2010 env quiz

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Environmental Quiz

Most recent update January 26, 2010

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The population of the world in 1950 was

2.6 billion. The world population is

currently about:

3.4 billion 6.8 billion

9.3 billion

11.5 billion

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The population of the world in 1950 was

2.6 billion. The world population is

currently about:

3.4 billion 6.8 billion

9.3 billion

11.5 billion

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World Population 1850-2010

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1850

1860

1870

1880

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Year

Billions

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Programs Center, 2010.

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The population of the world is currently

increasing at a rate of about 8,600 peopleper:

month

week

day

hour

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The population of the world is currently

increasing at a rate of about 8,600 peopleper:

month

week

day

hour

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Rate of Population Increase - 2010

Time Unit Population IncreaseYear 75,395,378

Month 6,282,948

Week 1,445,941

Day 206,563

Hour 8,607

Minute 143

Second 2.4

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Division, 2010.

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The estimated world population in the

year 2050 is about:

3.4 billion

6.2 billion

9.3 billion

11.5 billion

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The estimated world population in the

year 2050 is about:

3.4 billion

6.2 billion

9.3 billion

11.5 billion

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World Population 1850-2050

(Medium Projection of Growth Assumed After 2000)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1850

1870

1890

1910

1930

1950

1970

1990

2010

2030

2050

Year

Billions

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Programs Center, 2010.

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The population of the United States

in 1960 was 181 million. The U.S.population is currently about:

187 million

220 million

308 million

459 million

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The population of the United States

in 1960 was 181 million. The U.S.population is currently about:

187 million

220 million

308 million

459 million

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True (T) or False (F):

United States population growth is near

zero, with the population expected to

stabilize by about 2025.

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United States population growth is near

zero, with the population expected to

stabilize by about 2025.

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Growth of U.S. Population,

1776- 2100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1780

1800

1820

1840

1860

1880

1900

1920

1940

1960

1980

2000

2020

2040

2060

2080

2100

History

Projection

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division (2010)

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True (T) or False (F). Assuming a growth

rate of 5% annually, the population of theUnited States would surpass the current

population of China by 2040.

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True (T) or False (F). Assuming a growth

rate of 5% annually, the population of theUnited States would surpass the current

population of China by 2040.

At a 5% annual growthrate the U.S. population

would quadruple in only

28 years, bringing thenumber of U.S. residents

to over 1.2 billion.

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If the U.S. population were to continue

its current rate of growth for the next

700 years, the population wouldincrease to over 315 billion! (The

current world population is 6.8

billion).

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The United States is a net exporter of

most raw materials used by industry

today.

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The United States is a net exporter of

most raw materials used by industry

today.

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Due in part to domestic environmentalconcerns, the U.S. is a net importer of

most categories of raw materials used

to support our economy and lifestyle.

Most metals

Portland and masonry cement

Petroleum (the basis for plastics) Wood and wood products

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Net U.S. Imports of Selected Materials as a

Percent of Apparent Consumption - 2008, and

by Major Foreign SourcesMaterial % Imported Principal Foreign Sources (2004-07)

Niobium 100 Brazil, Canada, Estonia

Manganese 100 S. Africa, Gabon, China, Australia

Graphite 100 China, Mexico, Canada, BrazilStrontium 100 Mexico, Germany

Bauxite/Alumina 100 Jamaica, Guinea, Brazil, Australia

Fluorspar 100 China, Mexico, S. Africa, Mongolia

Yttrium 100 China, Japan, France

Thallium 100 Russia, Netherlands, BelgiumRubidium 100 CanadaAsbestos 100 Canada

Quartz (crystal) 100 China, Japan, Russia

Thorium 100 UK, France

Tantalum 100 Australia, China, Brazil, Japan

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Arsenic (trioxide) 100 China, Morocco, Hong Kong, Mexico

Indium 100 China, Japan, Canada, Belgium

Rare earth metals 100 China, France, Japan, RussiaCesium 100 Canada

Vanadium 100 Czech Rep., Swaziland, Canada, S. Korea

Gallium 99 China, Ukraine, Germany, Canada

Gemstones 99 Israel, India, Belgium, S. AfricaBismuth 97 Belgium, Mexico, UK, ChinaDiamond (industrial) 92 Botwsana, S. Africa, Nambia, Ireland

Platinum Group 91 S. Africa, Germany, UK, Canada

Stone (dimension) 89 Italy, Brazil, Turkey, China

Rhenium 87 Chile, Germany, Netherlands

Antimony 86 China, Mexico, Belgium

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by Major Foreign Sources

Material % Imported Principal Foreign Sources (2004-07)

