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x[3]

x[4]

x[5]

x[6]

x[8]

x[9]

x[0]

x[7]

x[8][2]

Java 2−dimensional array

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B: a[i+1] = new Object()

A: .......... = a[i];

C: .......... = a[i];

extra load of a[i] required here

aArray with aliased rows

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5

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�(?@STEFAHC`jF;�[�=@AIb><�AU;�STG ;hAIE ?5GI?Y;�[9[9K jWb>Sf=5?5J ;hJIC`b>B@;�[`[ K"C`BaJIEFB@GHC9D>E ;�B@V JU;���E ;�[`b�B@<�JIC`STE JIbAI?5B06 1�EFB@jWE�8NJUc@EWC`A�=]EFA�\^b>AISf;�B@jWE C`G�jWAIC JUC`jF;�[ 63�)?@B,m JUC`STE C9BaJUEFAH=@AIE J ;hJIC`b>B";�B@V JUc@E bPD�EFAIc5E ;�V b�\

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b

a

b

c

load b

a

b

cc

b

load c

b+c

a

b

c

add

b+c

a

b

c

store a

Execution of a=b+c

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8

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Object y;public static void example_method() {

} y = a[i]; for (int i=0; i<10; i++) Object[] a = new Object[10];

variable 0 = yvariable 1 = avariable 2 = i

position descriptionbytecode

loop increment

loopinitialization

loopcondition

arraycreation

loop body

025678

111213141518192124

bipush 10anewarray class #1astore_1iconst_0istore_2goto 18aload_1iload_2aaloadastore_0iinc 2 1iload_2bipush 10if_icmplt 11return

store topmost stack value (of ref type) in variable 1push the value 0 on the stack (lower bound of loop)store topmost stack value in variable 2

push ref value from variable 1 on stackpush integer value from variable 2 on stackaccess the array to get a ref value; put this on stackstore topmost stack value (of ref type) in variable 0increment the value in variable 2 by 1push value of variable 2 on stackpush the value 10 on stack (upper bound of loop)if (var2 < 10) goto 11

create new array of specified type; resulting ref value is pushed on stackpush the value 10 on stack (array length)

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abstractsyntax tree

Javasource compiler back−end

(code generation)

compiler front−end(parsing and

semantic checking)

bytecode

Original Version

compiler

front−end back−endcompiler

recognition enginefor the common

operations

library of commonoperations

sourceJava syntax

tree

abstract

modifiedabstractsyntax

tree bytecode

Modified Version

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12

78

3456

call to X

......

345678

12

bytecodes for basic operation X

part of exceptionhandler

Original Bytecode Modified Bytecode

� �;?)�(��� 9 � $ * ��beV@C _YEFV4- K JUEWjFbeV@E !,EFd ?@EWB@jFE

* C`<�?@AIE 35673 / ;'1 GHc@b �)G�JUc@E�B5b>AISf;�[]C`BaJUEWAI=@AHEWJ ;lJUC`b�Bkb�\ ; RaKeJIEFjWb,V@E GHEFd ?@EFB5jFE �)C9JUc5b>?5J);�BaKfb�\b>?@A STb,V5C9_YjF;hJUC9b>B@GF6T* C9<>?@AHE 35673 / R@1�GIc5b��)G3JUc@E j cY;hB@<>EFGgC`BaJUAHb,V5?@jFEWV �)c@EWB JUc5EfC9B JIEFAH=@AIE JUEFA C9GSTb,V@C _YEFVgJUb�C`B5jFb>AH= b>AI;hJUE�b>?@A$BY;lJUC9D�E�[`C9R@AU;�A�K3b�\]jFb>STSfb�B RY;�GHC`j&b>=]EFAI;hJUC9b>B@GW6 #+c@EWBf;�RaK JUEWjFbeV@EC`B5GHJUAH?@jWJIC`b>BfC`G%V@EFjWb,V5EFV JUbgR E;gGH= EWjFCZ;h[ b>B5E(JUc@;hJ�C9G C9B@GIEWAHJIEFV V@?5EJUb3JUc@E(SfbeV@C9_@j ;hJIC`b>B@G�C9BfJUc5E

