RESSOURCES POUR LES SECTIONS EUROPEENES - ANGLAIS

DNL : HISTOIRE-GEOGRAPHIE

Glossaire de termes généraux

1 GEOGRAPHIE (* = renvoie à un lien au sein du glossaire)

MOTS CLES DEFINITION EN ANGLAIS TRADUCTIONAgeing population*(see welfare, employment)

It is a population with an increasingly high proportion of people aged 60 years and over.

population vieillissante

Airport*

(see transport)

It is a place where planes take off and land, with air terminal(s) (buildings for passengers to wait in). ⁃ Air transport⁃ Low cost airline : a company that

takes passengers to different places by plane for very cheap air fares (the price of a journey by plane)

AéroportDécoller/attérirTerminal

Transport aériencompagnie aérienne à bas prix

prix du transport

Alter-globalists*

(see GATT, WTO)

Miltants whose aim is to oppose ‘the perverse effects of the neoliberal globalisation*’. Their movement was given media prominence during the 1999 World Trade Organisation (WTO)* summit in Seattle where a wide range of organisations protested against the workings of the international economic system.

Les alter-mondialistes

Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC)

AreaIt is a part of a town or country or of the world : mountainous area/ coastal area/ urban area etc.

Région/Zone : montagneuse/ côtière/urbaine

Biodiversity* It is the variety of fona and flora in a Biodiversité

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(see conservation area)

particular place. Some ecosystems such as rainforests and coral reefs are very rich in biodiversity but are disappearing fast.

écosystèmeforêt tropicalerécif de corail

Capitalism

It is the social and economic system which relies on the market mechanism to distribute the factors of production ( land, labour and capital).

Capitalisme

Census*(see statistics)

It is the official count of a population or of a class of things, usually commissioned by the government.

Recensement

Chart

It is a sheet of information in the form of a table, diagram or a graph.- Table : a chart that provides information in columns. - Diagram : a drawing or a graphic representation used to explain a process, an action or a result.- Graph : usually a line or a curve which shows the relationship between two variable quantities, each measuring along one or a pair of axes at right angles (the line can be represented as a curve, a straight line, a heavy or solid line, a broken line, a dotted line etc). There are pie charts (a circle divided into several parts. A whole pie represents 100% and a slice or a sector represents a percentage) and bar charts (also called histogram : a chart that uses rectangular shapes side by side horizontally or vertically each represents a different amount or quantity.

Graphique

Tableau

Schéma/ diagramme

Esquisse

Courbe/ droiteen bandes/à pointsCamembert/à secteurs

Histogramme

Concervation area*(see biodiversity)

It is a protected area for preserving nature or old buildings. The importance of preserving the cultural and architectural heritage of a nation or a city

Réserve naturelle /patrimoine

Debt It is the money owed by a country either to another country, private creditors (commercial banks) or international agencies such as the

Dette

Banque mondiale

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World Bank or the International Monetary Fund (IMF)

FMI

Development

⁃ Development gap : It is the increasing inequality in levels of development between the north and the south.

⁃ Poverty : this term is closely linked to development. It means deprivation with respect to income, health, education, social life and environmental quality. It can be devided into absolute and relative poverty.

⁃ Human Development Index (HDI) : It helps measuring deprivation in three basic dimensions : a long and healthy life, knowlege and a decent standard of living.

⁃ Gender-related Development Index (GDI) : It measures achievements in the same dimensions and uses the same indicators as the HDI, but examines inequalities between women and men, in other terms, it is HDI adjusted for gender inequality.

⁃ G10 Countries : these are the wealthiest and most developed members of the the IMF with high levels of all the indicators .

⁃ Oil-rich-countries form another important grouping which is OPEC (the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries) It represents the interests of oil exporters.

Retard de développement

La pauvreté

Index de développement humain (IDH)

niveau de vieIDH  plus le critère d'égalité entre les sexes

Inégalité homme-femmeG10les plus riches

Pays des petro-dollards

OPEP

District*

(see area, housing)

It is one of the areas a city or town is officially divided into / an area of a city or town where a particular group live or a particular activity happens (the financial district, the theatre district etc.