Mica (natural) 86 China, India, Belgium, Brazil

Germanium 85 Belgium, Canada, Germany, China

Cobalt 81 Norway, Russia, China, CanadaPotash 81 Canada, Belarus, Russia, Germany

Tin 80 Peru, Bolivia, China, Indonesia

Barium (Barite) 79 China, India

Titanium concentrates 77 S. Africa, Australia, Canada, Ukraine

Iodine 74 Chile, Japan, RussiaZinc 73 Canada, Peru, Mexico, Ireland

Palladium 72 Russia, S. Africa, UK, Belgium

Tungsten 61 China, Germany, Canada, Bolivia

Silver 60 Mexico, Canada, Peru, Chile

Peat 58 Canada

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Petroleum 57 Canada, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela,

Nigeria, Mexico

Diamond (indust) 56 China, Ireland, Russia, S. Korea

Silicon 60 China, Russia, Venezuela, CanadaChromium 54 S. Africa, Kazakhstan, Russia, Zimbabwe

Titanium (sponge) 54 Kazakhstan, Japan, Russia

Magnesium Cpds 52 China, Canada, Austria, AustraliaLithium >50 Chile, Argentina

Magnesium Metal 50 Canada, Russia, Israel, ChinaNitrogen (fixed) 48 Trinidad and Tobago, Canada, Russia

Garnet (industrial) 40 Australia, India, China, CanadaVermiculite 35 S. Africa, China

Nickel 33 Canada, Russia, Norway, Australia

Copper 32 Chile, Canada, Peru, Mexico

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Lumber (softwood) 29 Canada, Germany, Chile, Brazil, New

Zealand

Sulfur 26 Canada, Mexico, VenezuelaGypsum 27 Canada, Mexico, Spain, Dominican Rep

Perlite 19 GreeceSalt 17 Canada, Chile, The Bahamas, Mexico

Mica (scrap/flake) 16 Canada, China, India, Finland

Cement (Portland/msry) 12 Canada, China, Thailand,S. Korea

Phosphate rock 9 Morocco

Iron and steel 8 Canada, EU, Mexico, BrazilPumice 6 Greece, Italy, Turkey, Mexico

Lime 1 Canada, Mexico

Stone (crushed) 1 Canada, Mexico, The Bahamas

Also significant import dependency for Leather, Natural Rubber, Wool.

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The raw material that is used in the

greatest quantity in the U.S. today, andwhich accounts for almost one-third (by

weight) of the total raw materials used

annually is steel.

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The raw material that is used in the

greatest quantity in the U.S. today, andwhich accounts for almost one-third (by

weight) of the total raw materials used

annually is steel.

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Annual U.S. Consumption of

Various Raw Materials, 2007

Million

Metric tons Million m3

Roundwood 210 473

Industrial roundwood* 188 427Cement 115 104

Steel 110 139

Plastics 45.7 40.3

Aluminum 5.3 1.9

Source: Data for wood from USFS (2008); for cement, steel, and aluminum from the U.S.Geological Survey (2008); and for plastics from the American Plastics Council (2008).

* Roundwood is the volume of all wood harvested. Industrial roundwood is

the volume of wood used in making forest products; the difference is firewood.

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In fact, more wood is used in the U.S.

every year than all metals andall

plastics combined!

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Consumption of mineral resources

globally has increased sharply

over the past 30years.

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Consumption of mineral resources

globally has increased sharply

over the past 30years.

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Energy consumption per capita

(per person) in the UnitedStates is twice that of the

European Union.

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Energy consumption per capita

(per person) in the UnitedStates is twice that of the

European Union.

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Per Capita Energy Consumption in the

U.S. and the E.U. Countries, 2008

Energy Consumption(kilograms of oil equivalent per person)

United States 7885.9

Finland (EU highest) 6555.0

France 4396.8

Germany 4187.0

UK 3894.6

E.U. Average 3773.4

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The number one cause of tropical

deforestation worldwide is: commercial logging.

wildfire.

clearing of lands foragricultural use.

gathering of firewood.

building of roads and cities.

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The number one cause of tropical

deforestation worldwide is: commercial logging.

wildfire.

clearing of lands foragricultural use.

gathering of firewood.

building of roads and cities.Various estimates indicate that 60 to 85% of

tropical deforestation today is due to permanent

and shifting agriculture.

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The area covered by forests in the U.S.

today is approximately ____ of theforested area that existed in 1600.

72 percent

50 percent

33 percent 17 percent

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The area covered by forests in the U.S.

today is approximately ____ of theforested area that existed in 1600.