jFb�Sf=@C9[`EWAF8>JUc5E(jWb>AIAHEFGI=]b>B@V5C`B@<gBY;hJUC D>E�SfE JUc@beVTC`G%j ;�[9[`EFV R]EW\^b>AHE�JIc@EB5E��eJ�RaK JUEWjFbeV@E�C9B@GHJIAI?@j JUC`b�BC`GfC`BaJUEWAI=@AHEWJIEFV06 *Yb>Afb�JUc@EWA RaK JUEFjWb,V5E C`B@G�JUAI?5jWJUC9b>B@GW8&JUc@E"C9BaJUEFAH=@AIE J ;hJIC`b>B C`G V5b>B@E"E �@;hjWJU[ K ;hGR]EW\^b>AHE�6�* C`<>?5AIE 35643B/ j=10GIc@b �)G c5b�� JUc@E�RaK JUEFjWb,V5E�GHJIAIEF;�S STb,V@C _YEFV RaK b>?@A�jWb>Sf=5C`[`EWA0C`G�E �5EWjF?5JIEFVRaK ;hB C`BaJUEWAI=@AHEWJIEFA JIcY;hJ$C9G B@bhJi; �&;hAIE�b�\@JIc@E&BY;lJUC9D�E&[`C9R@AU;hAHK>6 #+c@EWB JUc@C9G C9B JIEFAH=@AIE JUEFA EFB@jWb>?@BaJUEWAIG;GH= EWjFCZ;h[5j ;h[`[ JUb�;R@;�GIC9j&b>=]EFAU;lJUC`b�B08hC J(�)C9[`[ B@b�J AIEFjWb><>B@C�$FE&C Ji;�B5V ;�B E��,jWEF=5JIC`b>B �)C9[`[ R E JUc@AHb��)Bn6'�c@E�STb,V@C _YEFV�jWb,V5EiV@EW_YB5EFG�JUc@EiE �5jWEF=5JIC`b>B3cY;�B5V@[`EWA0JUcY;hJ �)C9[`[lj ;hJIj c3JIc@C`GNE �,jFEF=,JUC`b�B ;�B5V3E �,EFjF?,JUE;�RaK JUEWjFbeV@E GHEFd ?@EWB@jFE JIcY;hJgjFb>AHAIEWGI=]b>B@V@G3JUb�JIc@ETRY;�GIC9jfb�= EWAU;hJIC`b>B \^b>A �)c@C9j c JUc@ETGI=]EFjWCZ;�[�jF;�[`[��;�G C`B5GIEFA�JUEWV06"'�c@E E �,jFEF=,JUC`b�B cY;�B@V@[9EFA3C`GgV@EW_YB5EFV C`B JUc@E STbeV@C9_YEWV �>; Dh;"GIb�?@AIjWE jFbeV@E RaK ;j ;lJUj c G�J ;hJIEFSTEFBaJ 8 ;�B@V C JUG GIjWb>= EfC`G3AIEWGHJUAHC`j JUEFV JUb�E �,jFEF=,JUC`b�B@GgJIc@AIb �)B RaK GHJU;hJUEWSfEWB JIG C9B JUc5EjFb�AIAIEWGI=]b>B@V@C9B@< JUA�KamLR@[9b,j �:6i'�c@C9G&JUAHKam R@[`bej � �)C9[`[]jFb>BaJU;�C`B JIc@E�GI=]EFjWCZ;�[nBY;hJUC D>E�STEWJIc@beVkj ;�[9[ b>B5[9K>6'�c ?@GF8@Sf;�BaKT=Y;�A�JUG�bh\0JUc@E��>; D�;g=@AIb><�AU;�S jF;�B R]EE��,EWjF?5JIEFVk?@GHC`B@< B@;hJUC D>EjWb,V5E�8 �)c@C`[9E��>; Dh;

GIEWS ;hB JIC`jWG(;hAIE�GHJIC`[9[0;�V@c5EFAIEWV4JIb@6%!,C9B@jFE BY;hJIC9D�E�jFbeV@E C`G�JIc@E �&; KkJUbT;�j c5C`EWD�E�\ ;�GHJIEFGHJ�E �5EWjF?5JIC`b>Bn8JUc5C`G�C`ST=@AHb D�EFG)=]EFAH\^b�AISf;�B@jFE ;hG�V5EFGIC9AIEWV06

