries needs cold application :

530 kG/hab. year of solid foods, incl.308 kg of refrigerated food42 kg of frozen food.

Over the 4 500 Mt of the food produced worldwide, 1 500 Mt could be refrigerated to good effect … but only 350 MT are actually refrigerated.

25% up to 30% of the world food production is lost; the application of cold could save a large amount of this food.

3 million death per year are caused by unhealthy diet; the application of cold could drastically reduce this deplorable score.

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The cold : an evident application on food …

Fiction prospective …

Mean life duration in year (France)

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The cold : an evident application on food …

Fiction prospective …

Development of the cold chain …

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But the cold throughout the world is also …

Air conditioningin the 1950’th early …

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But the cold throughout the world is also …

Air conditioningand more and more today …DomesticBuildingsMobile

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But the cold throughout the world is also …

Sports and entertainment

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But the cold throughout the world is also …

Liquefaction of energetic gases

LNG, LPG

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But the cold throughout the world is also …

Liquefaction of industrial gases

N2, O2, CO2He, H2, …

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But the cold throughout the world is also …

… and the liquefied gases applications in iron industry,

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But the cold throughout the world is also …

… in aeronautics

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But the cold throughout the world is also …

… in civil engineering

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But the cold throughout the world is also …

… and in supra conduction

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But the cold throughout the world is also …

… Some medical applications for drugs processing (and preservation)

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But the cold throughout the world is also …

… and in surgery

a couple of years ago …

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But the cold throughout the world is also …

…, today and tomorrow

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The cold applications throughout the world

Relative economic weigh of the different activities related to the cold applications

1991

Air

conditioning

12% Frozen foods

25%

Chilled foods

43%Mobile air

conditioning

6%

I ndustrial

gases

6%

LNG + LPG

8%

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The cold applications throughout the world

An evidence : The cold is largely used in the food industry domain …

The cold production is mainly based on vapour compression cycles with liquid/vapour phase change (Cf R. Aguilo)

CFC, HCFC, HFCand other refrigerants

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The cold applications throughout the world

Ozone layerGlobal warming …

=> Drastic regulation on chlorinated refrigerant use

Cf S. Van der Sluis

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The International Institute of Refrigeration

All the mentioned topics are the concern of the international institute of refrigeration …

Intergovernmental organization 61 Member Countries

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Mission of the IIR

To promote expansion of knowledge and to disseminate information

• on all refrigeration technologies and • all applications • for the benefit of humanity

To promote knowledge of refrigeration technologies and all applications in order to address today’s major issues

• Food safety• Protection of the environment

– Reduction of global warming– Prevention of ozone depletion

• Development of the least developed countries– Food – Health

The International Institute of Refrigeration

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E

D

C

B

A

Air conditioning Heat pumps,

energy recovery

Refrigeratedstorage

Refrigeratedtransport

Cryobiology,cryomedicine

Food scienceand engineering

Thermodynamics and transfer processes

Refrigeratingequipment

Cryophysics,cryoengineering

Liquefaction andseparation of gases

E1

D1

C1

B1

A1

E2

D2

C2

B2

A2

The International Institute of Refrigeration

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IIR services and deliverables

The International Institute of Refrigeration

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Training Courses

Good Practice in Refrigeration

Refrigeration and Preservation of Fruit and Vegetables

Refrigeration and Preservation of Fish

Refrigeration and the Environment

Refrigeration Fundamentals

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Working parties

Chairman

WP Phase-Change Materials and Ice Slurries L. Fournaison

WP Mitigation of GHGs P. Lundqvist

WP Preservation of Genetic Resources

WP Refrigerant System Safety L. Rolfsman

WP Data and Models (Food) B. Nicolai

WP Cold Chain in Developing Countries

WP Cold Chain Optimization N. Amos

WP Magnetic Cooling P. Egolf

WP Energy Labelling in the Cold Chain G. Panozzo

SC Test Stations (refrigerated transport) G. Johansson

SC Display Cabinets S. Van der Sluis

The International Institute of Refrigeration

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The International Institute of Refrigeration

1) 10th WFLO Education Program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Feb. 5-6, 2007

2) 2nd International Conference on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature, Portoroz, Slovenia, April 11-13, 2007

3) Ammonia Refrigeration Technology for Today and Tomorrow, Ohrid, Macedonia (FYROM), April 19-21, 2007

4) LNG 15 – Liquefied Natural Gas, Barcelona, Spain, April 24-27, 20075) New Ventures in Freeze-drying, Strasbourg, France, Nov. 7-9, 20076) 4th International Conference on Cryogenics – ICCR’2008, Shanghai,

China, April 6-9, 20087) 4th Central European Congress of Food – CEFood 2008, Cavtat,

Croatia, April 9-11, 20088) 8th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids

(GL2008), Copenhagen, Denmark, Sept. 7-10, 20089) International Sorption Heat Pump Conference 2008- ISHPCO8,

Seoul, South Korea, Sept. 23-26, 2008

Organisation and sponsoring of conferences

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Welcome to the 22nd International Congress of Refrigeration

« Refrigeration creates the future »

Beijing, China, August 21-26, 2007

The International Institute of Refrigeration