72 percent

50 percent

33 percent 17 percent

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Forests now cover 72% of the land area in

the U.S. that they did at the time of

European settlement

1600 2007

Forest -1,100millionacres

Forest -751

millionacres

Source: USDA - Forest Service

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True (T) or False (F). The geographic

area that encompasses the United States

today has about the same forest coverageas the same geographic area did in 1907.

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True (T) or False (F). The geographic

area that encompasses the United States

today has about the same forest coverageas the same geographic area did in 1907.

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Forest Area in the United States

1630-2007

1045

759 760 756 761 744 738 747 749 751

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1630 1907 1938 1953 1963 1977 1987 1997 2002 2007

ThousandAcres

Source: USDA-Forest Service, General Technical Report WO-78. (2009).

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True (T) or False (F). Growing trees

capture carbon dioxide from the air and

release oxygen.

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True (T) or False (F). Growing trees

capture carbon dioxide from the air and

release oxygen.

CO2 O2

Carbon

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Which of the following statements most

accurately describes U.S. forests:

Forest harvest exceeds growth by 20 percent.


Forest harvest roughly equals growth.

Forest growth exceeds harvest by 29 percent.


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Which of the following statements most

accurately describes U.S. forests:



Forest harvest roughly equals growth.



N t G th/R l R ti U S

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Net Growth/Removals RatiosU.S.,

1952-2006

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

1952 1962 1976 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006

Hardwoods

Softwoods

All Species

Source: Smith, et al., 2004; USDA-Forest Service, General Technical Report WO-78. (2009).

When net forest growth divided byremovals = 1.0, timber inventories areneither expanding or declining.

Growth/Removals Ratios U S

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Growth/Removals Ratios U.S.,

1952-2006Year Softwoods Hardwoods Total

1952 1.00 1.50 1.17

1962 1.25 1.65 1.55

1970 1.23 2.01 1.48

1976 1.25 2.25 1.54

1986 1.19 1.92 1.42

1991 1.15 1.75 1.33

1996 1.33 1.71 1.47

2001 1.33 1.71 1.47

2006 1.55 2.03 1.72

Source: Smith, et al., 2004; USDA-Forest Service, General Technical Report WO-78. (2009).

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As originally established, it was never

intended that the National Forests of the

U.S. would be periodically harvested to

obtain timber that would be used in

meeting the nations need for wood.

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As originally established, it was never

intended that the National Forests of the

U.S. would be periodically harvested to

obtain timber that would be used in

meeting the nations need for wood.

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True (T) or False (F). At current rates ofdeforestation, forty (40) percent of current

forests in the U.S. will be lost by the

middle of this century.

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True (T) or False (F). At current rates ofdeforestation, forty (40) percent of current

forests in the U.S. will be lost by the

middle of this century.

In fact, the area

covered by forests inthe U.S. is increasing.

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In the U.S. and globally, more species of

plants and animals have been driven to

extinction by logging activity than anyother activity of mankind.

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In the U.S. and globally, more species of

plants and animals have been driven to

extinction by logging activity than anyother activity of mankind.

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There is no evidence that even one

plant or animal species has beendriven to extinction as a result of

logging activity in the United States.

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True (T) or False (F). Under current

United States law, forest harvesting isallowed in federally designated wilderness

areas.

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True (T) or False (F). Under current

United States law, forest harvesting isallowed in federally designated wilderness

areas.

No harvesting is

allowed in wilderness

areas

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True (T) or False (F). Populations of

elk, pronghorn antelope, and wild turkey

have declined significantly in the U.S.

over the past 60 years.

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True (T) or False (F). Populations of

elk, pronghorn antelope, and wild turkey

have declined significantly in the U.S.

over the past 60 years.

In fact, populations of each of

these species within the U.S.

have increased by at least 800

to 1,000 percent over the past

50 years.

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Trends in U.S. Elk Populations

1930-1990

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

19 30 1 940 195 0 19 60 1970 19 80 1990

(Thousands)

Year Source: MacCleery, 1992

Trends in U.S. Wild Turkey Populations

1900-1990

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

190 0 1910 19 20 193 0 1 940 19 50 1960 19 70 198 0 1 990


Millions

Trends in U.S. Pronghorn Populations

1910-1990

0

10 0

20 0

30 0

40 0

50 0

60 0

1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

(Thousand

s)


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Considering the total annual harvest

of forests in the United States and

the total consumption of wood and

fiber products within our country,

the U.S. is a net importer of woodand wood products.

