adalya · 2020. 2. 24. · roman provincial coinage online ise roma İmparatorluk dönemi’ne ait...
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ADALYA
ISSN 1301-274622 2019
(OFFPRINT)
The Annual of the Koç University Suna & İnan Kıraç Research Center for Mediterranean Civilizations
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ADALYA Adalya, a peer reviewed publication, is indexed in the A&HCI (Arts & Humanities Citation Index) and CC/A&H (Current Contents / Arts & Humanities) Adalya is also indexed in the Social Sciences and Humanities Database of TÜBİTAK/ULAKBİM TR index and EBSCO.
Mode of publication Worldwide periodical Publisher certificate number 18318 ISSN 1301-2746 Publisher management Koç University Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450 Sarıyer / İstanbul Publisher Umran Savaş İnan, President, on behalf of Koç University Editor-in-chief Oğuz Tekin Editor Tarkan Kahya Assistant Editor Arif Yacı English copyediting Michael D. Sheridan Mark Wilson Editorial Advisory Board (Members serve for a period of five years) Prof. Dr. Engin Akyürek, Koç University (2018-2022) Prof. Dr. Mustafa Adak, Akdeniz University (2018-2022) Prof. Dr. Nicholas D. Cahill, University of Wisconsin-Madison (2018-2022) Prof. Dr. Charlotte Roueché, Emerita, King’s College London (2019-2023) Prof. Dr. Edhem Eldem, Boğaziçi University / Collège de France (2018-2022) Prof. Dr. Mehmet Özdoğan, Emeritus, Istanbul University (2016-2020) Prof. Dr. C. Brian Rose, University of Pennsylvania (2018-2022) Prof. Dr. Christof Schuler, DAI München (2017-2021) Prof. Dr. R. R. R. Smith, University of Oxford (2016-2020)
© Koç University AKMED, 2019 Production Zero Production Ltd. Abdullah Sok. No. 17 Taksim 34433 İstanbul Tel: +90 (212) 244 75 21 • Fax: +90 (212) 244 32 09 [email protected] ; www.zerobooksonline.com Printing Oksijen Basım ve Matbaacılık San. Tic. Ltd. Şti. 100. Yıl Mah. Matbaacılar Sit. 2. Cad. No: 202/A Bağcılar - İstanbul Tel: +90 (212) 325 71 25 • Fax: +90 (212) 325 61 99 Certificate number: 29487 Mailing address Barbaros Mah. Kocatepe Sok. No. 22 Kaleiçi 07100 Antalya - TURKEY Tel: +90 (242) 243 42 74 • Fax: +90 (242) 243 80 13 https://akmed.ku.edu.tr E-mail address [email protected]
The Annual of the Koç University Suna & İnan Kıraç Research Center for Mediterranean Civilizations (AKMED)
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Contents
Ralf Becks – Betül Fındık New Middle Paleolithic Finds from the Lake District ................................................................................................................................... 1
İrfan Deniz Yaman Prehistoric Paintings in the Keçe Cave (Kahramanmaraş-Elbistan) ........................................................................................... 11
Taner Korkut – Turan Takaoğlu – Kudret Sezgin Pre-Classical Habitation at Tlos, Lycia ................................................................................................................................................................. 25
Güzel Öztürk Post-Akkadian and Ur III Features on Cylinder Seals from Kültepe-Kanesh: An Iconographic and Stylistic Analysis ................................................................................................................................................................... 45
Tevfik Emre ŞerifoğluKilise Tepe in Rough Cilicia before the Late Bronze Age: An Overview of the Architecture, Pottery Traditions, and Cultural Contacts .......................................................................................................................................................... 69
Aslıhan Yurtsever Beyazıt New Assessments of the Middle and Late Bronze Age Pottery Recovered in the First Excavation Period at Tilmen Höyük ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 101
Claudia Devoto Some Remarks on the Chronology of the First Coins of Knossos, Crete ................................................................................... 145
İnci TürkoğluCivic Coinage of Keramos in Caria ........................................................................................................................................................................... 167
Tetiana Shevchenko Attributes of the Mother of the Gods on Terracottas from Olbia Pontike and Asia Minor ............................... 201
Julian BennettThe Annexation of Galatia Reviewed .................................................................................................................................................................... 223
Fatih OnurAn Investigation around Kragos in Lycia: The Question of Sidyma and Kalabatia ................................................. 259
Havva İşkan – Şevket Aktaş Überlegungen zu einem Artemis-Relief aus Patara ................................................................................................................................. 297
Fatma Avcu – Hüseyin Uzunoğlu The Ancient Roads and Routes around Sidyma and New Inscriptions from its Vicinity ..................................... 319
Emel Erten – Emine Akkuş Koçak Glass Finds from the Monastery at Olba ............................................................................................................................................................ 345
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ContentsIV
Ahmet DönmezThe Role of James Brant in the Process of Structural Changes in British Consulates ............................................. 363
Fatma ŞimşekThe Role of the Islands and Islanders in the Illegal Felling and Smuggling of Timber from the Ottoman Mediterranean and Aegean Coastlines in the 19th C. .................................................................................................. 381
Mine EsmerEvaluating Repairs and Interventions of the Fethiye Camii through the Perspective of Contemporary Conservation Ethics and Principles ................................................................................................................................. 401
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ADALYA 22, 2019
* Dr.İnciTürkoğlu,PamukkaleÜniversitesi,Fen-EdebiyatFakültesi,KültürVarlıklarınıKorumaveOnarımBölümü,Kınıklı-Denizli.E-mail:[email protected];http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1865-7708
Acknowledgements:IwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetoProf.Dr.O.TekinandProf.Dr.B.Söğütfortheircontributionsduringthepreparationphaseofthestudy.Furtherthanksareduetotheanonymousrefereesfortheirinvaluablecontributions.Mr.Y.TatışkindlyallowedmetostudyhiscoinsfromKeramos,forwhichIamgrateful.Asalways,theAKMEDstaffhaskindlysupportedmywork.Last,butnotleast,thanksareduetothedirec-torsandstaffoftheMuğla,Milas,Fethiye,MarmarisandAydınmuseums.
Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria
İnci TÜRKOĞLU*
Abstract
TheancientcityofKeramos(modernÖren)islocatedonthenorthshoreoftheGulfofGökova,formerlytheGulfofKerameikosandnamedafterthecityduringantiquity.ItwaspartofancientCaria.Keramoshasnotbeenthescopeofintensivesurveysandsystem-aticexcavationsyet;however,attemptshavebeenmadetoassesstheavailableevidence(epigraphicandliterarysources)andarchaeo-logicalremains.ThecoinageoftheancientcitywasonlypartiallystudiedbySpanu.TherecentprojectsofHistoriaNumorumOnlinehascompileditspre-RomancoinsandRomanProvincialCoinage(Online)itsRomanImperialperiodcoinsmuchmorecomprehensively.Thepresentstudyendeavourstocompileciviccoinageofthecityfromonlineandprintedpublicationsinadditiontolocalmuseumsoftheregion.Someprivatecollectionswerealsoaccessed.Fromthese,conclusionshavebeenderivedthattrytocastlightontothecoinageoftheancientcity.Thetypesonthecoinsre-vealinformationonthecultsofthecity;yet,therearisenewquestionsregardingthem.Inparticular,thearchaisingdeityfiguresattestedonthecoinsneedtobefurtherinvestigated.
Keywords:Keramos/Ceramus,Caria,Zeus,Apollo,civiccoinage
Öz
GökovaKörfezi’ninkuzeykıyısındaÖren’dekonumlananKeramos,KariaBölgesi’ndebirantikkenttirvebulunduğukörfezedeadınıvermiştir.Buyerleşimdehenüzyoğunyü-zeyaraştırmasıvesistematikarkeolojikkazı-largerçekleştirilmemiştir,ancakmevcutbil-gilerin (epigrafik ve edebi kaynaklar) vearkeolojikkalıntılarındeğerlendirildiğiçalış-malaryapılmıştır.Nevarki,antikkentinsik-keleriSpanutarafındanyalnızcakısmiolarakincelenebilmiştir.HistoriaNumorumOnlineprojesiRomaDönemiöncesineaitsikkeleri,RomanProvincialCoinageOnlineiseRomaİmparatorlukDönemi’neaitşehirsikkelerinidahakapsamlışekildebirarayagetirmektedir.Buçalışmadakentinsikkeleri,bölgemüzelerivekimiözelkoleksiyonlarınyanısırainternetvebasılıkaynaklardanderlenerekkentinsik-kelerineışıktutmayaçalışılmaktadır.Sikkelerdesaptanantiplerkenttekikültlerhakkındaverisağlamaktafakatbukonudayenisoruişaretlerideortayakoymaktadır.Özellikle,sikkelerdetespitedilenarkaizantanrıfigürlerinindahadetaylıincelenmesigerekmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler:Keramos /Ceramus,Karia,Zeus,Apollon,şehirsikkeleri
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168 İnci Türkoğlu
IntroductionThemodernGulfofGökovawascalledtheGulfofKerameikos(Κεραμεικὸς κόλπος)inantiq-uityandnamedafterthecityofKeramoslocatedintheÖrendistrictofMuğlaprovince.1Thewordκέραμοςwasusedforpotter’sclay/earthandanythingmadeofit2;however,ancientau-thorsdonotmentionanythingabouttheoriginofthenameforthecity.AncientauthorsarealsoalmostsilentaboutKeramosandusuallyonlymentionthatthegulfwasnamedafterthetown.3Therefore,itisnoteasytobuildacomprehensivepictureoftheancienttowninantiq-uityfromtheliterarysources.CollectedinscriptionswerefirstpublishedbyE.L.Hicksin1890;almostacenturylaterE.Varinlioğlupublishedacollectionofknowninscriptionsin1986.TheworkbyM.Spanupublishedin1997isthebasicsourceforthecity’shistoryandmonuments.4 ThiswasfollowedbyastudyonearlycoinswithCarianlettersbyK.Konuk(2000),whichcastlightontotheCariannameofthecitystartingasKbo-.AlthoughthefullCariannameisstillnotknown,itcanbeconfidentlystatedthatKeramoswasoriginallyaCarianfoundation.ThisisfurthersupportedwiththeCariannamesattestedinthe4th-centuryBCinscriptionattheMilasMuseum.5TheHistoriaNumorumOnlineprojectforpre-Romanperiodcoinsisdevelop-ingandincludesmoretypesdaybyday;itiscomplementedbytheRomanProvincialCoinageproject,bothinprintandonline.
InformationretrievedfromthecoinsofKeramoswhichhavebeenpublishedandareac-cessibleinprintandonlineaswellasinregionalmuseums,namelyMuğla,Milas,Marmaris,Bodrum,FethiyeandAydın,andsomeprivatecollections(Mr.Y.Tatış),maybesummarizedasfollows:
TYPOLOGYCoinsmarkedwithanasterisk(*)areillustrated.
GROUP A (Bull / Dolphin Series in Bronze)Thisgroupfeaturesontheobverse,afullfigureorprotomeofabull;onthereverseisadolphin,swimming,r.,withlegendunderneath.Allstruckinbronze;thisgrouphasfoursubgroups:
A.1AObv:Bull,standing,r.,onalineofexergue.Rev:𐊼Λ𐊫.Dolphin,r.,dottedborder.Attributedto410–390BConHNOno.10(withthreespecimens).Chalkous.
1 PlinyNHV.29;HerodotusI.174;MelaI.16;XenophonHell.II.1.15;StraboXIV.2.15;SkylaxKar.98;2 LiddellandScott1996,“kέramoς”onp.940.3 ForquotationsfromancientauthorsmentioningKeramos,seeT9–T25inSpanu1997,58–9;andT9–T24in
Varinlioğlu1986,78–81.4 TheworkbySpanu (1997) covers thehistory andmonumentsofKeramos.Theauthor covered the coins
onlyasasubchapterofhismonographicstudyandonlypartiallybasedonthecollectionsofBNFandViennaKunsthistorischesMuseum.Anditwaspublishedbeforetheattributionofthebull/dolphinserieswithCarianandGreeklegendsasbelongingtoKeramos.Inaddition,somecoinsofCaracallaweremisattributedtoElagabalus.
5 Blümel1990,32,ll.13–4:Kerάmioi Uliatoς Nwtrassioς, Senurigoς Trusew, Kotbelhmoς Kh͂rux
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1.MilasMuseumInv.no.2060.1.23g,9mm,3h./ 2.SolidusNum.MAuc.23(13.01.2018)Lot174.1.18g,9mm.=HNO10.3/ 3.MuğlaMuseumInv.no.Em89.1.14g,9mm,1h./ 4.MuğlaMuseumInv.no.Em87.1.09g,9mm,1h./ 5.ANS2007.15.15.1.069g,9.5mm,6h.=LanzAuc.131Lot202(1.08g,10mm)=HNO10.2/ 6.Konuk2000no.2.1.05g,4h.Privatecollection./ 7.MuğlaMuseumInv.no.Em86.0.96g,9mm,1h./ 8.GornyAuc.212Lot2056.0.86g,9mm.=LanzAuc.131Lot203(0.86g,10mm)=Konuk2000no.3=HNO10.1/ *9.FethiyeMuseumInv.no.16086.0.84g,8–9mm,12h./ 10.FethiyeMuseumInv.no.16085.0.76g,8mm,6h./ 11.Konuk2000no.4.0.66g.Privatecollection.
