grafting lec12_0
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Grafting
Defn: connecting 2 pieces of plant tissue to grow as one
plant
Terms: scion: upper portion (usu. the shoot system)
stock: lower portion (usu. the root system)
interstock: stem piece between the scion and stock
budding: scion is reduced to a bud
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Reasons for grafting/budding
perpetuating clones that cant be maintained by other
asexual methods
obtaining the benefits of a rootstock
changing cultivars of established plants (usu. fruit
trees)
obtaining special plant forms
repairing damaged parts of trees
virus indexing
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Growth activity of stock/scion wood
for some methods, best results are obtained when both
stock and scion are dormant
for other methods, stock and/or scion wood needs tohave slipping bark
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Grafting Methods
Bench grafting
Field methods
Container or field methods
Repair grafting
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Bench grafting
Whip-and-tongue graft
Saddle graft
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Whip-and-tongue grafting
useful for small (1/4-1/2 in.) material, double working
(interstocks), root grafting, and bench grafting
splice grafting (the tongue is not made)
both stock and scion are dormant
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Figure 1 Figure 2A (top), Figure 2B (bottom)Figure 3A (left), Figure 3B (r ight)
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Saddle grafting
useful for machine grafting, bench grafting of grape
and Rhododendron
scion and stock should be the same size grafting is done when stock and scion are dormant,
then the completed graft is stored in a grafting case
until the graft union has healed
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Field methods
Cleft graft
Wedge graft
Bark graft
Four-flap graft
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Cleft grafting
useful for topworking fruit trees, crown-grafting
grapes
the best time is early spring, before active growth wedge grafting allows 1 more scion per stock
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Formation of successful graft unions: sequence of events
lining up of vascular cambia
the wound healing response
callus bridge formation new cambium formation
vascular tissue formation
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Bark grafting
Two types (rind and inlay-bark grafts) differ only in
prep of stocks bark, which should be slipping
often used in lieu of cleft graft later in the season
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Figure 23 Figure 24Figure 25 Figure 26
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Container or field methods
Side grafts
Approach grafts
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Side grafting
defn: (smaller) scion inserted into the side of a (larger)
stock
Types side-stub: nursery trees too large for whip-and-tongue, not
large enough for cleft
side-tongue: useful for broad- and narrow-leaved evergreens
(e.g., oriental arbovitae)
side-veneer: useful for small potted plants, e.g., uprightjunipers
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Approach grafting
two independent plants are grafted together
after union, the top of the stock and the base of the
scion are removed used when other methods are unsuccessful (e.g.,
Camellia)
often done on plants in containers
three methods: spliced-, tongued-, and inlay-approachgrafting
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Repair grafting
Inarching
Bridge grafting
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Inarching
used for repairing damaged roots of a full-grown tree
seedlings are planted around the tree during the
dormant season, grafting is done in the spring
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Bridge grafting
used for repairing a damaged trunk
early spring (with the bark slipping) is the best time
(dormant) scion wood should be 1/4 to 1/2 in. diam.
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Technique Date Use
Bark grafting Mid-April through mid-May Establish a pollinating variety on a limb of a treeor to completely topwork a tree.
Bridge grafting Mid-April through mid-May Repair trees girdled above the ground line.
Cleft grafting Late February and March Establish a pollinating variety on a limb of a tree
or to completely topwork a tree. Limbs should be
1 inch or more in diameter.
Inarch grafting Mid-April through mid-May Repair trees girdled at or below the ground line.
Also used if a root disease is suspected or feared.
Saw-kerf grafting February and March On peaches, nectarines and plums to completelytopwork a tree.
T-budding June through mid-September
Propagate actively growing rootstocks in the
nursery. May also be used to topwork apple and
pear trees up to 3 years old and 1-year-old peach,nectarine and plum trees.
Whip grafting February and early March Propagate 1-year-old rootstocks. May also be
used to establish a pollinating limb on a young,established tree.
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Fruit
Method
Propagation in Nursery Topworking Tree Repair
Apple Whip grafting, June budding ordormant budding
T-budding on trees
three years old or less,
cleft or bark grafting onolder trees
Bridge or inarchgraft
Peach, plum andnectarine
June budding or dormant Saw-kerf grafting Not normally done
Pear For propagating seedlings, whip graft,June budding or dormant budding
For propagating on quince rootstocks,
the interstem piece should be whip
grafted and the scion variety June or
dormant budded onto the interstem.
T-budding on trees 3
years old or less, cleft
or bark grafting onolder trees
Bridge or inarchgraft
Persimmon June budding, dormant budding orwhip grafting
Cleft graft or bark graft Bridge or inarchgraft
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