M 8

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bytecodesdecode execute

next bytecode

stream of

(a) Original Interpreter With Unmodified Code

library ofcommonroutines

decodebytecodes

call to nativemethod

normalexecution

special callinserted

by compiler

normalbytecode

next bytecode

stream of

(b) Modified Interpreter With Modified Code

next bytecode

goto bytecode sequencecorresponding tothe method called

stream ofbytecodes

normalexecution

normalbytecode

special callinserted

by compiler

decode

method not foundthrow exception

next bytecode

exception handler invoked

next bytecode

(c) Original Interpreter With Modified Code

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123

looplevel

for (int i=0; i<=1; i++) for (int j=0; j<=1; j++) for (int k=0; k<=1; k++) ......

loop nest

(0, 0, 0) (0, 0, 1) (0, 1, 0)

(1, 1, 0) (1, 1, 1)(0, 1, 1) (1, 0, 0) (1, 0, 1)

valid iteration vectors (i, j, k)

� ��?)����� > �;� *��B� (�@;hSf=@[9E �Nb,b>=4��EFGHJ

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Dependence Graph

for (i=0; i<n; i++) {A: ............ }

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for (i=0; i<n; i++) {A: ............ }

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Loop after Transformation

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}

Original Loop

(a) Forward Dependence

(b) Backward Dependence

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Partition 1 = Statements (1, 2, 3)

Partition 2 = Statements (4, 5)

Partition 3 = Statements (6, 7)

Partition 4 = Statements (8, 9)

Distribution

for (int i=0; i<n; i++) { if (a[i] > t) a[i] = i; else { t = t + 1; f[i] = a[i]; if (b[i] != 0) u = a[i] / b[i]; else { u = a[i] − u; c[i] = b[i] + c[i]; } } d[i] = d[i] + c[i];}

12

3456

78

9

Original Loop

for (int i=0; i<n; i++) { EV1[i] = a[i] > t; if (EV1[i] == true) a[i] = i; else t = t + 1;}

for (int i=0; i<n; i++) { EV5[i] = undefined; if (EV1[i] == false) { f[i] = a[i]; EV5[i] = b[i] != 0; }}

for (int i=0; i<n; i++) { if (EV5[i] == true) u = a[i] / b[i]; else if (EV5[i] == false) u = a[i] − u;}

for (int i=0; i<n; i++) { if (EV5[i] == false) c[i] = b[i] + c[i]; d[i] = d[i] + c[i];}

1

2

3

45

6

7

89

Loop after Transformation

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Constant Propagation

Loop Invariant Detection

Normalization of Loops

Reference Analysis

Exception Checking

Dependence Analysis

Loop Distribution

Inserting Special Calls forRecognized Operations

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BY;hJIC9D�E�jF;�[`[&jWb>ST=@[`E JUEFGTGI?5jFjFEWGIG�\^?@[`[ K>8&b>A C JfV5b,EWGfB@bhJfSf;��hE�;�BaK STb,V5C9_YjF;hJUC9b>B@G JIb JUc5E�?@GHEFA�mDeC`GHC`R@[9ET=5AIb><>AI;�S GHJU;hJUEfC9\�;hB E��,jFEW=5JUC9b>B C9G3JIc@AIb �)B064� J C9Gg=]b>GIGHC`R@[9ETJIb�?@GHE AIEF;�V@C9[9K ; Dh;�C`[`;�R@[9E�8c@C9<>c@[9KXb�=5JUC9SfC�$FEFV4[`C9R@AU;hAHKkjF;�[`[9G � \^b�A�JIc@E ;�j JU?Y;�[ jFb�Sf=@?,J ;hJIC`b>B06�'�c5EFGIE jF;�[`[9G �)C9[`[NR]E �)AI;�=@=]EFV;�AHb>?@B@V RaK�jWb,V5E4JIcY;hJTS ;"��EFGTGI?5AIEXJUc@EWAIE�;�AIE4B@b E��,jFEW=5JUC9b>B@G ;hB@V JU;���EWG jF;�AIE4b�\�;hB K bhJUc@EWA\^?@B@j JUC9b>BY;�[9C9JLKfGI=]EFjFC _Yj�JUb JUc5E �>; Dh; C`BaJUEWAH\ ;�jWE�6