A.1B
Obv:ΞΕ.Bull,standing,r.,onalineofexergue.Rev:𐊼Υ𐊫.Dolphin,r.,dottedborder.Attributedto410–390BConHNOno.2107.Chalkous.*1.SNGKayhan804.0.90g,9mm,9h.Obv.ΞΕ.=Konuk2000no.5=HNO2107.1
A.2AObv:Bullprotome,l.Rev:𐊼Λ𐊫.Dolphin,r.Attributedto410–390BConHNO2174(withasinglespecimen).Chalkous.*1.SavocaAuc.12(2017)Lot211.1.06g,7mm=HNO2174.1
A.2B
Obv:Bullprotome,r.Rev:𐊼Λ𐊫.Dolphin,r.Attributedto410–390BCbasedonA.2A.NotonHNO.Chalkous.*1.Konuk2000no.1.1.35g,6h.Privatecollection./2.Ashton2006no.14.0.84g,9mm,12h.Privatecollection./ 3.SavocaBA18(30.03.2019)Lot356.1.05g,9mm.
A.3Obv:Bull,standing,r.,onalineofexergue.Rev:KE.Dolphin,r.Attributedto380–350BConHNOno.1628(withsevenspecimens).Diameters10–12mm,weights1.01–2.26g.Chalkous.Twospecimens(Ashtonetal.1998nos.3and6)haveacountermarkofalabrysontheobverse,belowthebullfigure.OnlyAshtonetal.1998no.1hasadottedborderonthereverse.1.BNFAA.GR.10355.2.26g./ 2.HDRauchEA13(2013)Lot73.1.50g.=HNO1628.3./ 3.MarmarisMuseumInv.no.1353.1.5g,11mm./ 4.FethiyeMuseum=Ashtonetal.1998.5.1.4g,6h(nonvidi)/ 5.BM1991,0130.37.1.36g,12h.ex-Veres=Ashtonetal.1998.2/ 6.CNGTritonV(2002)Lot488.1.36g,11mm.=HNO1628.2/ 7.Ashtonetal.1998.6.1.34g,1h.cmk–labrysinrectangle,belowbull./ *8.MarmarisMuseumInv.no.1351.1.3g,11mm./ 9.MilasMuseumInv.no.2061.1.26g,10–11mm,12h./ 10.BPeusAuc.407(2012)Lot622.1.25g.=HNO1628.4./ 11.BM1991,0130.39.1.25g,1h.ex-Veres=Ashtonetal.1998.3;cmk–labrysincartouche,belowbull./ 12.BM1991,0130.38.1.23g,1h.ex-Veres=Ashtonetal.1998.4/ 13.HDRauchAuc.87(2010)Lot156.1.22g.=HNO1628.1./ 14.MarmarisMuseumInv.no.2005/337.1.2g,11mm./ 15.SavocaBA25(2018)Lot316.1.20g,10mm.=HNO1628.7./ 16.FethiyeMuseumInv.no.9270.1.11g,11–12mm,12h./ 17.SNGKayhan805.1.11g,11mm=HNO1628.5./ 18. SavocaBA25(2018)Lot317.1.01g,9mm.=HNO1628.6./ 19.Ashtonetal.1998.1.0.95g,3h.Dottedcircleonreverse.
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170 İnci Türkoğlu
A.4Obv:Bull,standing,r.,onalineofexergue;labrysabove.Rev:KE.Dolphin,r.Attributedto380–350BConHNOno.1629(withfivespecimens).Chalkous.1.NaumannAuc.36(2015)Lot199.1.48g,11mm=SavocaAuc.1(2015)Lot216=RomaAuc.4(2012)Lot1731=HNO1629.2./ 2.Ashtonetal.1998.7.1.42g,12h./ 3.SavocaBA12(2018)Lot560. 1.35g, 11mm./ 4. SavocaBA12 (2018) Lot 561. 1.37g, 10mm. / 5. JacquierAuc. 38 Lot110.1.36g.= JacquierAuc.37Lot138=HNO1629.1/ 6.BM1979,0101.1061.1.25g,12h.ex-vonAulock=Ashtonetal1998.8./ 7.BPeusAuc.407(2012)Lot623.1.20g.=HNO1629.3/ 8.ANS2007.15.16.1.114g,11.2mm,12h.=LanzAuc.131(2006)Lot204=HirschAuc.231(2003)Lot337=HNO1629.4/ 9.SNGMuğla84.1.05g,10mm,3h.Inv.no.2149./ 10.Ashtonetal.1998.9.1.05g,12h./ *11.SNGKayhan806.1.03g,11mm=HNO1629.5.
Konuk’sstudy(2000)ontheCarianlegends,i.e.thefirsttwosubgroupsA.1andA.2,wasbasedonfivespecimenswithfivedifferentobverseandfivedifferentreversedies.Sincethenmoreexampleshavesurfacedonthemarket,andourvisitstothelocalmuseumsinMuğlaprovincehavedocumentedmoreunpublishedexamples.Also,itwaslearnedthatmanymorehaverecentlybeenuncoveredinthecourseofrescueexcavationsbytheMilasMuseum,andthesearecurrentlyunderstudybytheirteams.Soitishighlylikelythatevennewtypesmayemerge.
TheearliestsubgroupoftheseseriesistheonewiththeCarianlegendonthereversethatgivestheabbreviationforthecity’sCarianname(A.1andA.2).Inaddition,thedottedborderonthereverseandirregulardieaxesindicateanearlydate.6Thesecondsubgroupdepictsabullprotomeontheobverse.ThethirdsubgroupisthefirstonewiththelegendKEinGreek,andthelatestinthegroupshouldbethatwiththelabrysoverthebull.Thesefourgroupsareattributedto410–390BC(A.1andA.2withCarianlegend)and380–350BC(A.3andA.4withlegendKE).7
A.1specimensinourcataloguehaveadiameterofca.9mmandaweightrangingfrom0.66to1.23g.Onlyonecoin(SNGKayhan804)hasalegendofXEonitsobverse,whichmayindicateamagistratename,eitherinGreekasxeorinCarianasí-ù.8Carianlettersonthereversesareconsistentforthemostpart(GroupA.1A).Onlyonecoin(GroupA.1B:SNGKayhan804)displaysanoddity,suggestinganengraverdidnotcutinnegativetheCarianlet-terscorrectly.9
A.2hasonlythreeexamples,andtwoofthemhaveontheirobversestheforepartofabullr.(GroupA.2A)whileonlyonehasitleftward(GroupA.2B).Thebullprotometypeontheobversesmaysuggestahalf-unit.ThetwospecimensofA.2Ahaveadiameterof7and9mm,buttheyarecomparabletothoseofA.1.Inthiscase,thehalf-figureofabullmaynotsuggestahalf-unit.Indeed,morespecimensareneededtoreachasaferconclusion.
A.3andA.4subgroupsfeaturethesameobverseandreversetypes,butthelegendisonlyKEinGreek,indicatingKeramosasshownbyAshtonetal.10ThedifferencebetweenthetwosubgroupsisthepresenceofalabrysoverthebullontheobverseofA.4.Thattwospecimens
6 Ashton2006,3–4.
7 Ashton2006,4;Konuk2000,161;HNOnos.10,2107,2174,1628and1629.
8 Konuk2000,163.
9 Konuk2000,161–162.10 Ashtonetal.1998.
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inAshton’spersonalcollectionbearcountermarksoflabryswithinarectangleorcartoucheledtotheconclusionthattheA.4groupshouldbelaterthanA.3becausethecountermarksshouldhavebeenpunchedtovalidatetheearlieremissionswithout.11Onlyonespecimen(Ashtonetal.1998no.1)inA.3hasadottedborderonitsreverse,whichmayevensuggestperhapsthefirstemissionsofthisseries.
GROUP B (Archaising Youthful Male Head / Boukephalion Series in Silver and Bronze)Followingagapinmintingactivityforabouttwocenturies,KeramosstartedtostrikeitsowncoinagefollowingitsliberationfromRhodianhegemony.Thearchaisingyouthfulhead,withlonghairlocksfallingdownontheshoulders,right,within/outadottedborder,isusuallyiden-tifiedasApolloinpublications.Onthereverseisaboukephalion(i.e.bull’shead)12flankedwiththelegendKERA(MIH)andthemagistrate’sname(sometimesinabbreviation).
B.1 AR hemidrachmsObv:Archaisingyouthfulmalehead,r.Rev:KERA(MIH)/magistratename,flankingtheboukephalion,allwithinsquareincuse,OR,aroundtheboukephalionwithoutanincuse.
Xeno-:Attributedto188–160BCbyHNOno.2176.Reverselegendaroundtheboukephalionwithoutanincuse.*1.CNGEA115(2005)Lot115.0.92g,11mm=HNO2176.1.
Phass- or ]argi (?)13:Maybeattributedto188–160BCbasedontheabsenceoftheincuse.Reverselegendaroundtheboukephalionwithoutanincuse.*1.ANS2007.15.17.0.939g,10.5mm=LanzAuc.131Lot205(0.95g,11mm).ANS:Silverobol.
Hermeas:Attributedto188–160BCbyHNOno.2294and2296.Reverselegendaroundtheboukephalionwithoutanincuse.BothspecimensarefromtheBritishMuseum.Inv.no.1988,1014.1featuresasigmaintheformofaC(HNO 2296).Inv.no.1988,1014.3hasastandardsigmaS(HNO2294).1.BM1988.1014.3.1.1g,10h.Rev:KERA ERMEAS =Ashtonetal.1998.10 = HNO 2294.1 / 2.BM1988,1014.1.0.83g,11h.Rev:[KE]RAMI [E]RMEAC.=Ashtonetal.1998.11=HNO2296.1
Poli- (Polites)(fig.5a):Attributedto167–129BCbyHNO295(onespecimen).Reverseincuse.*1.TatışColl.471.1.24g,11mm,12h./ 2.BPeusAuc.395Lot166.1.20g,11mm.Rev:KERA POLI.ex-vonAulock2579=BPeus392(2007)Lot4352=LanzAuc.125(2005)Lot384=Jameson2298=Lanz121(2004)Lot207=BPeusAuc.386(2006)Lot230=BPeusAuc.308(1983)Lot163=Spanuno.1.=HNO295.1/ 3.BPeusAuc.369Lot201.1.02g,11mm.=BPeusAuc.366Lot196./ 4.CNGEA257Lot133.1.07g,13mm,12h./ 5.CNGEA201Lot99.0.84g,13mm,12h.
Leont- (Leonteus):Attributedto167–129BCbyHNO2299.Reverseincuse.*1.NaumannAuc.29(1.3.2015)Lot286.1.11g,11mm=HNO2299.1.
Iason:Attributedto167–129BCbyHNO2297.SigmaintheformofaC.Reverseincuse.1.BM1988.1014.2.0.88g,12h.=Ashtonetal.1998.12=HNO2297.1
11 Ashtonetal.1998,48.12 Inthisstudy,thetermboukephalionmeans“bull’shead”andbucraniummeans“skullofabull”.Howgegoused
bucraniuminhismonumentalstudyonGreekImperialcountermarks,sowhenreferringtohisterminologythetermbucraniumisretained.However,Howgegonos.292–5aretermedbucranium,buttheimagesfornos.292,294and295areclearlyabull’sheadwithneck,l.Forno.293itisaheadonlyanddifficulttosayaskull.
13 Themagistrate’snameisgivenas[]argi-ontheANSwebsite.ThiscoinwaspurchasedfromLanzAuc.131(2006)Lot205withthenamegivenasFarge-(?).Theauthor’sreadingfromtheimageonlineisPhass-(?).
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172 İnci Türkoğlu
Magistrate unknown:Therearetwospecimens.One(TatışColl.2609)hasthemagistrate’snamewithinincusebutofftheflan.Theother(GHNAuc.343[2018]Lot2225)hasthenamearoundtheboukephalion,illegible,seeminglyduetowear.*1.TatışColl.2609.1.07g,11mm,12h./ 2.GHNAuc.343(2018)Lot2225.0.96g=SammlungE.Karl205=ExSammlungR.P.ExHirsch203,1999,Lotno.327.