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Considering the total annual harvest

of forests in the United States and

the total consumption of wood and

fiber products within our country,

the U.S. is a net importer of woodand wood products.

Th U it d St t i N t I t

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The United States is a Net Importer

of Wood and Wood Products

Net U.S. imports of

wood and wood

products amountedto 15-20 percent of

total wood

consumption and

29 percent ofconstruction

lumber consumed

in 2008.

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When waste paper exports areincluded in the net import

calculation, the U.S. net import

figure for wood and wood

products drops to 2-3 percent.

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As a percentage of all the paper used in

the United States in 2008 _____ wasrecovered for reuse.

14 percent

36 percent

57 percent

92 percent

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As a percentage of all the paper used in

the United States in 2008 _____ wasrecovered for reuse.

14 percent

36 percent

57 percent

92 percent

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Recovered paper provided _____ of theU.S. paper industrys fiber in 2008.

12 percent

34 percent

51 percent

86 percent

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Recovered paper provided _____ of theU.S. paper industrys fiber in 2008.

12 percent

34 percent

51 percent

86 percent

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True (T) or False (F). More extensive

recycling of paper could reduce harvesting

of forests in the U.S. by 60 percent or

more.

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True (T) or False (F). More extensive

recycling of paper could reduce harvesting

of forests in the U.S. by 60 percent or

more.

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Were paper recycling in the U.S. to go

to the limit of technology worldwidethe domestic timber harvest could be

reduced by about 12-13%.

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True (T) or False (F). The manufacture

of wood construction materials generallyresults in far lower environmental impacts

than when similar construction materials

are manufactured from steel, aluminum,plastic, or concrete.

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True (T) or False (F). The manufacture

of wood construction materials generallyresults in far lower environmental impacts

than when similar construction materials

are manufactured from steel, aluminum,plastic, or concrete.

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At a time when Society is seeking to more

effectively harness solar energy, it turns outthat one of our major raw materialswood

is totally produced using solar energy.

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And, very little additional energy is required

to convert wood into useful products.

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The manufacture and use of all

construction materials results inenvironmental impacts. The

impacts, however, differ

considerably.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://socioeconomic.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/strip_coal_mining3.jpg&imgrefurl=http://socioeconomic.wordpress.com/2009/02/04/syllabus-on-mining-issues-with-broad-implications/&usg=__D2LjJPIbT9kRCQEfwv0fO2i_KbA=&h=512&w=768&sz=238&hl=en&start=3&itbs=1&tbnid=8ebKdZTMDf2joM:&tbnh=95&tbnw=142&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmining%2Bpictures%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Denhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.consumerenergyreport.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/oil_drilling1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.consumerenergyreport.com/2009/09/03/oil-slides-just-below-68/&usg=__BtH9qyorOOUSJsTCHatd3Cnimxc=&h=611&w=840&sz=90&hl=en&start=95&itbs=1&tbnid=9UNcMZCqVOZsPM:&tbnh=105&tbnw=145&prev=/images%3Fq%3Doil%2Bdrilling%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D18%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26start%3D90

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If, for example, an interior

wall of a house is constructed

using steel rather than wood

studs, the result is a largeincrease in energy

consumption and emissions toair and water.

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Interior Non-Load Bearing Wall,

Wood vs. Steel

Comparative Energy Use (GJ)

Wood Steel* Difference3.8 11.5 3.0X

* 30% recycled content.

Source: Athena Sustainable Materials Institute, 1993.

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Comparative Emissions in Manufacturing

Wood vs. Steel-Framed Interior Wall

Emission/Effluent Wood Wall Steel Wall Difference

CO2 (kg) ,305 965 3.2X

CO (g) 2,450 11,800 4.8X

SOX (g) 400 3,700 9.3X

NOX (g) 1,150 1,800 1.6X

Particulates (g) 100 335 3.4X

VOCs (g) 390 1,800 4.6X

Methane (g) , 4 , 45 11.1X

Source: Athena Sustainable Materials Institute, 1993.

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Comparative Effluents in Manufacturing

Wood vs. Steel-Framed Interior Wall

Emission/Effluent Wood Wall Steel Wall Difference

Suspended solids (g) 12,180 495,640 41X

Non-ferrous metals (mg) 62 2,532 41X

Cyanide (mg) 99 4,051 41X

Phenols (mg) 17,715 725,994 41X

Ammonia (mg) 1,310 53,665 41X

Halogenated

organics (mg) 507 20,758 41X

Oil and grease (mg) 1,421 58,222 41X

Sulphides (mg) 13 507 39X

2010 env quiz

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