-�� E1<9> / 0X? � � >BS�: � >�� ( � G � 5 ��< 0B<DQ � . �1. ��OT0XK � >�I�7R> = W

5=�

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� ��� � ��! ! ��) � � �M��&($�� ��)�� � �� � ��)���� ���

'�c@E(jFb>STSfb�B@[9K bejFjW?@AIAHC`B@<3RY;�GHC`j�b>=]EFAU;lJUC`b�B@G�;hAIE�EFB ?@STEFAU;lJUEFV R EW[`b � 6i�LBfJIc@E(\^b>[9[`b �)C`B5<3E �5;�S m=@[9EFGF8 $�;�B@V � AIEW=@AIEWGIEWB J3Sf;hJUAHC`jWEFGF8 � ;hB@V *"AIEF=5AIEFGHEFBaJ D>EWjWJUb�AIGF8 � 8 �Y8 �>83&l8N;�B@V �(AIEF=5AIEFGHEFBaJ

[`beb>=fC`BaDh;�AIC`;�BaJUGF8,;�B@V � ;hB@V ; AIEW=@AIEWGIEWB J)[9b,b�=fDh;�AIC`;�R@[9EFGF6 ..� �l8�.�� � �l8 S� �l85;�B5V �� � ��V@EWB@b�JUE�;"�TB@E\^?@B@j JUC9b>B@G)b�\�[`beb>= Dh;�AIC`;�R@[`EWGF6

M>6)�(GIGIC9<>B@C9B@< JUb JUc@E EW[`EFSTEFBaJIG�bh\$; Sf;hJUAHC � 6$'�c@E Dh;�[`?@EWG);�GIGHC`<>B5EFV4j ;�B4R E+*/ ; 1X; jFb�B@GHJU;�BaJJ*

for (j=0; j<n; j++) a[f(i,j)][f’(i,j)] = t;

for (i=0; i<m; i++)

/ RB1kEW[`EWSfEWB JIG)b�\$; Sf;hJUAHC � *

for (j=0; j<n; j++)for (i=0; i<m; i++)

a[f(i,j)][f’(i,j)] = b[g(i,j)][g’(i,j)];

/ j=14;hB�;"�TB@E E �5=5AIEFGHGIC9b>B�b�\ JUc5E3[9b,b�= D�;hAICZ;hR@[`EWG *

for (j=0; j<n; j++) a[f(i,j)][f’(i,j)] = g(i,j);

for (i=0; i<m; i++)

o,6)�(GIGIC9<>B@C9B@< JUb JUc@E EW[`EFSTEFBaJIG�b�\i; Sf;hJUAHC � AIb � b>A�jWb>[`?5SfB06 '�c@E3Dh;�[9?@EFG);hGIGIC9<>B@EWV�jF;�B�R]E */ ; 1X; jFb�B@GHJU;�BaJJ*

a[a1][a2] = t;for (i=0; i<m; i++)

where: a1=f(i) and a2=x OR a1=x and a2=f(i)

/ RB1kEW[`EWSfEWB JIG)b�\$; D>EWjWJIb>A *

a[a1][a2] = d[g(i)];for (i=0; i<m; i++)

where: a1=f(i) and a2=x OR a1=x and a2=f(i)

5aQ

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/ j=1XEW[`EWSfEWB JIG)b�\$; Sf;hJUAHC � AIb � b>A�jWb>[`?5SfB *

a[a1][a2] = b[b1][b2];for (i=0; i<m; i++)

where: a1=f(i) and a2=x OR a1=x and a2=f(i)

b1=g(i) and b2=y OR b1=y and b2=g(i)

356)�(GIGIC9<>B@C9B@< JUb JUc@E EW[`EFSTEFBaJIG�bh\$; D>EWjWJIb>AF6%'�c@E�Dh;�[`?@EWG�;�GIGHC`<>B@EWV�jF;�BXR E+*/ ; 1X; jFb�B@GHJU;�BaJJ*

c[f(i)] = t;for (i=0; i<m; i++)