B.2 AR hemidrachmObv:Archaisingyouthfulmalehead,r.Rev:KER[.Bullprotome,r.,headfacing.Attributedto167–129BCbyHNOno.2109.Noincuse.*1.SNGKayhan808.1.10g,11mm,12h=HNO2109.1
B.3 AEObv:Archaisingyouthfulmalehead,r.DottedborderRev:KERAMIH/magistratename,flankingtheboukephalion.
Leon:Themagistrate’snameflankstheboukephalion.Attributedto167–129BCbyHNOno.296(withninespecimens).Twospecimens(SNGvonAulock2580andSNGTübingen3414)ob-viouslyhaveamisreadingofthemagistrate’snameasDeon,whichiseasilyunderstandableduetotheclosenessoftheshapesoflambdaanddeltainuppercase.1.SNGKayhan809.6.32g,19mm=HNO296.9/ 2.KölnerMKAuc.106Lot98.5.84g,19mm./ 3.LanzAuc.131(2006,SammlungKarl)Lot206.5.79g,19mm=HirschAuc.191(1996)Lot478=HNO296.3/ 4.CNGEA273(2012)Lot35.5.64g,18mm,12h=HNO296.4/ 5.SNGFitzwilliam4694.4.43g,19–20mm./ 6.SNGMünchen270.6.34g,18mm,2h./ 7.JacquierAuc.38(2013)Lot111.4.58g,17mm.=JacquierAuc.37(2012)Lot139=HNO296.5./ 8.SNGBelgium754.5.17g,17mm,1h./ 9.HauckAuc.18(2004)Lot256.5.23g.18mm.=HNO296.2/ 10.SNGvonAulock2580.5.30g,19mm.Keramiedon(misread)=HNO296.1/ 11.SNGTübingen3414.5.08g,19–18mm,6h.Ho.Rev:Keramie-Deon.(misread)/ 12.BM1991,0130.56.5.6g,11h./ 13.SNGAshmolean49.4.19g,18mm,12h.Acq.Weller08/01/1980=HNO296.6./ *14.BNFFG418.4.78g=HNO296.7./ 15.GHNAuc.343(26.9.2018)Lot2226.19mm.=ExSammlungR.P.ExJ.Elsen59,1999,LotNr.134./ 16.VAAuc.329(6.4.2018)Lot164.5.16g,19mm,1h=HNO296.8/ 17.MionnetSupp.VIno.206.AE6,R8.
Magistrate unknown: Twospecimenswithnoimagesprovided.1.ANS1944.100.47757.5.1g,18mm,12h./ 2.MionnetSupp.VIno.207.AE3,R8.Keramieion(misread?).
B.4 AE
B.4A(Largeunit): Obv:Archaisingyouthfulmalehead,r.Dottedborder.Rev:KERAMIH. ERMOFANTOCaroundtheboukephalion.Attributedto167–129BCbyHNOno.1626(fourspecimens).1.ANS2007.15.18.5.391g,17.8mm,12h.=LanzAuc.131(2006,SammlungKarl)Lot207=HAAuc.9(1992)Lot162=HNO1626.2./ *2.CNGEA311(2013)Lot778.5.56g,19mm,12h.=ex-RobertM.Harlickcoll.=HNO1626.1./ 3.GornyAuc.196(2011)Lot1748.5.11g,18mm.=HNO1626.3./ 4.SNGAshmolean48.5.38g,17–16mm,12h.=Acq.Milne1924(Nicolaides,Smyrna07/1913)=HNO1626.4.
B.4B(Smallunit):Obv:KERAMIHTWN.Archaisingyouthfulmalehead,r.Rev:ERMOFANTOCaroundtheboukephalion.*1.TatışColl.2741.2.23g,12mm,2h.
GroupBmaybefurthercategorisedintofoursubgroupsasabove.Thefirsttwoareofsil-verwhiletheothertwoareofbronze.SixmagistratenamescomeupfromB.1;however,Poli-,
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173Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria
Leont-,Iason,HermeasandoneunknownmagistratehavethereversesinasquareincuseaftertheRhodianplinthophoricissues.Xeno-andPhass-(or[]argi)(?)hadtheirissueswiththeethnicandtheirnamesaroundtheboukephalion.Thespecimensareabout11–13mmindiam-eter,andtheirweightsrangefrom0.83to1.24g.TheplinthophoriccoinshavebeenattributedslightlylaterthanorthesameperiodasthosewiththelegendaroundthetypebytheeditorsofHNO.Thesilverissuesseemtohavebeenstruckashemidrachms.
B.2standswithasinglespecimenforthetimebeing.NowinaprivatecollectioninTurkey,thisexampledoesnotseemtohavehadamagistrate’snameonit.Againthebullprotomemightsuggestahalf-unit,butitsweightanddiameterarecomparabletothoseofB.1.
InthebronzeissuesofB.3theobversetypeisplacedwithinadottedborder,andonlyonemagistratenamecomesup:Leon.Leon’sissueshavetheethnicandhisnameflankingtheboukephaliononeitherside.Theyareall17–20mmindiameterandweighabout4.19–6.34g.Ontheotherhand,B.4featuresissuesofHermophantoswiththelegendaroundthebouk-ephalion,adiameterof18–19mm,andaweightof5.11–5.56g.However,thesinglespecimenofB.4BbyHermophantosisasmallerunit(diameterof12mmandweightof2.23g),andtheobversetypeisnotwithinadottedborder.Furthermore,theethnicisgiveninfullandontheobverseofB.4B,whichrecallstheissuesofD.02andD.03fromthereignprobablyofTiberius(seebelow).
GROUP C (Zeus / Eagle Series in Silver and Bronze)Duringtheperiodofindependencefrom167BCto129BC,seeminglyinparallelwiththearchaisingyouthfulmalehead/boukephalionseries,KeramosalsostruckZeus/eagleseriesbothinsilverandbronze.Zeus,right,ontheobverseisdepictedasatypicalbeardedmaturemalewearingalaurelwreath.Theeagleonthereversefeaturessomevariations;mostexam-pleshaveafigureadvancingleftwiththeheadturnedbackandwingsopen.Insomeexam-plestheeagleisinprofilewithwingsclosed.Insomeotherexamples,theeagleadvancesrightwiththeheadturnedbackanditswingsopen.Allthesethreetypesofeaglesarefoundonthereversesofthesilveremissions.
C.1 AR hemidrachmsObv:LaureateheadofZeus,r.Rev:KERAMI(HTWN)/magistratename.Eagle,facingthree-quarters,l.orr.,wingsopen,headl.orr.allwithinsquareincuse,OR,legendaroundtheeagle.Dio-:Attributedto250–180BCbyHNOno.2108.Ethnicisgiveninfullaroundtheeagle,whichisinfullprofile,wingsclosed,r.*1.SNGKayhan807.1.52g,12mm=HNO2108.1.
Askle-:Attributedto167–129BCbyHNOno.1047(withfourspecimens).Eagler.,headl.Spanuno.2.*1.NaumannAuc.30(2015)Lot227.1.42g,13mm=HNO1047.2./ 2.SNGCop188.1.01g,14mm,12h=HNO1047.1/ 3.Winterthur3380.1.82g,15mm.1h./ 4.GHNAuc.343(2018)Lot2227.1.60g.=ExSammlungR.P.ExHirsch214,2001,LosNr.1424=HNO1047.3/ 5.GHNAuc.343(2018)Lot2227.1.58g.=ExSammlungR.P.ExHirsch214,2001,LosNr.1424=HNO1047.4
Leonteus(fig.6.a):Attributedto167–129BCbyHNOno.1586.Eaglel.,headr.C-formsigma.Spanuno.4.*1.BNFFG415(inv.M3199).2.28g=HNO1586.1.
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174 İnci Türkoğlu
Hermogen-:Attributedto167–129BCbyHNOno.1587.Eagler.,headl.Spanuno.5.
*1.BNFFG416.1.75g,14mm=Waddington2293=HNO1587.1.
Polites:MagistratenameiswrittenwithaC-shapedsigma.Eaglel.,headr.NotlistedonHNO.
1.BMC1.2.5g,13.5mm,11h.
Politon:MionnetIII.Vol.2,no.200(unillustrated)cites“Keramiepoliton”.ThismayrefertoamagistratewiththenameofPoliton(Cf.D.14below).
Magistrate unknown:Magistratenamesarenotknownfromthreecoins–twofromANSwith-outimagesandthelastone(BNF)illegible.1.ANS1944.100.47756.2.51g./ 2.ANS1983.51.547.2.37g,13mm,12h./ *3.BNFE429.1.68g.
C.2 AEObv:LaureateheadofZeus,r.DottedborderRev:KERAMI /magistratename.Eagle,facingthree-quarters,l.,wingsopen,headr.
Leon:Attributedto250–180BCbyHNOno.1585.(Spanunos.16and17)*1.BNF1966.453.6164.5.61g,22mm=HNO1585.1(Spanu17)/ 2.BNFFG417.8.19g,21mm=HNO1585.2(Spanu16)
Hermophantos(fig.6b):Attributedto167–129BCbyHNOno.592(withfourspecimens)andno.2175(withonespecimen:ANS2007.15.19,ethnicinfullontheobverseandmagistratenamefullonthereversewithinacircle).Spanuno.18.
1.ANS2007.15.19.7.36g,22mm=LanzAuc.131Lot208=HNO2175.1./ 2.BMC3.1.95g,23mm.=Inv.no.BM1885,0606.214./ 3.Winterthur3381.6.97g,22.7mm,12h./ 4.SNGKayhanII1644.8.77g,21mm,12h.=CNGEA206Lot151=ex-Alighiericoll.=HNO592.2./ 5.LindgrenandKovacs1985,629.8.15g,21mm./ 6.BodrumMuseumInv.no.3806.7.62g,21mm,12h./ 7.CNGEA206(2009)Lot150.6.34g,20mm,12h=HNO592.3./ 8.SNGFinlandI92.8.40g,20mm,1h.acq.1973=HNO592.1./ 9.MMDAuc.13(2003)Lot432.8.16g,20mm=exRighetticoll.=HNO592.4./ *10.TatışColl.2167.6.95g,20mm,1h./ 11.MionnetIII.Vol.2,201.AE4,R8./*12.AydınMuseumInv.no.36576.7.86g,21.1mm,12h.
Hierogenes:Attributedto129–31BCbyHNOno.1588.Eaglefullfacing,l.,headr.withinacircle.Ethnicinfullontheobverse;magistratenameonthereverse.Spanuno.15.*1.BNFFG419.7.06g,18mm=Waddington2295=HNO1588.1
Magistrate unknown:OnespecimenattheBodrumMuseumofUnderwaterArchaeology(inv.no.921)isquitewornmakingitimpossibletodeterminethenameofthemagistrate.However,thestyleoftheeagleadvancingleftrecallsthatofHermophantos’singleissuewithethnicinfullontheobverseandmagistrate’snameonthereverse(ANS2007.15.19).1.BodrumMuseumInv.no.921.5.77g,20mm,12h.
Variation?
ThissinglecoinattheMunichcollection(SNGMünchen271:20mm,6.20g)standsoutwithitsreversetype:eagleinprofile,r.,wingsclosed,withakerykeiononitsback.Theedi-torsnotedthattheethnicisgivenhorizontallyasK-ERAMwiththelastthreelettersinliga-ture.However,theabsenceofkerykeionandligatures(or,monograms)aswellasthelegendtobegivenhorizontallyelsewhereonthecoinscompiledforthisstudysuggeststhatthismaybeamisattributiontoKeramos.14
14 AsimilarmisattributionisnotedforBMCnos.4,5,6andNaumannAuc.56Lot249(obv.turretedheadofTyche;rev.K-E.kerykeion)whichshouldbereattributedtoKeraitaiinPisidia.IwouldliketothankDr.K.Konukforthecorrection.
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175Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria
C.3 AE Obv:LaureateheadofZeus,r.Rev:KERAMI /magistratename.Eagle,three-quartersfacing,r.,headr.wingsclosed,allwithinsquareincuse,OR,legendaroundthereversetypewithoutincuse.
Melant--? / Melas:Attributedto250–180BCbyHNOno.2281.Legendaroundtheeagle.MagistratenameislistedasMelas-ontheauction’swebsiteandasMelant-onHNO.15
*1.Naumann74(3.2.2019)Lot147.1.97g,12mm=HNO2281.1
Diony(s)-:Attributedto167–129BCbyHNOno.1048(withthreespecimens).Reverseincuse.Spanu10.
*1.SNGKayhanII1643.2.10g,15mm,12h.=MMDAuc.17(2005)Lot882=HNO1048.2./ 2.MMDAuc.30(2009)Lot567.1.89g=exR.Müllercoll.=HNO1048.3./ 3.SNGMuğla85.1.80g,12mm,11h.Inv.no.794./ 4.SNGMuğla86.1.68g,11mm,12h.Inv.no.69./ 5.SNGCop189.1.65g,14mm,12h=HNO1048.1(Spanu10)
Apol-:Attributedto167–129BCbyHNOno.591(withfourspecimens).Oneexceptionof6.58gforBMCno.2=BMinv.no.1872.0709.188.Reverseincuse.Spanu8.