Arrondissement / quartier / secteur /zone

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Employment*

(see Rate/Sector, trade unions )

It refers to the condition of having a paid job. To employ someone is to pay them to work for you (in everyday English, people usually say 'give someone a job' rather than 'employ someone', and 'have a job' rather than 'be employed'. Employer/ employee.⁃ Full employment : a situation in

which everyone has a job. Such was the case in post-war Western Europe(thanks to the economic boom). Nowadays it looks rather unlikely to reach full employment/some economists consider it an unrealistic goal(due to present day economic slump)

⁃ Full-time employment/part-time employment/to work overtime (extra hours)

⁃ Shift work/Night shift etc⁃ skilled/unskilled worker⁃⁃ Menial (position, task)⁃ Redundancy, dismissal/⁃ redundant/ if an employee is

redundant (is made redundant/is fired, get fired, dismissed, sacked) they have been told that they no longer have a job.

⁃ Job seeker/⁃ Job centre : (UK) it is a

government office displaying information about available jobs

⁃ Unemployment/unemployed jobless/ job seeker :  it is someone who is out of job, especially for a long period/ to be on the dole (UK), to be on unemployment(US) : to be receiving money from the government because you do not have a job (on welfare*)

L'emploiembaucher

un travailemployeur/employéle plein emploi

L'après-guerreprospérité

crise économiquetravail à temps complet/partiel heures suptravail par équipeouvrier qualifié/non qulifié, servile/subalternelicenciement/ licencié/ se faire licencier

Chômage/chômeur

Chômage/chômeurDemandeur d’emploi

Recevoir l'allocation chômage/être au pôle emploi

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⁃ mass unemployment/ rising, falling unemployment/reduce, cut, bring down unemployment

chômage de masse/montée, baisse du chômage/réduire le chômage

European Integration

It is the process of constructing a united Europe which really began in 1951 when France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and the Netherlands signed the Treaty of Paris, thus forming the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). In 1957 the Treaties of Rome led to the setting up of the Euopean Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). The United Kingdom (UK), Republic of Ireland and Denmark joined the EEC in January 1973. The UK has ever since complained that it contributed more to Europe than it got out especially as far as the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is concerned but agreed to sign the Single European Act (SEA) in 1986 that gave way to the Single Market which dismantled tariff barriers among EC members. As for European citizens, they now have the rignt to live and work in any EEC member country . In 1992 the UK ratified the Treaty on the European Union Known as the Maastricht Treaty. The treaty set out a framework for increased political and economic integration, and led to the EEC 's transformation into the European Union (EU) in 1993, now a union of 27 member states . However the UK managed to opt out of the Social charter. Indeed this part of the Maastricht Treaty deals with the social policy and especially employment protection, that is to say workers' rights. The UK also opted

Intégration Européenne

CECA

Traités de RomeCEE

PAC

Union EuropéenneTraité de Maastricht

UE

clause d'exemptionEurope sociale

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out of joining the monetary union that would lead to the creation of the single European currency (the Euro) on 31st December 1999 .

Union monétaireMonnaie unique

Fair trade

It is a movement that aims at creating direct long term trading links with producers in developing countries and to ensure that they receive a guaranteed price for their products, on favourable financial terms.

Commerce équitablepays en voie de développement

Free tradeIt is a situation allowing producers to have free and inhindered access to markets everywhere.

Libre échange

GATT

It is an acronym for General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade which is an international agreement to reduce barriers to trade such as tariffs, quotas and subsidies. It was established in 1947 and succeeded by the the World Trade Organisation (WTO*) in 1995.

GATT

tarifs douaniers/quotas/ subventionsOrganisation mondiale du commerce (OMC)

GhettoIt is an area of a city where poor people or a particular ethnic group or social class live.

Ghetto

Globalisation*(see alter-globalists)

It is the increasing interconnectedness of the world economically, culturally and politically.