/ RB1kEW[`EWSfEWB JIG)b�\$; D>EWjWJIb>A *

c[f(i)] = d[g(i)];for (i=0; i<m; i++)

/ j=1XEW[`EWSfEWB JIG)b�\$; Sf;hJUAHC � AIb � b>A�jWb>[`?5SfB *

c[f(i)] = b[b1][b2];for (i=0; i<m; i++)

where: b1=g(i) and b2=y OR b1=y and b2=g(i)

5@6)�(GIGIC9<>B,m b>= E��,=@AHEFGIGHC`b>B �)C JUc"JUc5E [ m Dh;�[9?@EFG;�G�JUc5E EF[9EFSTEFBaJUG�b�\ ; Sf;hJUAHC � 6�'�c@E b>=]EFAI;hJUb>AjF;�B R E � 8&m 8�� b>A �e8)JIc@b>?@<�c � ;�B5V�� ;hAIE"STb>AIE�jFb>STSfb�B06 '�c@E AIC9<>caJ cY;hB@V+GIC`V5E

E �5=5AIEFGHGIC9b>B�jF;�B�R]E */ ; 1X; jFb�B@GHJU;�BaJJ*

for (j=0; j<n; j++) a[f(i,j)][f’(i,j)] op= t;

for (i=0; i<m; i++)

/ RB1X; Sf;hJUAHC � EF[`EWSfEWBaJJ*

b[g(i,j)][g’(i,j)];

for (j=0; j<n; j++)for (i=0; i<m; i++)

a[f(i,j)][f’(i,j)] op=

5aO

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#,6)�(GIGIC9<>B,m b>=�E �,=@AIEWGIGIC9b>B��)C JUcXJUc@E3[ m Dh;�[`?@EWG);�G�JUc@E3EF[9EFSTEFBaJUG�b�\$;TSf;hJUAHC � AIb � b>A)jWb>[`?@STB06'�c@E AHC`<>caJ)cY;�B5V�GHC`V@E b�\ JUc@E E �5=5AIEFGHGIC9b>B�jF;�BXR E+*/ ; 1X; jFb�B@GHJU;�BaJJ*

a[a1][a2] op= t;for (i=0; i<m; i++)

where: a1=f(i) and a2=x OR a1=x and a2=f(i)

/ RB1X; D>EWjWJIb>A)EF[`EWSfEWBaJJ*

a[a1][a2] op= d[g(i)];for (i=0; i<m; i++)

where: a1=f(i) and a2=x OR a1=x and a2=f(i)

856)�(GIGIC9<>B,m b>=kE��,=@AHEFGIGHC`b>B �)C9JIckJUc@E�[ m Dh;�[`?5EFG&;hG&JUc@E EF[9EFSTEFBaJUG�bh\ ; D�EFjWJIb>AF6�'�c@E AHC`<>caJ�cY;hB@VGHC`V@E b�\ JUc@E E �5=5AIEFGHGIC9b>B�jF;�B4R E+*/ ; 1X; jFb�B@GHJU;�BaJJ*

c[f(i)] op= t;for (i=0; i<m; i++)

/ RB1X; D>EWjWJIb>A)EF[`EWSfEWBaJJ*

c[f(i)] op= d[g(i)];for (i=0; i<m; i++)

�,6)�(GIGIC9<>B,m b>=�E �,=@AIEWGIGIC9b>B��)C JUcXJUc@E3[ m Dh;�[`?@EWG);�G�JUc@E3EF[9EFSTEFBaJUG�b�\$;TSf;hJUAHC � AIb � b>A)jWb>[`?@STB06'�c@E�AHC`<>caJ�cY;�B@VXGIC9V@E�b�\�JIc@E�E��,=@AHEFGIGHC`b>BXC9G�; D>EWjWJUb�A�EF[`EWSfEWBaJ�S ?@[ JUC`=5[`C`EWVfRaK ; jFb>B@G�J ;�BaJ *

where: a1=f(i) and a2=x OR a1=x and a2=f(i)

a[a1][a2] op= t * d[g(i)];for (i=0; i<m; i++)