1.BPeusAuc.384(2005)Lot302.1.83g=BPeusAuc.376(2003)Lot439=HNO591.2./ 2.BMC2.6.58g,13mm,11h.Env.no.1872.0709.188.(Pl.XII.9)./ 3.SNGFinlandI91.1.70g,13mm,12h=HNO591.1./ 4.BNFFG420.1.80g=HNO591.3./ *5.BNFFG421.1.51g,12mm=Waddington2294=HNO591.4./ *6.TatışColl.2169.1.54g,12mm,11h./ 7.SavocaOA25(2018)Lot318.1.58g,11mmHNO591.5
Phanth-:NotlistedonHNO.Reverseincuse.*1.SNGGreece51466.1.6g,14mm.
Ker-:NotlistedonHNO.Reverseincuse.1.SNGTübingen3413.1.39g,12mm,12h./ 2.Weber6457.1.68g,10–11mm.
Py-:NotlistedonHNO.1.BM1979,0101.1059.1.53g,12h.ex-vonAulock(nonumbergiven)
Magistrate unknown:Tencoins:oneatBM–noimageandnomagistratenamegivenonwebsite.TwocoinsatMilasMuseumcollectionnotlegible;however,thestyleofeagleforMilasinv.no.2059recallsthatofSNGTübingen3413.ThelegendofMilasinv.no.1125runsaroundtheeagle.SevencoinsatAydınMuseumcollectionarenotfullylegiblebutinv.nos.40651and40653(andperhaps40657?)seemtobeofthesamemagistrate,andinv.nos.40654and40655seemtobelongtoanothermagistrate.1.BM1921,0412.53.1.65g,11h./*2.MilasMuseumInv.no.2059.1.72g,11mm,12h./*3.MilasMuseumInv.no.1125.1.73g,12.5mm,12h./*4.AydınMuseumInv.no.40651.1.95g,13mm,2h./*5.AydınMuseum.Inv.no.40652.1.40g,12mm,12h./*6. AydınMuseumInv.no.40653.2.05g,12mm,4h./ *7.AydınMuseum.Inv.no.40654.1.18g,13.2mm,11h./*8.AydınMuseumInv.no.40655.1.77g,12.1mm,10h./*9.AydınMuseum.Inv.no.40656.1.83g,12mm,2h./*10. AydınMuseumInv.no.40657.2.18g,11.9mm,3h.
C.4 AEObv:LaureateheadofZeus,r.Rev:KERAMIH / QU.Eagle,standingr.,onuncertainobject.Legendaround.Attributedto250–180BCbyHNOno.2190.*1.HNO2190.1.11mm,12h.Privatecollection.
15 Theauthor’sreadingfromthephotographonlineisMelas.CheckingontheLGPNwebsite,itisseenthatMelaswasquiteapopularnameinKeramosandneighbouringtownsinCaria.OneMelas(IKKeramos4l.33,attributedtothe3rd–2ndcenturyBC)wasthefatherofaLeonteus.Thisisanameweknowasamagistratewhomintedasil-veremissionofC.1(attributedto167–129BCbyHNOno.1586).However,itisnotknownifthisLeonteus,sonofMelas,isthemagistrateontheC.1silvercoin.ThereisalsoacertainMelasintheAshtonCollection(unpublished)(LGPNVbno.9397attributedtothe1stcenturyBC).
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176 İnci Türkoğlu
InGroupC,fourmajorsubgroupsstepforth.Thefirstone(C.1)isofsilverhemidrachms.Diametersrangefrom12to15mmandtheweightsfrom1.01to2.5g.FivemagistratenamescomeupasPolites,Dio-,Askle-,Leonteus,Hermogen-andnamesonthreespecimensarenotknownorlegible.AlthoughtheZeustypeontheobverseisquiteuniform,theeaglefiguresonthereversesarequitevaried.ThecoinbyDio-depictsaneagleinprofile,r.andlegendaroundit,andareaccordinglyattributedto250–180BCbyHNO.AllotherspecimensofC.1depicttheeaglewithinasquareincuse,facing,advancingr.orl.,withheadturnedoppositedirection;ethnicandmagistratenameflankthiseaglefigure.
SubgroupC.2compriselargeunitbronzeissueswiththeobverseZeustypewithinadottedborder.Onthereverse,theeagleisfacingthree-quarters,advancingl.,withheadturnedoppo-sitedirection.Thelegendrunsaroundtheeaglefigure.ThemagistratesattestedareHierogen-,LeonandHermophantos.Hermophantos’emissionshavetwotypes.OnespecimenatANS(inv.no.2007.15.19)hastheethnicontheobverseandthemagistrate’snameonthereverse.TheothertypebyHermophantoshasboththeethnicandhisnamearoundtheeaglefigureonthereversewithinacircle.Hierogen-’sissuealsofeaturesacircleonthereverse.Thesubgrouphasadiameterof18–23mm,mostlyslightvariancewitheachmagistrate.
SubgroupC.3issmallunits.Thereversetypeiswithinasquareincuse,andthereisnodot-tedborderontheobverse,similartothesilveremissionsofC.1.Aswiththeothercoinswithsquareincuse,thelegendcomprisingtheethnicandmagistratenameflanktheeaglefigureoneitherside.MagistratenamesattestedfromthisgroupincludeDionys-,Apol-,Phanth-,Ker-,Py-andMelas(orMelant-).
SubgroupC.4isattestedonasinglespecimeninaprivatecollection.TheZeusfigureontheobverseisaccompaniedwithaneaglestandingonanunidentifiedobjectonthereverse.ThemagistratenameisThy-.
GROUP D (Roman Provincial Issues)Atotaloftwenty-oneserieswithimperialportraitsandfivewithoutimperialportraitshavebeenattestedfrompublications.Surprisinglynonearefromthelocalmuseums’inventorybooks.ThesestartwiththereignsofAugustusandTiberiusandcontinuewithinterruptionsuntilthereignofCaracalla.Amongthese,AntoninusPiusandCaracallastepforthwithfivedifferenttypeseach,followedbyHadrianandCommoduswiththreetypes.NeroandTrajanauthorizedtwoemissions.Ontheotherhand,Trajan,SeptimiusSeverus,JuliaDomnaandGetaeachhaveasinglecointypewhereasoneisattributedtoLiviaandtwowithoutimperialportraitslikelydatetothereignofTiberius.
ThereversetypesofKeramoscoinswithimperialportraitsaredominatedbythearchaisingheadandvariousdepictionsofZeus.OtherreversetypesincludeNemeses(typeD.14),Athena(D.19),Dionysus(D.17),bull’shead(D.06),Artemis(D.20)andlegendwithinawreath(D.13,D.25).Thosewithoutimperialportraitsaredominatedbythearchaisingyouthfulmalehead(D.03,D.07,D.10,D.15);othertypesincludelaureateyouthfulmalehead(D.02,D.03),legendwithinwreath(D.07,D.10),eagle(D.02)andbull(D.15).
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177Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria
AUGUSTUS/TIBERIUS(27BC–37AD)LIVIAD.01
Obv:SEBA.BustofLivia,draped,r.dottedborder.Rev:IEROGENH KERA. Archaisingyouthfulhead,r.Magistrate:Hierogene(s)*1.LanzAuc.146Lot356.6.16g,20mm.
D.02
Obv:KERAMIHTWN.Laureate,unbeardedhead,r.Rev:ERMOFANTOS.Eagle,wingsopen.Magistrate:Hermophantos.1.RPCIsupp.2773A.3.15g,19(12–13)mm,12h=BM1990.0717.1./ 2.MMDAuc.13Lot434.3.37g, 16mm.
Variation:Obv:[….]Laureate,unbeardedhead,r;dottedborder.Rev:Eagle,facing,wingsopen,headr.*3.TatışColl.2171.3.60g,15.5mm,12h.
D.03
Obv:KERAMIHTWN.Laureate,unbeardedhead,r.Rev:ERMOFANTOC.Archaisingyouthfulhead,r.Magistrate:Hermophantos.*1.MMDAuc.13Lot433.5.58g,18mm./ 2.RPCISuppl.2773B.4.07g,16–17mm,12h=JSW
NERO(AD54–68)D.04
Obv:NERWN SEBASTOS.LaureateheadofNero,r.Rev:KERAMIHTWN ARXAS EUANΔROS.Archaisingyouthfulhead,r.Magistrate:Euandros(arxas)1.NaumannAuc.15Lot431.7.40g,23mm.=RPCISupp.2774A.1./ *2.NavilleAuc.22(1.5.2016)Lot251.7.36g,23mm=RPCISupp.2774A.2(CGT)
D.05
Obv:NERWN SEBASTOS.LaureateheadofNero,r.Rev:KERAMIHTWN ARXAS EUANΔROS.HeadofZeus,bearded,r.Magistrate:Euandros(arxas)1.RPCI2774.1.7.54g.=BerlinI-B(GRMK1)./ *2.BNFFG422.11.00g.=RPCI2774.2
TRAJAN(98–117)D.06
Obv:[ ]AI TRAIANO(?).Laureatehead(ofTrajan?),r.Rev:KERAMIHTWN.Headofbull,three-quartersfacing.*1.RPCIII2192[=CNGBMS54,14June2000Lot1111].1.10g,13mm.
D.07 ca. AD 100Obv:KERAMI / NTON.Archaisingyouthfulhead,r.Rev:[ ]EBA[ ] / TO[ ]withinwreath*1.ANS2007.15.20.7.399g,23.5mm,2h=LanzAuc.131Lot209.Rev:cmk.bucraniumwithinsquareincuse.
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178 İnci Türkoğlu
HADRIAN(117–138)D.08
Obv:AUTO KAI [ ]AΔRINOC(sic).LaureatebustofHadrian,r.Rev:KERAMIHTWN ARXAC K[ ]MOU.LaureateheadofZeus,r.;eaglebefore,r.Magistrate:K(udi)mos(arxas)*1.RPCIII2193.14.03g,27mm.1VGR36017=ex-BrüderEgger,Th.Prowecoll.,11May1914,lot1199.
D.09
Obv:[ ] SEBASTOS.LaureateheadofHadrian,r.Rev:[ ] KERAMIHTWN.Archaisingyouthfulhead,r.*1.GHNAuc.343(2018)2596=BPeusAuc.366Lot675=RPCIII2194.6.00g,22mm.(M.Bursteincoll., 29Oct.2000).
D.10
Obv:KERAMIHTWN QEOI CEBACTOI.Archaisingyouthfulhead,r.Rev:ARXAC / KUΔIMOC / IERWNU/MOUwithinlaurelwreath.Magistrate:KudimosHieronimou(arxas)*1.RPCIII2195.1.7.18g,22mm.O.Weller1970=Ashmolean./ 2.RPCIII2195.2.7.31g,23mm.=ViennaGR36449=Spanuno.39/ 3.RPCIII2195.3.8.90g,23mm.Maiuri,A.1921–2.“ViaggiodiesplorazioneinCariaII,Inscrizioni,nuoveinscrizionidellaCaria.”ASAteneIV–V:475.Spanu39.
ANTONINUSPIUS(138–161)D.11
Obv:AUTOK KAIC ANTWNEINON CEB EU.LaureateanddrapedbustofA.Pius,l.Rev:AILI QEMICTOKLHC PRWTOLE ARX KERAMIHTWN.ZeusChrysaoreus,standing,r.,headl.,holdingpateraandsceptre;eaglebyhisfeet.Magistrate:AiliosThemistoklesProtole(ontos)(arxas).*1.Stack’sCGApril2010Lot254.21.29g,32mm./ 2.RPCIV.2868(temp).3.21.53g,33mm,6h.=[priv.coll.H.I.]./ 3.BMC7=RPCIV.2868.1.18.85g,33mm,6h.Inv.no.1888.0403.87.Magistrate’snamereadasProton.Rev:eagleperchedonsceptre.Pl.XII.12./ 4.RPCIV.2868.2(Vienna).19.35g,33mm,6h./ 5.MionnetSupp.VIno.209.AE9Rmagendavid.
D.12
Obv:AVTOK KAIC ANTWNINON CEB EV(facingoutward).Laureateanddrapedbustof A.Pius,l.Rev:P AILI QEMICTOKLHC PRWTO[LEON ARX?] [KER]AMI.Archaisingdeity,standing,r.,holdinglabrysandspear,lionsittingbyhisfeet.Magistrate:P.Aili(os)ThemistoklesProtole(ontos)(arxas).*1.GHNAuc.343(2018)Lot2613.23.89g,31mm.=ExSammlungR.P.=Gorny134,2004,LosNr.1967./ 2.RPCIV.23337(temp).1(BerlinI-B).24.30g,33mm,6h./ 3.RPCIV.23337(temp).2.Triest,CivicMuseum (=Friedländer,J.1875.ZfN2:109–10(drawingofrev.).