Mondialisation

Global warming

It is the general increase in world tempurature caused by increased amounts of carbon dioxide around the earth / greenhouse effect.

Rechauffement climatique /

effet de serre

Gross Domestic Product ( GDP )

GDP is the total value of all finished goods and services produced by a country in a year.

Produit intérieur brut( PIB )

Gross National Product ( GNP )

GNP is the GDP plus income earned by residents of a country from abroad.

Produit national brut ( PNB )

Gross National Income ( GNI )

GNI is a new term replacing GNP.Revenu national brut ( RNB )

Growth It is an increase in amount, number or size :⁃ Economic growth / strong or

Croissanceéconomique/ralentissement

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slow growth (decline)⁃ Population growth / urban

growth : the increase in the number of people living in urban areas.

démographique

HarbourIt is an area of water next to the land where the water is calm so that ships are safe when they are inside it.

Port

Housing (accommodation)

The work of providing dwellings (houses or flats) for people to live in.⁃ Housing crisis/problem :

unability of or provision of enough quality housing to meet demand /availability and affordability of housing/ housing tenure, ownership or rental (low income families can't afford the rent or morgage repayments) / carry out schemes of upgrading inadequate accommodation by providing it with sanitation and services of an appropriate standard.

⁃ Residential neighbourhoods / posh : quality housing with landscaping, shopping centres etc

⁃ Providing low-rent estates (block of flats)/council houses  for low income families.

⁃ Shanty town : a settlement of buildings of mainly a temporary nature that often lack any legal basis.

⁃ Slum : degraded, run-down settlement often refers to inner cities in MEDC* countries(sink estates) and shanty towns in developing (third world ) countries.

⁃ Homelessness / the homeless

LogementCrise /politique de

crédit immobilier

rénovation

Quartiers résidentiels/ chic

immeubleHLM

bidonville

quartiers sensibles

en voie de développementSans abrits

HubIt is the central and most important of an area, system, activity etc which all the other parts are connected to.

Hub /centre névralgique

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Inner-city areaIt is the central part of a city here many poor peopple live.

Quartier difficile/ vieux centre ville

Island

It is a piece of land completely surrounded by water / insular, islander : inhabitant of an island / isle : a word for an island used in poetry or in names of islands ( the British isles ) / archipelago : [ki'p] a group of small islands.

ÎleinsulaireLesîles Britanniques

archipel

KeyIt is a list of the signs, colours etc used on a map or technical drawing that explains what they mean.

Clé

LandscapeIt is an area of countryside or land of a particular type such as rural, industrial, urban etc landscape.

Paysage

Map

It is a drawing of a particular area , for example a city or country, which shows its main features such as its roads, rivers, mountains etc / a drawing of an area showing some kind of a special feature, for example : weather map, political map, geographical map, relief map etc. / Various cartographic methods present various sorts of maps : a shade map, a dot map, a cartogram.

PlanCarteCarte routièreCarte géographiqueCarte par pointsCarte en anamorphose , etc

Map features

These can be : area feature ( a plain coloured surface), hatched area ( stripes drawn into a surface), line feature ( fine lines drawn into a surface), point feature (a small spot of colour), border/ boundary/frontier, arrow, direction etc.

Caractéristiques d'une carte

Metropolitan areaIt is a very large city and it surroundings.

Métropole

Middle class

It is a social class usually defined as comprising those in non-manual occupations.It includes people who are educated and work in professional jobs, for example teachers or managers/ lower middle class / upper middle class.

Bourgeoisie / classe moyenne

Migration It is a process in which large numbers of people go to live in another area or

Migration

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country, especially in order to find work. ⁃ Migratory flows : the process of

being involved in or related to migration, be it emigration or immigration :

⁃ Emigration is when people leave their own country in order to live in another country (emigrants / expats).