Q56)�(GIGIC9<>B,m b>=kE��,=@AHEFGIGHC`b>B �)C9JIckJUc@E�[ m Dh;�[`?5EFG&;hG&JUc@E EF[9EFSTEFBaJUG�bh\ ; D�EFjWJIb>AF6�'�c@E AHC`<>caJ�cY;hB@VGHC`V@E b�\ JUc@E E �5=5AIEFGHGIC9b>B�C9G�; D�EFj JUb>A�EF[9EFSTEFBaJ)S ?@[ JUC`=5[`C`EWV RaK4; jFb>B5GHJ ;hB J *

c[f(i)] op= t * d[g(i)];for (i=0; i<m; i++)

#�p

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O56���EWjWJUb�A�V5b�J)=@AIbeV@?@j J 8 �)c@EWAIE JUc@E�J�� bTD�EFj JUb>AHG;�AHE S ;hJIAIC � AHb��)G)b>A)jWb>[`?@STB@G1*

......for (i=0; i<m; i++) {

dotprod = t; for (j=0; j<n; j++) dotprod += a[a1][a2] * b[b1][b2];}

where: a1=j and a2=x OR a1=x and a2=j

b1=j and b2=y OR b1=y and b2=j

MPp56���EWjWJUb�ANV@b�J�=@AHb,V@?5jWJ 8 �)c@EWAIE�JUc@E$J�� b)D>EFj JUb>AHG ;�AIEib>B5E%V5C`STEFB@GHC`b>BY;h[�;�AHAU; KeG�R KJUc@EWSfGHEF[9D�EFG1*

dotprod += c[i] * d[i];for (i=0; i<m; i++)

M>M>6)�(V@V@C`B5< ; S ?@[ JUC9=@[`E�b�\�b>B@EAIb � b>A�jWb>[`?@STB bh\ ;gS ;hJIAIC � JUb ;�B5b�JUc@EWA&AIb � b>A&jWb>[`?5SfBfb�\ ;Sf;hJUAHC � *

where: a1=f(i) and a2=x OR a1=x and a2=f(i)

b1=g(i) and b2=y OR b1=y and b2=g(i)

a[a1][a2] += t * b[b1][b2];for (i=0; i<m; i++)

M o,6(!���;�=@=5C`B@<TEF[9EFSTEFBaJUG�b�\$; D>EFj JUb>A1*

c[g(i)] = tmp;

for (i=0; i<m; i++) {

c[f(i)] = c[g(i)]; tmp = c[f(i)];

}

' ;hR@[`E2#,6 M)GI?@STSf;�AIC�$FEFG$JIc@E�B ?@S R]EFA�b�\ b,jWjF?@AHAIEWB@jFEWG b�\ E ;hj cfb�\]JUc5EFGIE�b>=]EFAI;hJUC9b>B@G$C9B JIc@E�GIE Jb�\,R EWB@j c@Sf;�A �=@AIb><�AU;�STG0?@GHEFV3R K�?@GF6�'�c@E�R EWB@j c@Sf;�A ��=5AIb><>AI;�STGN;�AIE�V@EWGIjWAIC`R]EFV3C`B�GHEFj JUC`b�B �e69M>6'�c@E _YAIG�JjWb>[`?5SfBXb�\�JUc@E J ;�R5[`E <>C9D�EFG)JUc@Eg;�R@GHb>[`?,JUE jFb>?5B J(b�\�JUc@E3B ?@S R]EFA)b�\$C9B@GHJU;�B@jWEFGbh\ JUc5E

b>=]EFAI;hJUC9b>BkAIEWjFb><>B5C%$FEWV4;�jFAHb>GIG);�[9[nR]EFB@j c5S ;�A�� GF8:;�B@VkJIc@E GIEFjWb>B@V4jFb>[9?@STBk<>C9D�EFG&JUc5E�Be?5S R EWA�b�\V@C9GHJUC9B@jWJ=@AIb�<>AU;�STG /^b>?5J�b�\%; JIb�J ;h[ b�\%EFC9<>caJ�R]EFB@j c5S ;�A���=@AHb><>AI;�SfG 1(C`B��)c@C`j c JUc5E b>=]EFAU;lJUC`b�BbejFjF?5AIAIEWV06