D.13
Obv:AVTOK KAIC AN[TWNINON?] CEB EVCEB.LaureateanddrapedbustofA.Pius,r.Rev:AILI QEMICTOKLHC PRWTOLE ARX KERAMIwithinlaurelwreath.Magistrate:Aili(os)ThemistoklesProtole(ontos)(arxas).1.RPCIV.2869(temp).1.25mm.TradeGRMKno.2./ 2.RPCIV.2869(temp).2.25mm.GRMKno.3(ex-Weber)/ 3.RPCIV.2869(temp).3.25mm.L.Robert,MonnaiesGrecques(1967),p.41,pl.I.2(rev.)/ 4.RPCIV.2869(temp).4.8.49g,25mm,12h.=Berlin1926/692./ 5.RPCIV.2869(temp).5.8.06g,25mm,6h.=OxfordAshmolean/ *6.Winterthur3382.7.85g,25.2mm,7h./ 7.SNGTire311.9.54g,26mm,6h.Inv.no.2777.
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179Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria
D.14Obv:AV K T AILIOC ANTWNIN[O]C.LaureateanddrapedbustofA.Pius,r.Rev:KERAMHIPOLITWN(sic).TwoNemesesholdingtheirchitons;theoneontherightholdingbridle?.Magistrate:Politon.*1.BNFFG423.7.03g,25mm.Waddington2298authenticitydoubtful=RPCIV.22718(temp).
D.15Obv:QEMISTOKLHS.Archaisingyouthfulhead,r.Rev:KERAM(?).Bull,standing,r.Magistrate:Themistokles.*1.SNGTübingen3415.2.68g,16.5–17mm,6h.
COMMODUS(177–192)D.16Obv:[ ] AV KOMOΔOC.YouthfulbustofCommodus,shortbearded,r.Rev:EPI ΔIOΔO ARX KERA[MIH]TWN.Archaisingdeity,r.,holdinglabrysandspear;lion recliningbyhisfeet,r.Magistrate:Diodo(tos)(arxas).*1.BMC8.19.14g,36mm,6h.=BMInv.no.1865.1205.1=Spanu31=RPCIV.2870(temp).
D.17Obv:AU KAI L AUR[H?.BustofCommodus,r.Rev:[M KL ERMOFAN]TOC ARXAC KERAMIHTWN.Dionysusstanding,l.,holdingthyrsusinl.andcantharusinr.;apantherbyhisfeet,l.Magistrate:M.Kl.Hermophantos(arxas).*1.SNGTübingen3416.10.89g,29mm,6h.=RPCIV.211530(temp)
D.18Obv:AU KAI L AUR KOMMOΔOC AUG.Laureatebustwithcuirass,r.Rev:M KL ERMOFANTOC ARXAC KERAMIHTwN.Onleft,archaisingdeity,standing,r.,holdinglabrys;onright,ZeusChrysaoreusstanding,l.,holdingsceptre;bothholdatridentinbetween;lionandeaglebyhisfeetrespectively.Magistrate:M.Kl.Hermophantos(arxas).1.RPCIV.2871(temp).1=B28222.33.26g,38mm,6h./ 2.RPCIV.2871(temp).2=BI-B.24.48g,35mm,6h./ *3.RPCIV.2871(temp).3=ANS1971.230.43.28.23g,38mm,6h.Rev:ZeushandshakeswithEgyptiandeity.
SEPTIMIUSSEVERUS(193–211)D.19Obv:AU[T] KAI [C]L CEP CE[UHR]OC PERT.LaureateheadofS.Severus,r.Rev:/ QЄOM[...] MЄ A P ARΧH KЄRAMI(sic).Athena,standing,facing,headtol.,holding aegisandspear;shieldbyherfeet.Magistrate:Theom[-]Me[-]A.P.(arche)*1.CNGMBS78Lot1323.14.08g,30mm,6h.
JULIADOMNAD.20Obv:IOULIA ΔOMNA CEBAC.BustofJuliaDomna,r.Rev:]LHC APOLLONIΔOU ARX KERA...Artemisthehuntress,advancingr.Magistrate:Themistok]lesApollonidou(arxas).*1.BNFFG424.10.84g,30mm=Spanu33.
-
180 İnci Türkoğlu
Issu
ing
auth
orit
y
Augu
stus
/
Tibe
rius
/Li
via
D.0
1 Ar
chai
sing
hea
d20
mm
(6
.16
g)H
iero
gene
-(1
ea.
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D.0
2 O
bv.l
aure
ate
head
/r
ev.e
agle
16-1
9m
m
(3.1
5–3.
60g
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erm
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ntos
RPC
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tions
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bv.l
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ate
head
/r
ev.
arch
aisi
ngh
ead
16–1
8m
m(
4.07
–5.5
8g)
Her
mop
hant
osRP
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277
3B
(2e
a.)
Ner
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Arch
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ngh
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23m
m
(7.3
6–7.
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xas
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277
4A(2
ea.
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D.0
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ead
ofZ
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(7
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Traj
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ad13
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D.0
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ghe
ad/
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.le
gend
with
inw
reat
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.5m
m
(7.4
g)
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a.)
Had
rian
D.0
8 H
ead
ofZ
eus
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m
(14.
03g
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xas
Kud
imou
RP
CIII
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3(1
ea.
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D.0
9 Ar
chai
sing
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(6
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g)RP
CIII
219
4(1
ea.
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D.1
0 O
bv.a
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isin
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xas
Kud
imos
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(3e
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usD
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Zeus
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Aili.
The
mis
tokl
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roto
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rx.
RPC
IV.2
868
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(5e
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2 Ar
chai
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ty33
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Aili
.The
mis
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-RP
CIV
.23
337
(tem
p)(3
ea.
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D.1
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gend
with
inw
reat
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mm
(7
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8.49
g)
Aili.
The
mis
tokl
esP
roto
le-a
rx.
RPC
IV.2
869
(te
mp)
(7e
a.)
D.1
4 N
emes
es25
mm
(7.
03g
)Po
liton
RP
CIV
.22
718
(tem
p)“D
oubt
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(1e
a.)
D.1
5 O
bv.a
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isin
ghe
ad/
re
v.b
ull
17m
m(
2.68
g)
Them
isto
kles
(1e
a.)
-
181Civic Coinage of Keramos in CariaIs
suin
g au
thor
ity
Com
mod
usD
.16
Arch
aisi
ngd
eity
36m
m
(19.
14g
)D
iodo
-arx
.RP
CIV
.28
70(
tem
p)(1
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D.1
7 D
iony
sus
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m
(10.
89g
)M
.Kl.
Her
mop
hant
osa
rxas
RPC
IV.2
115
30(
tem
p)(1
ea.
)
D.1
8 Ar
chai
sing
dei
tya
ndZ
eus
Chry
s.35
–38
mm
(24
.48–
33.2
6g)
M.K
l.H
erm
opha
ntos
arx
asRP
CIV
.28
71(
tem
p)(3
ea.
)
Sept
imiu
sSe
veru
sD
.19
Athe
na30
mm
(1
4.08
g)
Theo
m-M
e-A
.P.a
rche
.(1
ea.
)
Julia
Dom
naD
.20
Arte
mis
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m
(10.
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hem
isto
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sAp
ollo
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uar
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)
Get
aD
.21
Zeus
Chr
ys.
34m
m
(21.
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emis
tokl
esA
pollo
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uar
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ea.
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Cara
calla
D.2
2 Ze
usC
hrys
.34
mm
(1
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g)
Them
isto
kles
Apo
llon.
arx
.(1
ea.
)
D.2
3 Te
mpl
ew
itha
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–35
mm
(2
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g)
M.A
u.E
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ros
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iatro
.arx
.A(2
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D.2
4 Te
mpl
ew
ithZ
eus
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s.35
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(3
3.39
g)
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ros
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rx.
(1e
a.)
D.2
5 Le
gend
with
inw
reat
hD
iam
eter
unk
now
n (1
2.03
g)
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ros
Bar
chia
tr.a
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(1e
a.)
D.2
6 Ar
chai
sing
dei
tya
nd
Zeus
Chr
ys.
30–3
4m
m(
14.7
3–22
.30
g) Kal
listra
tos
Apol
loni
d.
arch
.(4
ea.
)
Fig.
1
Ove
rvie
w o
f coi
ns o
f the
Rom
an Im
peria
l per
iod.
Tho
se w
ith im
peria
l por
trai
t on
the
obve
rse
are
repr
esen
ted
here
with
onl
y th
e re
vers
e ty
pe;
thos
e w
ithou
t im
peria
l por
trai
ts a
re li
sted
with
obv
. / r
ev. t
ypes
(D.0
2, D
.03,
D.0
7, D
.10,
D.1
5). I
f exi
stin
g, m
agis
trat
e na
mes
are
list
ed a
s th
ey a
re g
iven
in th
e le
gend
. The
cor
resp
ondi
ng n
umbe
rs o
f the
type
s on
RPC
are
als
o gi
ven
whe
re a
pplic
able
. The
num
ber
of s
peci
men
s at
test
ed a
re g
iven
in p
aren
thes
es.
-
182 İnci Türkoğlu
GETA(Augustus:209–212)D.21
Obv:AU KAI L SEP GETAS.LaureatebustofGeta,r.Rev:QEMISTOKLHS APOLLWNIΔOU ARX KERAMIH.ZeusChrysaoreus,standing,r.,holdingsceptreandpatera,eaglebyhisfeet.Magistrate:ThemistoklesApollonidou(arxas)*1.SNGvonAulock2582.21.02g,34mm.=BM1979,0101.1871.20.96g
CARACALLA(197–217)D.22
Obv:[...]AUR – [...].Laureatebust,r.Rev:QEMISTOKLHS APOLLWN ARX KHRA.ZeusChrysaoreus,standing,r.,holdingsceptreandpatera,eaglebyhisfeet.Magistrate:ThemistoklesApollon(idou)(arxas)*1.MMDAuc.13Lot435.19.39g,34mm.=NACAuc.100Lot1251.ex-Righetti.
D.23
Obv:AU KAI M AUR ANTWNEINOS.Laureatebust,r.Rev:M AU EUANΔROS ARΧIATRO ARX A KERAMIHTWN.Archaisingdeity,standingwithintetrastyletemple,r.,flankedwithaliononeitherside.Magistrate:M.Au.EuandrosArchiatro[-](arxas)*1.SNGvonAulock2581.21.79g,31mm=BM1979.0101.1869=Spanu37.1./ 2.I-Bno.5.35mm=Spanu37.2
D.24
Obv:AU KAI M AUR ANTWNEINOS.Laureatebust,r.Rev:M AU EUANΔROC O ARΧIATRO ARX KERAMIHTWN.ZeusChrysaoreus,standingwithintetrastyletemple,holdingsceptreandpatera,eaglebyhisfeet.Magistrate:M.Au.EuandrosArchiatro[-](arxas)*1.ViennaKHM35.425.33.39g,35mm=Spanu38.
D.25
Obv:AU K M AU - ANTWNEINOC.Laureatebustwithcuirass,r.Rev:M AU / EUANΔROC B ARΧIATR ARXAC KERAMIHTwithinwreath.Magistrate:M.Au.EuandrosBArchiatr[-](arxas)*1.LanzAuc.109Lot633.12.03g.
D.26
Obv:AU K M AUR ANTWNEINOS SEBEU.Laureatebustwithcuirass,r.Rev:KALLISTRATOS APOLLWNIΔ ARΧ KERAMIHTWN.Onleftarchaisingdeity,standing,r.,holdinglabrys,pantherbyhisfeet;onrightZeusChrysaoreus,facing,headl.,holdingsceptre,eaglebyhisfeet;bothdeitiesholdonanothersceptreinbetween.Magistrate:KallistratosApollonid(ou),arch.1. SNGSchweiz II 959. 22.30g, 34.1mm,6h. / 2. SNGMünchen272. 20.14g, 30–31mm,4h. / 3.BM1979,0101.1870. 14.73g, 33mm.= SNGvonAulockN8104. / *4.BNFFG425. 20.62g, ex-Waddington.
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183Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria
COMMENTARY
Metals and DenominationsThevastmajorityofthecoinsareofbronze.Theearliestissueswithabullontheobverseandadolphinonthereverseareofbronze(46ea.).DuringtheHellenisticperiod,twoseriesweremintedbothinsilver(27ea.)andbronze(68ea.).DuringtheRomanImperialperiod,allemis-sionswereofbronze(51ea.).Todate,nogoldcoinshavebeenascribedtoKeramos.
