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/

---

Ueno et al.Nature Nanotech.

(2011)

( )

pm

relaxed surf.

Ideal surf.

AFM, STM---CTR---

X

Elec

tron

dens

ity (/

Å3 )

X

-shape scattering (CTR scattering)

( ): CTR

c*Q-space

CTR --- X

sub---

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 160.0

2.0x106

4.0x106

L

(00L)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16100

102

104

106

108In

tens

ity (a

rb. u

nits

)

L

(00L)X

LAO/STOFilm sample

Nakagawa et al. Nature Materials(2006)

AO/SSS

cross-sectional HAADF-STEM image

TEM

Yamamoto, YW , PRL 107 036104 (2011)

CTR(LaNiO3/LaAlO3)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5101

102

103

104

105

106

Inte

nsity

L

(01L) LNO/LAO

bulk surface

Fitting parameterz for A, B, O1 and O2 (10 u.c.): 40La/Sr ratio, Al/Ti ratio : 16Occupancy of first 2 layers: 4Total number of parameters : 60

LaAlO3/SrTiO3n

100101102103104105106107108109

(00 )

Intensity

Exp. Fit

0 1 2 3 4 5100101102103104105106107108 (01 )

Intensity

(r.l.u.)

Exp. Fit

bulk surface

LaAlO3/SrTiO3p

0 1 2 3 4 5100101102103104105106107108109

Inte

nsity

(01 )

(r.l.u.)

Exp. Fit

100101102103104105106107108109

Inte

nsity

Exp. Fit(00 )

CBM

STO LAO-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

p-typeDisp

lace

men

t (Å)

z (unit cell)

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

metal oxygen

ABO1O2

Disp

lace

men

t (Å)

z (unit cell)

n-type

(b)

(a) O1

O2 B

z E

E

CBM

STO LAO

n STO

p STO

n

STO

R.Yamamoto, Y.W. et al. PRL 107 036104 (2011).

R. Pentcheva and W.E. Pickett,PRL (2009). U. Schwingenschloegl and C. Schuster,

EPL (2009).

Z.S. Popovic et al., PRL (2008).

P in LAOTi moves to surf.

P in STO

LaAlO3/SrTiO3

P.R.Willmott et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. (2007).

s-like bands p-like bands d-like bands

TiO2SrO LaTiO3 1

••

PF 3A 3 SPring-8 BL13XU 1 2

[5]phenacenerubrene

Nature Commun. , 3A, (2014)

Ideal surf.

relaxed surf.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

Inte

nsity

L(r.l.u)

Expideal model

(00L)

Bulk phase Thin film phase

Surface structure of tetracene

Pentacene polymorphs

(GGA)

Surface structure of tetracene

Exp.

H.Morisaki, T.Koretsune, C.Hotta,J.Takeya, T.Kimura and Y.Wakabayashi,Nature Commun. 5 5400 (2014).

(Ishii et al. PRB 85, 245206(2012)ps )

CTR

(2 0 L) (9/4 1/4 L)

1.96 1.98 2.00 2.02 2.04-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 (9/4 1/4 L)

Norm

alize

d In

tens

ity

k

L=2 L=0.2

(2 0 0.2)OO=410Å

170K

Y.W. et al. Nature Materials 6, 972 (2007)

XPCS

Gustafson et al., Science 343, 758 (2014).

•PF•PF SGU " "•SPring-8 "

X

XPCS