'�c@C`G(GIc@b �)G�JUcY;hJ�JUc5E V@C9GHJUAHC`R@?,JUC`b�B4bh\$JUc@Egb>=]EFAU;lJUC`b�B@G)C`BXJUc@Eg[`C`R5AU;�A�KkC`G)B@b�J(jFb�B@jFEWB JIAU;hJIEFVC`BXGHC`B@<>[9E�=@AHb><>AU;hSfGW8@R@?5J�C`G�GH=@AIEF;�V4b D�EFA)JUc@E R]EFB@j c5S ;�A�� GF6

#,M

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�(b@6 ��b>?,JUC`B5E '�bhJ ;�[ ��jFjW?@AIAHEFB@jWEFG ��?@S R]EFA�b�\ R EWB@j c@Sf;�A � GMP; ��;lJUAIC �,�GIGHC`<>BY��b>B@GHJ 5 5M R ��;hJUAHC �,�GHGIC`<�B:��;hJIAIC � � 3M j ��;hJUAHC �,�GHGIC`<�B@� �TB@E � #o�; ��;hJIAIC �@�)b �)�GHGIC`<�B:��b>B@G�J O 3ohR ��;hJIAIC �@�)b �)�GHGIC`<�B5��EFj J � oohj ��;hJIAIC �@�)b �)�GHGIC`<�B:��;hJIAIC �5�)b � o o3>; ��EFj JU�GHGIC9<>B:��b>B@G�J 5 53�R ��EFj JU�GHGIC9<>B5��EFj J 5 o3�j ��EFj JU�(GIGIC9<>B:��;lJUAIC �5��b � # 35a; ��;hJIAIC �Y��=:��b�B@GHJ M M5>R ��;hJUAHC �@��=:��;hJIAIC � 5 M#�; ��;hJIAIC �@�)b �(��=:��b>B@G�J 8 o#hR ��;hJIAIC �@�)b �(��=5��EFj J o o8>; ��EFj J ��=:��b>B@G�J 8 o8�R ��EFj J ��=5��EFj J 3 o� ��;hJIAIC �@�)b �(��=:��?@[` �,=@A Q 5Q ��EFj J ��=:��?@[` (�5=5A M o 5O ��;hJUAHC �5�)b�� ��bhJ �iAIbeV@?@j J M o #MPp ��EWjWJ ��b�J �iAIbeV@?@j J # oM>M ��;hJIAIC �5�)b �)'�AI;�B@GH\^b�AIS o oM o !���;�=5��EWjWJU �[9EFSTEFBaJUG Q o

� � 7 D�� 5 �;� *%�(?@S R]EFA�bh\i��jFjW?@AIAHEFB@jWEFG(b�\$-�;�GIC9j ��=]EFAI;hJUC9b>B@G

#>o

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� ��� � � �M��&($�� ��)�� � ��$ � �� � � )�� � ���

��?@A�C9Sf=5[`EFSTEFBaJU;hJUC9b>B V@beEFG�B5b�J&AHEFjFb�<>B@C%$WE�;�[9[Yb>=]EFAU;lJUC`b�B@G C9B [9b,b>=5G%JIcY;hJ j ;�B R]EAHEF=@[`;�jFEWV �)C9JIcBY;hJIC9D�E3jWb,V5E�6i�LB4=Y;�AHJIC`jW?@[Z;�AW8,JIc@E�\^b>[`[9b��)C9B@< b>=]EFAI;hJUC9b>B@G);�AHE B@b�J)GI?5=@= b�AHJUEWV4K�EWJ *

, ��=]EFAU;lJUC`b�B@G�C`BaD�b>[9DeC`B5< jFb>B5V@C9JIC`b>BY;h[�E �5=5AIEFGHGIC9b>B@GF6 �5;�ST=@[9EFG�b�\�JIc@EFGHEf;hAIE \^b>?5B@V C`B"JUc5E��*4$ � $)� ;�B5V * +�� �� AHb>?5JIC`B@EWG(b�\�JUc@EgGHJU;�B@VY;�AHV"-&�N��!4[`C9R@AU;hAHK � ��< �+� 6�'�c@Eg\^b>AHS b�\$JIc@EFGHE

b>=]EFAI;hJUC9b>B@G�C9G *

.)���G� ���� � ����� � = ��� � � ������ .G�%������*'�� ������$'� �%� ���1�� � ������ ���� � ��

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