Silveremissions:
Extantsilvercoins(13ea.)ofthearchaisingyouthfulmalehead/boukephalion(B.1)serieshaveanaverageapproximateweightofover1.00g(varyingbetween1.24to0.83g).Theirdiameterisgivenas11mmforsevenspecimensand13mmfortwo,whiletheremainingfourarenotgiven.ConsideringthefactthatKeramoslaywithinthesphereofRhodianinfluence,itmaybepresumedthattheyusedtheRhodianplinthophoricsysteminwhichonesilverdrachmweighedca.3.0g.Normallyonewouldbeinclinedtothinkofahemidrachmabout1.5g,adi-obolca.1.0g.However,consideringthatnotonlyweightsbutalsothediametersconformandthatsilverlosesmasseasily,thenitmaybeplausibletoconsiderthemashemidrachmsjustastheeditorsofHNOdo(nos.295,2176,2294,2296,2297,2299).ThesinglespecimenofB.2alsoconformstotheselimits(fig.2).
Extantsilvercoins(13ea.)oftheZeus/eagle(C.1)seriesfeatureawiderrangeofmasses.Nineexamplesvaryingfrom2.51to1.52gmayindicatedrachm;twospecimensof1.42and1.01gmaysuggesthemidrachm.Indeed,theGroup2hemidrachmGroupAofStratonikeiavariesbetween1.79and0.97g16andbasedonthisitmaybeproposedthatonlyfourspeci-mensover2garedrachmsandremainingsevencoinsweighingfrom1.82to1.01gmaybehemidrachms(fig.2).
Astheextantexamplesdonotincludeanystaterortetradrachms,itmaybeproposedthatKeramosprobablyusedRhodianorStratonikeiancurrencyforbiggerexpensesbutpreferredmintingitsowncoinageforminorinteractions.Indeed,itisnecessarytohaveabiggercollec-tionforbetterandsaferconclusions;however,itseemsthatwehavetowaituntilexcavationsbringtolightmorespecimensandhopefullysomehoards.
Bronzeemissions:
Theearliestbull/dolphinemissionswiththeCarianlegend(A.1andA.2)havesurvivedinoneunitof9–10mm(0.66–1.18g).Thethreeexamplesofthebullprotome/dolphinseriesseemtobesomewhatsmaller:ca.7–9mm(0.84–1.35g).ThetwoserieswithGreeklegendKE(A.3andA.4)seemtohavebeenstruckinoneunitofca.10–11mmwithanaverageweightof1.03–1.50g.However,onecoinintheBNFCollection(Inv.no.AA.GR.10355)ispublishedwithaweightof2.26g–andnodiametergiven–whichisdoubletheweightofotherspeci-mens,andthusmaysuggestabiggerunit.
Thearchaisingyouthfulhead/boukephalionseriesinbronze(B.3andB.4)canbeat-tributedtotheperiodofindependence,i.e.167–129BC,likethesilveremissionsofthesamegroup.TheB.3bronzeseriesseemstohavebeenmintedonlyinoneunitof16–20mm(4.19– 6.34g).However,B.4seemstocomprisetwounitsbythesamemagistrate,Hermophantos.
16 Meadows2002,81–91.Indeed,veryfewexamplesareover1.5gandthelowestvaluesarenotedas“corroded”or“broken”,i.e.missingmass.
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184 İnci Türkoğlu
Thebigunit(HNO1626)hasamassof5.11–5.56gandadiametervaryingfrom16to19mm.Thesmallunit,attestedasasinglespecimeninaprivatecollectioninTurkey,weighs2.23gandis12mmindiameter.BothunitsofB.4featurethelegendaroundtheboukephalionandnosquareincuse.
TheheadofZeus/eagleseriesinbronze(C.2andC.3)wasstruckintwounits:Thebigunit(C.2)of18–23mm(5.77–8.79g)andthesmallunit(C.3)of10–15mm(1.39–2.10g).Inbothunits,BMC3(1.95g,23mm)andBMC2(6.58g,13mm)seemtobeoutofcontext,sug-gestingapossiblemistakeeitherinearlierBMCpublicationoronlinevalues.17ThreeexamplesattheBNFwithmagistratesHierogenes(18mm)andLeon(21–22mm)areattributedto129–31BCand250–180BCrespectivelybytheeditorsofHNO.Theexamplesofthesmallunitstepforthwiththeirreverse-typeeaglesandlegendplacedwithinasquareincuse.ThenewtypeofC.4isasmallunit(11mm).
RomanprovincialcoinsofKeramos(GroupD)canbecategorisedassmall,mediumandlargeunits(fig.1).ThesmallestissueisD.06(Trajan)with13mm.ItisfollowedbyD.02andD.03with16–19mmrangeandD.01with20mm;D.15(AntoninusPius)hasadiameterof17mm.ThemediumgroupwouldincludeD.04,D.07,D.09,D.10witharangeof22–23mm;D.13andD.14with25mmandD.08with27mmandD.17with29mm.Alltheresthaveadi-ameterof30mmandoverwithD.18reachingupto38mm.Basically,bigunitswith30+mmstartwithAntoninusPius.DiametersforD.05andD.25arenotknown.
Bull Figures
TheearliestcoinsofKeramosarethosewithabullontheobverseandadolphinonthereverse(GroupA).Thesesymbolsshouldberelatedwiththemainareasofincome/liveli-hoodofthecityasagricultureandsea.Inthe2ndcenturyBC,thearchaisingyouthfulhead/bullhead(boukephalion)seriesinsilverandbronze(GroupB)alsocontinuethesamebull
17 Cf. http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1258773&partId=1&searchText=1885,0606.214&page=1and
http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1258686&partId=1&searchText=1872,0709.188&page=1
Fig. 2 Weight Distribution of Silver Emissions
-
185Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria
symbol.ButwiththeRomanruleoverthecity,thebulldisappearsfromthecoinsandisattest-edonlyonsingleextantspecimensfromthereignofTrajan(D.06)andAntoninusPius(D.15).
ThebullsonthecoinsofGroupAarefullfiguresstanding,r.(A.1,A.3,A.4)andbullprotomer.orl.(A.2);alsoonD.15.Thebullheads,i.e.boukephalion–notthebullskulls(bucranium)seenonGroupAandB–arefacingimages.OnlythespecimensA.2andB.2areabullhead,r.,orl.,withthefaceturnedtotheviewer;asimilarversionisalsoseenonthesinglespecimenD.06.
IntheinscriptionspublishedbyVarinlioğlu,nos.7and9mentionthe“bullsacrificefes-tival”(taurothusia),whichoriginatedbeforetheGreekperiodandwasthegreatestfestivalinthecity.18However,nodetailsareknownregardingthisfestival,whichisalsoattestedatMagnesiaontheMaeander.19ŞahincitesataurophoniafestivalcelebratedforZeusOsogollis.20 SimilarbullsacrificeisalsonotedinMylasa.21
Dolphin Figures
Theearliestcoinsdepictthedolphinonthereverse;yetsurprisinglyitisnotseenagain.CoinsofneighbouringHalikarnassosfeaturethedolphinonlybetweentheprongsofatridentonthereverses.Furtherwest,Iasosmintedcoinswithayouthswimmingtogetherwithadolphinaris-ingfromalocalstory.IntheabsenceofstoriesfromKeramos,itisdifficulttolinkthedolphinfiguretoanythingbutthemarinewayoflifeatKeramos.
Archaising Figures and Zeus
ThearchaisingyouthfulmaleheadwithlonghairfallingontheshouldersontheRoman-periodcoinsofGroupDissimilartothatseenontheautonomouscoinsoftheperiodofinde-pendenceinthe2ndcenturyBC(GroupB).Heisnotaccompaniedbyanyattributes,andtheabsenceofabeardleadstohisidentificationasApolloinmanypublications.ThisheadisalsoattestedonthereversesofD.01andD.03(LiviaandTiberius),D.04(Nero),D.07(Trajan),D.09(Hadrian),andontheobversesofD.10(Hadrian)andD.15(AntoninusPius).
Thefullfigureofanarchaisingdeitywithlonghair,short-skirtedtightdressholdsaspearanddouble-axeandisaccompaniedbyalion/panther.Heseemstobeunbearded.Thisfig-ureisgenerallyidentifiedinpublicationsasZeusLabraundos(D.12AntoninusPius,D.16Commodus).Thesame,fullfigureofthearchaisingdeity,flankedwithaliononeithersideandholdingasceptreanddouble-axe,isalsoattestedwithinatetrastyletemple(D.23)fromthereignofCaracalla.
ThetypicalbeardedheadofZeus,accompaniedeitherwithaneagleornot,isseenonthereversesoftypesD.05(Nero)andD.08(Hadrian).ItissimilartothatseenontheobversesoftheZeus/eagleseriesfromtheHellenisticperiod(GroupC).
ThefullfigureofatypicalZeusiscladinalonghimation,holdingasceptreandapatera,andaccompaniedbyaneagleathisfeet(D.11AntoninusPius,D.21GetaandD.22Caracalla).HeisidentifiedinpublicationsasZeusChrysaoreus.ThesamefullfigureofatypicalZeusisalsoattestedwithinatetrastyletemple(D.24)fromthereignofCaracalla.
18 CGRN168(http://cgrn.philo.ulg.ac.be/file/168/),datedtoca.200–100BC.19 Varinlioğlu1986,6;CGRN194(http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/file/194/).20 Şahin2001,138.21 CGRN150(http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/file/150/).
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186 İnci Türkoğlu
ThefullfiguresofarchaisingdeityandZeusarealsoseentogether:ontheleft,archaisingdeity,three-quartersfacingwithhisheadinprofile,advancingright,holdingasceptreandadouble-axe,accompaniedwithapanther;ontheright,ZeusChrysaoreus,orOsogollis,cladinlonghimation,depictedfacingwithhisheadturnedleft,holdinghisownsceptreinhislefthandandarchaisingdeity’ssceptrewithhisrighthand.ThistypewasmintedbyCommodus(D.18)andCaracalla(D.26).
CallingforattentionistheidentificationofthearchaisingfigureasApollowhendepictedasaheadinprofilewithoutanyattributes,andas“ZeusLabraundos”whendepictedasafullfigureholdingadouble-axeandasceptre/spearandaccompaniedbyapanther.Thefullfigureof“ZeusLabraundos”seemstobeunbeardedaswell.Therearetwoserieswithatem-pletype(D.23andD.24Caracalla).Thesamearchaising“Zeus”figureisdepictedstandinginatetrastyletemplewithatriangularpediment(D.23).Heisflankedwithapanther,orlion,oneithersideandholdsadouble-axeandaspearinhishands.Theotherserieswithatem-pletype(D.24)depictsthetypicalbeardedanddrapedZeus(Chrysaoreus)accompaniedby aneagle.
OnthecoinsofneighbouringMylasa,theimageofZeusLabraundosfeaturesabeardedfigure,draped,holdingadouble-axeandaspear22(fig.4a).ZeusOsogollisisdepicteddraped,holdinganeagleandatrident23(fig.4a).ZeusKariosisdepictedstandingfacing,draped,holdingaspearandashieldinprofileonthegroundbetweenhisleg,andtheshieldisaneagleperchedonacurvingrock24(fig.4b).ZeusStratiosisdepictedalsoholdingadouble-axeandaspear25(fig.4c).Indeed,itisknownthatthecultimageofZeusLabraundos(xoanon)hadabeardedhead,multiplebreasts,wearingtightlongskirt,andsticksstretchingtothegroundfromhisoutstretchedwrists26(fig.4d),almostreminiscentofArtemisEphesia.ZeusLabraundoswassometimesaccompaniedbyapanther/lion.27However,noneoftheseZeusfigureshaveasimilariconographyasthearchaising“Zeus”figureofKeramos.
ThecommonCarianimageofalaureateheadwithlongwavyhair,butnobeard,ontheobversesofnumerouscoinsfromtheregionisidentifiedasApolloorHelios(fig.4c).Anar-chaickourosheadfoundatKeramosinthefirsthalfofthe20thcenturyrecallsthearchaisingheadseenonthecoins28(fig.5).Furthermore,therockreliefatGünnecikPassnearGökbelvillage,holdingadouble-axe,alsorecallstheKeramian“ZeusLabraundos”oncoins29(fig.6).ItispossiblethatthearchaisingheadofearlierandRomantimesandthearchaisingfullfig-ureholdingadouble-axeandspearfromtheRomantimesonthecoinsofKeramoswerethesamelocaldeity,whoseidentityisshroudedinmistduetoascarcityofevidencearisingfromabsenceofsystematicexcavationsandsurveys.Thelabrysseenonthebronzebull/dolphinseriesshouldalsoberelatedtothislocaldeityofKeramos.ItisclearthatthearchaisingdeitywasalocaloneofCarianKeramosbecausetheimageofthisdeity/thesedeitiespersistsuntiltheveryend.Mostlikelyhewas/theywereassimilatedtoApolloand/orZeus[Labraundos]
22 Seee.g.SNGKayhanII1663AR26mm,12.77g,12h(3rdcenturyBC).23 Ibid.24 See,e.g.Mylasa,GeminiAuc.III(2007)Lot373,AR10.50g(reignofHadrian).25 See,e.g.Mylasa,OGNPC(Oct.2007)Lot226,AR14.93g(reignofHidrieus).NotetheheadofApolloonthe
obverseofthiscoin.26 See,e.g.Mylasa,CNGEA212(2009)Lot192,AE41mm,26.22g,7h(CaracallaandGeta).27 Şahin2001,89.28 RobertandDevambez1935.29 Varinlioğlu1986,6,pl.IV,fig.2.