⁃ Immigration is the process of entering another country in order to live there permanently (immigrants/foreigners (the word foreigner can sound negative and not very friendly in everyday English. People often say 'people from other countries'. The same applies to the synonym Aliens which is used in official contexts in the USA, hence Aliens Office/ Alien Registration Card (a Permanent Residents ID before they subsequently get the USA Green Card which is an immigrant visa that provides foreigners who are not American citizens lifetime residence and work permit./ UK : Overseas Visitor Registration office set up for foreign nationals/ international students etc.

⁃ Asylum seekers : refers to people who leave their own country because they are in danger, especially for political reasons, and who ask the government of another country to allow them to live there. Synonym : refugees.

⁃ Illegal immigrants : (illgals, UK/aliens, US) refers to those who cross the border

Flux migratoires

Emigration

Immigration

étranger

étranger

Demandeurs d'asile

RefugiéImmigration clandestine/clandestins

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illegally/come to live in another country without official permission. This is a burning issue in developed countries : 'Is the UE* still a haven ?', 'The UE has had to rethink its immigration policy'.

question d'actualitéeldoradorepenser/politique d'immigration

Motorway*

(see tranport)

It is a very wide road for travelling fast over long distances (US : highway)Motorway network / UK : trunk road/secondary road, US : Speedway/ Interstate 

AutorouteRéseau autoroutierroute nationaleroute départementale

North-South divide

It is an imaginary line that separates richer countries (the North) from poorer countries (the South)/ also called development gap*

Ecart nord-sud

OECD

It is an acronym for the Organisation for Economic co-operation and Development which is a grouping of the more economically developed nations of the world set up in 1961.

OCED

(Opinion) poll

It is the process of finding out what people think about something / the record of the answers of a group of persons who were asked for their opinion about a specific topic/ Polls aim at judging popularity or predicting outcomes in elections etc / Carry out a poll :conduct/ Go to the polls : vote in an election.

Sondage (d'opinion)

Voter

Participatory development

It is a form of development in which local people are consulted and help plan strategies for development rather than having development imposed on them by outside experts.* (see development)

Développement participatif

Purchasing powerIt is the amount of money that a person or a group has available to spend.* (see development)

Pouvoir d'achat

PortIt is a place where ships can be

PortCharger/décharger

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loaded and unloaded / town or city with a harbour or docks whetre ships can be loaded and unloaded.

Protectionism

It is the institution of policies such as tariffs or regulations that protect a country's industries from cheap imports.

Protectionisme

Rate

The number of times something happens within a certain period :⁃ Crude Birth Rate (CBR) is defined

as the number of live births per 1000 people in a population.

⁃ Crude Death Rate (CDR) is defined as the number of deaths per 1000 people in a population.

⁃ Child Mortality Rate (CMR) is the number of deaths in children aged 1-5 years per 1000 children aged 1-5 years.

⁃ Life Expectancy (E o) is the average number of years that a person can be expected to live, given that demographic factors remain unchanged.

⁃ Unemployment* rate is defined as the number of jobless per 1000 people among the working-age-population* in a country. (see 'employment')

⁃

Taux

de natalité (taux brut)

de mortalité

mortalité enfantine

espérance de vie

taux de chômage

population active

Region* (see area)

It is a large area of a country or the world.

Région

Scale

It is the relationship between the size of a map and the actual size of the place that it represents ( for example a map with a scale of 1 : 300 Km.)

Echelle

Sector*

(see rate/employment)

Informal sector : It is the inregulated, untaxed 'black market economy'.Primary sector : Employment in agriculture, forestry , fishing and mining.

L'Economie parallèleSecteur primaire

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Secondary sector : Employment in manufacturing and processing industries.Tertiary sector : Jobs related to services.

Secteur secondaire

Secteur tertiaire

SocialismIt is a political system in which the economy is centrally planned and taxes help redistribute wealth.

Socialisme

Redistribution de la richesse

Slum*( see housing)

It is an area of a city that is in very bad condition, where many poor people live

Bidonville

Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP)

These are designed to cut government government expenditure, reduce the amount of state intervention in the economy, and promote liberalisation and international trade.