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overtime.However,intheabsenceofsystematicexcavationsandascarcityofmaterials,allofthesesuggestthatfurthercomprehensivestudynecessaryforthefinalidentificationofthearchaisingfiguresattestedonthecoinsofKeramosawaitsnewfinds.
Laureate Youthful Male Head
Thereisonemorefigureshroudedinmystery.ThislaureateheadbelongstoayoungmaleandisattestedintheRomanImperialperiodonly:D.02andD.03.ThespecimensgivenintheRPCSupplementvolumearecomplementedbyanotherexamplefromaprivateauctioncom-pany,andthelaureateheadonthemisquitesimilar:unbeardedandshorthair.However,oneexampleattestedintheTatışCollectionhasatypologysimilartothatofD.02.However,thelaureateheadhasanosemorelikeaneagle’sbeakandathickerneck,recallingsimilarDemosfiguresseenonthecoinsofmanycities.
Magistrates
Amongthecoinsofthebull/dolphinseries(GroupA)attributedtotheClassicalperiod,onlyonespecimenhasXEontheobverse,30whichmaybeconsideredtheinitialsofamagistrate.Butthisisfarfromcertain.ItisnotevenclearwhetherthesetwolettersareinGreek(ksi-epsi-lon)orinancientCarianlanguagetransliteratedasí-ù.31
Forthearchaisingyouthfulmalehead/boukephalionseries(GroupB):ThenamesattestedonthesilverspecimensareXeno-,Poli-,Leont-,Iason,Phass-(or[]argi-)(?)andHermeas.Onthebronzecoins,LeonandHermophantosarefound.
FortheheadofZeus/eagleseries(GroupC):OnitssilvercoinsarethenamesDio-,Askle-,Leonteus,Hermogen-,PolitesandPoliton.Morenamesareknownfromthebronzecoins.Onthebigunit(18–23mm)areHermophantos,HierogenesandLeonseen.Onthesmallunit(10–14mm)areDionys-,Apol-,Phanth-,Ker-,Py-andMelant-(orMelas).ThesizeofthecoinsbyHierogenesisnotknown.ThesevencoinsfromthecollectionofAydınMuseumseemtohavenewmagistratenamesbuttheyarenotfullylegible.ThesmallunitcoinofC.4givesanewmagistratenameasThy-.
ForGroupDemissions,Hierogene-mintedD.01(Livia),HermophantosmintedtwoseriesD.02andD.03(attributedtothereignofTiberius).InthereignofNero,Euandros(arxas)mintedtwoseries,whichhavethearchaisingyouthfulmalehead(D.04)andheadofZeus(D.05)ontheirreverses.InthereignofHadrian,Kudimos(arxas)wasresponsibleforonese-ries(D.08)andKudimosHierônymou(arxas)oneseries(D.10).However,consideringthetwoseriesbyEuandrosinthereignofNeroreproducingthesametwodeities,D.09mayhavebeenmintedbyKudimosaswell.
P.Aili.ThemistoklesProtole-(arxas)wasresponsibleforfourseries(D.11,D.12,D.13andD.15)inthereignofAntoninusPius.ThecoinwiththenamePolitonandtwoNemesesonthereverse(D.14)isrecordedas“authenticitydoubtful”bytheeditorsofRPCIV.InthereignofCommodus,Diodotos(arxas)struckoneseries:D.16witharchaisingdeity.However,M.Kl.Hermophantos(arxas)strucktwoseries,D.17withDionysusandD.18depictingthetwoimportantdeitiesofKeramostogether.
30 SNGKayhanno.804.31 Konuk2000,163.
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188 İnci Türkoğlu
Justlikeintherestoftheempire,theSeveranperiodwasquiteactiveforminting.Amagis-tratewiththenameTheom-Me-A.P.(archê)mintedoneseriesforSeptimiusSeverus(D.19).AmagistratewiththenameofThemistoklesApollonidou(arx.)mintedoneserieseachforJuliaDomna(D.20),Geta(D.21)andforCaracalla(D.22).ButthereweretwoothermagistratesduringthereignofCaracalla,onewasKallistratosApollonid(ou)(arch)(D.26)andtheotherwasM.Au.EuandrosArchiatro(s)(B)(arxas)(D.23,24,25).Basedoninscriptionsnos.26and29,VarinlioğlugivesthestemmaforEuandrosandKallistratosasfollows:32
HieronHermodoros unnameddaughter∞Apollonides sonsKallistratosandThemistokles1(Severanperiod)
Themistokles1sonsThemistokles2(∞Aur.Elpis)andEuandros(r.ofCaracalla,beforeandafter212)
EuandrossonM.Aur.EuandrosArchiatros(r.ofCaracalla,after212)
Themostcommon“term”attestedisarxas,whichistheparticipleoftheverbarchôandthusreferstothemagistracyinchargeofminting.AccordingtotheeditorsofRPCIII,thisverbandparticipleareveryrarelyattestedoncoinage,indeedonlyatKeramosandHydisos.33The“title”archiatrosshouldbereferringtothechiefphysician.
AnothernameisProtole-,completedasProtoleontos.ItwasusedwiththenameofAiliosThemistokles(D.11,D.12andD.13).Literallymeaning“firstlion”,figuratively“themostcou-rageous”,thisnameisalsoattestedwithPo.AiliosProtoleontos,thesonofAil.ThemistoklesAsiarchou kai Chiliarchou(IKKeramos31,ll.13–15).VarinlioğlugivesthestemmaforthefamilyofProtoleontosandThemistoklesasfollows:34
Protoleontos(r.ofAntoninusPius)P.AiliosThemistokles(Asiarch)(r.ofAntoninusPiusandMarcusAurelius)(P.)AiliosProtoleontos(r.ofMarcusAureliusandCommodus).
Thus,themagistratelistofMünsterbergforKeramos35canbeextendedwithLeont-,Iason,Xeno-,Phass-(or[]argi-),Hermeas,Ker-,Dio-,Phanth-,Py-,Melant-(orMelas),andThy-forthepre-Romanperiod;Hierogene-andHermophantosforthereignofTiberius;KudimosinthereignofHadrian;Themistokles,P.Aili.ThemistoklesProto-inthereignofAntoninusPius;Diodotos(arxas)inthereignofCommodus;andTheom-Me-A.P.(archê)inthereignofSeptimiusSeverus.PerhapsthethirdnamePolitonshouldbecautiouslyaddedforthereignofAntoninusPius.Andthenamegivenas-desApollonidouarch-forJuliaDomnabyMünsterbergneedstobecorrectedto(Themistok)lesApollonidouarch-.
MagistrateHermophantos:
ThenameHermophantoscomesupseveraltimes,yetischronologicallydisparate.Thefirstattestationisonthebronzeseriesofayouthfulmalehead/boukephalion(B.4bigandsmallunits)andthebigunitB.4Aisattributedto167–129BCbyHNOno.1626.
32 Varinlioğlu1986,40–1.33 RPCIIIPartI,271.34 Varinlioğlu1986,43.35 Münsterberg1973,115.
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HermophantosalsostruckbronzeseriesoftheheadofZeus/eagle(GroupC.2)attributedto167–129BCbyHNOnos.592and2175.
Twoserieswithoutimperialportraits,namelyD.02(RPCSupp.I2773A)andD.03(RPCSupp.I2773B)bearingthenameHermophantos,areattributedtothereignofTiberius(AD14–37)bytheeditorsofRPC.
M.Kl.Hermophantos(arxas)struckoneseriesforAntoninusPius(138–161)(RPC IV.2869temp.)andtwoseriesforCommodus(177–192)(RPCIV.2871and11530temp.).
VarinlioğlugivesthestemmaforaHermophantosbasedoninscriptionsnos.17,18,19and20asfollows:36
ApolloklesLykiskos(r.ofTrajan)Hermophantos(r.ofTrajan)Hierokles(r.ofTrajan)
Aristokrates(r.Trajan)Aristoneike(r.ofTrajan)
Hierokles∞AristoneikeAristokrates(r.ofHadrian)
HieroklesandAristoneikecommissionedanddedicatedmanystructuresatKeramos.However,itseemsthatthisHermophantoswasactiveinthereignofTrajanandcouldnotbeanyofourcoin-mintingmagistrates.M.Kl.Hermophantos(arxas),whomint-edcoinsduringthereignofCommodus,couldbeasonorgrandsonofHieroklesand Aristoneike.
Thereisalsoa[Herm]ophantosforwhomanhonouringdecreewasissued:IKKeramosno.14l.3.Hermophantos,sonofDio-,ismentionedinanamelist(IKKeramosno.12l.2–2nd–1st centuryBC).AninscriptionpublishedonSEG(LIII1205)37namesaHermophantos,fatherofHermias,and?sonofHermias,Pythias(2nd–1stcenturyBC).InthenamelistforcontributorstotheSarapisTemple(IKKeramos4–3rd–2ndcenturyBC)are:l.10fatherofApollodoros,l.19:sonofEuphanes,l.27:sonofHermon,l.35:fatherofApollonios,l.37:fatherofPolygnotos.IKKeramos32l.8mentionsHermophantou(3rdcenturyAD).IKKeramosno.53(b)mentionsaHermophantos,fatherofAbroneike(RomanImperialperiod).38
Furthermore,thetwoseriesattributedtothereignofTiberiusfeaturethefullethnicontheobverseandthemagistrate’snameonthereverse.ThesameistrueforthesmallunitbronzeB.4Bfrom167–129BC.Incasetheauthor’sstylisticattributionofthissinglecoinB.4Btothe2ndcenturyBCismistaken,thenitcouldbeattributedtothereignofTiberiusbasedontheorganisationofthelegends.
Consequently,KeramianpeoplehadmanycitizenswiththenameofHermophantosthroughtheirhistory.Asnewinscriptionsandcoinsappear,wewillbeabletoidentifythemsafer.
36 Varinlioğlu1986=IKKeramos,32.37 SEGLIII1205:A.Chaniotis,T.Corsten,R.S.Stroud,R.A.Tybout,“SEG53–1205.Keramos.Listofnames(?),
Hellenisticperiod.”in:SEG,eds.A.Chaniotis,T.Corsten,N.Papazarkadas,R.A.Tybout.Consultedonline14March2019http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1874-6772_seg_a53_1205Firstpublishedonline:2003
38 LexiconofGreekPersonalNames(LGPN)onlineprovidesanup-to-dateindexofnames.ForHermophantossee,http://clas-lgpn2.classics.ox.ac.uk/cgi- bin/lgpn_search.cgi?namenoaccents=%CE%95%CE%A1%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%A6%CE%91%CE%9D%CE%A4%CE%9F%CE%A3#lgpn_tabs_content_table(thesecorrespondtohardcopyLGPNvol.Vbnos.6209–6224).
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Cults of Ancient Keramos
Inadditiontothearchaisingdeitiesdiscussedabove,Zeus(D.05,08,11,21,22,24),Athena(D.19),Dionysus(D.17),Nemeses(D.14),andArtemis(D.20)areattestedonthecoinageofKeramos.Sarapisisattestedinaninscription39butnotoncoins.Thetermstheoi sebastoi 40 (“divineemperors”)andtheoi megaloi 41(“greatgods”)callforfurtherinvestigation.VarinlioğlustatesthatintheRomanperiodbuildingswerededicatedtotheemperorsandthe“greatgodsofKeramos”.Werethese“greatgods”thearchaisingdeities(oneormore?)attestedonthecoins?Asthepublishedinscriptionsdonotrevealanyotherinformationonothercultsandtheidentityofthearchaisingdeities,itisnoteasytoattainfurtherconclusionsunderthecurrentcircumstances.
Incertii
TwocoinsintheBNFcollectionareattributedtoKeramosinCariaontheonlinedatabase:inv.nrs.425.1and425.2.However,noparallelexampleshavebeennotedinKeramosorenvirons.Theseshouldbelongelsewhere,possiblyinnorthwestAnatolia.42
TwocoinslistedbyMionnetintheSupplementvolumeVI,nos.205and208,needalsobecitedasincertii,fortheyarenotillustratedandnoparallelshavebeennoted.
Countermarks
InClassical-periodcoins(GroupA.3),acountermarkoflabrysisattestedbelowthebullfigureontheobverseoftwospecimens(Ashtonetal.1998nos.3and6).Oneiswitharectangularframeandtheotherinacartouche.ThesewereinterpretedasvalidatingmarksforA.3coinswhenA.4coinscameintothecirculation.
Oneothercountermarkisthebucraniumwithinasquareincuse(Howgego294)fromthereignofTrajanattestedonthesinglespecimenD.07withthearchaisingyouthfulmaleheadontheobverse,andinscriptionwithinwreathonthereverse.TheotheroneisnotedforMionnetSuppVI208,listedasincertiabove,asapairofbranchescrossedwithinaroundincuse.However,aswithothercoinscitedbyMionnet,theabsenceofanimagemakesitdifficulttocommentonit.
TheuseoflabrysandbucraniumforcountermarksatKeramosisentirelyplausiblebecausetheimportanceofthesefiguresiswellattestedinthecoinexamplesknownfromthecity.
39 Varinlioğlu1986,no.4.40 ThesearefoundontheD.10coinsmintedbyKudimosinthereignofHadrian.41 Varinlioğlu1986,nos.17ll.4–5,18l.1,22,23,28.42 IwouldliketothankProf.Tekinforhiscommentsonthesecoins.
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Chronology
Time slice Group / Series (Magistrate) (AEunlessotherwisestated)
410–390BC A.1(Xe-?);A.2
380–350BC A.3;A.4
250–180BC C.1(Dio-)(AR);C.2(Leon);C.3(Melant-/Melas);C.4(Thy-)
188–160BC B.1(Xeno-andHermeas)(AR)
167–129BC B.1(Poli-,Leont-,Iason,Phass-/-argi-)(AR);B.2(AR);B.3(Leon);B.4(Hermophantos);C.1(Askle-,Leonteus,Hermogen-,Polites)(AR);C.2(Hermophantos);C.3(Dionys-,Apol-,Phanth-,Ker-,Py-)
129–31BC C.2(Hierogenes)
Livia(Augustus/Tiberius) (27BC–AD37)
D.01
Tiberius(AD14–37) D.02,D.03
Nero(54–68) D.04,D.05
Trajan(98–117) D.06,D.07
Hadrian(117–138) D.08,D.09,D.10
AntoninusPius(138–161) D.11,D.12,D.13,D.14,D.15
Commodus(177–192) D.16,D.17,D.18
SeptimiusSeverus(193–211) D.19
JuliaDomna(193–217) D.20
Geta(209–212) D.21
Caracalla(197–217) D.22,D.23,D.24,D.25,D.26
Fig. 3 Overview of groups and issues over time
Figure3abovegivesanoverview.Thus:
GroupA(AE)withfoursubgroupswasmintedfromca.410–350BCandconstitutestheearli-estemissionsofKeramos.Thenthereisagapuntilca.250BC.Intheperiodof250–180BC,proposedbytheeditorsofHNO,thefoursubgroupsofGroupC(ARandAE)startedtobeminted.Towardstheendofthisperiod,B.1(AR)cameintothemarketwithtwomagistratenames.Theperiodofindependence(167–129BC)witnessedarichvarietyofmagistratenamesandtwogroups(BandC).UntiltheendoftheHellenisticperiod,onlyC.2wasminted.ThenKeramosmintedcoinswithandwithoutimperialportraitsuntilintothereignofCaracalla.Thisistheoverallpictureforthepresenttime.
ConclusionKeramos,originallyaCarianfoundation,wasasmallcityinthe5thcenturyBCasattestedfromitsrelativelysmalltributetoAthens–aboutoneandahalftalents–placingittothesamecapacityas,forinstance,Klazomenai,Erythrai,Astakos,PolyochniandKolophon.43ThefirstcoinsofKeramoswerebronzewithsmalldenominationsmintedabout400BCandthehalfcenturyfollowing.RecentresearchbytheeditorsofHNOindeedplacesomeofthebronze
43 ATL1:passim;2:123.
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emissionsofGroupsBandCto250–180BCandsomeothersto188–160BC.Intheperiod167–129BCKeramosmintedtwoseriesbothinsilverandbronze:anarchaisingyouthfulmalehead/boukephalion(GroupB)andaheadofZeus/eagle(GroupC).Inaddition,somebronzeemissionsofaheadofZeus/eagleseriesareattributedtothelateHellenisticperiod,i.e.thefirstcenturyofRomanruleinwesternAsiaMinor.Keramosmintedbronzecoinsdur-ingthereignsoftenmembersoftheimperialfamily,namelyLivia,Nero,Trajan,Hadrian,AntoninusPius,Commodus,SeptimiusSeverus,JuliaDomna,Geta,andCaracalla.Reversetypesaredominatedbyarchaisingdeity/deitiesandZeus.
Shiftsiniconographyandtheircorrespondingdatesstillremaintobescrutinised.WhenwasthebeardedZeusheadintroducedexactly?Whydoesitseemtopredatethearchaisinghead/boukephalionseries?Whoisthearchaisingdeity?WhendidHellenisationactuallystartinCaria?IsitsimpactPtolemaicorSeleucid,PergameneorRhodian?HowdidtherelationsamongRhodes,KeramosandStratonikeiadevelopthroughhistory?Andsoon.
Intheabsenceofsystematicexcavationsandhoards,ourstudyislimitedtoexamples(intotalabout190ea.)publishedinprintandonline,aswellasthoseacquiredbymuseumsintheregionandvariousprivatecollectors.Morequestionsseemtohavearisen.Itisnecessarytoex-plorethecoinageofRhodesandStratonikeiaaswelltocastmorelightontoKeramos.Asmorecollectionsgoonlineorarepublished,weareoftheopinionthatnotonlyvarietyoftypeswillincreasebutalsothemonetaryhistoryofKeramoswillbecomeclearer.
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193Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria
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195Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria
XenophonHell.Brownson,C.L.vol.1:1918;vol.2:1921.Xenophon. Xenophon in Seven Volumes,1and2.Cambridge,MA:HarvardUniversityPress;London:WilliamHeinemann,Ltd.(http://www. perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0206)(lastaccessedMarch2019).
OnlineSaleCataloguesandCollectionsANS AmericanNumismaticSocietyhttp://numismatics.org/(lastaccessedMarch2019).
AydınMuseum AydınArchaeologicalMuseumCollection.
BM TheBritishMuseumhttp://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/search.aspx(lastaccessedinMarch2019).
BNF BibliothèqueNationaledeFrance,http://gallica.bnf.fr(lastaccessedinMarch2019).
BPeus Dr.BussoPeusNachfolgerAuctionHouse,FrankfurtamMain,Germany.
CGRN CollectionofGreekRitualNorms:http://cgrn.ulg.ac.be/(lastaccessedinMarch2019).
CNG ClassicalNumismaticGroup,Inc.LancasterandLondon.E.A.:ElectronicAuction;MBS:MailBidSale;Triton:printedauction.
FethiyeMuseum FethiyeArhaeologicalMuseumcollection.
Gemini GeminiLLCAuctionhouse.
GHN GerhardHirschNachfolger,Munich,Germany.
Gorny Gorny&MoschGiessenerMünzhandlungGmbH,Munich,Germany.
Hauck Hauck&AufhäuserNumismatics,Munich,Germany;takenoverbyKünker,Osnabrück.
HDRauch AuktionshausH.D.RauchGmbH,Vienna,Austria.
HDRauchEA AuktionshausH.D.RauchElectronicAuction,Vienna,Austria.
Hirsch GerhardHirsch,Munich,Germany.
HNO HistoriaNumorumOnline,http://hno.huma-num.fr/(lastaccessed15March2019).
Jacquier Paul-FrancisJacquierAuctionHouse,KehlamRhein,Germany.
KölnerMK KölnerMünzkabinett,Cologne,Germany.
Lanz NumismatikLanz,Munich,Germany.
MarmarisMuseum MarmarisArchaeologicalMuseumCollection.
MilasMuseum MilasArchaeologicalMuseumCollection.
MMD MünzenundMedaillenDeutschland,GmbH,AuctionHouse.
MuğlaMuseum MuğlaArchaeologicalMuseumCollection.
Naumann Pecunem/NumismatikNaumann(formerlyGitbud&Naumann)AuctionHouse.
Naville NavilleNumismaticsLtd.–NumismaticaArsClassicaLtd.,London,UK.
OGNPC OGNNumismatiquePierreCrinonAuctionHouse.
Roma RomaNumismaticsLtd.London,UK.
Savoca SavocaNumismatikGmbH&Co.AuctionHouse,Munich,Germany.OA:onlineauction;BA:blueauction;SA:silverauction.
SolidusNum.MAuc. SolidusNumismatikMonthlyAuction,Munich,Germany.
Stack’sCG Stack’sCoinGalleries,NewYork,USA.
TatışColl. YavuzTatışCollection,Izmir.
VA VAuctions,servicebrandofVHobbiesLLC.
ViennaKHM ViennaKunsthistorischesMuseum.
MakaleGeliş/Received : 30.11.2018
MakaleKabul/Accepted : 27.03.2019
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196 İnci Türkoğlu
A.1AFethiye M.
16086
A.1BKayhan 804
A.2A Savoca 211
A.2B Konuk 2000.1
A.3 Marmaris M.
1351
A.4 Kayhan 806
GROUP A (AE)
GROUP B
B.1 AR / Poli- Tatış 471
B.2 AR Kayhan 808
B.3 AE / Leon BNF FG 418
B.4B AE /Hermophantos
Tatış 2741
GROUP C
B.4A AE / Hermophantos CNG 778
B.1 AR / Phass- ANS 2007.15.17
B.1 AR / Xeno- CNG 115
B.1 AR / Leont- Naumann 286
B.1 AR / unknown Tatış 2609
C.1 AR / Unknown BNF E429
C.2 AE / Leon BNF 1966.453.6164
C.2 AE / Hermophantos Tatış 2167
C.1 AR / Leonteus BNF FG 415
C.1 AR / Dio- Kayhan 807
C.1 AR / Hermogenes BNF FG 416
C.1 AR / Askle-Naumann 227
C.2 AE / HermophantosAydın M. 36576
C.2 AE / Hierogenes BNF FG 419
C.3 AE / Melas Naumann 147
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197Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria
C.3 AE / Apol-Tatış 2169
C.3 AE / Dionys- Kayhan II 1643
C.3 AE / Apol- BNF FG 421
C.3 AE / Phanth-Greece 5 1466
C.3 AE / unknown Milas M. 1125
C.3 AE / unknown Milas M. 2059
C.3 AE / unknown Aydın M. 40651
C.3 AE / unknownAydın M. 40652
C.3 AE / unknown Aydın M. 40653
C.3 AE / unknownAydın M. 40657
C.3 AE / unknownAydın M. 40654
C.3 AE / unknownAydın M. 40655
C.3 AE / unknownAydın M. 40656
C.4 AE / Thy- HNO 2190.1
D.07 / ANS 2007.15.20 D.08 / RPC III 2193
GROUP D (AE)
D.06 / RPC III 2192D.05 / BNF FG 422D.04 / Naville 251
D.02 / Tatış 2171D.01 / Lanz 356 D.03 / MMD 433
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198 İnci Türkoğlu
D.11 / Stack’s 254 D.12 / GHN 2613
D.09 / GHN 2596 D.10 / RPC III 2195.1
D.17 / Tübingen 3416D.16 / RPC IV.2 870 = BMC 8
D.14 / BNF FG 423D.13 / Winterthur 3382 D.15 / Tübingen 3415
D.19 / CNG MBS 78 1323D.18 / RPC IV.2 871.3
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199Civic Coinage of Keramos in Caria
D.21 / von Aulock 2582D.20 / BNF FG 424
D.23 / von Aulock 2581D.22 / MMD 435
D.24 / Spanu 38 D.25 / Lanz 633
D.26 / BNF FG 425
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200 İnci Türkoğlu
Fig. 4 ZEUS FIGURES
d / CNG EA 212 (2009) Lot 192, AE 41mm, 26.22g, 7h. Zeus Osogollis (left) and Zeus Labraundos (right)
(Caracalla and Geta).
c / SNG Kayhan II 1689 AR 3.61g, 15mm, 12h,
Zeus Labraundos (Idrieus)
a / SNG Kayhan II 1663 AR 12.77g, 26mm, 12h; Zeus Osogollis and Zeus
Labraundos (Mylasa)
b / Gemini Auc. III (2007) Lot 373, AR 10.50g (reign of Hadrian).
Fig. 5 Archaic head found at Keramos (from Robert and Devambez 1935,
Pl. 41, fig. A)
Fig. 6 Rock relief of a youth at Günnecik Pass of Karabel village (from Varinlioğlu 1986, Pl. IV, no. 2)