Programmes d'ajustement structurel

Suburb*( see housing, transport)

It is an area outside the centre of a city where people live.

Banlieue

Survey*

(see opinion polls)

It is a set of questions that you ask a large number of people in order to find out about their it opinion or behaviour/ an investigation or an inspection of something.

Enquête / Etude

Sustainable development

It is a devepment that meets he needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

Développement durable

StatisticsIt is numeral data especially in large quantity usually obtained by polls*, surveys* and censuses*.

Statistiques

Trade unions A trade union is an organisation of employees who have joined together to improve pay and conditions at work. - Allowances : regular payments made to workers in addition to their basic wages.⁃ Collective bargaining.

Negociations between trade unions and employers and often with the government as

Syndicats

Primes

SalaireNégociations collectives

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a third party.⁃ Industrial relations : the

relationship between workers and employers.

⁃ To go on strike.

Les partenaires sociaux

Faire grève

Transport*(see airport)

Commuters : people who travel a long distance to work every day/ shuttleThe commuter beltPublic transport

Transport by inland/ waterwayShipping/ sea transportRailways/railway stationHigh speed trainUnderground (UK)/subway (US)

Banlieusards/faire la navettela grande banlieuetransport en communtransport fluvialtransport maritimechemin de fer /gareTGVmétro

Trading blocs

A trading bloc is 'an arrangement among a group of nations to allow free trade between member countries but to impose tariffs on other countries who may wish to trade with them'. The European Union (EU)* (see European Integration) is an excellent example of a trading bloc.

Blocs commerciaux

Union Européenne*

Welfare 'Someone's welfare is their health and happiness'/'help that is provided for people who have personal or social problems' : in the US  those who are very poor live on welfare/ in the Uk : welfare benefits, services, programmes etc. The welfare state : it is 'a system in which the government provides money, free medical care etc for people who are unemployed, ill or too old to work' (retired/old age pensioners/Senior citezen (UK) / retirement age, in retirement, to take early retirement. Social security /free medical care/social insurance etc

The 1942 Beveridge Report was an influential document in the founding

Le bien être

aide sociale

assistanat

L'Etat providenceProtection sociale

retraitél'age de la retraite

Sécurité sociale/ soins/assurance maladie(Le rapport de William Beveridge

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of the Welfare state in the UK that identified five "Giant Evils" in society: squalor, ignorance, want, idleness and disease, and went on to propose widespread reform to the system of social welfare to address these. The Labour Party implemented most of the Beveridge proposals when it won the 1945 general election.

Les 5 grands maux :insalubrité/ignorance/pauvreté/chômage/maladie

Le parti travailliste

Working class*

(see trade unions)

It is 'a group of people in society who tradionally do physical work and do not have much money or power'.

Classe ouvrière

World Trade Organisation (WTO)

WTO is an acronym for World Trade Organisation which was established in 1995 as a permanent watchdog with far greater powers to arbitrate trade disputes than its predecessor GATT*

OWC ( Organisation mondiale du commerce)organisme de régulation

Zone

It is an area that is different from other areas around it in some way (a war zone, no-parking zone etc.)⁃ Free trade zones : these are areas

in in which manifacturing does not have to take place in order to gain trading privileges, and thus such zones have become more characterised by retailing.

Zone / Secteur

Zone de libre échange

Commerce de détail/ distribution

2. HISTOIRE

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Sources   :

⁃ Cannon. John (2009) Oxford Dictionary of British Histry, Londres : Oxford University Press⁃ Child, John et all (1991) Understanding History, Londres : Heinemann⁃ Guinness, Paul (2008) Glogalisation, Londres : Hodder Education⁃ Le Bris, Maienne et all (2006) History and Geography Classes européennes 1re, Paris :

Hatier⁃ Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English for Advanced Learners, Londres : Pearson

Longman⁃ Naggle, Garrett (2005) Development, Londres : Hodder Educaion

…………………………………..

Houcine MSADDEK Docteur de l'Université de Paris 3 Professeur d'anglais au lycée Marie Curie, Strasbourg.

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